ASPEN
Distance Relay Editor V2003 User's Manual
Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc.
NOTICE ASPEN Distance Relay Editor is a proprietary computer program of Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc. (ASPEN). The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc. assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Copyright 1988-2003 Advanced Systems for Power Engineering, Inc. All right reserved.
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Contents SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY.............................................................................................................................................2 1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL.....................................................................................................................................................2 1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM ...........................................................................................................................................3 1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM...............................................................................................................................................3 SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 WHAT’S IN A RELAY TYPE..............................................................................................................................................4 2.2 METHODS..............................................................................................................................................................................5 2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER AND DISTRIVIEW.......................................................................5 2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION .................................................................................................................6 2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................7 2.6 GCX METHOD.......................................................................................................................................................................9 2.7 KD METHOD .......................................................................................................................................................................10 2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD .......................................................................................................................................11 2.9 HZ METHOD........................................................................................................................................................................13 2.10 HZM METHOD..................................................................................................................................................................14 2.11 HCZ METHOD...................................................................................................................................................................15 2.12 RAZOA METHOD ............................................................................................................................................................16 2.13 REL316 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................17 2.14 REL316_4 METHOD..........................................................................................................................................................19 2.15 REL 521 METHOD.............................................................................................................................................................21 2.16 7SA513 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................24 2.17 7SA511 METHOD..............................................................................................................................................................26 SECTION 3
COMMAND REFERENCE............................................................................................................................29
3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................29 3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS ......................................................................................................................................30 FILE MENU...........................................................................................................................................................................31 NEW COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................31 OPEN COMMAND ..............................................................................................................................................................32 SAVE COMMAND...............................................................................................................................................................33 SAVE AS COMMAND.........................................................................................................................................................34 EXIT COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................35
TYPE MENU..........................................................................................................................................................................36 EDIT COMMAND................................................................................................................................................................36 COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND ..........................................................................................................39
VIEW MENU..........................................................................................................................................................................40 TOOLBAR COMMAND......................................................................................................................................................40 STATUS BAR COMMAND ................................................................................................................................................41
INDEX..............................................................................................................................................................................................43
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Contents • i
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW The distance relay characteristics used by ASPEN OneLiner/DistriView are stored in a binary file called the distance relay library. The ASPEN Distance Relay Editor is an auxiliary program for maintaining the distance relay library.
1.2 DISTANCE RELAY LIBRARY The distance relay library stores the characteristics of different relay types in a form that can be used by OneLiner/DistriView to simulate the relay operation. Each relay type in the library is named after a specific commercial make and model of distance relay, such as “GEC Optimho” and “SEL 321”. An exception to this is the collection of six relay types, “GEC-Type”, “GCX-Type”, “KD-Type”, “HX-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and “HZM-Type”, which is required for backward compatibility. You can use the Distance Relay Editor to add any number of relay types to the library and to edit their characteristics. OneLiner/DistriView reads the distance relay library when it begins execution. When you create a new distance relay in OneLiner/DistriView by executing the New | Relay | DS Ground Relay or New | Relay | DS Phase Relay command, the program will display a list of all the available types in the distance relay library and ask you to select one. The relay parameter names and default values within the distance-relay info dialog box will come directly from the distance relay library. OneLiner/DistriView uses the information in the library to determine which zones are tripped and how long is the time delay when it is asked to display the relay operating time in the main one-line window. All of these attributes of a relay type can be edited within the Distance Relay Editor. The users’ ability to modify the relay characteristics in the distance relay library is key to OneLiner/DistriView’s flexibility in modeling distance relays.
1.3 ABOUT THIS MANUAL This User’s Manual will show you how to use the ASPEN Distance Relay Editor to create new distance relay types and to edit the characteristics of existing relay types. It will also describe how distance relays are modeled in OneLiner/DistriView. The description of the distance relay model is in Section 2. The program commands are explained in Section 3.
2 • SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
1.4 INSTALLING THE PROGRAM The Distance Relay Editor is installed during the installation of OneLiner/DistriView. See Section 2 in the Help file located in the ASPEN OneLiner or ASPEN DistriView program group for details .
1.5 STARTING THE PROGRAM On the Windows desktop, look for a program group for ASPEN OneLiner or DistriView. Inside the program group you will find an icon labeled 'Distance Relay Editor' that looks like this:
Start up the Distance Relay Editor: 1.
Double click on the Distance Relay Editor icon to start the program.
You will see the Main Window when the program starts up.
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION • 3
SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
2.1 WHAT’S IN A RELAY TYPE The following shows the info dialog box for a distance relay type called “SEL 321”. You can call up this dialog box with the Type | Edit command in the Distance Relay Editor.
The attributes of a distance relay type include the following: • • • • • • •
Type name: An 18-character name that identifies a specific commercial make and model of a distance relay. Phase Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a “phase” distance relay in OneLiner and DistriView. Ground Relay: This check box is marked if the type can be used to create a “ground” distance relay in OneLiner and DistriView. Some “ground” relay types models both phase and ground functions. Examples of these are RAZOA and REL316. Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay: This check box is marked if zone 2 of this relay type can supervise a nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent relay. Memory duration: Duration of the voltage memory. Zero means there is no memory. Method of polarization: Available options include “Self Polarized”, “Cross Polarized” and “PositiveSequence Polarized”. Method: The method name is shown immediately above the data grid. (The method is “Quad” in the above illustration.) The method is the basic technology employed by the relay type. Examples of basic relay technologies are balanced-beam, mho and quadrilateral designs. Some of the methods available are designed to model one-of-a-kind designs, such as the RAZOA relay. The Distance Relay Editor asks you to choose a method whenever a relay type is created. Methods will be covered in more detail in Section 2.2.
4 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
•
Parameter names and default values: The method you choose for the relay type determines the variables that are needed to model it. The data grid in the above dialog box lists the parameter names and default values. Each parameter is also assigned an index that appears in the first column of the data grid. You can change the parameter names and default values. These will appear in the distance-relay info dialog box in OneLiner and DistriView. However, you cannot change the indices because OneLiner and DistriView use them as parameter identifiers.
2.2 METHODS Each relay type in the distance relay library is an instance of a method, which encapsulates the basic relay technology. The following is a list of methods currently available: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GCX: This method simulates the GCX relay, which has a mho characteristics with 2 reactance lines. HZ: This method simulates the HZ balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. HZM: This method simulates the HZM balanced-beam relay with circular characteristics. Offsets are possible. HCZ: This method simulates the 2-zone balanced-beam relay with variable time delay in zone 2. KD: This method simulates the well-know 3-phase KD phase relay. Mho: This method simulates the mho characteristics created by the classic phase-comparator method. Mho4: This is identical to the “Mho” method, except “Mho4” can have up to four zones (instead of 3). Quad: This method simulates the quadrilateral relay. Phase comparators are used to model the straight-line characteristics. Quad4: This is identical to the “Quad” method, except “Quad4” has 4 zones (instead of 3) and the resistive blinders for each zone can be specified independently. RAZOA: This method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. REL316 and REL316_4: This method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. REL521 : This method simulates the ABB REL521 relay. 7SA513: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA513 relay. 7SA511: This method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay.
More details on each of these methods will be given later in this section.
2.3 DISTANCE RELAY SIMULATION IN ONELINER AND DISTRIVIEW When you ask to see the relay operating time in the main window of OneLiner or DistriView, the program takes the following steps for each distance relay: 1. 2. 3.
The program gets the relay’s type name (e.g., “SEL 321”), which is an attribute of the relay itself. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the method name (e.g. “Quad”), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type record. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate function to determine the relay tripping and time delay. The operating time is then shown on the one-line diagram.
When you display the distance relay characteristics on the Distance Relays Window, the logic flow is as follows: 1. 2. 3.
The program gets the relay’s type name (e.g., “SEL 321”), which is an attribute of the relay itself. The program then searches the distance relay library for this type name. Once found, the program gets the method name (e.g. “Quad”), memory duration, polarization method, and other attributes from the type record. The program then branches, based on the method name, to the appropriate functions to perform the following chores:
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SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 5
• • • •
Draw the relay characteristics. Draw the relay caption that summarizes the relay parameters. Compute the relay tripping and time delay. Plot and display in text the apparent impedances and trip/restrain states.
From a programming standpoint, each distance relay method (such as “Quad”) is implemented in OneLiner and DistriView as a collection of four C++ functions that perform the functions listed under item 3 above. The necessary voltage and current phasors and relay parameters are passed to these functions through formal parameters. Starting with Version 6 of DistriView and Version 9 of OneLiner, users have the ability to create custom distance-relay methods through a DLL (dynamic link library) written in C++. Please contact ASPEN’s tech support if you are interested in creating your own relay method.
2.4 VOLTAGE MEMORY AND POLARIZATION You can specify for each relay type the duration of the voltage memory and the method of polarization. Within OneLiner/DistriView, the logic that simulates the distance relay will use different voltage phasors for polarization depending on the option you select. The polarizing quantity and the duration of the memory, in turn, affect the behavior of the relay immediately after the onset of a fault. (This last point is the subject of numerous technical papers and textbooks and will not be discussed in this User’s Manual.) The options available for voltage polarization are: • • •
Self polarized Cross polarized Positive-sequence polarized.
These methods are described below. The memory duration you specify will affect the quantities listed under the column “Quantity Actually Used” in the tables that follow. For a given zone, the program will use the prefault voltages if the memory duration is longer than that zone’s time delay. Otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages. The program will always use the post-fault voltages for polarization if the memory duration is zero. Self Polarized Relays A self polarized relay makes no attempt to substitute a voltage phasor by phasors of the other possibly healthy phases. This is the simplest method possible. Phase Relay Quantity Needed Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Quantities Actually Used Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Ground Relay Quantity Needed Va Vb Vc
Quantities Actually Used Va Vb Vc
Cross Polarized Relays A cross polarized relay derives the polarizing voltage phasors indirectly from the other phases. See table below. (The symbol “j” denotes the imaginary number equal to the square root of -1.)
6 • SECTION 2
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ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Phase Relay Quantity Needed Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Quantities Actually Used -jVa -jVb -jVc
Ground Relay Quantity Needed Va Vb Vc
Quantities Actually Used j(Vb-Vc) j(Vc-Va) j(Va-Vb)
Positive -Sequence Polarized Relays A positive-sequence polarized relay derives its polarizing voltages by decomposing a positive-sequence phasor, V1, into its symmetrical phase components. Phase Relay Quantity Needed Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Quantities Actually Used -j1.732 V1 (-1.5+j0.866) V1 (1.5+j0.866) V1
Ground Relay Quantity Needed Va Vb Vc
Quantities Actually Used V1 (-0.5-j0.866) V1 (-0.5+j0.866) V1
2.5 MHO AND MHO4 METHOD The Mho method models electromechanical and microprocessor relays with the well-known mho element. This method has provisions for reversed zones and offsets. These features, in addition to the choice for voltage polarization and memory duration, should make this method suitable for a large number of commercial relay types. The Mho4 method is identical to the Mho method, except Mho4 has 4 zones, instead of 3. There are three units in each zone. The Mho method determines whether a unit trips by comparing the phase angle between (V-ZI) and Vp, where Z is the zone reach (sometimes called the replica line impedance), I is the current, V is the voltage, and Vp is the polarizing voltage. The polarizing voltage must lead the quantity (V-ZI) by 90 degrees or more in order for the unit to trip. A zone is considered tripped if any one or more of the three units trip. The voltage V and current I of the three units are listed in the tables below. Phase Relay BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit
V Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
I Ib-Ic Ic-Ia Ia-Ib
V Va Vb Vc
I Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io
Ground Relay A Unit B Unit C Unit
The polarizing voltage Vp for each unit depends on the option chosen for the relay type. (See section 2.4 for details.) The program logic computes the polarizing voltages separately for each zone. If the time delay of that
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SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 7
zone is shorter than the voltage memory, then Vp is computed from the prefault voltages. Otherwise, it is computed from post-fault voltages. If a zone has an offset, Vp is replaced by Vp+Z’I, where Z’ is the offset impedance. The Mho method gives rise to static relay characteristics that are circular. See relay characteristics on the next page.
The parameters for the Mho method are as follows: Parameter Meaning Z_1 Imp Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms. Z_1 Ang Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees Z_2 Offset Imp. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms Z_2 Offset Ang. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees Z_2 Imp Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms. Z_2 Ang Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees Z_2 Delay Zone 2 time delay in seconds Z_3 Offset Imp. Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms Z_3 Offset Ang. Zone 3 offset angle in degrees Z_3 Imp Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms. Z_3 Ang Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees Z_3 Delay Zone 3 time delay in seconds. Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed. The Mho4 method has these additional parameters: Z_4 Offset Imp. Z_4 Offset Ang. Z_4 Imp Z_4 Ang Z_4 Delay Z_4 Frdwrd/Rev
8 • SECTION 2
Zone 4 offset impedance in secondary ohms Zone 4 offset angle in degrees Zone 4 reach in secondary ohms. Zone 4 characteristic angle in degrees Zone 4 time delay in seconds. Zone 4 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
2.6 GCX METHOD The GCX method is for relay types that have a mho element for zone 3 and reactance lines for zone 1 and 2. The GCX method can be used for both phase and ground relays. There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are listed in the tables below. Phase Relay BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit
V Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
I Ib-Ic Ic-Ia Ia-Ib
V Va Vb Vc
I Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io
Ground Relay A Unit B Unit C Unit
The logic for zone 3 is identical to that for the Mho method. The reactance-line characteristics are simulated by comparing the phase between (V-XI) and XI. The quantities V and I are identical to those used by the Mho method, and X is the zone reactance. This checking is done separately for the three units in each zone. The GCX characteristics are shown below.
The parameters for the GCX method are as follows: Parameter Z_1 X Z_2 X Z_2 Delay Z_3 Imp.
Meaning Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 delay in seconds. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms.
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SECTION 2 DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 9
Z_3 Ang. Z_3 Delay
Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees. Zone 3 delay in seconds.
2.7 KD METHOD The KD Method models the original KD relay as well as a number of electromechanical and microprocessor relay types that utilize the same basic technology. The KD Method can be applied to phase relays only. Each zone has two units: the 3-phase unit and the phase-to-phase unit. The zone reach and the characteristic angle for the two units are specified separately by the user, and they do not have to be the same. For each unit, three voltages, x, y and z are computed based on the voltages, currents and zone reach. The unit is considered tripped if the voltage phasor x-y leads the phasor z-y. The program logic employs a very short-term self-polarized voltage memory when a phase voltage is below 0.01 secondary volts. The memory-voltage option and duration you selected for the relay type have no effect on this logic. 3-Phase Unit Variable x y z
Definition Va + 1.5 (Ib+Ic) Z Vb Vc
Phase-To-Phase Unit Variable x y z
Definition Va - (Ia-Ib) Z Vb Vc - (Ic-Ib) Z
(Note: The variable Z in the first table is the reach of the 3-phase unit. The variable Z in the second table is the reach of the phase-to-phase unit. The reach of the 3-phase unit and the reach of the phase-to-phase unit need not be identical.) The KD Method does not allow offsets, but you can have the relay characteristics shifted slightly to include the origin. The graphical characteristics of the KD Method are the same as those of the Mho Method. The parameters for the KD method are as follows: Parameter Z_1 Imp 3P Z_1 Imp PP Z_1 Ang 3P Z_1 Ang PP Z_2 Inc. Origin Z_2 Imp 3P Z_2 Imp PP Z_2 Ang 3P Z_2 Ang PP Z_2 Delay Z_3 Inc. Origin Z_3 Imp 3P Z_3 Imp PP Z_3 Ang 3P Z_3 Ang PP Z_3 Delay
10 • SECTION 2
Meaning Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit. Zone 1 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit. Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit. Zone 1 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit. Zone 2 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1. Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit. Zone 2 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit. Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit. Zone 2 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit. Zone 2 time delay in seconds Zone 3 is shifted slightly to include the origin if this value is 1. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms for the 3-phase unit. Zone 3 reach in secondary ohms for the phase-phase unit. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees for the 3-phase unit. Zone 3 characteristic angle in degrees for the phase-phase unit. Zone 3 time delay in seconds
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev
Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
2.8 QUAD AND QUAD4 METHOD The Quad method is for relay types with quadrilateral characteristics. The Quad method can have up to three zones. All but the first zone can be reversed. This method can be used for both phase and ground relays. The Quad4 method is identical to the Quad method, except Quad4 can have up to 4 zones and the resistive blinders for each zone can be specified independently. There are three units in each zone. The voltage V and current I processed by the three units are these. Phase Relay BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit
V Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
I Ib-Ic Ic-Ia Ia-Ib
V Va Vb Vc
I Ia + 3 K Io Ib + 3 K Io Ic + 3 K Io
Ground Relay A Unit B Unit C Unit
The quadrilateral characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, each of which is simulated as a phase comparator. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of several phase comparators. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip, all of the following must be true: 1. 2. 3. 4.
The directional phase comparator indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction. The right resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the left of the blinder. The left resistive blinder indicates that the fault is to the right of the blinder. The reactance phase comparator indicates that the fault is below the zone-1 line.
The input quantities A and B for each of these comparators are listed below: A B Reactance Line V- X I XI Right “Resistive” Blinder V - R1 I -ZI Left “Resistive” Blinder -Z I V - R2 I Directional Line -Z I Vp In this table, R1 and R2 are the x-axis intercept of the right and left resistive blinders, X is the zone reactance, Z is a unity vector at the characteristic angle, and Vp is the polarizing quantity. This implementation gives rise to a quadrilateral characteristic shown below. Note the characteristic angle determines the angle of the resistive blinders. The angle of the directional line can be controlled independently.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 11
The parameters of the Quad method are these: Parameter Charact. Ang. Dir. Blinder Angle Right Blinder R+ Left Blinder RZ_1 X Z_2 X Z_2 Delay Z_2 Frdwrd/Rev Z_3 X Z_3 Delay Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev
Meaning Characteristic angle in degrees Directional blinder angle in degrees x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in seconds Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed. Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in seconds. Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed.
The parameters of the Quad4 method are these: Parameter Charact. Ang. Dir. Blinder Angle Z_1 X Z_1 Blinder R+ Z_1 Blinder RZ_2 X Z_2 Delay Z_2 Frdwrd/Rev Z_2 Blinder R+ Z_2 Blinder RZ_3 X Z_3 Delay Z_3 Frdwrd/Rev Z_3 Blinder R+ Z_3 Blinder RZ_4 X
12 • SECTION 2
Meaning Characteristic angle in degrees Directional blinder angle in degrees Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in seconds Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed. x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in seconds. Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed. x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms Zone 4 reactance in secondary ohms.
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Z_4 Delay Z_4 Frdwrd/Rev Z_4 Blinder R+ Z_4 Blinder R-
Zone 4 time delay in seconds. Zone 4 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed. x-axis intercept of the right resistive blinder in secondary ohms x-axis intercept of the left resistive blinder in secondary ohms
2.9 HZ METHOD The HZ Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The relay type modeled with the HZ method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are: Directional Unit Phase A Phase B Phase C
Vp Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Current Ia Ib Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30 degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for other purposes. The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these: Zone 1 and Zone 2 BC Unit CA Unit AB Unit
V Vb - Vc Vc - Va Va - Vb
I Ib - Ic Ic - Ia Ia - Ib
V Vb - Vc Va - Vb Vc - Va
I Ib Ia Ic
Zone 3 BC Unit AB Unit CA Unit
Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 5 volts and the magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped. The characteristics of the HZ method are circles centered at the origin.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 13
The parameters of the HZ method are listed below: Parameter Z_1 Imp. Z_2 Imp. Z_2 Delay Z_3 Imp. Z_3 Delay
Meaning Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in seconds Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in seconds
2.10 HZM METHOD The HZM Method is for relay types of the balanced-beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The relay type modeled with the HZM method is assumed to have a built-in directional unit that is identical in design as those in directional overcurrent phase relays. Specifically, the inputs to the three directional units are: Directional Unit Phase A Phase B Phase C
Vp Vb-Vc Vc-Va Va-Vb
Current Ia Ib Ic
The characteristic angle of the phase comparator is such that the maximum torque occurs when the current is 30 degrees ahead of the polarizing voltage. The memory voltage and duration specify for the relay type determines which voltages used to compute the quantity Vp for the directional unit. The memory voltage is not used for other purposes. The balanced beam relay is modeled as a magnitude comparator. The voltage and current inputs are these: V I BC Unit Vb - Vc Ib - Ic CA Unit Vc - Va Ic - Ia AB Unit Va - Vb Ia - Ib
14 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Each zone has three units. Each unit is considered tripped if the magnitude of V is at least 10 volts and the magnitude of (Z I) is greater than the magnitude of V. Offset is achieved by substituting V+Z’I for V, where Z’ is the offset impedance. A zone is considered tripped if the directional unit indicates that the fault is in the tripping direction and one or more units of that zone are tripped. The characteristics of the HZM method are circles centered at the origin, unless the zones are offset.
The parameters of the HZM method are listed below: Parameter Z_1 Offset Imp. Z_1 Offset Ang. Z_1 Imp. Z_2 Offset Imp. Z_2 Offset Ang. Z_2 Imp. Z_2 Delay Z_3 Offset Imp. Z_3 Offset Ang. Z_3 Imp. Z_3 Delay
Meaning Zone 1 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 offset angle in degrees Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 offset angle in degrees Zone 2 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 time delay in seconds Zone 3 offset impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 offset angle in degrees Zone 3 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 time delay in seconds
2.11 HCZ METHOD The HCZ Method is also for relay types with the balanced beam design. This method can be used for phase relays only. The HCZ Method has a directional unit that is exactly the same as HZM method. In fact, it is identical to the HZM method with only these exceptions: 1. The zones cannot be offset. 2. There are only two zones. 3. The delay of zone 2 is a linear function of the fault’s apparent impedance.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 15
The parameters of the HCZ method are listed here: Parameter HZ Impedance CZ Delay (s/ohm)
Meaning Zone 1 impedance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 delay in seconds per secondary ohm.
The program considers zone 2 to be restrained if the time delay is 60 seconds or longer.
2.12 RAZOA METHOD The RAZOA Method simulates the ABB RAZOA relay. The RAZOA relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, however, a RAZOA relay must be modeled as a “ground” distance relay. The RAZOA method uses an overcurrent starting logic when the current threshold is set to 0.01A or higher. An under-impedance starting method is used otherwise. When using the overcurrent starter logic, OneLiner/DistriView uses the following table to determine which of the units are used for a given fault: Starting Element
0
PS Switch Position 1 2 3
4
5
R S R&S T T&R S&T R&S&T R&N S&N R&S&N T&N T&R&N S&T&N R&S&T&N
A B AB C CA BC AB A B B C A C AB
CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B B C A C AB
A B AB C CA BC AB A B AB C CA BC AB
CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B AB C CA BC AB
A B AB C CA BC AB A B A C A C AB
CA AB AB BC CA BC AB A B A C A C AB
In this table, R, S, T and N are overcurrent starting units: • • • •
R is TRUE if the phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if the phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if the phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. N is TRUE if the residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
PS position is an option that can be selected by the user (through a knob on the panel). Depending on the PS position and which of the starting units are enabled, the relay checks one or more of the following units: • •
Ground units A, B and C. Phase unit AB, BC and CA
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay (between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’), the fault currents on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase ‘a’ current. Unit N is not enabled because there is no ground current. If the PS position is set at 1, the above table tells us that this fault will be checked by the phase units AB and BC. If the PS position is set at 2, the table tells us that the fault will be check by phase unit BC and ground units B and C. In both cases, the relay will be tripped by the phase unit BC.
16 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
OneLiner/DistriView will display on the distance relay window all the units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances.
2.13 REL316 METHOD The REL316 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay. (Please also see the documentation in section 2.14 for revsion 4 of the REL316 relay.) The REL316 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a REL316 relay must be modeled as a “ground” distance relay. The REL316 logic simulates both overcurrent and under impedance starter logic. Set parameter I_start to zero to invoke impedance start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I: Starting Element
Loop measured
R,E S,E T,E R,S S,T T,R R,S,E S,T,E T,R,E R,S,T
RE SE TE RS ST TR RS ST TR TR(RS)(ST)
In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units: • • •
R is TRUE if phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 17
•
E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase-to-phase fault in front of the relay between phase ‘b’ and phase ‘c’, the fault currents on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase ‘a’ current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current. Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than 1 cycle. In the processing period II that follows, REL316 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the underimpedance region the relay generates trip or other signal accordingly. Present version of OneLiner and DistriView simulates the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state of all the phase and ground units that are used and the corresponding apparent impedances.
The parameters of the REL316 method are listed below: Parameter I_start I_phase_min 3U0
UminFault R_load Angle_load Char.Angle Z1_X RR1 Z2_X
18 • SECTION 2
Meaning Overcurrent start trigger. Set to 0 for under-impedance start. Current enable value. Ground fault detector: = 0: use 3Io only; = 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo; = 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo; Neutral voltage enable. Left blinder line of load area in secondary ohm Angle of load-area upper blinder line in degree Characteristic angle in degree Zone 1 reactive reach. Zone 1 resistive reach. Zone 2 reactive reach
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
RR2 Z2_delay Z3_X RR3 Z3_delay Zoverreach_X Zrevs_X
Zone 2 resistive reach. Zone 2 time delay. Zone 3 reactive reach Zone 3 resistive reach. Zone 3 time delay. Overreach zone reactance. Reverse zone reactance.
2.14 REL316_4 METHOD The REL316_4 Method simulates the ABB REL316 relay revision 4. The REL316 method models earlier versions of the relay (see section 2.13). The revision modeled by this method can have different settings for the phase and ground units. It also has many user-enterable parameters that were fixed in earlier versions. The REL316_4 relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase and ground faults. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a REL316_4 relay must be modeled as a “ground” distance relay. The REL316_4 logic simulates both overcurrent and under-impedance starter logic. Set parameter "StartMode" to 1 for under-impedance start or to 0 for overcurrent start. The following table is used to determine which of the measuring loop are used for a given fault during the processing period I: Starting Element
Loop measured
R,E S,E T,E R,S S,T T,R R,S,E S,T,E T,R,E R,S,T
RE SE TE RS ST TR RS ST TR TR(RS)(ST)
In this table, R, S, T and E are overcurrent starting units: • • • •
R is TRUE if phase ‘a’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. S is TRUE if phase ‘b’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. T is TRUE if phase ‘c’ current exceeds the phase-current start threshold. E is TRUE if residual current 3Io exceeds the ground-current start threshold.
As an example, for a phase ‘b’-to-phase ‘c’ fault in front of the relay, the fault currents on phases ‘b’ and ‘c’ enable the starting units S and T. Unit R is not enabled because there is no phase ‘a’ current. Unit E is not enabled because there is no ground current. Processing period I lasts until a trip signal is generated but not longer than one cycle. In the processing period II that follows, the REL316_4 relay measures all the loops sequentially. If the measured impedance falls within the under-impedance region, the relay will generate a trip (or other) signal. Present version of OneLiner and DistriView simulate the relay trip signal only. It will display on the distance relay window the trip/restrain state of all the phase and ground units and the corresponding apparent impedances. The characteristics of a REL316_4 relay are shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 19
The parameters of the REL316_4 method are listed below (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all zone delays are in seconds, all currents are in secondary amps, and all voltages are in secondary volts): Parameter I_start GFMode
3U0min UminFault R_load Angle_load X_1 R_1 RR_1 RRE_1 X_2
20 • SECTION 2
Meaning Overcurrent start trigger in amperes. Set to 0 for under-impedance start. Method for detecting ground faults: = 0: use 3Io only (The 3Io threshold is entered as MinI in the dialog box) = 1: use 3Io AND 3Vo thresholds = 2: use 3Io OR 3Vo threshold. Neutral voltage (3Vo) threshold for the ground fault detector. Minimum voltage at which the fault voltage is used for determining fault direction. Resistive blinder for avoiding load encroachment. R_load must be greater than 0 and less than 999 ohms. Limit phase-angle for avoiding load encroachment. Angle_load must be between 15 and 65 degree. Pickup line reactance for zone 1. X=0 disable zone. (Zone 1 cannot be disabled) X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 1. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 1 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RR_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 1 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RRE_1 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Pickup line reactance for zone 2. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction.
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
R_2 RR_2 RRE_2 Delay_2 X_3 R_3 RR_3 RRE_3 Delay_3 X_4 R_4 RR_4 RRE_4 Delay_4
X_Rev R_Rev RR_Rev RRE_Rev Delay_Def
Pickup line resistance for zone 2. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_2 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 2 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RR_2 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 2 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RRE_2 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 2 time delay. Delay_2 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10. Pickup line reactance for zone 3. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 3. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_3 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 3 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RR_3 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 3 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RRE_3 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 3 time delay. Delay_3 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10. Pickup line reactance for zone 4. X=0 disable zone. X< 0 for restraint direction. Pickup line resistance for zone 4. (The sign must be the same as for X). R_4 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300. Resistive reach of zone 4 for phase faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RR_4 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Resistive reach of zone 4 for ground faults. The sign must be the same as for X. RRE_4 is nonzero and must be greater than -300 and less than 300 Zone 4 or overreach time delay. Delay_4 must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10. If Delay_4 < Delay_2, Delay_4 is for the overeaching zone, otherwise it is for zone 4. Pickup line reactance for the reverse zone. X=0 disable zone. X_Rev must be greater than -300 and less than or equal to 0. Pickup line resistance for the reverse zone. R_Rev must be greater than -300 and less than 0. Resistive reach for reverse zone for phase faults. R_Rev must be greater than 300 and less than 0 Resistive reach for reverse zone for ground faults. R_Rev must be greater than 300 and less than 0 Time delay for the reverse zone. Delay_Def must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.
The operating time of every active distance zone (when the parameter X is not zero) is determined by parameter 'Delay', which has a setting range from 0 to 10s in step of 0.01. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box. The set time must satisfy the following relationship: •
If Delay_4 is zone 4 delay: Delay_1 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_4 < Delay_Def
•
If Delay_4 is overreach zone delay: Delay_1 < Delay_4 < Delay_2 < Delay_3 < Delay_Def
2.15 REL 521 METHOD The REL 521 method models the ABB REL-521 relay. This method models the phase or the ground function within the REL-521 relay. Within OneLiner and DistriView, REL 521 relay can be added as either a phase or a ground distance relay. The user can set each zone as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The polygon tripping characteris tics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are commonly referred to as the
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 21
reactance-reach lines, the resistance-reach lines, and the directional lines. The relay model permits separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R for each zone. The REL-521 method has five zones. If the relay is modeled as a phase relay, each zone is made up of three units: L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-L1. If the relay is modeled a ground relay, each zone is made up of three units : L1-G, L2-G and L3-G. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used. For the directional determination, the sound phase and stored reference voltages are used. The table below summaries these quantities for the phase and ground units. REL-521 Phase Distance Relay Measured
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Loop
(distance)
(distance)
(direction)
(direction)
L1-L2
Ia - Ib
Vab
Ia - Ib
Vbc - Vca
L2-L3
Ib - Ic
Vbc
Ib - Ic
Vca - Vab
L3-L1
Ic - Ia
Vca
Ic - Ia
Vab - Vbc
Note: Vbc is shorthand for Vb -Vc, Vca is Vc -Va, and Vab is Va -Vb.
REL-521 Ground Distance Relay Measured
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Loop
(distance)
(distance)
(direction)
(direction)
L1-G
Ia + 3 K Io
Va
Ia
Vbc
L2-G
Ib + 3 K Io
Vb
Ib
Vca
L3-G
Ic + 3 K Io
Vc
Ic
Vab
Note: In OneLiner, you can enter two different values of ‘K’ for the ground unit. K1 is for zone 1. K2 is for the other zones. (This capability will be implemented in a future update of DistriView.) For directional determination, the relay uses prefault voltages when (1) the zone delay is below the memory time or (2) when the directional quadrature voltages are too low in magnitude. The memory time of a REL-521 relay starts at two cycles, and can automatically extend until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value. To see whether the relay trips requires the computation and testing of various distance and directional quantities. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 of a ground relay to trip, all of the following must be true for one of the three units of zone 1: 1. The resistance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparator indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay’s directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. The polygonal characteristic of a REL-521 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red
22 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
The parameters of the REL 521 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, all delays are in seconds, and all angles are in degrees): Parameter ArgDir ArgNegRes ZM1 ZM1_Xline
ZM1_Rline
ZM1-RF
ZM2 ZM2_Xline ZM2_Rline ZM2-RF ZM2-T2
Meaning Lower angle of forward direction charactoristics (5 ≤ ArgDir ≤ 45). Angle is defined with reference to R-axis in clockwise direction. Upper angle of forward direction charactoristics (90 ≤ ArgNegRes ≤ 175). Angle is defined with reference to R-axis in couter clockwise direction. Operation mode and directionality of zone 1. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM1 to 0 to disable zone 1. Zone 1 reactance. Set ZM1_Xline to X1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Xline = X1PE + X0PE for a ground relay. (X1PP, X1PE and X0PE are setting parameters of the relay). Zone 1 resistance. Set ZM1_Rline to R1PP for a phase relay, or ZM1_Rline=R1PE + R0PE for a ground relay. (R1PP, R1PE and R0PE are setting parameters of the relay). Resistive reach of zone 1. Set ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPP for a phase relay, or set ZM1-RF to ZM1_RFPE for a ground relay. (ZM1_RFPP and ZM1_RFPE are setting parameters of the relay). Operation mode and directionality of zone 2. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM2 to 0 to disable zone 2. Zone 2 reactance. Set ZM2_Xline to ZM2_X2PP for a phase relay or ZM2_Xline = ZM2_X2PE + ZM2_X0PE for a ground relay. Zone 2 resistance. Set ZM2_Rline to ZM2_R2PP for a phase relay or ZM2_Rline=ZM2_R2PE + ZM2_R0PE for a ground relay. Resistive reach of zone 2. ZM2-RF = ZM2_RFPP for Ph-Ph faults or set ZM2-RF to ZM2_RFPE for a ground relay. Time delay of zone 2.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 23
ZM3 ZM3_Xline ZM3_Rline ZM3-RF ZM3-T3 ZM4 ZM4_Xline ZM4_Rline ZM4-RF ZM4-T4 ZM5 ZM5_Xline ZM5_Rline ZM5-RF ZM5-T5
Operation mode and directionality of zone 3. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM3 to 0 to disable zone 3. Zone 3 reactance. Set ZM3_Xline to ZM3_X3PP for a phase relay, or ZM3_Xline = ZM3_X3PE + ZM3_X0PE for a ground relay. Zone 3 resistance. Set ZM3_Rline to ZM3_R3PP for a phase relay or ZM3_Rline=ZM3_R3PE + ZM3_R0PE for a ground relay. Resistive reach of zone 3. Set ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPP for a phase relay or set ZM3-RF to ZM3_RFPE for a ground relay. Time delay of zone 3. Operation mode and directionality of zone 4. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM4 to 0 to disable zone 4. Zone 4 reactance. Set ZM4_Xline to ZM4_X4PP for a phase relay or ZM4_Xline = ZM4_X4PE + ZM4_X0PE for a ground relay. Zone 4 resistance. Set ZM4_Rline to ZM4_R4PP for a phase relay or ZM4_Rline=ZM4_R4PE + ZM4_R0PE for a ground relay. Resistive reach of zone 4. Set ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPP for a phase relay or set ZM4-RF to ZM4_RFPE for a ground relay. Time delay of zone 4. Operation mode and directionality of zone 5. 0 = Off, 1 = Non-directional, 2 = Forward, and 3 = Reverse. Set ZM5 to 0 to disable zone 5. Zone 5 reactance. Set ZM5_Xline to ZM5_X5PP for a phase relay, or ZM5_Xline = ZM5_X5PE + ZM5_X0PE for a ground relay. Zone 5 resistance. Set ZM5_Rline to ZM5_R5PP for a phase relay, or ZM5_Rline=ZM5_R5PE + ZM5_R0PE for a ground relay. Resistive reach of zone 5. Set ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPP for a phase relay, or set ZM5-RF to ZM5_RFPE for a ground relay. Time delay of zone 5.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.
2.16 7SA513 METHOD The 7SA513 method simulates Siemans relay 7SA513. This relay can have up to three zones. All zones can be set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. This relay has both phase and ground units that respond to phase to phase and phase to ground fault. Within OneLiner and DistriView, a 7SA513 relay must be added as “ground” distance relay. The polygon tripping characteristics consist of a number of straight-line characteristics, which are reactance reach lines, resistance reach lines, and directional lines. Separate setting of the reactance X and the resistance R is permited for each zone. Resistance R can be set separately for faults with and without ground involvement. Each zone can be set forward, reverse or non-directionally. To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and relay directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a singleline-to-ground fault, all of the following must be true: 1. The resistance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay’s directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. For the distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and stored reference voltages are used:
24 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Measured
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Loop
(distance)
(distance)
(direction)
(direction)
L1-G
Ia + 3 K Io
Va
Ia
Vbc
L2-G
Ib + 3 K Io
Vb
Ib
Vca
L3-G
Ic + 3 K Io
Vc
Ic
Vab
L1-L2
Ia - Ib
Vab
Ia - Ib
Vbc - Vca
L2-L3
Ib - Ic
Vbc
Ib - Ic
Vca - Vab
L3-L1
Ic - Ia
Vca
Ic - Ia
Vab - Vbc
For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient because of multiple faults, especially three-phase faults, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to 20 cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. This implementation gives rise to a 7SA513 polygonal characteristic shown below. Note that the angles of the two directional lines can be controlled independently. The polygonal characteristic of 7SA513 relay is shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red
The parameters of the 7SA513 method are these: Parameter Alpha 1 Alpha 2 X1 Z1_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2)
Meaning Directional angle 1 (must be between -90 and 90 degrees) Directional angle 2 (must be between 0 and 180 degrees) Zone 1 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 1 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 25
R1E R1 X2 T2P T2PP Z2_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) R2E R2 X3 T3 Z3_Fwd(1)/Rev(0)/Non(2) R3E R3
Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault. Zone 1 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault. Zone 2 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 2 delay for single-phase faults. Zone 2 delay for multi-phase faults. Zone 2 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional. Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault Zone 2 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault. Zone 3 reactance in secondary ohms. Zone 3 delay for all faults. Zone 3 direction: 1 for forward; 0 for reversed; 2 for non-directional. Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for ground fault. Zone 3 resistance fault detection in secondary ohms for phase fault.
The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.
2.17 7SA511 METHOD The 7SA511 method simulates the Siemens 7SA511 relay. This relay can have up to five zones: Zone 1 Z1, zone 2 Z2, zone 3 Z3, overreach zone 1B and overreach zone 1L Z1L. All zones can be set as forward directional, reverse directional, or non-directional. The tripping zones of the 7SA511 relay have a polygonal characteristic. They consist of the directional line, a reactance and resistance limit. Reactance intersection X and resis tance intersection R can be set separately and independently from each other. In addition, the R-intersections can be set separately for phase-phase faults and phase-earth faults (RE) so that a higher resistance margin can be obtained for earth faults, if required. This implementation gives rise to a 7SA511 polygonal characteristic shown below. The ground-unit characterisitics are shown in blue, and the phase-unit characteristics are shown in red
26 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
To see whether a unit trips requires testing the output of apparent impedance and realy directional determination. For example, in order for a unit in zone 1 to trip a 1LG fault, all of the following must be true: 1. The resistance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the resistive zone-1 reach. 2. The reactance-line phase comparitor indicates that the fault is within the reactance zone-1 reach. 3. The relay’s directional logic indicates that the fault is within the operational direction of zone 1. For distance measurement, actual measured voltages are used; for the directional determination, sound phase and stored reference voltages are used:
Measured
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Measured current
Meausred voltage
Loop
(distance)
(distance)
(direction)
(direction)
L1-G
Ia + 3 K Io
Va
Ia
Vbc
L2-G
Ib + 3 K Io
Vb
Ib
Vca
L3-G
Ic + 3 K Io
Vc
Ic
Vab
L1-L2
Ia - Ib
Vab
Ia - Ib
Vbc - Vca
L2-L3
Ib - Ic
Vbc
Ib - Ic
Vca - Vab
L3-L1
Ic - Ia
Vca
Ic - Ia
Vab - Vbc
When the relay detects a fault, the delay timer are started. The impedance of the selected fault loop is compared with the threshold of the set zones. Tripping occurs when the impedance is within a zone whose corresponding time stage has expired and the fault direction agrees with the direction set for that zone. For zone Z1 (and Z1B overreach) the delay time can equal zero, meaning that tripping occurs as soon as it has been confirmed that the fault lies within the zone. For directional determination, when the directional quadrature voltages are not sufficient, prefault stored voltages are used when the trip time is below the memory time. The memory time starts with two cycles, and can automatically extend up to cycles. If the relay does not trip within 20 cycles, the directional voltages will take current quadrature voltages afterwards. The parameters of the 7SA511 method are these (Note: All zone reaches are in secondary ohms, and all delays are in seconds): Parameter Z1 Z1-X Z1-R Z1-RE Z2 Z2-X Z2-R Z2-RE Z2-T Z3 Z3-X Z3-R Z3-RE Z3-T Z1B
Meaning Zone 1 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 1 reactance reach. Z1-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 1 resistance phase-phase. Z1-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 1 resistance phase-earth. Z1-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65 Zone 2 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 2 reactance reach. Z2-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 2 resistance phase-phase. Z2-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 2 resistance phase-earth. Z2-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 2 delay. Z2-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. Zone 3 enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Zone 3 reactance reach. Z3-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Zone 3 resistance phase-phase. Z3-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 3 resistance phase-earth. Z3-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Zone 3 delay. Z3-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. Overreach zone 1B enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse.
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SECTION 2DISTANCE RELAY MODELING • 27
Z1B-X
Overreach zone 1B reactance = reach. Z1B-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Z1B-R Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-phase. Z1B-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1B-RE Overreach zone 1B resistance phase-earth phase. Z1B-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1B-T Overreach zone 1B delay. Z1B-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. Z1L Overreach zone 1L enable. 0 for disabled, 1 for non-directional, 2 for forward and 3 for reverse. Z1L-X Overreach zone 1L reactance = reach. Z1L-X must be greater than 0.05 and less than 130. Z1L-R Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-phase Z1L-R must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1L-RE Overreach zone 1L resistance phase-earth. Z1L-RE must be greater than 0.05 and less than 65. Z1L-T Overreach zone 1L delay. Z1L-T must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than 32. The delay for zone 1 is value of "Zone 1 Delay" in the dialog box.
28 • SECTION 2
DISTANCE RELAY MODELING
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
SECTION 3
COMMAND REFERENCE
3.1 INTRODUCTION This section documents the commands in the Main Window.
_________________________________________________________________________ Main Window Commands The Main Window opens libraries and distance relay types. The commands in the Main Window are described in Section 3.2.
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SECTION 3
COMMAND REFERENCE • 29
3.2 MAIN WINDOW COMMANDS The Main Window contains commands for manipulating libraries and relay types. The Main Window is initially gray when the program begins execution. After a library is opened, the name of the library is shown in the title bar of the Main Window. The commands in the Main Window are described in this section.
30 • SECTION 3
COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Main Window FILE MENU NEW COMMAND The New command lets you create a new distance relay library. This feature is not available in this version. You can create a new library now by copying an existing library to another file and editing it.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 31
Main Window FILE MENU OPEN COMMAND The Open command lets you open an existing library for editing. TO OPEN AN EXISTING LIBRARY: 1.
Select the File | Open command. A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library that you want to open.
2.
Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library.
3.
Click on "Open" to close the dialog box. The program will read in the relay types from the binary file you specified.
32 • SECTION 3
COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Main Window FILE MENU SAVE COMMAND The Save command saves the current library to disk under the current library name. The contents of the old library are overwritten by the new information. It is wise to periodically save the file you are editing to guard against information loss in the event of a program or system failure. TO SAVE A LIBRARY: 1.
Select the File | Save command. The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being written to disk. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to the original arrow shape.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 33
Main Window FILE MENU SAVE AS COMMAND The Save As command saves the current library to the disk under a different name. The original library is not altered or saved. After you execute this command, the library is saved to this new file whenever the Save command is used. TO SAVE THE LIBRARY UNDER A NEW NAME: 1.
Select the File | Save As command. A dialog box will appear asking you to specify the name of the library.
2.
Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library. You should name all your library files with the .DRL extension.
3.
Click on "OK". The cursor will turn into an hourglass while the current library is being written to disk. The new file name will appear in the caption bar of the Main Window. You may continue working after the cursor is restored to the original arrow shape.
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COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Main Window FILE MENU EXIT COMMAND This command lets you close the current library and shut down the Distance Relay Editor. TO EXIT THE DISTANCE RELAY EDITOR: 1.
Select the File | Exit command. If no library has been opened or if the current library has not been changed, the Main Window of the program will simply disappear.
If the current library has been modified, a dialog box will appear asking you whether the changes should be saved.
2.
Click on "Yes" if you wish to save the updated library; otherwise click on "No". The program will shut down and its window will disappear.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 35
Main Window TYPE MENU EDIT COMMAND This command allows you to view and edit relay types. You can also create new relay types and delete existing relay types. TO VIEW A LIST OF RELAY TYPES: 1.
Select the Type | Edit command.
A dialog box will appear displaying all the relay types in the relay library.
TO DELETE A RELAY TYPE: 1.
Select the relay type to be deleted from the list box. Then, click on "Delete". The selected relay type will be removed from the list box. Note: The program does not allow you to delete any of the five generic relay types, “CEY-Type”, “GCX-Type”, “KD-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and “HZM-Type”, which are required for backward compatibility.
2.
Click on "Close" to close the dialog box.
TO ADD A NEW RELAY TYPE: 1.
Click on the "Add" button.
A dialog box will appear asking for the relay method. The methods currently available are listed in the dialog box.
2.
Select the relay method and click on "OK". A dialog box will appear asking for the relay type parameters. The method name is shown immediately above the data grid.
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COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
3.
Enter the 'Type' name. The relay type name must be unique and can have up to 18 characters.
4.
Click on the 'Phase Relay' check box if this type may be a phase distance relay.
5.
Click on the 'Ground Relay' check box if this type may be a ground distance relay.
6.
Click on the 'Zone 2 Supervision on OC Relay' check box if zone 2 of this relay type can supervise a nondirectional, torque-controlled overcurrent relay.
7.
Enter the voltage memory duration in "Memory". Zero means there is no memory. The program will use the prefault voltages for polarization if the time delay is less than this duration; otherwise, it will use the post-fault voltages for polarization.
8.
Click on the drop down list box and select a method of polarization. Available options include “Self Polarized”, “Cross Polarized” and “Positive-Sequence Polarized”.
9.
Specify the name and default value for each of the parameters in the data grid. The method you choose for the relay type determines the parameters that are required to model it. These parameters are listed in the data grid. Each parameter is assigned an index which is used by OneLiner/DistriView as a parameter identifier. You cannot change these indices. However, you can change the parameter names and default values, which will appear in the distance-relay info dialog box in OneLiner/DistriView. The parameter name can have up to 24 characters.
10. Click on "OK" to close the dialog box. The 'Distance Relay Type' dialog box will display the new relay type.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 37
TO VIEW OR EDIT A RELAY TYPE: 1.
Select the relay type to be edited or viewed from the list box. Then, click on "Edit".
A dialog box will appear displaying the parameters of the relay type and method.
2.
View or edit the parameters of the relay type and method. See previous page for explanation of the parameters. Note: The program does not allow you to edit any of the five generic relay types, “CEY-Type”, “GCX-Type”, “KD-Type”, “HCZ-Type” and “HZM-Type”, which are required for backward compatibility. The OK button is dimmed for these types.
3.
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Click on "OK" to close the dialog box.
COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Main Window TYPE MENU COPY FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY COMMAND This command lets you copy distance relay types from another distance relay library. TO COPY RELAY TYPES FROM ANOTHER LIBRARY: 1.
Select the Type | Copy from Another Library command. A dialog box will appear asking you for the name of the library from which you would like to copy.
2.
Use the controls in the standard file dialog box to specify the name of the library. Then, click on "Open" to close the dialog box.
A dialog box will appear listing the distance relay types in the relay library you specified.
3.
Select the relay types you would like to copy. Click on "Select All" to copy all relay types or click on them individually in the list box. The relay types you have selected will become highlighted.
4.
Click on "Copy". The selected relay types will be copied into the distance relay library.
5.
Click on "Done" to close the dialog box.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 39
Main Window VIEW MENU TOOLBAR COMMAND This command lets you show or hide the toolbar. TO SHOW OR HIDE THE TOOLBAR: 1.
Select the View | Toolbar command. The program will either hide or display the toolbar.
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COMMAND REFERENCE
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Main Window VIEW MENU STATUS BAR COMMAND This command lets you show or hide the status bar. TO SHOW OR HIDE THE STATUS BAR: 1.
Select the View | Status Bar command. The program will either hide or display the status bar.
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COMMAND REFERENCE • 41
M
7SA511 METHOD 26 7SA513 METHOD 24 7SA521 Method 21
Method RAZOA 16 REL316 17 Methods 5 7SA511 26 7SA513 24 7SA521 21 GCX 9 HCZ 15 HZ 13 HZM 14 KD 10 Mho and Mho4 7 Quad and Quad4 11 RAZOA 16 REL316_4 19 Mho and Mho4 Method 7
C
N
Copy Relay Types from Another Library 39
New Command 31
D
O
Distance Relay Editor exit 35 Distance Relay Library create new 31 open 32 save 33 save as 34
Open Command 32
Index
7
E Edit Command 36 Exit Command 35
G
P Polarization 6 cross polarized 6 positive-sequence 7 self polarized 6
Q Quad and Quad4 Method 11
R
HCZ Method 15 HZ Method 13 HZM Method 14
RAZOA Method 16 REL316 Method 17 REL316_4 Method 19 Relay Type 2, 4, 5 delete 36 edit 36 view 36
K
S
KD Method 10
Save As Command 34 Save Command 33 Status Bar Command 41
GCX Method 9
H
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
Index • 43
T Toolbar Command 40
V Voltage Memory 4, 6
44 • Index
ASPEN Distance Relay Editor V2003
