Diss - Quarter 2 Week 1-6

RECTO MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences Quarter 2 – Filipino Social Thinkers WEEK 1

This module was created to help you to understand deeper about the social ideas of Filipino thinkers. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. This module will discuss the Filipino Social Thinkers. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Examine the social ideas of Filipino thinkers starting from Isabelo de los Reyes, Jose Rizal, and other Filipino intellectuals. (HUMSS_DIS 11-IVe-1) 2. Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences: a. 19th Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others)

Lesson 1

Filipino Social Thinkers

Who is a social thinker? Through time, there are individuals who stood out and became roots of new social ideas and inspiration. In the Philippines, several Filipinos can be considered as social thinkers. This lesson will explain the concept of social thinking and how different Filipinos through time became important social thinkers.

What’s New

JUMBLED WORDS: Arrange the following word/s according to its definitions. 1. O-I-L-N E-M E-R-E-T-A-G-N A novel written by Jose Rizal. 2. R-A-L-B-O A-Y-D A holiday celebrated in the Philippines during the 1st day of May. 3. M-S-L-I-A-N-T-I-O-N-A

According to Claro M. Recto, it is a devotion to and advocacy of Filipino interests and Filipino unity and independence, zealous adherence to our own Filipino nation and its principles. 4.

S-N-A-I-B-R F-O H-T-E P-P-P-I-L-H-I-I-E-N T-O-O-N-I-U-V-R-E-L Apolinario Mabini is primarily known as this name.

5. O-T H-T-E G-N-U-O-Y N-E-M-O-W F-O S-M-A-L-L-O-O It is the letter written by Jose Rizal for the young women of Malolos, Bulacan.

What is It

Social Thinkers are what you call individuals who are regarded as people who are forefronts and visionaries for social advancements. They can also be regarded as great individuals who have contributed significantly to development of political and social thoughts and philosophy. They also provided significant contributions to the advancement of the disciplines of the social sciences. In the Philippines, there are a number of Filipino social thinkers who contributed toward the advancement and enrichment of social and political thoughts. Among these social thinkers are Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Claro M. Recto. Let us see how you understood the paragraph. Answer the following questions. Let your teacher check your answer. 1. What is a social thinker and what are their contributions to the society? 2. Who are the Filipino social thinkers?

Social Ideas of Jose Rizal Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or most commonly known as Dr. Jose P. Rizal is the national hero of the Philippines. He was born on June 19, 1861 and died on December 30, 1896. Rizal finished Bachelor of Arts at Ateneo Municipal de Manila. He enrolled in Medicine at University of Santo Tomas and cleared out for Spain in May 1882 to finish his medicine studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. Jose Rizal is also one of the principal leaders of the Propaganda Movement (together with Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena) that took place in the Philippines from approximately 1870 through 1900. The intention of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the Philippines from being a colony to a province of Spain. Its advocates did not seek independence from Spain but reforms. Rizal also wrote articles for La Solidaridad, an organization composed of Filipino liberals and students attending universities across Europe. His most outstanding writing in the La

Solidaridad included “Filipina dentro de cien anos” or “The Philippines: A Centruy Hence” which was published from September 30, 1889-February 1, 1890 and “Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos” or “The Indolence of the Filipinos” which came out in the La Solidaridad in 1890. Jose Rizal can be considered as one of the greatest Filipino social thinkers during the nineteenth century. Syed Farid Alatas (2010) considers Rizal as the first systematic social thinker in Southeast Asia because his writings can be used as basis of sociological theories and concepts. Rizal's social ideas focused on the necessity of promoting a genuine propaganda campaign that would provide information about the Philippines and their people, their capabilities and achievements, aspirations and moral rights. Rizal's two novels, the Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891), and his Annotation of Antonio de Morga Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1890), consistently discussed these social ideas. During the Spanish period, Rizal's works explained the nature and conditions of Filipino colonial society. He also provided alternative ways and requirements so that Filipinos can seek liberation from the yoke of colonial rule. According to Alatas (2010), Rizal’s works introduced three broad sociological aspects that included the following: 1. A critique of colonial knowledge of the Philippines. 2. A theory of colonial society that explains the nature and conditions of Filipinos. 3. Rizal’s discourse on the meaning of and requirements for … emancipation. Rizal was also an advocate of human rights, particularly on women’s rights in Philippines colonial society. In his “Letter to the Young Women of Malolos” (1889), Rizal provided a number of important ideas on the rights of women and gender issues in the Philippines during the nineteenth century: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Filipino must be educated. Filipino women must be courageous, strong-willed, and educated. Tyranny happens of people remain coward and negligent. Ignorance is tantamount to servitude. A person who loves his independence must first aid his fellowmen. If the Filipino woman remain ignorant, complacent, weak, and passive, they should not bear children. 7. All men are born equal, naked, and without bonds because God did not create man to be a slave nor did He provide him with intelligence just to deceive him. God did not give man reason to have him deceived by others. 8. Rizal also examined the nature of Catholicism in the Philippines during the Spanish period. Rizal said that Filipino should examine the kind of religion the friars are teaching them. They must examine the “object of the sermon, what is behind the masses, novenas, rosaries, scapularies, images, miracles, candles, belts…” Apolinario Mabini as a Social Thinker Apolinario Mabini was born on July 23, 1864 in Talaga, Tanuan, Batangas. He is primarily known as the “Brains of the Philippine Revolution”. He studied at the Dominican School of San Juan de Letran and finished law at the University of Santo Tomas in 1894. He served as the first prime minister and secretary of foreign affairs of the First Philippine Republic from January 2, 1899 to May 8, 1899. He was also appointed as the President of the Supreme Court, Mabini acted as the chief adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898. His influence was evident in the proclamation changing the form of government

of the Philippines from being Dictatorial government to Revolutionary Government. He also provided a simple structure of government for the Philippines during the Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution. He was the most constant defender of the Revolution and of the Philippine independence. He was also considered as the brain and conscience of the revolution. Mabini introduced several social philosophies in his political writings. His major works included “El Verdadero Decalogo”, “Ordenanzas de la Revolucion” and the “Programa constitutional de la republica Filipina”. As a defender of the Philippine independence, Mabini can be considered as one of the brilliant Filipino social thinkers. His social philosophy included the following: 1. Definition and Role of Citizenship Like the national hero Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini understood the Filipinos' problems under Spanish colonial rule. Randy David believes in his article titled "Mabini: Philosopher of Citizenship" that Mabini wanted Filipinos to assert their rights as free citizens of a republic. In the attainment of their objective, Mabini saw the need for political freedom geared toward the establishment of self-government institutions. 2. The Need for Radical Change According to Mabini, genuine social renewal can only be achieved through radical institutional and personal changes. Personal change meant an alteration of the way of Filipinos think and live. Mabini believes that an “internal and external revolution” was necessary in order to “establish a more solid basis for moral education and to foreswear the vices we inherited from the Spaniards.” (David 2015) 3. Concept of Man and Society In his prize-winning biography of Apolinario Mabini, Cesar Adib Majul wrote about Mabini’s concept of man and society. Mabini, according to Majul, calls man as a creation of God who possesses certain inalienable rights called natural rights. Man, Mabini asserts, “had the right to seek those means necessary to maintain and perpetuate his life.” Men are by nature good and just and have the capacity to unfold his goodness and sense of justice to others. In this context, freedom can only be understood as doing what is good and never for what is evil; it is always in accordance with reason and the upright and honest conscience of the individual.” According to Majul, Mabini defined society as “an organization instituted for mutual help, so that each could enjoy the highest possible well-being; a situation that can never be arrived at by the sole efforts of an individual without the aid of others” (Majul 2004, 197). 4. Role of Government Authority in society constitutes the government. According to Majul, Mabini believes that society “should have a soul: authority. This authority need an intellect to guide and direct it: the legislative power. It also needs a will that is active and which shall make it work: the executive. It needs the will that is active and punishes those who are bad: the judicial power. These powers should be independent of one another, in the sense that one should not encroach upon the functions of the other; but the last should be subordinate to the first; in the same manner that both will and conscience are subordinate to the intellect” (Majul 2004, 199). Mabini believes that all divisions of the government were responsible to the people. Disruption of harmony happens when there is usurpation of one branch of the government by another branch. This brings about chaos in the body politic (Majul 2004, 199), Mabini asserts that government must guarantee to the citizens “the highest degree of personal security, the greatest number of rights, the maximum satisfaction of economic wants, and the best possible education.” In turn, Mabini states that citizens must be “law-abiding, obedient to authority, virtuous, and eminently patriotic” (Majul 2004, 200). 5. The True Decalogue

The Decalogue of Mabini centered on God, country, autonomy, and the love of neighbors. He believed that once the rules of the Decalogue were reflected upon and caught on, individuals would find things, which have been withheld from them by the Spaniards. Below are the main focus in Mabini’s Decalogue: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Love of God and one’s honor Nation was to be loved as the patrimony of the race. Happiness of the nation was to take precedence over that of the individual. Independence was to be a major aspiration. People must not recognize any person as an authority unless he had been properly elected by them. 6. Love your neighbor not merely as a neighbor but as a fellow member of community. Social Ideas of Isabelo de los Reyes Isabelo de los Reyes is known to be the Father of the Philippine Labor and co-founder of the Philippine Independent Church. He was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on July 7, 1864. In 1902, Isabelo de los Reyes formed the first labor federation in the country which is called Union de Impresores de Filipinas. Since he is stayed in Europe for a while, his ideologies were inspired by European socialism most notably Marxism. De los Reyes' inspiration for establishing a labor union in the Philippines was based on his reading of the works of European thinkers, namely Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Victor Hugo, Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, and the other European Socialists. Later, in 1902, he established the country's first labor federation, the Union Obrera Democratica Filipina (UOD). This was his response to what he considered the imminent exploitation of Filipino labor by American corporations or capital institutions. The works of the European thinkers inspired de los Reyes to introduce the concept of socialism into the Philippines. In June 1880, he went to Manila to study at the San Juan de Letran College where he graduated with Bachelor of Arts degree. He studied law at the University of Santo Tomas. De los Reyes founded the Philippines' first vernacular newspaper, El Ilocano, where he acted as both the newspaper's editor and publisher. He also wrote several researches on the history and culture of the Philippines. It included Las Islas Visayans en la Epoca de la Conquista (1887 and 1889); La Expedicion de Li-Mahong contra Filipinas en 1574 (1888); Prehistoria de Filipinas (1889); El Folklore Filipino (1889); and Historia de Ilocos (1890). Like Rizal, de los Reyes also criticized the friars’ ownership of large tracts of haciendas and demanded for agrarian reform for the Filipino farmers. During the American occupation of the Philippines, de los Reyes openly attacked the Americans, and defended the First Filipino Republic established in January 1899 by Emilio Aguinaldo. In Madrid, Spain, he was the founder and editor of two newspapers namely El Defensor de Filipinas and Filipinas Ante Europa. He wrote two books in Spain as well. These are Independencia y Revolucion and La Religion de Katipunan. The former called on the Philippines to continue the war against the United States while the latter explained the organization and teachings of KKK. In Philippine History, De los Reyes was known for organizing the first Philippine labor union, the Union Obrera Democratica, on February 2, 1902. De los Reyes was appointed President, while Hermenegildo Cruz served as Union Secretary. He also founded La Redención del Obrero (The Redemption

of Laborers), the Philippines' first labor newspaper to rally for ordinary workers' rights. As the Union's first president, on 1 May 1902, de los Reyes also began the celebration of the first Labor Day.

Social Ideas of Claro M. Recto Claro Mayo Recto was a famous Filipino nationalist. He was born in Tiaong, Tayabas (Quezon) on February 8, 1890. He is considered as the finest mind during his generation. Recto was a Philippine nationalist leader and president of the 1934 constitutional convention. He was one of the most vocal advocates of Philippine and social autonomy. According to Teodoro Locsin, “Recto is not a good speaker, no. He will arouse no mob. But heaven help the one whose pretensions he chooses to demolish. His sentences march like ordered battalions against the inmost citadel of the man's arguments, and reduce them to rubble; meanwhile his reservations stand like armed sentries against the most silent approach and every attempt at encirclement by the adversary. The reduction to absurdity of Nacionalista senator Zulueta's conception of sound foreign policy was a shattering experience, the skill that goes into the cutting of a diamond went into the work of demolition. There was no slip of the hand, no flaw in the tool. All was delicately, perfectly done... Recto cannot defend the indefensible, but what can be defended, he will see to it that it will not be taken.” Recto is well known for his nationalistic ideas. Nationalism is, he believes, "a devotion to and advocacy of Filipino interests and Filipino unity and independence, zealous adherence to our own Filipino nation and its principles, in brief, Filipino patriotism." His ideas revolve around the philosophy of politics just like Apolinario Mabini but their difference is that in Recto’s perspective, economy is being added to the Political Philosophy that Mabini talked about. 1. On Nationalism Recto defines nationalism as the Filipino’s dedication and support for Filipino interests, unity and independence. In his speech on the eve of the 1957 Presidential elections, Recto declared that the salvation of the country’s nationalism could only be achieved if Filipinos will learn to assert the nationalistic virtues practiced by our heroes and implement policies on nationalist industrialization. Recto believed that national interests are non-negotiable. He argued that the interest of the people should not be sacrificed to any form of negotiation with foreign countries. 2. On Political Economy According to Claro M. Recto, the prosperity of a country depends on the country’s industry. Industries, Recto believes must be placed under the complete control of the Filipinos and not in the hands of foreign companies. For Recto, “as long as foreigners control the production, manufacturing, and distribution of the country’s main products. Filipino will remain poor and sub servant.” Recto believes that the country’s economy is determined by those who control the country’s purse. If the economy remains in the hands of the foreigners, then the country’s economy will not favor the Filipinos but only foreigners. Under such condition, Filipinos will just rely on foreign powers in order to survive. Recto believes that the Filipinos must be responsible for the economic condition of the country. Recto writes, “A nation’s political, economic and cultural life is of its own people’s making. Of course, there are what we call forces of history, but it is for the people . . . to channel them toward the realization

of national objectives. We must accept, therefore full responsibility for the backward condition of our economy, our political immaturity, our predilection for dramatizing minor issues to the neglect of longrage basic questions, and for our confusions and indecisions that have delayed for decades the progress of the nation.”

3. Economic Independence Recto believed that for a country to develop, it must pursue industrialization and install nationalism among its people. For Recto, industrialization and nationalism are twin goals. Recto, said, “Nationalism cannot be realized and brought to full flowering without a thorough-going industrialization of our economy by the Filipinos themselves. And you cannot have an industrialized Philippine economy controlled and managed by Filipinos without the propulsive force of a deep and abiding spirit of nationalism.”

What’s More? Analyze the document and answer the questions below. An excerpt of “To The Young Women of Malolos” by Jose P. Rizal When I wrote Noli Me Tangere, I asked myself whether bravery was a common thing in the young women of our people. I brought back to my recollection and reviewed those I had known since my childhood, but there were only few who seem to come up to my ideal. There was, it is true, an abundance of girls with agreeable manners, beautiful ways, and modest demeanor, but there was in all an admixture of servitude and deference to the words or whims of their so-called "spiritual fathers" (as if the spirit or soul had any father other than God), due to excessive kindness, modesty, or perhaps, ignorance. They seemed faded plants sown and reared in darkness, having flowers without perfume and fruits without sap. However, when the news of what happened at Malolos reached us, I saw my error, and great was my rejoicing. After all, who is to blame me? I did not know Malolos nor its young women, except one called Emilia [Emilia Tiongson, whom Rizal met in 1887 and her I knew by name only. … Youth is a flowerbed that is to bear rich fruit and must accumulate wealth for its descendants. What offspring will be that of a woman whose kindness of character is expressed by mumbled prayers; who knows nothing by heart but awits, novenas, and the alleged miracles; whose amusement consists in playing panguingue or in the frequent confession of the same sins? What sons will she have but acolytes, priest's servants, or cockfighters? It is the mothers who are responsible for the present servitude of our compatriots, owing to the unlimited trustfulness of their loving hearts, to their ardent desire to elevate their sons. Maturity is the fruit of infancy and the infant is formed on the lap of its mother. The mother who can only teach her child how to kneel and kiss hands must not expect sons with blood other than that of vile slaves. A tree that grows in the mud is insubstantial and good only for firewood. If her son should have a bold mind, his boldness will be deceitful and will be like the bat that cannot show itself until the ringing of vespers. They say that prudence is sanctify. 'But, what sanctity have

they shown us? To pray and kneel a lot, kiss the hand of the priests, throw money away on churches, and believe all the friar sees fit to tell us; gossip, callous rubbing of noses… … Let us be reasonable and open our eyes, especially you women, because you are the first to influence the consciousness of man. Remember that a good mother does not resemble the mother that the friar has created; she must bring up her child to be the image of the true God, not of a blackmailing, a grasping God, but of a God who is the father of us all, who is just; who does not suck the life-blood of the poor like a vampire, nor scoffs at the agony of the sorely beset, nor makes a crooked path of the path of justice. Awaken and prepare the will of your children towards all that is honorable, judged by proper standards, to all that is sincere and firm of purpose, clear judgment, clean procedure, honesty in act and deed, love for the fellowman and respect for God; this is what you must teach your children. And, seeing that life is full of thorns and thistles, you must fortify their minds against any stroke of adversity and accustom them to danger. The people cannot expect honor nor prosperity so long as they will educate their children in a wrong way so long as the woman who guides the child in his first steps is slavish and ignorant. No good water comes from a turbid, bitter spring; no savory fruit comes from acrid seed. The duties that woman has to perform in order to deliver the people from suffering are of no little importance, but be they as they may, they will not be beyond the strength and stamina of the Filipino people. The power and good judgment of the woman of the Philippines are well known, and it is because of this that she has been hoodwinked, and tied, and rendered pusillanimous; and now her enslavers rest at ease, because so long as they can keep the Filipina mother a slave, so long will they be able to make slaves of her children. The cause of the backwardness of Asia lies in the fact that there the women are ignorant, are slaves; while Europe and America are powerful because there the women are free and well educated and endowed with lucid intellect and a strong will. …Why does the girl not require of her lover a noble and honored name, a manly heart offering protection to her weakness, and a high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves? Let her discard all fear, let her behave nobly and not deliver her youth to the weak and fainthearted. When she is married, she must aid her husband, inspire him with courage, share his perils, refrain from causing him worry and sweeten his moments of affliction, always remembering that there is no grief that a brave heart cannot bear and there is no bitterer inheritance than that of infamy and slavery. Open your children's eyes so that they may jealously guard their honor, love their fellowmen and their native land, and do their duty. Always impress upon them they must prefer dying with honor to living in dishonor. The women of Sparta should serve you as an example in this; I shall give some of their characteristics. When a mother handed the shield to her son as he was marching to battle, she said nothing to him but this: "Return with it, or on it," which meant, come back victorious or dead, because it was customary with the routed warrior to throw away his shield, while the dead warrior was carried home on his shield. A mother received word that her son had been killed in battle and the army routed. She did not say a word, but expressed her thankfulness that her son had been saved from disgrace. However, when her son returned alive, the mother put on mourning. One of the mothers who went out to meet the warriors returning from battle was told by one that her three sons had fallen. I do not ask you that, said the mother, but whether we have been victorious or not. We have been victorious -answered the warrior. If that is so, then let us thank God, and she went to the temple. Once upon a time, a king of theirs, who had been defeated, hid in the temple, because he feared the popular wrath. The Spartans resolved to shut him up there and starve him to death. When they were blocking the door, the mother was the first to bring stones. These things were in accordance with the custom there, and all Greece admired the Spartan woman. Of all women -a woman said jestingly only you Spartans have power over the men. Quite natural -they replied -of all women only we give birth to men. Man, the Spartan women said, was not born to live for himself alone, but for his native land. So long as this way of thinking prevailed

and they had that kind of women in Sparta, no enemy was able to put his foot upon her soil, nor was there a woman in Sparta who ever saw a hostile army. … First of all. That the tyranny of some is possible only through cowardice and negligence on the part of others. Second. What makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abject fear of him who holds one in contempt. Third. Ignorance is servitude, because as a man thinks, so he is; a man who does not think for himself and allowed himself to be guided by the thought of another is like the beast led by a halter. Fourth. He who loves his independence must first aid his fellow man because he who refuses protection to others will find himself without it; the isolated rib of the buri palm is easily broken, but not so the broom made of the ribs of the palm bound together. Fifth. If the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her bear no more children, let her merely give birth to them. She must cease to be the mistress of the home; otherwise, she will unconsciously betray husband, child, native land, and all. Sixth. All men are born equal, naked, without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave; nor did he endow him with intelligence to have him hoodwinked, or adorn him with reason to have him deceived by others. It is not fatuous to refuse to worship one's equal, to cultivate one's intellect, and to make use of reason in all things. Fatuous is he who makes a god of him who makes brutes of others, and who strives to submit to his whims all that is reasonable and just. Seventh. Consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. See whether it is the will of God or according to the teachings of Christ that the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated. Consider what they are preaching to you, the object of the sermon, what is behind the masses, novenas, rosaries, scapularies, images, miracles, candles, belts, etc., which they daily keep before your minds, ears and eyes, jostling, shouting, and coaxing; investigate whence they came and whither they go and then compare that religion with the pure religion of Christ and see whether that pretended observance of the life of Christ does not remind you of the fat milk cow or the fattened pig, which is encouraged to grow fat not through love of the animal, but for grossly mercenary motives. Let us therefore reflect; let us consider our situation and see how we stand. May these poorly written lines aid you in your good purpose and help you to pursue the plan you have initiated… All this is the ardent desire of your compatriot.

Answer the following questions below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Why do you think the document was written? What ideas were exposed or given emphasis by the author? Do you agree or disagree with the idea presented by the author? Elaborate your answer. Why does the document tell you about the condition of Filipino society during the time that it was produced? Can you believe this document? Is it reliable? Why do you think so?

Activity 1.2 Essay (2 points each) 1. Explain the social ideas of Jose Rizal.

2. What are the contributions of Apolinario Mabini to the Philippine social thinking and philosophy during the Philippine revolution? 3. What Isabelo de los Reyes contribute towards the development of the indigenous social sciences? 4. Explain the nationalist ideals of Claro M. Recto

What Can I Do? Write a position paper that will explain the significant role of any of the following social thinkers to the development of Filipino society (choose only one Filipino social thinker). Do you agree with their views and perspectives? Explain your answer. (Position paper should be at least 100 words minimum). A. B. C. D.

Jose Rizal Apolinario Mabini Isabelo de los Reyes Claro M. Recto

RECTO MEMORIAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences Quarter 2 Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values. WEEK 2 As continuation of Lesson 2 (Filipino Social Thinkers), we have learned that, the social ideas of Filipino thinkers, Isabelo de los Reyes, Pedro Paterno, Jose Rizal, Virgilio Enriquez and other Filipino intellectuals have contributed the birth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. In this module, we discuss the Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values. This module will discuss the Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences in the 19th Century. (MELC)

Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values The attitude of treating ourselves and our interactions with the world around us is considered interpersonal relations wherein people are binds together by solidarity/gratitude. However concluding the real personality of Filipinos is very difficult since our traits and values are combinations of various cultures of the conquerors that colonized our country. Interpersonal Relations defined as relating to or involving relations between people including friendships, reciprocity, and social relations according to Oxford Reference Online. It is a strong, deep, or close association or acquaintance between two or more people that may range in duration from brief enduring.

Institute of Culture’s Study on Philippine Values 1. Social Acceptance • SIR (Smooth Interpersonal Relations) • Shame and Self Esteem 2. Reciprocity

Social Acceptance ➢ Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa are the core values for every Filipino community: this includes a sharing of identity and reciprocity. This characteristic is known as “Personalism” which means high value regards for others, respect, concern, understanding, helping-out, and consideration for others’ limitation. (Enriquez,1994) ➢

Pakikisama was identified by Lynch (1973) as maintaining Smooth Interpersonal relationships which means going along with groups or the majority decisions and Pakikipag kapwa is treating the other person as Kapwa or fellow human being. There are two categories of kapwa: The ibang-tao and the Hindi-ibang-tao. If one is regarded as Ibang Tao, the interaction can range from Pakikitungo (transaction/civility with), to pakikisalamuha (interaction with), to Pakikilahok (joining or participating), to pakikibagay (in-conformity with/in accord with) and to pakikisama (being along with). If one is categorized as hindi ibang tao, it range from pakikipagpalagayang - loob (being rapport/understanding/acceptance with) or pakikisangkot (getting involved), or the highest level of pakikiisa (being one with).

➢

Mechanism or facility of getting along with others in order to avoid outward signs of conflict or avoidance of potential situations that may result to Hiya or Sense of Propriety.

Reciprocity ➢ Reciprocity refers to a situation when people ensure that every request received or asked must be returned. Filipinos have these distinctive values and they expected to reciprocate the action of another person. Role of Interpersonal Relations to Philippine Culture ◼ Love, solidarity, regular business interactions and other type of social commitment. ◼ Relationship formed through social cultural and other influences. ◼ Kinship, marriage, work, clubs, neighborhoods and places for worship. ◼ Regulated by law, Customs or mutual agreements basis of social groups and society as a whole. Importance of Interpersonal Relations to Philippine Culture 1. It molds our minds and experiences with others. 2. Creates an openness to appreciate and understand one another.

What’s More? Activity 1.1 Read and Analyzed Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values The Institute of Philippine Culture’s Study on Philippine Values (IPC) launched a compilation of essays on Philippine values written by social scientists Frank Lynch, Mary Racelis, Jaime Bulatao and John Carroll. Through this collections of studies, the authors suggested understanding the value orientations of the Filipinos, and capturing certain aspect of culture. The study on values have been found useful not only to students, but also to planners and implementors of programs of social and economic change. Frank Lynch wrote about Filipino value system of smooth interpersonal relations in his essay titled social acceptance. He defined values as the standards used in making of a decision. According to him Filipinos are compelled to behave and develop distinct values because of three things: (1) Social Acceptance, (2) Economic Security, (3) Social Mobility. In order to achieve this, three things are necessary: Smooth Interpersonal Relations (Getting along with others), Shame (Uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position), and Self-Esteem or Amor Propio (Retaining the acceptance one already has). Lynch Illustrated how a farmer would not be offended if his ability to read and write is criticized, but his being a husband and a father are questioned, a violent response might be expected. Mary Racelis is a Filipino Social Scientist who examined the different forms of reciprocity in a town in Bulacan in her essay Reciprocity in a low land Philippines. She identified three classification of reciprocity: Contractual Reciprocity which refers to a voluntary agreement between to or more people to behave toward on another in a specified way for a specified time in the future; Quasi-Contractual happens when repayments are dictated by the culture of a certain community such as Wedding ceremony of Batangas whereby different parties are giving certain amount of money and gifts to the bride and groom. Reciprocity occurs when the couple repay the same amount to the other parties at the time of their wedding; Utang na Loob or Reciprocity is a transfer of goods and services taking place between individuals belonging to two different groups,example: Children are expected to be eternally grateful to their parents for raising them. Jaime Bulatao found the four dominant Filipino Values: (1) Emotional Closeness and security in a family. Family has a double function outlet through a free and unguarded emotional exchange and as a provider of understanding and acceptance, (2) Authority value. Approval by the authority figure and by society, the authority’s surrogate. It pertains to the individual ability to think about oneself and shape his behavior accordingly, (3) Economic and Social Betterment. Studying and working hard are similar practices to strive and obtain certain level of economic security for their family, (4) Patience, suffering, Endurance. Because of the hardship faced in everyday life such as poverty, sickness and so on. Filipinos take refuge to prayer and sometimes in music. John Carroll, He conducted a study with Filipino entrepreneurs in manufacturing and his main question pertained to the social origin of Filipino Entrepreneurs who are able to contribute to economic change in a developing economy. He looked at the following factors to establish the social origins of Filipino

entrepreneurs, these are: Geographic Origins, Father’s Socio- economic position, Mobility over two generation, Socio-Economic mobility by time periods and industrial and occupational origin and religion.

Scavenger Hunt! Using the passage above, find the major contribution of Frank Lynch, Mary Racelis, Jaime Bulatao and John Carroll to Philippine Values. Use the table below to accomplish the task.

Frank Lynch

Mary Racelis

Jaime Bulatao

John Carroll

What Can I do? Provide and briefly explain a real situation in the Philippines during this time of pandemic that best implies the following values given below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Pakikipagkapwa Pakikisama Pakikitungo Pakikilahok Pakikisangkot