Distribución de Cargas Electricas

 

‖Mistriouhiøk mj hdrads jféhtrihds― 

Hruz Bjrkäkmjz X. D., Mådz Yjshds F.X., Sdfjkhid Odrrils D. C., Sjfdshl _jyjs G. _.,  Ikstitutl mj Cåsihd y Edtjeätihds, Ikajkijråd jk Cåsihd Dpfihdmd, Dpfihdmd, Zkivjrsimdm ]jhklføaihd mj fd Eixtjhd  Hdrrjtjrd d Dhdtfied `e ?.:, Budgudpdk mj Fjøk, H.^. 39>>>  Jktrjadml ?8 mj Lhtuorj mjf ?>49.

_JXZEJK. Jk jf siauijktj rjplrtj sj prjsjktd fd rjdfizdhiøk mj ukd prähtihd jxpjriejktdf hlk jf cik mj dkdfizdr jf hleplrtdeijktl mj fd mistriouhiøk mj hdrads jféhtrihds slorj fd supjrcihij d  pdrtir mj fd ejmihiøk mj fds vdridofjs mj fd mjksimdm mj fd hdrad jféhtrihd. ^dfdords hfdvj7 Hdrad, mistriouhiøk mj hdrads, cujrzd jféhtrihd, jfjhtrlkjs.

IK]_LMZHHIØK Jk 412= Hlufleo jstumil d mjtdffj fds cujrzd cuj rzdss mj ikt iktjrd jrdhhi hhiøk øk mj fds pdr pdrtåh tåhufd ufdss hlk hdrad jféhtrih jféhtrihdd hlk ukd odf odfdkz dkzdd mj tlrsiøk, jkhlktrø quj7 fd cujrzd mjpjkmj mj fd hdktimdm mj hdrad mj hdmd hujrpl y js prlplrhilkdf df ikvjrsl mj fd mistdkhid df hu hudm dmrd rdml ml qu qujj fd fdss sj sjpd pdrd rd.. Hu Hudk dkml ml sj mupfihd fd mistdkhid fd cujrzd miseikuyj d uk hudrtl mj su vdflr ikihidf. Hudkml sj rjmu rj muhj hj d fd ei eitd tdm m fd cu cujr jrzd zd du duej ejkt ktdd hudtr hud trl l vj vjhj hjss su vdf vdflr lr ik ikih ihid idf. f. Hu Hudkm dkml l ffjv ff jvø ø d hd hdol ol su jxp jxpjr jrie iejkt jktl l pr prie iejr jrl l hlep hl eprl rloø oø qu qujj si uk ukdd js jscj cjrd rd mj ej ejtd tdff hdradmd tlhd ukd jscjrd kl hdradmd mjf eisel tdedôl fd sjaukmd jscjrd tdeoiék sj hd hdra rad. d. ^l ^lmr mråd åd mj mjhi hirrsj qu quj, j, jk jf elejktl jk jf quj sj prlmuhj jf hlktdhtl jktrj fls logjtls, pdrtj mj fd hdrad mjf  priejrl ‖cfuyj― l js ‖hlkmuhimd― df sjaukml. Euhbl eäs siakicihdtivl js quj

ukd vjz jhbl jf hlktdhtl fds mls jscjrds hlep hl epdr drtj tjk k fd hd hdra radd plr ia iaud udff (j (jst stl l fl sdoå sd oådd Hl Hluf ufle leo o pl plrq rquj uj fd fdss mls js jscj cjrd rdss jgjrhådk fd eised cujrzd, ejmimd hlk fd  odfdkzd mj tlrsiøk, slorj ukd tjrhjrd jscjrd hdradmd (4). Zk hlkhjptl ieplrtdktj js mj trdtdr mj trdkseitir fd hdrad sik kjhjsimdm mj tlhdr  jf hujrpl. Xj trdtd, jk jstj hdsl, mj ukd jfjhtrizdhiøk d mistdkhid l plr ikmuhhiøk. Xi jf hujrpl hdradml fl jstä plsitivdejktj fd pdrtj mjf hujrpl kjutrl eäs prøxiel sj hdra hd radr drää hl hlk k jf jfjh jhtr trih ihim imdm dm kja kjadt dtiv ivdd y fd lpujstd hlk jfjhtrihimdm plsitivd(?). Fd prähtihd tijkj hlel logjtivl mjmuhir jf hlep hl eplr lrtd tdei eijkt jktl l mj fd mi mist stri riou ouhi hiøk øk mj hdrads hdr ads jfé jféhtr htrihd ihdss slo slorj rj ukd sup supjrc jrcihi ihijj d  pdrtir mj fd ejmihiøk mj fds vdridhilkjs mj fd mjksimdm jféhtrihd.

 

MJXD__LFFL JR^J_IEJK]DF Edtjridf     

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Zkd ik Zkd iktj tjrc rcdhj dhj hl hlk k hd hdof ofjj ZX ZXO O y dmdptdmlr mj dfiejktdhiøk. Zk sjkslr mj hdrad. Zkd gdufd mj Cdrdmdy. Zkd pdfjtd mj prujod mj hdrad. Zkd cujktj mj Slftdgj mj HM hlk mlss hd ml hdof ofjs js y su dm dmdp dpttdm dmlr lr mj dfiejktdhiøk. Mls jscjrds hlkmuhtlrds. Mls hdofjs odkdkd-odkdkd. Zk hdofj hdieäk.

^rlhjmieijktl jxpjriejktdf 

cujktj dpdadmd sj rjdfizdk micjrjktjs ejmihilkjs, sik kjhjsimdm mj vlfvjr d mjshdradr fd jscjrd hdmd quj sj rjdfihj dfaukd ejmihiøk. Dhtivimdm ?. :. Fd cujktj sj jkhijkmj, y fds jscjrds sj dhjrhdk d 4 he mj mist mi stdkh dkhid id.. Mj fd ei eise sedd ed edkj kjrd rd quj jk fd dhtivimdm 4 fd jscjrd kl sj dt dtjr jrri rizd zd mu murd rdkt ktjj fd fdss mi mivjr vjrsd sdss ejmihilkjs, pjrl si fd pdfjtd y fd  pjrslkd. Dhtivimdm 8.

4. Xj hlkjhtdk fd iktjrcdhj d fd

3. ^d ^drd rd jstd jstd dhti dhtivi vimdm mdm så sj sj mjshd mjshdra radd

hleputdmlrd y plstjr hleputdmlrd plstjrilrej ilrejktj ktj jf sjkslr mj hdrad. ?. Xj hlkj hlkjht htdd jf sjk sjksl slrr mj hdr hdrad ad d fd fd  gdufd mj Cdrdmdy d su vjz jf hdieäk kjarl d fd edffd jxtjrkd mj fd gdufd (fd hudf sj hlkjhtd d tijrrd) y jf rlgl jk fd edffd iktjrkd. 8. Xj hlkjhtdk fds jscjrds hlkmuhtivds d fd cujktj mj vlftdgj (jst (j stdd mj mjoj oj js jstd tdrr dpd dpdad admd md), ), uk ukdd hlkjhtdmd d fd tjreikdf mj 4>>>

fd jscjrd, dmjeäs mj fds pdfjtds y fd pjr pjrslk slkd, d, tde tdeoié oiék k fd cuj cujktj ktj sj jkhijkmj y sj hlflhdk fds jscjrds d 4 he.

MSH y fd ltrd jscjrd (jscjrd mj  prujod) d fd tjreikdf HLE y jstds mjojk jstdr sjpdrdmds d ukd mistdkhid mj >.:e, sj mjshdrad fd jscj js cjrd rd mj pr pruj ujod od hl hlkj kjht htäk äkmlf mlfdd elej el ejkt ktäk äkjd jdej ejkt ktjj d fd ed edff ffdd jxtjrkd mj fd gdufd mj Cdrdmdy. Dhtivimdm 4. =. Xj mjsh mjshdra dradd fd jsc jscjrd jrd,, fd pdf pdfjtd jtd y fd  pjrslkd hlk fd gdufd mj Cdrdmdy mjspués sj sjpdrdk fds mls jscjrds d ukd mistdkhid mj :> he, y hlk fd

Dhtivimdm =. 1. Kl sj mjsh mjshdr drad ad fd jscj jscjrd rd,, pjrl pjrl si fds pdfjtds y fd pjrslkd pdrd hdmd ejmihiøk, fd cujktj sj jkhijkmj.

_JXZF]DMLX  D hlktikudhiøk, sj eujstrd jf midarded mj pu pukt ktls ls Pv Pvjr jr ci ciau aurd rd 4U 4U,, hd hdmd md k÷e k÷ejr jrl l ikmi ik mihd hd fd pl plsi sihi hiøk øk ml mlkm kmjj fd pd pdfj fjtd td sj hlflhø jk fd jscjrd y plstjrilrejktj jk fds aräcihds sj jkhujktrdk fls mdtls mjf  puktl dktjs ejkhilkdml.

 

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CZJK]J JKHJKMIMD m5>.>4e 4 -=.228J-= ºH ? -:.2:9J-= ºH 8 ->.>>4 ºH = ->.>4? ºH : 8.9>3 J-=ºH 3 ?.814 J-=ºH 1 ->.>>4 ºH 2 ->.>>? ºH

]dofd ?. Fd cujktj sj jkhujktrd jkhjkmimd Ciaurd 4. Midarded mj puktls, hdmd k÷ejrl js jf puktl mlkmj fd pdfjtd sj hlflhø.

y fd fdss hd hdra rads ds js jstä täk k d uk ukdd mi mist stdk dkhi hidd mj >.>4e.

 

Jk fd siauijktj tdofd sj eujstrdk fls mdtls mlkmj fd cujktj jstd dpdadmd y fds jscjrds jstäk sjpdrdmds d ukd mistdkhid mj >.:e Pvjr tdofd 4U

CZJK]J D^DADMD m5>.:e 4 ? 8 = : 3 1 2

->.>>4ºH -?.=::J-= ºH -8.98>J-= ºH -3.:2?J-= ºH -?.8??J-= ºH -8.98J-= ºH -8.4??J-= ºH >.>>4 ºH

 

]dofd 4. Fd cujktj sj jkhujktrd dpdadmd y fds jscjrds jstäk d ukd mistdkhid mj >.:e

^lstjrilrejktj sj eujstrdk fls mdtls jk mlkmj mlk mj sj dh dhjr jrhd hd fd js jscj cjrd rd hl hlkjh kjhtd tdmd md d 4>>> 4> >> SM SMH H d fd js jscj cjrrd mj pr pruj ujod od,, sj jkhujktrdk d ukd mistdkhid mj >.>4e Pvjr  tdofd ?U.

Jk fd si siau auij ijkt ktjj td tdof ofdd sj eu eujs jstr trdk dk fl flss rjsuftdmls jk fls quj sj dtjrrizd fd jscjrd mj prujod eijktrds fds jscjrds  pjredkjhjk hlk fd mistdkhid dktjrilr Pvjr  tdofd 8U

XJ MJXHD_AD FD JXCJ_D m5>.>4e 4 -=.89:J-= ºH ? -3.8=2J-= ºH 8 -4.9:8J-= ºH = -:.229J-= ºH : ->.>>? ºH 3 ->.>>: ºH 1 2

->.>49 ºH ->.>>= ºH

]dofd 8. Xj mjshdrad fd jscjrd mj prujod y sj jkhujktrdk d ukd mistdkhid mj >.>4e. >. >4e.

Xj rjtird fd jscjrd mj 4>>> SMH bdstd quj jsté sjpdrdmd mj fd hdrad mj prujod d ukd mistdkhid mj >.:e, jk fd tdofd jstäk fls mdtls rjaistrdmls Pvjr tdofd =U

 

CZJK]J JKHJKMIMD m5>.:e 4 -9.133J-= ºH ? -?.==4J-= ºH 8 = : 3 1 2

-4.229J-= ºH -?.==J-= ºH -8.9>3J-= ºH -?.9:8J-= ºH -8.9>3J-= ºH 9.133J-= ºH

]dofd =. Fd cujktj jstd jkhjkmimd eijktrds fds jscjrds jstäk d ukd mistdkhid mj >.:e.

Dkäfisis mj rjsuftdmls. Jk fd priejrd dhtivimdm hudkml fds jscjrds jstd js tdod odk k sj sjpd pdrd rdmd mdss y fd cu cujk jktj tj js jstd tdod od dpdadmd sj pujmj losjrvdr quj fd jscjrd mj prujod tjkåd vdflrjs hjrhdkls d hjrl, js mjhir su hdrad jrd kufd. ]df hlel sj eujstrd jk fd tdofd 4. ^rähtihdejktj js ruiml fl quj sj jstä eimijkml plr fl hudf sj hlkhfuyj quj js kjutrl. Jk fd sjaukmd dhtivimdm mlkmj fls mdtls sj eujstrdk rjcfjgdmls jk fd tdofd mls fd cujktj cujk tj js jstd td jkh jkhjk jkmi mimd md y fd fdss js jscj cjrd rdss sj jkhujktrdk jk fd mistdkhid mj >.>4e, fls mdtls kls ikmihdk quj fd jscjrd hlkjhtdmd d 4> 4>>> >>S S dc dcjh jhtd td d fd js jscj cjrd rd mj pr pruj ujod, od,  pujstl quj bdy eäs hdrads kjadtivds mjf fdml fd ml iz izqu quij ijrm rml l qu qujj mj mjff fd fdml ml mj mjrj rjhb hbl l huep hu epfi fiék ékml mlsj sj jf tj tjlr lrje jedd mj hu hujr jrpl plss hdradmls, d pjsdr mj jstl hlel fd jscjrd mj prujod kl sj bd hlkjhtdml d tijrrd fls rjsuftdmls ikmihdk quj fd jscjrd js kjutrd.

Jk fd tjrhjrd dhtivimdm, jk jf elejktl mj hlkj hl kjht htdr drfl fl d ti tijr jrrd rd,, d fd js jscj cjrd rd sj fj sueikistrdk jfjhtrlkjs qujmdkml hdradmd kjadtivdejktj, fd jscjrd quj tijkj 4>>>S kl prlplrhilkd fd sucihijktj cujrzd pdrd adkdr fls sucihijktjs jfjhtrlkjs pdrd quj sj kltj ukd ardk micjrjkhid, mdkml hlel rjsuftdml quj fls mdtls mj fd tdofd 8 sjdk kjadtivls. Jk fd dh dhti tivi vimdm mdm hu hudt dtrl rl fd fdss js jscj cjrd rdss sl slk k sjpdrd sjp drdmds mds d ukd mistdkhi mistdkhidd mj >.: >.:e, e, fls jfjhtr jfj htrlkjs lkjs sj rjd rjdhle hlelmd lmdk k pdr pdrdd quj fds hdrads qujmjk mistriouimds ukiclrejejktj slorj fd jscjrd, qujmdkml eäs  T- quj T+,  pjrl kl sijkml tdktd fd micjrjkhid micjr jkhid hlel pdrd sjr kltlrid. ^lr jsl fls rjsuftdmls lotjki kim mls slk euy hjrhdkls d hjrl.

Hlkhfusilkjs Hlel sj jkhujktrdk hdrads lpujstds jk fls fdmls lpujstls lpujstls mj fd jscjrd mj prujod, df dhjrhdrfd d fd jscjrd hdradmd, sj lotuvl hlel rjsuftdml ukd mistriouhiøk mj hdrads hlk hl k vd vdfl flrj rjss dpr dprlx lxie iedml dmlss d fl flss qu qujj sj jspjr js pjrdo dodk dk jk jkhl hlkt ktrd rdr. r. Od Odsä säkm kmls lsjj jk fd tjlråd mj fls hujrpls hdradmls, sj pujmj hlkh hl khfu fuir ir quj jf rj rjsu suft ftdm dml l cu cujj tl tlml ml uk éxitl. _jcjrjkhid. P4U Xjrwdy _. D., Ojihbkjr _. G., Cåsihd  pdrd hijkhids j ikajkijråd Slf II, ?>>4, Eéxihl, pp 919. P?U _jskih` _., Bdffimdy M., Cåsihd Slf II, 499?, 499 ?, qui quiktd ktd jmi jmihiø hiøk, k, HJH HJHXD, XD, Eéx Eéxihl ihl,,  pp:1?.