Dissertation Report False Ceiling

CHAPTER – 1 SYNOPSIS 1.1 INTRODUCTION A false ceiling is often a secondary ceiling hung below the main or structural ceiling, it may also be referred to as drop ceiling. In the modern world, human life experience is largely played out in interior spaces. We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of open air and sky, for the escape it offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of being outside reflects the reality that so much of life is spent inside. The three major architectural elements of interior space are the floor, the walls and the ceiling. Although out of our reach and not used in the series as the floor and walls are, the ceiling plays an important vital role in shaping the interior space and limiting its vertical dimension. It is the sheltering element of interior design offering both the physical and the psychological protection for those beneath its canopy. Ceilings are formed by the underside of the roof structures. The ceiling materials can be attached directly to the structural frame or be suspended from it. Ceilings are often the location of many building service elements, such as lighting, HVAC registers, fire sprinklers, smoke detectors and signs. The separate design of each of these elements or subsystems, as well as their total integration with the general ceiling construction, is a major design activity. In construction work interior spaces are sometimes said to have "no ceiling," meaning that nothing special is done to create a ceiling-it is simply the unfinished, underside of the overhead structure. More often, however; something is done, if nothing more than some careful cleaning or painting of the underside of the overhead structure. In many situations, a separate ceiling construction is developed, either attached directly to, or suspended from, the overhead structure. Thus a floor/ceiling or roof/ ceiling sandwich of sorts is created, and often encloses an interstitial space that is used to contain various building service elements, such as wiring, piping, ducting and minor equipment. The full design of this system and all of the contained elements is a major integrated design problem. In some ways, ceiling finishes represent a major opportunity for freedom of choice of materials. There is a general lack of concern here for effects of contact wear; ceilings are not walked on and are generally out of reach. Fragile materials can be used, although there is nothing wrong with hard, durable ones either. 1

There are mainly three functions of false ceiling1. Interior Climatic Control 2. Aesthetics 3. Activity Demand HISTORY In view of the fact that the ceilings of the first shelters consisted merely of the underside of whatever kept the elements out, it is probably safe to assume that their design was given a little or no conscious thought. Since that time, whatever defines the interior space overhead has been dealt with by the architects and designers in one of two ways i.e. either by exposing or embellishing the structure beneath the roof, or by hiding it. The beautiful exposed wood beams of the great halls of English Castles and stone arches of Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals show how the Medieval Europeans used the structural elements of their buildings to enhance the beauty of the interior space. To conceal a Gothic Cathedral’s substructure, architects either filled in the stone ceiling with brick and covered it with a wooden trussed roof, or simply built a smaller, lighter roof just below the main one, creating a smooth surface that could be painted or otherwise decorated. Later, plaster was applied directly to the surfaces of vaulted ceilings, and then elaborately ornamented. The Seventeenth Century French styles of Louis XV, Louis XVI, and Rococo, whose complex ornamentation was limited only by the media, materials and imaginations of the artisans of the period, are all excellent examples of both approaches, such as coffered ceilings, which alternate carved exposed beams with recessed plaster surfaces in the spaces between. According to Fernando Lopez the fresco is important because it is one of the earliest examples of Italian Renaissance art being imported to Spain. It is also remarkable because the fresco technique -- watercolors painted on wet plaster -- was rare in Spain during this time period. Most likely, these reasons forced Peter I in 1709 to carry out additional works in the cathedral which included the installation of a suspended ceiling. According to the available data the first known use of the suspended glass ceiling was in Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna in 1904 (i.e. Post Renaissance Europe).

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The ceiling is suspended 14 feet 8 inches below the concrete roof of the church. This blocks the second tier of windows, which can be seen from the outside. In 1932, the church was ready for worship.

1.2 AIM The work aims to study all the new false ceiling materials that are used in modern building systems.

1.3 OBJECTIVES    

To study different types of false ceiling systems. To study different types of installations of false ceiling. To study different materials used in false ceiling. To study sustainable materials and sustainable design.

1.4 SCOPE In the modern world, human life experience is largely played out in interior spaces. We may love the out-of-doors for the sense of open air and sky, for the escape it offers from life inside enclosure, but the very joy of being outside reflects the reality that so much of life is spent inside.

1.5 LIMITATIONS The scope of work shall be limited to various design aspects, materials used and construction details.

1.6 METHODOLOGY 



Assimilation of information and data from various sources. 1. Primary data – case study, books. 2. Secondary data – journals, e-books 3. Tertiary data – Time Saver Standards Internet

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CHAPTER-2 DEFINITION Suspended ceiling is basically a secondary ceiling consisting of suspension systems which is created below the primary ceiling, that is, the main roof. It is provided for aesthetical as well as for functional purpose such as to conceal the spilling wires and crises-crossing service lines, air conditioning, lighting, acoustical and also for hiding structural members and to provide insulation (thermal) and reduces volume.” It plays a vital role in interior design of any space whether it is residential, commercial or any other public building”. In many situations, the ceiling skin takes on further importance beyond aesthetic, acoustical, or visual requirements. It can also be used to complete an envelop that provides a fire- resistive rating to the structural members above. It's used to conceal varied service lines — structural features, open pipes and wiring, and air-conditioning ducts. It gives more options to use special lighting systems such as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on. False ceiling can be used to give thermal insulation for a given space. Besides, those going for effective sonic system especially in auditoriums, cinema halls or recording studios can use them. There are basically three main types of false ceiling – 1. Wall-to-Wall false ceiling type is the commonly used one. This is a straightforward ceiling with plane, curved,domed or angular shaped forms connecting all the four walls. Materials mostly used in this category are

POP,

gypsum

board,

thermocol,

extruded

aluminium, plywood, wooden paneling and ceiling tiles.

Pl. 2.1 Wall to Wall False Ceiling

2. Modular ceiling comes in fixed sizes of panels thus accommodating the lighting system with the same, multiple or fractions of the modules. Acoustic tile is the best example in this category. Even extruded aluminium strips can be brought under modular system. The advantage in the modular system is the flexibility it offers in terms of change in the lighting system. This also offers flexibility to service ducts and pipes that run below the primary ceiling without damaging the false ceiling.

Pl. 2.2 Modular Ceiling

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3. Detached ceiling is a "part ceiling" with or without covering the primary ceiling. This type is mainly used to play with the levels of the false ceiling, to provide cove lighting, wall washers and floating effects on the ceiling. Most of the false ceiling materials are suitable for this type of system. This system is creatively used, especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms

Pl. 2.3 Detached Ceiling

using very unusual materials like fabrics and other similar kind of materials. False ceiling is relatively easier to maintain in the long run if the right materials are used. Avoid using the textured or porous materials especially at the non-air conditioned space. This will accumulate dust in the longer run, thus creating difficulty in maintenance. As far as possible, one should select the ceiling materials in such a way that it can be painted at a later stage. Another important point to be considered is that the space between false ceiling and the primary ceiling shall be completely sealed off so that it becomes easier for maintenance. Choosing the appropriate material makes a lot of difference in enjoying the false ceiling. So do it the right way.There are four ways in which a false ceiling can be constructed either attached to or detached to the horizontal elements of the substructure, which usually consists of either wood joists or steel beams. The method used depends on the design and interval of spacing.

Pl. 2.4 Timber Ceiling

Pl. 2.5 Acoustical Tile Ceiling

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CHAPTER- 3 TYPES OF FALSE CEILINGS Ceilings are interior elements that basically have little to do with building enclosure. However, the roof of any building is basically involved with the development of a ceiling for a space beneath it. If a ceiling is separately constructed element, it combines with the floor or roof above it to produce total construction element. Various properties – such as acoustic treatment, fire separation and thermal flow resistance – must be determined for the whole construction. There are basically four types of false ceiling, namely -

3.1

UNFINISHED CEILINGS

3.2

DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES

3.3

SUSPENDED CEILINGS

3.4

INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTION

3.1 UNFINISHED CEILINGS Spaces are sometimes referred to as having no ceiling. This is technically true only for outdoor, unroofed spaces. If a space is enclosed overhead it has a ceiling- by dictionary definition. Describing a space as having no ceiling usually refers to the situation where no extra effort is made to treat the underside of the structure overhead in terms of additional construction. This is more accurately described as an unfinished ceiling. Exposed structure sometimes present this situation. However,” exposure” may refer basically to the form of the structure, and not necessarily to its raw, untreated underside. A simple coat of paint is a finish in this case. There are situations where the appearance of the underside of the overhead construction is of little concern – in storage rooms, equipment rooms, attic spaces, and so on. However, appearance may not be the only concern. Storage of hazardous materials may require a high fire rating for the overhead construction; noisy equipment may indicate the need for a major sound barrier. Ceilings have many potential functions, including, of course, developing a more attractive view overhead.

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Pl. 3.1 Unfinished Ceiling

Pl. 3.2 Unfinished Ceiling

3.2 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING FINISHES In general, materials used to finish interior walls can also be used to finish ceilings. A difference here is that ceilings are typically out of arm’s reach, and some materials can be used here that would not endure where they can be routinely touched. In addition, there is some difference in the requirement for attaching and supporting elements in a horizontal position versus a vertical one. In most cases, the simplest ceiling treatments are those made directly to the overhead construction. A simple coating of paint, stain, or some texture-producing material in a thick coating form is the easiest and most economical, if the underside of the structure is simple in form. If there are a lot of beams, bridging, or trussing, a “simple” coating may become quite laborious and marginally feasible. In such cases, it is advisable to try to have structural elements prefinished to the desired degree before they are installed. If drywall, plaster, or some form of paneling is to be attached to an overhead structure, the design of the structure must include this consideration. Additional dead load, spacing of framing members, means of attachment, and the general arrangements of the framing may result in some factors that influence the design of the structure. In some situations it may be necessary to develop a separate construction system for the ceiling, even though it is directly attached to the overhead structure. If either the spacing or the arrangement of overhead framing does not place framing members in a location required for ceiling units, some intermediate framing elements may be required. The difficulty of attaching some types of ceiling elements to particular framing elements may also require this. In some cases, this may result in the use of 7

ceiling framing that is similar in form to that used for suspended systems, with the ceiling framing members directly attached to rather that suspended from, the overhead structure.

Pl. 3.3 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING

Pl. 3.4 DIRECTLY APPLIED CEILING

3.3 SUSPENDED CEILINGS Suspended ceilings occur when a separate ceiling construction is hung from the overhead construction. This involves design considerations for the ceiling construction, the suspending method, and the means for developing the suspension from the structure overhead. This form of construction may be used for a number of reasons, such as: 1. Need for a lower ceiling. Where multiple interior spaces occur beneath a general overhead structure, smaller rooms may require lower ceilings. 2. Desire for a ceiling for a ceiling form different from that of the underside of the overhead structure. 3. Desire for ceiling materials that cannot be easily attached to the overhead structure in a direct manner. 4. Need for an enclosed space beneath the overhead structure, most often the containing of ducting, wiring, piping, recessed light fixtures, or other service elements. Many ceiling surfacing materials, such as gypsum drywall, can be used in this situation, as well as for direct attachment to the underside of the structure. However, many priority systems exist for the express purpose of developing suspended ceiling. Often these consist of complete systems that include the ceiling framing elements and some form of modular surfacing units.

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Because they exist often to provide for service systems overhead, suspended ceilings may need to provide for access to the elements of the enclosed services. This sometimes favors the use of the priority, modular unit systems, whose surface units are usually small and individually removable. Separate ceiling constructions- whether suspended or directly- may serve various purposes in addition to their basic ones forming and appearance modification. Effects on light, sound, and air movements in the spaces beneath them may be of concern. Barrier functions relating to fire, sound transmission, thermal flow, or security may be involved. Options for basic construction and surface finishes may be limited by such requirements. Ceilings are typically the location for various overhead items, such as light fixtures, HVAC elements, loudspeakers, signs, and decorations. For some visual design concerns, as well as the general controlled development of the whole overhead construction, all of these items should be developed in an integrated manner. Types of Suspended Ceilings – 3.3.1

JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING -

Joint less ceilings are made of in-situ construction. Such type of ceiling consists of a wooden or a metal frame work suspended by metal supports or hangers fixed to the roof. The ceiling finish may be made of large sheets of plaster boards or plaster applied to metal lathing or sprayed materials. Joint less ceilings appear similar to the direct ceilings.

Pl. 3.5 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING

3.3.2

Pl. 3.6 JOINTLESS SUSPENDED CEILING

FRAME AND PANEL CEILINGS -

Framed and panel ceilings are pre-fabricated in a factory and assembled on site. The frame work of a frame and panel ceiling is similar to joint less ceiling consisting of a 9

grid of steel or aluminium members suspended from the roof by metal hangers. The underside of the ceiling is formed by small self-finished units The frame work of a frame and panel ceiling may be either exposed or concealed.

Pl. 3.7 FRAME AND PANEL CEILING

3.3.3

Pl. 3.8 FRAME AND PANEL CEILING

STRIPPED CEILINGS -

Frame and stripped ceilings are similar in construction to the frame and panel ceilings. Inverted aluminium or steel sections are suspended from the roof by steel wire hangers. Panels in the form of flat aluminum or steel channel sections is fixed with profiled strips finished in the factory.

Pl. 3.9 STRIPPED CEILING

Pl. 3.10 STRIPPED CEILING

3.3.4 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING SYSTEMS Open ceilings consists of a series of vertically hanging strips or grids, which provide the illusion of a surface. This illusion can be enhanced with more depth and close spacing of the sections. The grid is hung from the roof by metal hangers. The

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underside of the ceiling is not covered. Detached ceiling is a "part ceiling" with or without covering the primary ceiling. This type is mainly used to play with the levels of the suspended ceiling, to provide cove lighting, wall washers and floating effect on the ceiling. Most of the suspended ceiling materials are suitable for this type of system. This system is creatively used, especially at the exhibition galleries and showrooms using very unusual materials like fabrics and other similar kind of materials.

Pl. 3.11 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING

Pl. 3.12 OPEN OR DETACHED CEILING

3.4 INDEPENDENT CEILING CONSTRUCTION In some situations, ceiling may be developed with construction that is totally independent of that overhead. This may simply be the practical means for achieving the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the ceiling is a great distance below the structure above it. Where room sizes are small, wall construction permits it, a ceiling may be developed with separate framing supported by the room walls. This framing may be quite modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide a floor for the space above it. Live loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually only 10 psf. Span limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection rather than actual load- carrying capacity. For some types of occupancies- notably speculative, commercial ones, such as offices and shopping centers- use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction allows an enhanced level of freedom and ease for modifications of the interior spaces.

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Pl. 3.13 INDEPENDENT CEILING

Pl. 3.14 INDEPENDENT CEILING

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CHAPTER- 4 TYPES OF INSTALLATIONS 4.1

DIRECTLY ATTACHED INSTALLATIONS -

Ceilings may be developed by direct attachment of surfacing material to the overhead structure. In residential construction, drywall is ordinarily attached directly to the underside of the closely spaced, light wood rafters or floor joists. Direct attachment will yield the minimum total thickness of the ceiling plus the overhead structure which is generally more desirable with floor

Pl. 4.1 Directly Attached Installations

constructionin multistory building, as total floor height will be the least. However, it will also provide the least interstitial space and may present problems where considerable space required for building service elements, such as ducts and recessed lighting fixtures. Directly attachment of ceilings will also provide a direct reflection of the general overhead structure – not so much a problem with floors, but possibly one with nonflat roof structure.

Pl. 4.2 Directly Attached Installations

Pl. 4.3 Directly Attached Installations

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4.2

SEMI DIRECT OR FURRED INSTALLATIONS -

In this type the framing joists are larger members that are spaced farther apart. The spacing between the joists varies between 24 inches to 60 inches. If the drywall is attached directly to the main joists, will tend to warp because the attachment points are too far. For such type of structures, furring strips are installed as secondary

Pl. 4.4 Semi Direct or Furred Installations

Supportive members to the main joists. These members are attached to the main joists at right angles. The spacing between two consecutive secondary joists may vary between 16 inches to 24 inches apart. If the main members are wooden then wooden furring strips are attached to the main members and if the main members are of metal W sections then metal furring channels, or hat channels, are wired to the bottom of the main joists. The drywall is then attached to these

Pl. 4.5 Semi Direct or Furred Installations

furring strips. Ceiling is not directly attached to the structural member above a secondary framing for the ceiling is attached to the underside of the overhead structure. It is used where the elements of the spanning structure are too widely spaced for the ceiling materials.

4.3

SUSPENDED CEILING INSTALLATIONS -

In view of the number of elements that require space above the ceiling, which make difficult to successfully create a level surface with either direct or semi direct installation, the suspended ceiling is the most commonly used false ceiling type in the interiors today. Pl. 4.6 Suspended Ceiling Installations

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it

A separate ceiling structure may be hung from the overhead structure, deriving support from it but not necessarily reflecting its profile or detail. This is often done to create needed space for equipment and services, but also to create a different form or simply a lower ceiling level. Essentially, the suspended ceiling takes the basic furring grid and suspends it below the elements that need to be covered. It allows the ceiling to be installed at almost any height, as long as the hardware above has sufficient room. For instance, if the structure of the roof or the floor above is 18 feet above the floor, and the various hardware and system are 15 feet above the floor, the ceiling can easily be installed at a height of 10 feet. In addition, special shapes, angles and soffits can be created by merely hanging the grid at an angle or by wiring the special shape into position. Suspension must be achieved with materials and details that relate to both the overhead structure and the form of the ceiling construction. Typical methods and materials used relate to common associations of structures and ceiling constructions. Finally this type of ceiling can easily accommodate the variety of items that must penetrate the ceiling surface, providing a platform for lights and air diffusers.

Pl. 4.7 Suspended Ceiling Installations

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4.4 In

SEPARATELY SUPPORTED INSTALLATIONS some

situations,

ceilings

may

be

developed with construction that is totally independent of that overhead. This may simply be the practical means for achieving the ceiling, or it may be necessary where the ceiling is a great distance below the structure above it. Where room sizes arc small, and wall construction permits it, a ceiling may be

Pl. 4.8 Separately Supported Installations

developed with separate framing supported by the room walls. This framing may be quite modest, if it only needs to support the ceiling and does not provide for a floor for the space above it. Design live loads for ceiling spaces with limited access are usually only 10 psf. Span limits may be derived from critical concerns for deflection (visible sag) rather than from actual load-carrying capacity. For some types of occupancies-notably speculative, commercial ones, such as offices and stores-use of independent interior wall and ceiling construction allows an increased level of freedom and ease for modification of interior spaces.

Pl. 4.9 Separately Supported Installations

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CHAPTER- 5 MATERIALS USED IN FALSE CEILING 5.1

TIMBER CEILINGS

Timber ceilings are a feature of older buildings and are beautiful when the grain of the wood is exposed. These usually have supporting members of thick sections of wood that are transferred by smaller planks of wood or ply. The beams should either be polished or varnished because paint will conceal the grain. A timber false ceiling is usually made up of slats of wood that are fitted together using a tongue and groove joint. Lights may be inserted into the slats if required.

Pl. 5.1 Timber Ceiling

5.2

Pl. 5.2 Timber Ceiling

GYPSUM BOARD CEILINGS

Gypsum Board provides an uninterrupted ceiling surface which can be finished smooth. The finished surface can easily be given some texture. The surface can also be painted or even wallpapered. The gypsum board panels require a supporting framework of wood or metal which is attached to or suspended from the roof or floor framing.

Pl. 5.3 Gypsum Board Ceiling

Pl. 5.4 Gypsum Board Ceiling

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5.3

PLASTER OF PARIS CEILINGS

The most common false ceilings are made of Plaster of Paris sheets that are suspended on a galvanized iron framework. This is non-structural and does not take any weight. Common applications include surgical rooms, clinically clean rooms, curved detailing or intricate design. Plasterboard suspended ceilings provide clean uninterrupted lines with the appearance of plain flat finish creating a completely sealed unit, which can then be individualized with the use of color. A plain surface can be embellished with cornices; embossing and other detailing that is moulded to one’s specifications. These details can then be painted different colors or gilded as according to design. Plaster can also be used to create a rough texture on ceilings –any tool can be used to form a pattern of your choice. This type of installation is however restrictive in that it is difficult to retro fit or alter any services installed into the ceiling void. Used extensively in shop fit-out projects. Architects are demanding ever more eye-catching features to foyers, reception and entrance areas. Plasterboard on a metal or wooded substrate provides a cost effective solution to these requirements.

Pl. 5.5 Plaster of Paris Ceiling

5.4

Pl. 5.6 Plaster of Paris Ceiling

METAL CEILINGS

Decorative stamped metal panel ceilings were very popular in the early 1900's. They were commonly used in commercial and retail buildings because of their unique appearance, low maintenance and fire resistance. If painted thoroughly on both sides, these ceilings will literally last forever. Metal ceiling panels are typically available in 2 ft. x 2 ft. squares and 2 ft. x 4 ft. or 8 ft. rectangles. There are many patterns available, some from the original 100-year-old 18

dies and other newer patterns. If you are a creative person, you can make a truly unique ceiling by using various combinations of patterns, cornice and crown moldings, medallions, etc. Most metal ceiling panels are made of fairly thin steel sheet which is painted. For a more decorative and unique appearance, an experienced painter can use two different colors to highlight the surface texture. Solid copper and brass panels are also available, but they cost about three times as much as the steel. It is not difficult to install metal ceiling panels. First, you should install 3/4-inch furring strips on the existing ceiling. These are typically nailed up on 12-inch centers perpendicular to the ceiling joists. This method will provide the most level finished ceiling. Now, prepare the metal panels for installation. It is wise to paint the panels on both sides. Since most are made of steel, they will rust if there is a leak above them and the top is not painted. The pattern in these panels is formed in a die which often has a light film of mill oil. Clean them carefully first with a metal cleaner Another installation option is a suspended (dropped) ceiling. The standard size metal panels usually will fit perfectly into a standard suspended ceiling support grid pattern. It is best to leave the existing fiber panels in place over the thin metal panels. These help to keep the metal panels flat and stop the panels from moving (floating) from breezes from windows or when a door closes. For a very attractive installation, use a suspended grid system especially made for these metal panels. These grid members are very slim and some can even be hidden by the edge of the ceiling panel to create a seamless appearance.

Pl. 5.7 Metal Ceiling

Pl. 5.8 Metal Ceiling

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5.5

ALUMINIUM PANEL CEILINGS

A number of commercial and industrial interiors have metal ceilings. These are usually moulded aluminium panels or strips that fit together. These are fabricated to facilitate wiring and lighting. These are available in a variety of finishes–powder coated, perforated, brushed or ribbed. These are expensive but quick to install and easy to maintain. The look is hi-tech, sleek and modern.

Pl. 5.9 Aluminum Panel

5.6

Pl. 5.10 Aluminum Panel Ceiling

GLASS CEILINGS

Stained, colored or etched glass panels can be used in ceilings. These can add vitality to a restaurant or store especially if lit from

above. Common applications

include clinical washrooms, kitchen areas, cleaning rooms, public rooms, and swimming pools, in general, areas with high relative humidity. This type of ceiling provides a washable ceiling, which still have superb decorative and acoustic qualities. Skylights can also be inserted into a structural system to allow light. These can be made using fiberglass, acrylics or toughened glass. Mirror chips can be inserted into plaster as a dramatic flourish.

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Pl. 5.11 Glass Ceiling

5.7

Pl. 5.12 Glass Ceiling

ACOUSTICAL CEILING PANELS

5.7.1 MINERAL FIBER CEILINGS - This is the most commonly found suspended ceiling system for applications such as office areas, retail and general areas. Such ceilings give a highly acoustic, decorative finish; they allow the easy installation of lighting and other services and enable easy access to the space above.

Pl. 5.13 Mineral Fiber Ceiling

Pl. 5.14 Mineral Fiber Ceiling

5.7.2 MASS BARRIER CEILINGS - Used mainly in applications were the acoustic properties of a suspended ceiling are integral to the use of the space. This type of ceiling construction consists of several layers of plasterboard fixed to a galvanized metal framework suspended on specialist acoustic anti-vibration hangers. They are installed to provide a complete block to noise transfer.

Pl. 5.15 Mass Barrier

5.8

Pl. 5.16 Mass Barrier Ceiling

FABRIC CEILINGS

Fabric is inexpensive materials that may be draped across ceilings embroidered panels are exotic and interesting. Of course, these will collect dust! Children’s rooms 21

can have interesting murals or collages on the ceiling may be a mobile can be part of the décor. One can also attach stars and the moon in metallic finishes to the ceiling.

Pl. 5.17 Fabric Ceiling

5.9

Pl. 5.18 Fabric Ceiling

STRETCHED CEILINGS

This is one of the latest suspended ceiling system products and allows for the most spectacular designs and colour not possible with more conventional systems. A stretched ceiling system is basically a stretched plastic sheet ceiling fitted to a simple support system. It is jointed with ultrasonic flush weld joints, which are almost invisible. The end result is something quite fantastic and very individual.

Pl. 5.19 Stretched Ceiling

Pl. 5.20 Stretched Ceiling

5.10 GREEN MATERIALS 5.10.1 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Sustainability has become a fundamental principle underlying successful building design. From a global stand point, Sustainability is imperative as it offers a critically important means for conserving our dwindling natural resources. From an architectural standpoint, it's becoming an increasingly important consideration, as a growing 22

percentage of building owners and homeowners not only desire "green" buildings, but are now demanding them. Green has, in fact, gone main stream. Architects are giving high priority to environmental concerns in their product selection, builders and developers are acutely aware of how sustainability can impact project success and retailers are proactively promoting green products. Despite its growing acceptance, sustainable building design remains a complex undertaking. Because environmental issues can - and should - be considered in virtually every aspect of the design process, specifies need to have a working knowledge of a wide range of green definitions, criteria, standards and applications. Sustainability is a long-term evaluation of every decision made, without compromise to future generations. 5.10.2 GREEN MATERIAL SELECTION Green material selection is a key component of sustainable design. However, sustainable design should also encompass life-cycle analysis, product durability, embodied energy, the effect on indoor environmental quality, manufacturing locations and the company's environmental record and commitment. In general, green materials have traditionally been defined as those that reduce, recycle and renew. Specifically, sustainable products: 

Reduce the amount of raw materials and/or the amount of energy needed. Lighter products generally require the use of less energy for transportation, storage and construction. The term "reduce" can also refer to decreasing the amount of material used and/or wasted, thereby fostering manufacturing efficiencies and optimal use of the material.



Offer high recycled content and/or environmental friendly reuses. The benefits here are obvious. Products with a high recycled content may decrease raw material usage, energy consumption and landfill waste. "Recycle" can also refer to the potential of a product being remade into that product again or into another product as in adaptive reuse (closing the loop).



Renew the environment by using materials that can be regenerated and/or materials offering environmental friendly benefits; including renewable resources such as agriculture based materials or products made without chemically bound methods. 23

5.10.3 RECAPTURED GYPSUM Most construction papers are made from the wood industry's leftovers, which include cardboard cut-offs or post-consumer papers (usually newspapers, catalogs or phone books). The face papers used on gypsum panels are 100 percent recycled paper, and some manufacturers started using recycled paper as early as the 1960s. As for the core material, which is primarily gypsum, air and starch, many manufacturers use a by-product gypsum source obtained from coal-burning power plants. The coal burned in many of these power plants produces undesirable air pollutants, including sulfur dioxide. Wet limestone scrubbers are often used to prevent this pollution from entering the atmosphere. As the exhaust smoke from the power plant rises through the scrubber, its pollutants are chemically removed. The calcium and water in the wet limestone combine with the sulfur dioxide to create calcium sulfate, or recaptured (flue-gas desulfurized) gypsum. Manufactured from 95 percent recycled materials, the high-performance gypsum fiber products available include interior wall panels, ceiling boards. Ceiling board manufactured from recaptured gypsum is indistinguishable in terms of performance, appearance and quality from panels made from natural gypsum rock.. 5.10.4 GYPSUM BOARD PANELS Gypsum, the primary raw material used to make gypsum panels, forms naturally like salt or limestone, and is one of the most abundant minerals on the planet. It is neither rare nor endangered. The bulk of the remaining materials is gypsum board consist of paper (recycled from newspapers, phone books, or corrugated cartons and cardboard cuttings) and corn or wheat starch binders. These starch binders, which serve as the "glue" in the manufacturing process, are renewable agricultural resources. The embodied energy of gypsum board is extremely low (see chart below). Drywall has less embodied energy than a wide variety of building products, including brickwork, concrete, particle board, insulation, glass, vinyl flooring, plastics, steel and aluminum. Construction waste gypsum panels can be reground and made into new gypsum panels when the paper is removed. This waste can also be used for many other functions, including agricultural uses or concrete set material. Other reuses for drywall include its addition as a soil amendment (using gypsum as a high-calcium fertilizer or as a method for treating high soil pH), neutralizing the high 24

pH levels caused by road salt applications, odor treatment and concrete setting agent. The majority of this waste is from new construction cut-offs (about 6 million tons). Currently, more than 3 million tons' of gypsum are used as soil amendments annually and another 4 million tons' are used as concrete setting agents.

Pl. 5.21 Gypsum Board

Pl. 5.22 Gypsum Board Panel Ceiling

5.10.5 CEMENT BOARD PANELS Cement board, a water-durable, multiuse panel commonly used as a backer for ceramic tile, is made from approximately 20 percent recycled materials (fly ash). Fly ash is another waste stream material from power plant emission control processes that features cement-like properties. It is produced by electrical power companies in the combustion of coal and other solid fuels, and is subsequently purchased by concrete and cement board producers for use as an aggregate. All products impact the environment, and the key is to reduce this impact as a goal of sustainable design. It is very important to look at the cumulative effect a material and its constituent components or processes may have on the environment, both currently and in the future.

Pl. 5.23 Cement Board

Pl. 5.24 Cement Board Panel Ceiling

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CHAPTER- 6 INTEGRATED CEILINGS Integrated ceilings are modular systems in which all ceiling components (lighting, diffusers and finish) ideally are supplied by one manufacturer to provide visible integration and functional continuity in the finish ceiling. They are most commonly used in conjunction with an open office plan and in malls, atriums, and other open areas.

Pl. 6.1 Integrated Ceiling

Pl. 6.2 Integrated Ceiling

6.1 TYPES OF INTEGRATED CEILINGS: There are two types of integrated ceilings available:1. THE GRID TYPE with lay in acoustical panels 2. LINEAR TYPE composed of spliced sections of metal pans or planks. Both involve a close relationship between mechanical and interior and require careful coordination of these systems. Integrated ceilings are usually bid as a package, and it is very difficult to delete the components in the shop drawing phase. Care must also be taken that esthetics is not emphasized to the detriment of performance. LIGHT FIXTURES - Type and placement should be determined based on the number of watts per square foot required. Most types of light fixtures can be incorporated in an integrated ceiling assembly. DIFFUSERS - Integrated ceilings commonly employ linear diffusers connected to the ducts by means of a metal or fiberglass boot or manifold. The unused portion of the diffuser is masked or blocked above the ceiling. In the grid type of ceiling the finished appearance is that of a continuous diffuser in the suspension grid, while the linear ceilings incorporate the diffusers between the 26

metals pans. PANELS - The type of acoustical panel chosen for a grid ceiling has a profound effect on its appearance and performance. The panel types vary from traditional flat lay-in panels to vaulted or coffered fiberglass forms and vinyl-faced batt insulation. METAL SPANS - These are typically 4 to 6 in. wide. They are available in aluminum and steel, the latter being less expensive, and come in a wide variety of finishes and colors. COST - Integrated ceilings can be very cost-effective and provide excellent service if properly designed and used. These systems work best when used within open spaces. It should be borne in mind that in order for the ceiling to be most cost-effective, all components should be supplied by one manufacturer. Components by different manufacturers can and frequently are used in integrated ceiling systems, but compatibility problems can arise and cost-effectiveness is decreased. CEILING TYPE - The configuration and material of the acoustical panels or metal pans have a direct bearing on the acoustical and illumination factors in the space. The grid type of ceiling can be customized to fit an enclosed office but the problems of closure when finishing off field-cut metal pans make the linear type difficult to use with partitions. 6.2 ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR TYPE SYSTEM The advantages of the linear type of systems are as follows – 1. This type of system can be easily formed in curves or other forms according to the design requirements. 2. It is available in a wide range of colors. 3. It can be used on the exterior if visual continuity is desired at a soffit. 4. Furthermore the means of suspension can be reinforced to resist the suction or negative pressures. Reinforcement however, may result in cutting and fitting problems. Penetration and closure can be problematic, and joints between the sections are visible. 5. The linear systems are best applied in airport terminals, shopping malls and other large open spaces that are unlikely to need full-height partitions.

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MAINTENENCE An integrated ceiling is not as much difficult to maintain as it is in case of a conventional suspended ceiling. In the grid type moisture-resistant or soil-resistant panels should be used in the same as they would be in a conventional suspended ceiling. The metal pans used in the linear type dent easily, and should be located out of reach. ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE In the panel or pan material should have a high noise reduction coefficient (NRC) to cut down on reflected sound. In spaces with solid partitions, a ceiling material with a low sound transmission coefficient (STC) should be used to prevent sound transfer to adjacent rooms. In open office plans, electronic sound masking is usually desirable. Varieties of insulating material are available for use above the ceiling, and are especially useful with metal pans. The most commonly used types are unfaced or black faced fiberglass bats and semi rigid mineral board. Metal pans may also be perforated to enhance the acoustical performance. FIRE RESISTANCE While each component of an integrated ceiling may be fire-rated, very few systems are classified as UL fire-rated assemblies. Where a fire rated assembly is required by code, an integrated ceiling is probably not a good choice since the spacing, size. and degree of penetrations are severely restricted and must be duplicated exactly in a rated assembly. Sprinkler penetrations, if any, must also be part of the system. RESISTANCE TO SMOKE Cavity barriers are primarily intended to delay the passage of fire. There are no specific Standard test criteria for resistance to the passage of smoke. However, indicative tests have shown that mineral wool, reinforced with a 25mm wire mesh, acts as a high efficiency filter to prevent the passage of smoke particles. For applications where a particularly high standard of resistance to smoke or fumes is required, then a foil faced cavity barrier should be used. Similarly, a foil faced cavity barrier may also be considered necessary in air plenums.

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FIRE SPREADING AND LINING MATERIALS The void created between the ceiling and the soffit of the structural floor is often utilized to carry building services, but it will also provide a route for smoke and fire transfer in the event of a fire. The choice of materials for the lining of walls and ceilings can significantly affect the spread of a fire, and its rate of growth, even though they are not likely to be the materials first ignited. This is particularly important in circulation spaces where linings would offer the main vehicle for fire spread, and where rapid spread would be most likely to prevent occupants from escaping. Several properties of lining materials influence fire spread. These include the ease of ignition and the rate at which the lining material gives off heat when burning. The guidance relating to the fire tests and classification provides for control of internal fire spread through control of these properties. FIRE RESISTING CEILINGS: The need for cavity barriers in concealed floor or roof spaces can be reduced by the use of a fire-resisting ceiling below the cavity. Such a ceiling should comply with the following: (a) It should have at least 30 minutes of fire resistance. (b) It should be imperforate except for an opening allowed under par. (c) It should extend throughout the building or compartment. (d) It should not be demountable.

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CHAPTER- 7 FALSE CEILINGS FOR ACOUSTICAL INSULATION 7.1 ACOUSTICAL INSULATION The void above a suspended ceiling is a potential route for flanking sound above partitions. This is especially true where a lightweight, modular ceiling is installed. The sound absorbent characteristics of mineral wool can be employed to minimize the ‘acoustic weaknesses of suspended ceilings by installing mineral wool cavity barriers above partitions. Mineral wool can also be used to provide acoustic absorbency at ceiling level, and so reduce the reverberation time in the room below.

7.2 SOUND ABSORBENT CAVITY BARRIERS There are many situations, such as hospital consulting rooms, where it is important that the sound performance of a partition is not compromised by the void above the suspended ceiling. In these cases, a mineral wool cavity barrier, in combination with the suspended ceiling, can limit flanking sound. To achieve the sound reduction, the partition must have at least the same level of sound insulation as the cavity barrier and ceiling.

Pl. 7.1 Sound Absorbent Cavity Barrier

Pl. 7.2 Sound Absorbent Cavity Barrier

7.3 PERFORATED METAL CEILINGS High degrees of sound absorption can be achieved using perforated or slotted panels with a mineral wool backing. The presence of an air space above a suspended ceiling or behind a wall lining greatly increases the absorption value of the mineral wool 30

backing. Although mineral wool directly above a perforated metal ceiling will help to reduce flanking sound, this form of construction is mainly used to reduce the reverberant noise within a room or area.

7.4 SOUND ABSORPTION Sound absorption refers to the attenuation of reverberant noise within the same room or area as the noise source. This normally involves lining all or part of the room surfaces with a material which absorbs sound. When a sound wave hits a surface, some of its energy will be reflected and some will be absorbed. A material’s ability to absorb sound efficiently can be gauged from its sound absorption coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the sound energy absorbed to the sound energy incident. A material, which absorbs 65% of the sound energy striking it, has a sound absorption coefficient of 0.65. Glass mineral wool and rock mineral wool have equally good sound absorption characteristics due to their fibrous nature, making mineral wool ideal as a sound absorption layer.

7.5 ACOUSTIC MINERAL WOOL Acoustic Mineral Wool consists mainly of silicon oxide together with a number of other metallic oxides. It is non-flammable, chemically inert and is not adversely affected by any substance it may come into contact with. Random arrangement of fibers ensures no water penetration in any direction. It is rot-proof, non-hygroscopic, does not sustain vermin and will not encourage the growth of fungi, moulds or bacteria. It will not react with wired plastic or metal wall ties, brickwork or masonry. The density of Acoustic Mineral Wool is more than twice that of normal loft insulation and so is very efficient at absorbing noise. Acoustic Mineral Wool is used extensively in buildings and throughout industry to give acoustic, thermal and fire insulation. It is particularly useful as a sound absorbing infill for the reduction of airborne sound between flooring joists, suspended ceilings, stud partitioning and with our Resilient Bars. It is available in different thicknesses i.e. 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm etc (Size 600 mm X1200 mm).

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Pl. 7.3 Acoustic Mineral Wool Ceiling

Pl. 7.4 Acoustic Mineral Wool

FEATURES OF ACOUSTICAL MINERAL WOOL 1. For effective reduction of airborne noise through floors and walls. 2. Acoustic infill between floor/ceiling joists 3. Acoustic infill for stud partitions 4. Used with other products to comply with new Building Regulations 5. Easy to cut and install 6. Produced from natural products 7. Significantly reduces noise through timber floors

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CHAPTER- 8 INSTALLATION OF FALSE CEILING Following are the steps and instructions on how to install a False Ceiling. STEP – 1

Planning for a False Ceiling

STEP – 2

Installing Wall Angles

STEP – 3

Locating and Hanging Suspension

STEP – 4

Installing Main Tees

STEP – 5

Installing Cross Tees and Border Cross Tees

STEP – 6

Installing Ceiling Panels

Wires for Main Tees

STEP – 1 PLANNING FOR A SUSPENDED CEILING First, get the exact measurements of the room where the suspended ceiling will be installed. Use special care in measuring any odd-shaped alcoves, bays, etc. Draw the exact dimensions to scale on graph paper. The pattern you pick will determine the material

Pl. 8.1 PLANNING FOR SUSPENDED CEILING

requirements for your ceiling. For the 2x4 pattern, decide whether you want to install the patterns in a standard or reverse pattern. Each pattern offers a different appearance. Sketch the layout for the planned ceiling on graph paper. Draw the main tees 4' apart. Position the tees so that the border patterns at the room edges are equal on both sides and as large as possible. Try sketching several layouts before beginning the actual installation to determine which one looks best. It is important to space the cross tees so the

Pl. 8.2 GRIDPATTERN

border panels at the ends of the room are equal and as large as possible. 33

If you are using a 2'x4' pattern, space the 4' cross tees 2' apart. For a 2'x2' pattern, add 2' cross tees between the midpoints of the 4' cross tees. If the ceiling will be recessed and built-in lighting will be installed, decide where to locate the panels of light and clearly identify them on the drawing.

STEP - 2 INSTALLING WALL ANGLES Determine the exact height at which the suspended ceiling will be installed. Allow a minimum of 3" to 4" clearance between the old ceiling and the new ceiling for installation

of

the

ceiling

panels.

If

clearance is a problem, you may want to use fiberglass ceiling panels, which are more flexible. Additional clearance will be Pl. 8.3 INSTALLING WALL ANGLES

required if you are using recessed lighting. Allow a minimum of 6" space between the ceilings if you're using recessed lights. After locating the exact position for the suspended ceiling, use a level to draw a line completely around the room indicating where the wall angle will be applied. Don't assume the original ceiling level–use a level for accuracy. Set the wall angle low enough to conceal as many pipes ducts, etc., as possible. Use a level to apply the wall angle at a proper height around the room. Fasten the wall angles securely to the wall at all points. Nail them firmly to studs, or use screw anchors or other masonry fasteners on brick or masonry walls. Fasten the wall angles securely to the wall at all points. Position the wall angle so that the bottom flange rests on the level line you have drawn on the wall. Overlap the wall angle on inside corners and miter the wall angle on outside corners. Overlap the inside corners and miters the outside corners.

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Pl. 8.4 WALL ANGLES

STEP – 3 LOCATING & HANGING SUSPENSION WIRES FOR MAIN TEES If you are going to use recessed lights, install the wiring before putting the suspension wires in place. For recessed lighting, you can use 2x 2 or 2x 4 drop-in lighting fixtures, which are specially designed for this purpose. You can also center fluorescent light fixtures over the panels and use a luminous lay-in panel instead of a regular ceiling panel. These lay-in panels now come in several attractive designs. Refer to your sketch of the room for the location of all

Pl. 8.5 SUSPENSION WIRES

main tees. Main tees should always run at right angles to the joists in the room. Locate the position of each main tee by stretching a tight line from the top edge of the wall angle on all sides of the room at each position where the main tees are to be placed. Stretch a tight line from top edge of the wall angle on all sides of the room at each position where the tees are to be placed. Now, cut the suspension wires to the proper length. The wires should be 12" longer than the distance between the old ceiling and the new guideline string

Pl. 8.6 LOCATING SUSPENSION WIRES

you have stretched to indicate the position of each main tee. Locate the first suspension wire for each main tee directly above the point where the first cross tee meets the main tee. Check your original sketch of the room to determine this location. Be sure the suspension wires are securely fastened. Apply them to the ceiling with screw eyes, screw hooks, nails, or drilling. Attach a suspension wire every 4' along the level guideline. Stretch each wire to remove any kinks and make a 90° bend where the suspension wire crosses the level line. 35

Pl. 8.7 SUSPENSION WIRES

STEP – 4 INSTALLING MAIN TEES Most main tees are 12' long and have cross

tee

slots

punched

every

12"beginning 6" from each end. Refer to your layout sheet to determine the distance from the wall to the first cross tee. Now measure this distance along the top flange of the main tee and locate the slot just beyond this point.

Pl. 8.8 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

From this slot, measure back the same distance, subtract 1/8" and saw the main tee at that point. The 1/8" subtraction is for the thickness of the wall angle. If the wall angles are not square, position the cross tee slots accordingly. When main tees are installed in rooms less than 12' across, cut the main tee to the exact measurement of the room, allowing 1/8" for the thickness of the wall angle. Pl. 8.9 INSTALLING MAIN TEES For rooms wider than 12', the main tee can be spliced. Be sure to align the splice so that the suspension wires are correctly positioned. Splice carefully, or all the main tees will be thrown off. Install the main tees so that they are all level

with

the

wall

angle

already

mounted. Use a long level for this. Pl. 8.10 INSTALLING MAIN TEES

STEP – 5 INSTALLING CROSS TEES & BORDER CROSS TEES Install the cross tees by inserting the ends of the cross tees into the slots in the main tees.

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Determine the location of the cross tees by the pattern you selected–either 2'x2' or 2'x4'. Be sure the lock tab on the cross tee is on the outside of the slot. This attachment is slightly different in some types of tees. Border cross tees are installed between the wall angle and the last main tee. Measure from the last tee to the wall angle, allowing 1/8" for the thickness of the wall angle.

Pl. 8.11 INSTALLING CROSS TEES & BORDER

CROSS TEES

Cut the cross tees and install them by inserting the connector in the main tee and resting the cut edge on the wall angle.

STEP – 6 INSTALLING CEILING PANELS The final main and cross tee arrangement will look similar. The top part of the illustration shows an arrangement of a 2'x4' layout, while the lower half shows main and cross tees arranged for a 2'x2' layout. Drop the ceiling panels into position by tilting them slightly, lifting them above the framework and letting them fall into place. Tilt the ceiling panels slightly and drops them into position.

Pl. 8.12 INSTALLING CEILING PANELS

CHAPTER- 9 37

BOOK CASE STUDY DUBAI HYATT HOTEL Dubai, United Arab Emirates

ARCHITECTURE – 3D/ International In Dubai, one of the United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf, the Hyatt hotel chain decreed a subtle pleasure-dome- an “Arabian-nights” club for drinking, dancing, and dinner conversation. Hyatt built an entire hotel complex based on plans developed by 3D/International, Inc, of Houston, Texas. 3D/I was also commissioned by Hyatt to design the hotel’s interiors, including the in-house nightclub interior, Hyatt instructed 3D/I to create an environment with a Pl. 9.1 DUBAI HYATT HOTEL CEILING flavor “not too gaudy, not too disco.” Because most patrons of the club would be American or Saudi businessmen, Hyatt asked that the ambience be “similar to, but more romantic that their accustomed gathering places back home.” 3D/I laid out a conventional foot-print for the club’s approximately 5,000 square feet, providing table and seating room for 150, a dance floor, and a small stage for revues. 3D/I then treated the walls and privacy partitions unconventionally, wrapping them in a dark blue fabric meant to recall the sea. To suggest the clear, sparkling sky of the desert night on the club’s ceiling, 3D/I again had recourse to fabric. This time it was used in a more frankly romantic manner- three cascading swags of gossamer Sol-R-Veil (a panne cloth of polyester) were loosely stretched and draped over the width of the club. Each swag was laterally stitched together from the manufacturer’s 17- inch widths. Steel grommets are sewn, at 30- centimeter intervals, into each horizontal swag hem. The hems are fastened over eyehooks welded to the steel-tube-and-pipe support system (wall support; intermediate support). The support system includes a slot-andscrew slide mechanism to adjust tension in the swags. The technical specifications of the fabric are: 14.4 average maximum spec optical density: fabric count: 60 by 30; 13.36 ounces per linear yard. The result, in layman’s terms, is a “silvery” fabric finish, caused by a weave that is wide enough to allow semi translucence. The glittering, gossamer effect is accentuated by the placement of a rectangular grid of incandescent track lights above the fabric. The tracks themselves are screwed to a unistrut frame, which, in turn, is attached to the structural ceiling by threaded rods (ceiling support).

CHAPTER- 10 38

CONCLUSION The suspended ceiling was originally developed to conceal the underside of the floor above and to offer acoustic balance and control in a room. There are mainly three functions of false ceiling1. Interior Climatic Control 2. Aesthetics 3. Activity Demand Ceilings are interior elements that basically have little to do with building enclosure. However, the roof of any building is basically involved with the development of a ceiling for a space beneath it. If a ceiling is separately constructed element, it combines with the floor or roof above it to produce total construction element. In construction and architecture, a dropped ceiling, also referred to as a drop or suspended ceiling, is used as a secondary ceiling formed to conceal piping, wiring, or ductwork, into an area called the plenum. It gives more options to use special lighting systems such as cove lighting, wall washers, floating effects and so on. Consisting of a grid-work of metal channels in the shape of an upside-down "T", suspended on wires from the overhead structure. These channels snap together in a regularly spaced pattern and each cell is filled with lightweight "acoustic ceiling tiles" or "panels" which simply drop into the grid. Tiles can be selected with a variety of surface textures, and are typically white, but can be painted any color using standard latex paint. Fluorescent light fixtures, air supply diffusers, and return air grilles of the same dimension, and incandescent lights, various electrical devices, and sprinkler heads are then installed into the grid, as desired.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ARCHITECTURAL DETAILING IN CONTRACT INTERIORS 39

-

BY WENDY W. STAEBLER

-

PUBLISHER WATSON-GUPTILL

2. INTERIOR DESIGN ILLUSTRATED -

BY FRANCIS D.K. CHING

-

PUBLISHER JOHN WILEY & SONS

3. CONTRACT INTERIOR FINISHES -

BY WILLIAM R. HALL

-

PUBLISHER WATSON-GUPTILL

4. BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS: ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS (PART- 1) -

BY JAMES AMBROSE

-

PUBLISHER BET PROCEDURAL STANDARDS

5. BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS: INTERIOR SYSTEMS (PART-2) -

BY JAMES AMBROSE

-

PUBLISHER BET PROCEDURAL STANDARDS

6. TIME SAVER STANDARDS FOR INTERIOR DESIGN AND SPACE PLANNING -

BY MARTIN ZELNIK JOSEPH DE CHIARA JULIUS PANERO

-

PUBLISHER McGRAW HILL

REFERENCES 1. ARCHITECTURE TIME SPACE AND PEOPLE -

MAY 2008

-

JUNE 2012

-

MAY 2012

2. INSIDE OUTSIDE 3. ARCHITECTURE + DESIGN

WEBSITES

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1. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/decibel-france/acoustic-ceiling-tiles-in-melamine82500-783822.html 2. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/decoustics/acoustic-tiles-for-suspended-ceiling9587-287609.html 3. http://www.sae.edu/reference_material/audio/pages/Walls.htm 4. http://falseceilingdesigns.blogspot.in/ 5.http://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/9265613/Linear_Aluminium_Metal_Strip_Ceiling_ Panels.html 6.http://www.weiku.com/products/10813357/mineral_fiber_plaster_ceiling_design.html 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_board 8. http://www.acoustic-panels.com.cn/wood-wool-cement-board.html 9. http://pinnacleceilings.com/portfolio/stanford-outpatient/ 10. http://www.knaufinsulation.co.uk/insulationmanual/files/assets/basichtml/page254.html 11. http://www.homerepaircorner.ca/susceiling.html 12.http://www.kighthomecenter.com/build_tips/buildtips/suspend_ceiling/suspend_ceil ing.html

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