11 Stem Earth Science

SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS (SLM)

EARTH SCIENCE

QUARTER 1-Module 5 & 6 Content Standards The learners demonstrate the understanding of the amount of usable water resources on Earth.

Performance Standard The learner is able to prepare a plan that the community may implement to minimize waste when people utilize materials and resources.

Competency Week 5 ( November 3-6, 2020) 1. Explain how different activities affect the quality and availability of water for human use. S11ES-lg-16 2.Identify human activities, such as farming, construction of structures, and waste disposal, that affect the quality and quantity of soil. S11ES-lh-17

Content Standards

The learners demonstrate the understanding of the distribution of arable land on Earth.

Performance Standard The learner is able to prepare a plan that the community may implement to minimize waste when people utilize materials and resources.

Competency Week 6 (November 9-13, 2020) 1. Give ways of conserving and protecting the soil for future generations. S11ES-lh-i-18 2. Describe how people generate different types of waste (solid, liquid, and gaseous) as they make use of various materials and resources in everyday life. S11ES-li-19 1

Quarter 1 – Module 5 Lesson 1: Activities that Affect the Quality and Availability of Water for Human Use Introduction In this lesson, the learner will explain the activities that affect the quality and availability of water for human use. To achieve this learning competency, the learner should identify human activities that commonly affect the distribution, quantity and chemical quality of water resources.

Pre-assessment Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Choose and write the letter that best describes the following statements. 1. Which of the following can have serious detrimental impact on water resources? a. Human activities c. Inflation b. Employment d. Virus 2. Which human activities threatened the quality of water? a. Cleaning the seashore c. Agriculture b. Planting Trees d. Mining 3. What is produced in large amount as a result of land-use like farming? a. Sediments b. Water c. Sand d. Soil 4. All are threats to water resources, EXCEPT: a. Farming c. Clearance of forest b. Growth of cities d. Closing of illegal mining 5. Building of infrastructures affects the quality of water. The degradation of ecosystems help the conservation of clean water. a. Both statements are false b. Both statements are correct. c. The first statement is correct, the second is false d. The second statement is correct, the first is false

Activity 1 Directions: Read and analyze the lyrics of the song entitled “Waste Not, Want Not” then answer the questions. Waste Not, Want Not Environmental Song Lyrics and Sound Clip Two of a Kind(source: SHS ADM module) Use both sides of the paper, there’ll be twice as many trees Don’t leave the water running, save our lakes and river, please Take only what you’ll eat, whether it’s cake or lima beans Let’s help to save the planet, so that we can live in peace Water’s fun for swimming, or rowing with an oar, Or canoeing through the rapids, but even more We need to survive, to clean with and to drink So don’t let it all just run down your sink! Guide Questions: 1. What is the song all about? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Cite a line that shows conservation of water ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why do we need to conserve water? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________

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FIRM UP Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose such as drinking or swimming. Water has physical and chemical characteristics. Some of the physical attributes include temperature, color, taste, odor and turbidity. The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific conductivity, salinity and solubility of dissolved gases and etc. Color on the other hand, is primarily a concern of water quality for aesthetic reason. Colored water gives the appearance of being unfit to drink, even though the water may be perfectly safe for public use. It can indicate the presence of organic substances, such as algae or humic compounds. More recently, color has been used as a quantitative assessment of the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic organic materials in water. Taste and odor are human perceptions of water quality. Human perception of taste includes sour (hydrochloric acid), salty (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose) and bitter (caffeine). Relatively simple compounds produce sour and salty tastes. However sweet and bitter tastes are produced by more complex organic compounds. Human detect many more tips of odor than tastes. Organic materials discharged directly to water, such as falling leaves, runoff, etc., are sources of tastes and odor-producing compounds released during biodegradation. Furthermore, turbidity is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is comprised of suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and aesthetic reasons. The chemical characteristics of natural water are a reflection of the soils and rocks with which the water has been in contact. In addition, agricultural and urban runoff and municipal and industrial treated wastewater impact the water quality. Microbial and chemical transformations also affect the chemical characteristics of water. (https://echo2.epfl.ch/VICAIRE/mod_2/chapt_2/main.htm). Water with good qualities mentioned above are fit for human consumption. Water availability is defined as the quantity of water that can be used for human purposes without significant harm to ecosystems or other users. However, our water resources face a host of serious threats. Currently about 40% of the world's population live in water stressed areas (https://freshwaterwatch.thewaterhub.org/.2020). Water scarcity occurs when the amount of water withdrawn from lakes, rivers or groundwater is so great that water supplies are no longer adequate to satisfy all human or ecosystem requirements, resulting in increased competition between water users and other demands. Water scarcity can be caused primarily by human activities which promote sedimentation, pollution, climate change, deforestation, landscape changes, and urban growth. Human waste disposal contributes pollution of the air, the land, and water resources. Such pollution can affect the quality of rainwater and of water resources both above and below ground, thus damaging our natural systems. Although it is difficult to instantly put an end to such problems, it is man’s duty to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner.

Activity 2 Directions: Read the essay and answer the questions that follow. How aquatic ecosystems are threatened by sediments in water?(source: SHS ADM module)

One of the most serious threats to water resources is the degradation of ecosystem. It often takes place through changes of landscapes such as the clearance of forests, the conversion of natural landscapes to farmland, the growth of cities, the building of roads, and surface mining. Each type of change to a landscape will have its own specific impact, usually directly on natural ecosystem and directly or indirectly on water resources. Also, sediments can occur in bodies of water naturally, but they are also produced in large amounts as a result of land-use change and agriculture. Sediments are naturally occurring particles that develop as earth materials are broken down through weathering and erosion. Sediment can consist of sand, rocks, and minerals, or may consist of organic particles of plants and microbes. 3

Activities such as farming, clearing forests, building roads, and mining can put too much soil and particulate matter as sediment in rivers. This sediment can harm plants and animals by carrying toxic chemicals into the water, smothering fish eggs and small organisms used by fish as food, raising water temperature, and reducing the amount of sunlight penetrating the water. Sediment can also reduce the capacity of reservoirs and make it difficult for ships to navigate in waterways. It can also damage equipment used in water supply installations and hydroelectric plants, thus increasing their maintenance costs. 1. What is the most serious threat to water resources? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are different activities that can put too much sediment in the river? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3-4. How does sediment affect the water supply? Cite two. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. What action will you recommend to minimize the threat to water resources? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

DEEPEN Activity 3 Directions: Based from your observation of water in your community, answer the following questions: 1. Do you think the water is potable? Yes/No Why? ___________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the effects of agricultural area in the availability of water in your barangay? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Cite other human activities that can affect the availability and quality of water. _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Suggest some ways in using water wisely.( mention 5) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4 Directions: Make a slogan that promotes conservation of water.

Lesson 2 : Human Activities that Affect the Quality and Quantity of Soil

In this lesson, the learner will identify human activities, such as farming, construction of structures, and waste disposal that affect the quality and quantity of the soil. 4

To achieve this learning competency, the learner should define and explain how human activities such as farming, construction of structures and waste disposal affect the quality and quantity of soil.

Pre-Assessment Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your answer sheet. 1. Which is NOT part of the environment? a. Soil c. Living organism b. Water d. None of the above 2. It helps sustain life on Earth including a. Air c. Soil b. Water d. All of the above 3. Which ONE involves land preparation for crops planting by cutting trees and other plants followed by plowing the soil a. Construction and Development? c. Mining b. Farming d. Waste Disposal 4. Which process involves improper disposal of waste products with hazardous chemicals that cause soil pollution? a. Construction and Development c. Mining b. Farming d. Waste Disposal 5. Soil is composed of ____________. a. organic matter produced by organisms b. fragments of bedrock c. clay minerals formed by the chemical alteration of bedrock d. All of these Introduction Philippines is an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million hectares, 47% of which is agricultural land (https://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/ 2020). However, urban development activities contribute to conversion of agricultural land to other purposes in order to support the rapid growing population of 108.8 M (PSA, 2020). Urbanization also affects the quality and quantity of available soil for planting crops. Why is soil important? How is it affected by human activities?

Activity 1 Like water, soil is an important abiotic factor that enables life on earth. Let us try to find out how human activities affect the quality and quantity of soil by doing our next activity. List down all human activities that may affect the quality and quantity of soil. Round up the activity by filling in the gaps – identifying human activities that have not been mentioned. Use the guide list below. Guide List: Write it on your answer sheet. 1. Agricultural Depletion ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Overgrazing Animals ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Deforestation ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Mining ___________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Development and Expansion ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6. Recreational activities, like driving vehicles off-road or hiking ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5

FIRM UP What are the human activities that affect the quality and quantity of soil? What is soil? Why is it considered a necessary resource? Soil can be defined as the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the earth that provide the medium for plant growth. Soil develops slowly over time and is composed of many different materials through the process of weathering. Soil is a necessary resource because it helps sustain life on Earth including humans, animals and plants. Aside from life sustaining roles, soil helps purify, or clean, water as it drains through the ground and into rivers, lakes, and oceans. In addition, decomposers in soil also help recycle nutrients by breaking down the remains of plants and animals, releasing nutrients that living plants use to grow. Soil also provides a home for a variety of living things, from tiny one-celled organisms to small mammals. Despite the mentioned importance in sustaining life on earth, there are serious issues concerning the soil’s good qualities and availability. In fact, a review of soil degradation in the Philippines (Asio, V. 2009) revealed that soil degradation, the physical, chemical and biological decline in soil quality is a major agricultural and environmental problem in the Philippines due to erosion. Loss of nutrients and organic nutrients, salinization, acidification, pollution, compaction and subsidence are other soil degradation processes cause by erosion. Aside from natural causes of soil erosion, there are some other human activities that contribute to the loss of good quality soil. We are going to limit our discussion on the three major human activities that cause soil degradation.

1.FARMING Farming is one of the traditional sources of income in our country done by planting crops or raising livestock. Listed below are some positive and negative effects of farming. Positive Effect of Farming Application of herbicide, a pesticide used to kill unwanted plants used in farming has a positive benefit on soil health. Lime and mineral fertilizers added to soil provide stable optimum growing conditions for plants. Organic manures and other organic fertilizers provide a source of food/energy for many soil organisms thus making the soil healthy and good for planting. Even the growing plants help in stabilizing the soil structure. Another important effect of farming on soil health is the provision of water through irrigation and drainage. Irrigation/drainage water stabilizes the soil moisture thus making it more healthy and suitable for planting. Negative Effect of Farming Tillage in farming is the preparation of soil for planting and the cultivation of soil after planting. It can cause direct damage to soil microorganisms and potentially expose those to new predators. Though pesticides are found beneficial to soil, it was found to have long term harmful effects on the overall activity or population of soil organisms. Some applied veterinary medicines are found to affect the normal degradation rate of some insects and animals, thus altering the soil’s health.

2. Construction of Structure Construction activities, such as grading and filling, reduce soil quality on construction sites. Land use conversion usually done to support urbanization activities can cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation. Soil nutrients are washed away making it unsuitable for farming.

3. Waste Disposals

Soil quality is adversely affected by improper waste disposal. Soil pollution happens when hazardous chemicals from human and industrial sewage are carelessly disposed of, altering soil’s natural health and quality. At this point, you have learned about the effects of human activities on quality of soil. It is therefore imperative that we protect and preserve soil. There are methods of soil conservation and protection that can be observed in order to protect and conserve our soil at the same time. The goal here is to reduce erosion and to ensure the soil’s fertility.

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Let’s take a look this remarkable ways to protect and conserve the soil. 1. Forest Protection Trees as well as other plants and vegetation in the forest are important in the creation of new soil as leaves and other vegetation rot and decompose. Hence, soil qualities are ensured when forest are protected and conserved. 2. Buffer Strips Buffers are strips or corridors of permanent vegetation used to reduce water and wind erosion. They provide protection where stream banks exist. They can be created with grass, trees and shrubs. 3. No-Till Farming No-till farming is an approach that allows crops to remain in place for a season. This keeps the soil from being left bare and unprotected. 4. Fewer Concrete Surfaces Soil requires an adequate amount of water in order to function properly. Lots of concrete surfaces, especially in residential areas make it difficult for water to get to the soil. Using paving stones for patios and gardens work to protect the soil. They are also a tool to prevent soil erosion in specific areas. 5. Plant Windbreak Areas Windbreaks are composed of shrubs, plants and trees. They work in combination and serve a conservation purpose. These will work together to slow the force of wind over ground areas. This is a method that can also work to prevent erosion of the soil. 6. Terrace Planting This type of planting is done by maximizing the topography of the land. It benefits from the way the rain water flows naturally. This is a way to protect the soil from erosion. It is also a proven method to encourage growth from moist soil areas. 7. Plant Trees Simply planting trees is a good conservation method. As the tree grows, its roots become even more secure in the soil. This soil is protected in numerous ways because of the trees existence. Erosion is prevented from this planting process. 8. Crop Rotation Crop rotation is a process that works to conserve soil. It is accomplished by planting and growing a serious of different crops in the same soil. This process prevents overgrowth of pathogens and a lack of fertility in the soil, overall. 9. Water the Soil This is a simple process that provides a lot of benefits to the soil. Watering your soil along with plants and vegetables is important. This helps to not only nourish the soil but to protect it. Moist soil is not in danger of erosion due to wind activity. 10. Maintain pH Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of the acidity or alkalinity of soil and is measured in pH units. A pH range of approximately 6 to 7 promotes the most ready availability of plant nutrients. The pH levels in the soil can be affected by a number pollutants and acid. 11. Indigenous Crops Indigenous crops are native crop options that enhance the soil. Planting these is a way to ensure conservation efforts. They should be planted even when diverse crops are being planted, as well. 12.Afforestation Planting trees is a method of conserving the soil. Afforestation is another of tree planting method wherein the areas under trees are protected. This is usually done by planting foliage in forest undergrowth areas. It encourages healthy soil and water absorption. 13.Monitor Grazing Animal grazing plays a critical role in conserving soil. Monitoring the areas where cows and other animals graze is important. This helps to prevent depletion of the soil. It also addresses the issue of hoof damage, which can occur to the soil. 14. Dams Dams are important resources when it comes to soil conservation. These structures work to prevent soil erosion. This is especially important in areas where rivers exist. Flooding of rivers has been the cause for many instances of soil erosion. Dams offer additional protection. 15. Fertilizers Not all fertilizer products are effective for conservation efforts. The composition of these fertilizers can be the problem. The use of organic fertilizer improves the quality of soil because it is composed of readily biodegradable materials make better nutrient sources. 7

16. No Soil Compacting A simple conservation method that some gardeners and farmers apply is not to compact the soil. This is a protection method that is helpful. You can do this by creating dedicated paths in your garden. This helps you to not walk on wet soil causing it to be compacted. 17. Control Storm Water Instead of allowing water to puddle in yards or gardens, it is important to control it. Storm water can easily cause flooding or problems in these areas. Setting up large container to hold excess water in problem locations is helpful. This water can be re-used for watering gardens and yards. 18. Monitor Growth When crops or plants grow normally, they have a healthy appearance. If there is a problem with the growth, often the soil is the issue. Checking the salient composition and fertility is important. This is done through regular monitoring of the soil and overall plant growth.

DEEPEN Activity 2 Activity Challenge? What do you think? Directions: Answer the following questions: Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Why is soil a necessary resource? _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do land-use practices in farming, construction and development, and waste disposal affect soil? Farming - ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Construction and development - ______________________________________________________ Waste disposal - _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe at least five methods of soil conservation. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________

REFLECTION ACTIVITY How soil can be conserved and protected for future generation? Construct your answer using at least 200 words.

Additional Activities Compare and Contrast How might the problem of soil loss on flat land be different from that on sloping land? _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Apply If you were building a new home in an undeveloped area, what steps would you take to reduce the impact of construction on the soil? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ You have advised an inexperienced farmer to practice strip-cropping, but the farmer wants to plant all the land in wheat in order to grow as much as possible. What argument would you use to convince the farmer? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

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Quarter 1 – Module 6: Soil Conservation Introduction This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you understand the concepts on soil conservation, specifically, the primary methods and practices adopted to support sustainability for future generations. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Site different methods to conserve and protect the soil for future generations 2. Determine the conservation projects and programs implemented by the country 3. Make a poster expressing the different ways on conserving and protecting the quality of soil.

Pre-assessment Directions: Read each item carefully. Analyze each statement and discriminate whether the statement expresses correct expression or not based on the underlined word/group of words. Write: A – if the statement is always correct. B – if the statement is incorrect. C – if the statement is sometimes correct. 1. Contour plowing helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents soil from being washed away along the slope. 2. Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are cultivated again and again. 3. The uptake of nutrients by plants also depends on the pH of soil. 4. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation. 5. The salinity of soil increases due to insufficient accumulation of salts in the soil. 6. The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. 7. Bacteria and fungi help keep the plant healthy. 8. Continuous cultivation of the same crop always leads to imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil. 9. The process of tilling is always beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the surface for sowing. 10. Philippine Rice Terraces is a good manifestation of soil conservation method. 11. Denuded forest affects the quality of the soil. 12. Rotation reduces the risk of insect and disease problems, thus decreasing a pesticide dependency. 13. Using fertilizers is good for the soil. 14. Soil needs to be conserved and protected only for the current generation. 15. Food production highly depends on soil.

LESSON 1 Soil Conservation Methods and Practices Soil as one of the most important natural resources needs personal and societal actions devising and implementing ways of how to conserve and protect it. Analyzing the food pyramid, plants (plant foods) are at the base signifying that they are fundamental to the existence of life. Most organisms are dependent to the food produced by plants as being autotrophic (self-feeder). Plants require soil for survival as their roots get the necessary nutrients to grow and to bear fruits. Soil is one of the three primary factors for plant growth, together with sunlight and water. Saying such, it is an important element of the ecological system and, therefore, its conservation is essential for the upcoming generations.

What’s In Reviewing the previous lessons, you learned that there are activities primarily induced by human that affect greatly the quality of soil threatening the food security of the future 9

generations. Realizing the responsibility to view the current soil usage in a sustainable frame, everyone should take their part in conserving and protecting the soil quality. Soil conservation is an effective blending of strategies and practices used to protect the soil quality from degradation for future purposes. In eying the process, the conservation involves treating and caring the soil as a living ecosystem that necessitates basic requirements. This implies rehabilitation and restoration by returning organic matter to the soil on a continual and sustainable basis

What’s New Footprint on the Soil Soil is threatened due to progressing degradation processes caused by climate change and other factors. Thus, soil conservation and protection are in the limelight emphasizing the informational, educational, and motivational impact of all the measures. The success of any program cannot be attained without the active participation of every member of the community. It targets to elevate public awareness and the farmers’ traditional and professional knowledge about protecting the landscapes by having real efforts to comply with mandated practices and technologies.

Activity 1: Seeing the Real Essence… The success of any program targeting soil conservation is highly dependent on the strategy of letting people understand about soil importance. Study the pictures below. Determine the importance of soil based on the given figures.

This is a village in the UNESCO-listed Batad Rice Terraces, Cordillera Administrative Region Source:https://www.tt gasia.com/2018/02/06 /philippines-pointstravellers-towardsrural-tourism/

The soil is important because…. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

Part of the ‘Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan of Duterte Administration is the construction of schools for children Source:http://www.bui ld.gov.ph/

The soil is important because…. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 10

___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

The Chocolate Hills are a group of unusually shaped hills located in the middle of the island of Bohol in Philippines. Source: http://www.chocolate hills.net/

The soil is important because…. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ The Philippine Eagle named ‘Kalabugao’ is from the forest of Manolo Fortich in Bukidnon. Source:https://www.wh eninmanila.com/philippin e-eaglefeatured-in-ourplanet-documentary/

The soil is important because…. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________

What is It Among the cited importance of soil, which of them gives you more realization that soil should be protected and conserved? Explain your answer. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Based on your observation (e.g. what you heard from news and read in newspapers), how does the country conserve and protect the soil? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Why do you think soil should be conserved and protected? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

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What I Have Learned Soil is one of the most important natural resources that require conservation practices. Most of the methods that are utilized to promote sustainable use of the soil are: 1. Tree Planting: Roots of trees firmly hold on the soil making it stagnant and prevent soil erosion. As they grow, their roots go deeper and spread wider into the soil. In addition, soil under a vegetative cover is saved from erosion due to wind as this cover acts as a wind barrier. 2. Terraces Building: A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area. Having its unique topography, it prevents rapid surface runoff of water. Terracing gives the landmass a stepped appearance like the famous Philippine Rice Terraces, thus slowing the washing down of soil. Dry stonewalling is a method used to create terraces in which stone structures are made without using mortar for binding. 3. No-till Farming: Tilling is the process of preparing soil for plowing. In conserving the soil, no-till farming which is a way of growing crops without disturbing it through tillage is highly recommended. The process of tilling is beneficial in mixing fertilizers in the soil, making rows and preparing the surface for sowing. Unfortunately, tilling activity can lead to compaction of soil, loss of organic matter in the soil and the death of soil organisms. No-till farming is a way to prevent the soil from this harm. 4. Contour Plowing: This practice of farming on slopes considers the slope gradient and the elevation of soil along the slope. It is the method of plowing across the contour lines of a slope. This method helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents soil from being washed away along the slope. Contour plowing also helps in percolation of water in the soil. 5. Crop Rotation: Some pathogens tend to build up in soil if the same crops are cultivated again and again. Continuous cultivation of the same crop also leads to imbalance in the fertility demands of the soil. To save the soil from these adverse effects, crop rotation is practiced. It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area. Crop rotation also helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility. 6. Maintaining Soil pH: The contamination of soil by addition of acidic or basic pollutants and due to acid rains has an adverse effect on the soil pH. Soil pH is an indicator of the level of nutrients in soil. The uptake of nutrients by plants also depends on the pH of soil. Maintaining the correct value of soil pH, is thus essential for soil conservation. 7. Water the Soil: We water plants, we water the crops, but do we water the soil? We seldom do. Watering soil is a good measure of soil conservation. Watering the soil along with plants growing in it is a way to prevent soil erosion caused by wind. 8. Salinity Management: The salinity of soil increases due to excessive accumulation of salts in the soil. This has a negative effect on the metabolism of crops. The salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in it. The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. Hence, salinity management is an indirect way of conserving soil. 9. Promote Helpful Soil Organisms: Nitrogen-fixing and denitrifying bacteria are important constituents of the nitrogen cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria and fungi help keep the soil healthy. Organisms like earthworms help decompose organic material in the soil. They aid soil aeration and help it maintain porosity. Rodents too, help soil the same way. This increases the absorbing capacity of soil. Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance the availability of macronutrients. These helpful organisms boost soil fertility and help in soil conservation. 10. Grow Indigenous Crops: Planting native crops is beneficial for soil conservation. If nonnative plants are grown, fields should be bordered by indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion, thus achieving soil conservation.

What I Can Do Awareness is the Key! People work in unity when they are aware of the real vision and purpose of certain movement or program. That is why it is important that they are being reached with core information. When an individual knows the issue, he/she can proactively participate in each activity initiated by an organization and government. To help increase the awareness, you are tasked to make a poster that shows the importance of soil and how it will be conserved and protected. Below are samples and rubric for grading the output. Use oslo paper for your poster. 12

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=save+our+soils+A1+poster+British+society+of+sooil+science&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwi_ 3M7Yg8LsAhVKEqYKHd7lCwIQ2

Rubric for Poster Making Category Required elements Labels

GraphicsRelevance Attractivene ss

Grammar

4 The poster includes all required elements as well as additional information All items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled All graphics are related to the topic and make it easier to understand . The poster is exceptionally attractive in terms of design, layout and neatness. There are no grammatical/mechani cal mistakes on the poster.

3 All required elements are included on the poster Almost all items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled All graphics are related to the topic and most make it easier to understand. The poster is attractive in terms of design, layout and neatness. There are 1-2 grammatical/mechani cal mistakes on the poster.

2 All but 1 of the required elements are included on the poster Many items of importance on the poster are clearly labeled All graphics relate to the topic .

1 Several required elements were missing

The poster is acceptably attractive though it may be a bit messy

The poster is distractingly messy or very poorly designed. It is not attractive.

There are 3-4 grammatical/mechani cal mistakes on the poster.

There are more than 4 grammatical/mechani cal mistakes on the poster.

Labels are too small to view or no important items were labeled Graphics do not relate to the topic .

Lesson 2 : How People Generate Different Types of Waste Introduction Waste is an issue in different parts of the world since waste quantities are generally growing. Waste is generated by human activities in all economic sectors and is definitely regarded as an unavoidable by-product of economic activities. The generation of waste reflects loss of materials and energy and imposes economic costs on society for its collection, treatment and disposal. In the Philippines, solid waste management remains a major challenge especially in urban areas like Metro Manila. Improper waste disposal, inefficient waste collection and lack of disposal facilities are among the dominant concerns in the country. Unless these are addressed, the waste generated from various sources will continually lead to health hazards, and serious environmental impacts such as ground and surface water contamination, flooding, air pollution and spread of diseases.

What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

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1. Which of these terms refer to the unwanted substances need to disposed? a. compost c. solid waste b. plastic d. waste 2. Approximately, how many years does it take for a plastic bottle to break down? a. 150 b. 450 c. 700 d. 1000 3. Containers, jars and bottles are examples of what type of waste? a. hazardous waste c. organic waste b. liquid waste d. solid waste 4. Which of the following is an example of hazardous waste? a. bottle b. batteries c. meat d. paper 5. Farmers regularly used pesticides in their farms; they considered pesticides as what type of waste? a. agricultural waste c. industrial waste b. fishery waste d. municipal waste

What’s New Define the following terms in your own words and write the answer on your paper. 1. Composting -_________________________________________________________ 2. Landfill - _____________________________________________________________ 3. 3 R’s - ________________________________________________________________ 4. Biodegradable waste - ________________________________________________ 5. Non-biodegradable waste -____________________________________________

What is It Waste Defined The United Nations Environment described wastes as unwanted or unusable materials which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law.

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=examples+of+solid+waste%2C+liquid+and+gaseous+waste&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE wi4n92AisLsAhU7KqYKHSl4BZIQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=ex

Kinds of Waste There are different kinds of wastes generated by the people around the world. A. Solid Waste. This type of wastes is in solid form like domestic, commercial and industrial wastes such as plastics, styrofoam, papers, scrap iron and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant or air control facility. 14

B. Liquid Waste. This type of wastes is in liquid form such as chemicals, oils, and waste water from ponds and manufacturing industries. It includes sewage as well as wastewater from industrial processes and agricultural processing. C. Gaseous Waste. This type of waste is in gaseous form which usually originates from chopping and dissolution operations. As an example, volatile radionuclides are discharged to the stack after scrubbing with sodium hydroxide and filtration through charcoal filter. Table 1. Classifications of Waste Non Biodegradable biodegradable

These wastes can be degraded: Examples: paper woods fruits

These wastes cannot be degraded: Examples: bottles plastics machines cans

Hazardous

Non-hazardous

Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally or economically and have the following properties: ignitability , corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity

Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally and economically. These substances usually create disposal problems.

The main objective of waste management is to reduce the quantity and type of hazardous substances used to avoid adverse impact on human health and environment. Transformation of waste into usable secondary product can be done through recycling, reusing, repurposing, reducing and recovering. Thus, the waste generated from different industries and societies must be classified in order to apply the correct form of management. Table 2. Wastes According to Generation (Origin) Municipal Solid Wastes Solid wastes that include household , rubbish, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges and others managed by the any municipality. Industrial Wastes Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing and processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal, gas, sanitary and papers. Agricultural Wastes Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly biodegradable. Fishery Wastes Waste generated due to fishery activities like fish viscera, fish bones and scales. These are extensively found in coastal and estuarine areas. Radioactive Wastes Wastes containing radioactive materials. These are commonly by-products of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear may also produce some radioactive waste such as radio-isotopes and chemical sludge. E – Wastes Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components such as CRTs may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium or brominated flame retardants. Biomedical Wastes Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment and research activities of medical sciences. Several waste disposal practices in the country includes concentrate and contain or also known as isolation specifically for solid waste. Landfills and dumps minimize the impact of waste in the environment. Landfill is a place to dispose waste material by burying or covering over with soil and become an extending usable land after few years. Dump is an excavated piece of land for waste storage and regulated by the government. A dump is smaller than a landfill. Other useful options are composting, resource recovery and energy recovery.

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The 3 R’s of Waste Management Reduce Reuse The best way to manage waste is to not produce it: It makes economic and - Avoid disposable goods environmental sense to eg. paper reuse products: plates, napkins, razors and lighters - Reuse products for - Avoid over the same purpose packaged goods eg. foil, paper and plastics

Recycle

A series of steps that takes a used material and processes remanufactures and sells it as a new product.

What I Can Do Directions: Read and analyze the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of biodegradable materials? 2. How will you properly dispose biodegradable materials at home? 3. What are the characteristics of hazardous waste at home? Cite an example. 4. Normally, plastic items take up to 1000 years to decompose in landfills. What do you think will happen if people continue to use plastics in their day to day activities? 5. As a learner, how will you advocate Zero Waste Management Program in your locality

Additional Activities Directions: Research an article from newspapers or journals describing the best practices of how other countries properly dispose their waste materials. Paste the article on a short bond paper and write a five-sentence reflection about the article.

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SUMMATIVE TEST Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What methods of waste disposal are approved by the Philippine Republic Act 9003? a. attenuation and composting c. landfills and 3 R’s b. incineration and pyrolysis d. incineration and burning 16

2. Paints, solvents, and cleaning agents are examples of ________ a. hazard waste b. liquid waste c. organic waste d. solid waste 3. Which of following is an improper way of disposing waste materials? a. recycling and reusing waste materials c. burying waste materials in landfills b. using waste food to make compost d. burning rubbish in the open 4. Which type of waste includes viscera, scales and fish bones? a. agricultural b. biomedical c. fishery waste d. municipal solid waste 5.Which of these places contribute a lot in the country’s waste? a. Region I b. Region III c. Region IV d. National Capital Region 6. Maria religiously practices segregation of waste at home. Which of these is CORRECTLY done by Maria? a. animal manure has its own septic tank c. use the seashore as dumpsite b. burning of organic waste d. throwing tin cans in the river 7. Mrs. De Chavez plans to renovate her ancestral house. She knows that construction and demolition debris can be collected by the local garbage collectors because ________________. a. It is municipal solid waste. c. It can be burned. b. It is an organic waste. d. It is non-recyclable. 8. Which of these groups of people contribute a lot in the production of waste? a. People in urban places c. People lives in the mountain b. People in rural areas d. People in a faraway island 9. When waste materials are corrosive, chemically reactive and flammable, they are considered ____________. a. Biomedical waste c. Hazardous waste b. Biodegradable d. Non-biodegradable waste 10. Which of these practices adhere to the 3R’s waste management? a. Using disposable paper plates c. Using zip lock bag for sandwiches b. Using aluminum foil for food d. Using dish cloth in the kitchen 11. Wash water and rain are classified as liquid waste, while carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide as gaseous waste. a. The first statement is true while the second is false. b. The first statement is false while the second is true. c. Both statements are true. d. Both statements are false. 12. Approximately, how many kilograms of waste are produced by an individual in the country per day? a. 1 kg b. 1.5 kg c. 0.5 kg d. 0.7 kg 13. Which groups of wastes belong to industrial waste? a. coal, petroleum, metals c. radio isotopes and chemical sludge b. old CPU and flash drive d. woods, manure, papers 14. When classifying waste at home, Jerry knows that ______________ is a liquid waste and ________________ is a solid waste. a. bottle, detergent c. detergent, paper towel b. can, plastic bag d. egg shell, ceramic vase 15. Carlos regularly used compost in his vegetable farm; he considered compost as what type of waste? a. agricultural waste c. organic waste b. non-biodegradable waste d. radioactive waste 16. Soil conservation is a. a combination of practices used to protect the soil from degradation. b. a set of standards for using the soil in relation to current situations. c. a process of studying the soil profile. d. a policy of declaring a soil area to be protected for future use. 17. Which of the following are best reasons for doing soil conservation methods? I. To ensure a secure food supply at reasonable prices. II. To improve wildlife habitat. III. To maintain an adequate amount of organic matter and biological life IV. To save farmers from the effect of climate change 17

a. I and II only c. I, II and III only b. II and II only d. II, III and IV only 18. Why is planting trees help in conserving the soil? It is because a. it helps in maintaining soil moisture content. b. its roots hold the soil firmly avoiding erosion. c. it gives nourishment to the soil. d. all of the above 19. It is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area. a. Hill b. Terrace c. Valley d. Mountain 20. Which of the following is a process that involves planting seeds into the residue of the previous crop? a. Contour Farming c. Crop Rotation b. No-Till Farming d. Strip Cropping 21. This practice of farming on slopes considers the slope gradient and the elevation of soil along the slope. a. No-Till Farming c. Strip Cropping b. Crop Rotation d. Contour Farming 22. Which of the following is/are advantage of crop rotation? I. It avoids the building up of soil pathogens. II. It balances the fertility of soil. III. It maintains good pH level of the soil good for crops. a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I, II and III 23. The soil contamination can be indicated by its pH level. The statement is a. True, because it may be due to addition of acidic or basic pollutants. b. False, because the soil has its own way of controlling pH level c. True, because additional nutrients will always make the soil acidic d. False, because low amount of nutrients will make the soil basic. 24. Watering the plants is beneficial to soil because it prevents a. compaction b. erosion c. sedimentation d. eutrophication 25.The salinity of soil a. increases when there is an excessive amount of acids. b. decreases when there is an insufficient amount of acids. c. increases when there is an excessive amount of salts. d. decreases when there is an insufficient amount of salts. 26.They are important organisms for the nitrogen cycle. a. earthworms b. millipedes c. rodents d. bacteria 27.Which of the following will happen when salinity of the soil has increased? I. Metabolism of crops will be negatively affected. II. Death of vegetation will occur. III. Soil erosion will happen. a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. I, II and III 28.Different plants/ crops require certain pH level. The statement is a. true, because pH level depends on the amount of nutrients b. false, because pH level depends on the amount of humus c. true, because high pH level is required by plants to grow. d. false, because low pH level is required by plants to grow. 29.It is a method of growing a series of dissimilar crops in an area which helps in the improvement of soil structure and fertility. a. Contour Farming c. Crop Rotation b. No-Till Farming d. Strip Cropping 30.Which of the following is a method that helps in slowing the water runoff and prevents soil from being washed away along the slope? a. Crop Rotation c. No-Till Farming b. Contour Farming d. Strip Cropping 31. Based on the selection, which of the following is the organic and inorganic materials on the surface of the earth that provide the medium for plant growth? a. food b. animals c. soil d. water

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32. What are the main activities that affect soil resources? a. construction and development c. mining b. farming d. all of the above 33. Which of the following are the ways to protect and prevent depletion of the soil? a. Fertilization c. Afforestation b. Control Storm Water d. Monitor Growth 34. What will happen if soil is exposed to any human activity? a. Soil will become fertile. c. Soil amount will increase b. Soil amount will decrease d. Soil loss may occur. 35. These are remarkable ways to protect and conserve the soil? a. Indigenous crop c. Maintaining pH b. Crop rotation d. All of the above 36. Which human activities promote the quality of water? a. cleaning of the seashore c. deforestation b. practice surface mining d. urban growth 37. Which is NOT a cause of sedimentation in aquatic areas? a. agriculture c. urban growth b. reforestation d. practice surface mining 38. This kind of pollution degrades watersheds from which we obtain water. a. chemicals c. sediment b. fertilizers d. algae 39. What is the purpose of observing the quality water? a. To advise the community to patronize water refilling stations b. To know if the water is safe for human use c. To check clogging on the suction line d. To become a responsible citizen 40. What is the primary purpose of a preventive maintenance program? a. To access the budget intended for repair b. To calibrate equipment breakdowns c. To minimize record of spare parts d. To avoid future equipment problems 41. What is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is comprised of suspended and colloidal material? a. odor b. color c. taste d. turbidity 42. What affects the chemical characteristics of water? a. temperature c. colloidal materials b. organic materials d. microbial transformations 43. It is the ethical use and protection of valuable resources. a. Environment act c. Consumption b. Conservation d. Utilization 44. As a student, how will you promote water conservation effectively? a. through vlogs b. by posting updates about water resources c. by conducting a seminar on water conservation d. by practicing simple but effective tips of water conservation 45. It is one of the most serious threats to water resources which often take place through changes of landscapes. a. catastrophe c. reforestation b. degradation d. climate change 46. It is the activity that extracts valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth. a. sedimentation c. agriculture b. urbanization d. mining

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47. What is the quantity of water that can be used for human purposes without significant harm to ecosystems or other users? a. quality b. suitability c. capability d. availability 48. Why potable water supply is becoming a scarce? a. because water resources nowadays are polluted b. because each individual drinks too much water c. because water is being used for luxury d. because pumping is not regulated 49. Aside from the threats to water resources, what other pressure is subjected by sedimentation? a. It lowers water temperature b. It fosters the fish eggs and small organisms c. It increases the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water d. It harms plants and animals by carrying toxic chemicals into the water 50. What affects the quality of rainwater and of water resources both above and below ground? a. pollution c. climate change b. deforestation d. landscape changes II. Directions B: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not. Write it on your answer sheet. 51. Farming is one of the traditional sources of income in our country done by planting crops or raising livestock. 52. Land use conversion usually done to support urbanization activities can cause rapid soil degradation and sedimentation. 53. Clearing trees and other plants and plowing up the soil to plant crops increase the quantity and quality of the soil. 54. Throwing waste products which are full of chemicals which are not originally found in nature can lead to soil pollution. 55. People produce a certain amount of personal waste products by way of urine and feces. 56. Checking the salient composition and fertility of soil is important. 57. Every deposit of fresh garbage is not covered with a layer of soil to prevent it from blowing around. 58. Solid waste is also produced by several industrial processes. 59. Waste comes from household, commercial establishment, institution and some industrial source is part of waste disposal. 60. Simply planting trees is a good conservation method.

-Thank You-

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Name of Parent/Guardian and Signature

Date

Annatolentino10/20/2020

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