Dissertation on Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)

RURAL AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME By Abdusalam Alangadan Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement of RAWE Programme for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture Kerala Agricultural University

COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR- 680656

2008

1

Dedicated to my Beloved parents and to The Lord Almighty

2

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this report is a bonafide record of Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) Programme undergone by me during the eighth semester, from 07/07/2008 to 03/11/2008 of B.Sc. Agriculture course at College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University.

Vellanikkara 03/11/2008

Abdusalam Alangadan

3 Kerala Agricultural University Vellanikkara, Thrissur – 680656 College of Horticulture

CERTIFICATE Certified that this dissertation is a bonafide record of Abdusalam Alangadan submitted as part of the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) programme. He has successfully completed the programme under the guidance and supervision of our faculty, conducted from 07/07/2008 to 03/11/2008with the following modules: • Orientation to RAWE • Watershed Development Analysis & Farm Planning • Agribusiness and Entrepreneurship Development Programme • Krishi Bhavan Training • Regional Agricultural Research Station and Krishi Vigyan Kendra Training • Non- Governmental Organization Training • Agro clinic • Village Stay Programme His conduct during the training was good. I wish him all the best for her future endeavors.

Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Associate Dean

Dr. Jiju P. Alex Course teacher and Coordinator

Dr. F. M. H. Khaleel, RAWE General Convener Vellanikkara 03/11/2008

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others. - Cicero (106 - 43 BC) First &foremost I humbly bow my head before the Almighty for the unmerited blessings though various hands. I submit this small venture before God with full satisfaction& pleasure from my heart. It is with great respect and devotion I place on record my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my course co-coordinator Dr. Jiju P. Alex Associate Professor, Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for his sustained and valuable guidance, constructive suggestions, unfailing patience, friendly approach, constant support and encouragement during the conduct of this course. I am deeply indebted to Dr. P.K Rajeevan, Associate Dean, for his unbounded support, valuable suggestions and whole- hearted co-operation towards the satisfactory fulfillment of this endeavor. I place a deep sense of obligation to Dr. F.M.H Khaleel, Professor and Head, Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for the help and co-operation received from him during the entire programme. He in spite of a busy schedule has offered constructive suggestions for the betterment of this course. I am extremely delighted to place on record my profound sense of gratitude to Dr. P. Ahamed, Professor, Department of Extension, College of Horticulture for his unstinted support, critical comments and valuable suggestions all throughout the course. I consider it as my privilege to express my deep-felt gratitude to Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension,Dr. P Prameela, Professor, Department of Agronomy, Dr.Jessy Thomas, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Dr. Satheesh Babu Professor Department of Agricultural Economics,Dr.Sosamma Jacob Professor Department of Agricultural Entomology Dr. Jim Thomas, Professor, Department of Agricultural Entomology and Dr.Sally K Mathew Professor and Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Dr.T.J Rahmathu Niza Professor, Department of Plant Pathology,Dr.Indira V Professor,

5 Department of Home science, College of Horticulture for kindly providing facilities and timely help at various modules of our course. My sincere thanks to all teachers in the Department of Agricultural Entomology and Department of Plant Pathology for the valuable help and advice rendered during the Agro clinic Module. With deep respect I express my heartfelt gratitude and unforgettable indebtedness to all professors of various departments for providing all the facilities and support during our various modules as well as during the exhibition conducted as a part our village stay. It’s my pleasant privilege to acknowledge the services rendered and wholehearted co-operation from eminent agriculture officers, faculty of various research stations and NGO’s, aspiring entrepreneur and farming community. On a personal account I would like to pour out my heartfelt thanks to all my friends as well as my juniors for their unbridled help and stupendous support. I am in dearth of words to express my love towards my beloved parents for all their boundless affection, moral support, eternal love, deep concern, prayers and personal sacrifices which sustains peace in my life. Above all I humbly bow my head before God Almighty who blessed me with will power and courage to complete this endeavor

Abdusalam Alangadan

6

SPECIAL THANKS I express my sincere gratitude to the following teachers of the Kerala Agricultural University for their contribution to the RAWE programme in various capacities Dr. P.K. Rajeevan, Professor, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture Dr. F. M. H. Khalil (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Extension) Dr. E K Thomas (HOD, Dept.of Agrl Economics) Dr. C. T. Abraham (HOD, Dept. of Agronomy) Dr. Sosamma Jacob (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology) Dr. Sally K. Mathew (HOD, Dept. of Plant Pathology) Dr. K.A. Mariam (HOD, Dept. of Soil science & Agricultural Chemistry) Dr. V.V. Radhakrishnan (HOD, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics) Dr. E.V. Nybe (HOD, Dept. of Plantation Crops & Spices) Dr. T.E. George (HOD, Dept. of Olericulture) Dr. K.P. Visalakshi( HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Engineering) Dr. V. Usha (HOD, Dept. of Homescience) Dr. Jacob John (HOD, Dept. of Processing Technology) Dr. G.S.L.H.V. Prasada Rao (HOD, Dept. of Agrl. Meteorology) Dr. P.K. Valsalakumari (HOD, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture) Dr. P.A. Nazeem (HOD, Dept. of Biotechnology) Dr. K. Satheeshbabu, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics Dr. Jim Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology Dr. P.R. Suresh, Associate Professor, Dept. of SS & AC Dr. Sheela Paul, Professor, Dept.of Plant Pathology Dr. C. George Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agronomy Dr. Jiji Joseph, Associate Professor, Dept. Plant Breeding & Genetics Dr. B. Pushpalatha, Professor, Dept.of Processing Technology Dr. S. Beena, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology Dr. E.Estelita, Professor, Communication Centre, Mannuthy Dr. Meera V. Menon, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agronomy Dr. Rosemary Francis, Associate Professor, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics

7 Dr. Sobhana, Professor, Dept.of Pomology & Floriculture Dr. A. Prema, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics Dr. Jessy Thomas, Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Economics Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Extension Dr. P. Prameela, Dept. of Agronomy Dr. K. B.Sheela, Professor, Dept.of Processing Technology Dr. Sarah T. George, Professor, Dept. of Pomology & Floriculture Dr. Koshy Abraham, Professor& Head, KVK, Thrissur Dr. M.V.R. Pillai, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology Dr. V. Indira, Professor, Dept. of Homescience Dr. Sabin George, KVK, Thrissur Dr. Deepa G. Menon, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Poultry Science, CoVAS Dr. Oomman, Professor, Dept. of Meat Technology Dr. Raghavan, Professor, Dept of Animal Breeding & Genetics, CoVAS Dr. Mani Chellappan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology Dr. Haseena Bhaskar, Associate Professor, Dept. of Agrl. Entomology Dr. Shaji James, Programme Coordinator, KVK, Palakkad Dr. K.P. Sudheer, Associate Professor, KCAET, Tavanoor Dr. V.S. Sujatha, Professor, Dept. of Plantation Crops & Spices Dr.Geevarghese, Professor, Dairy Plant, Mannuthy

8

Farmers and workers make India. Their poverty is India’s curse and crime. Their prosperity alone can make India a country f it t o liv e i n - Mahatma Gandhi

9

CONTENTS Sl. No. I.

Title

Page No.

List of Tables

10

1 Introduction

11

2 Inauguration and orientation

14

3 Watershed management and farm planning

23

4 RARS and KVK training

42

5 NGO training

54

6 Krishi Bhavan training

69

7 Entrepreneurship development programme

71

8 Agro clinics

84

90 Village stay

85

10 Conclusion

97

11 Reference

99

12 Appendix

101

10

LIST OF TABLES Sl. No.

Title

Page No.

2.1 Kerala - Land Use Pattern

17

2.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major 18 Crops of Kerala 3.1 Main Crops Cultivated in the Homestead

30

3.2 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy

32

3.3 Cost of Cultivation of Banana (Nendran)

33

3.4 Cost of Cultivation of Coconut (WCT)

34

3.5 Present Situation

36

3.6 Expected Costs and Returns

40

4.1 List of KVKs-Kerala

47

7.2.7.1 Capital requirement of the project nd

rd

78 th

7.2.7.2 Cost of development in 2 ,3 &4 year

78

7.2.7.3 Cost of development in 5th ,6th &7th year

79

7.2.7.4 Year round production of seedlings

79

7.2.7.5 Repayment plan by Diminishing Balance

79

Method 7.2.7.6 Cash Flow Statement

79

7.2.7.7 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis

80

7.2.7.8 Estimation of Pay back period

80

9.1 Stages of implementation

91

9.2 Agencies for association

91

9.3 Training Programmes

92

9.4 Forward and Backward Linkages

92

9.5 Horizontal and vertical linkages

93

9.6 Guidelines for Monitoring

94

9.7 Risk factors & measures to overcome risks

94

9.8 Mechanisms to maintain sustainability

94

9.9 Nursery

95

9.10 Main Field

95

11

INTRODUCTION

12

INTRODUCTION India’s salvation can come only through the farmer. Neither the doctors, nor the engineers, nor the lawyers are going to secure it. – Mahatma Gandhi (1869(1869-1948)

Agricultural education is a dynamic one, which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to meet the need of the society. Under this situation, Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWE) is an important competence and confidence building programme activity introduced in many SAUs. In India, Randhawa Committee (1992) recommended the RAWE Programme for imparting quality, practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture degree programme. In fact experiential learning is exactly what the name implies learning from work experience. Effective work experience training strategies incorporating rural agricultural experiential learning approaches provide opportunities for a student of the last year to engage in field work activity, to review and analyze critically this work experience activity and to draw some useful conclusions, decisions, from this analysis and apply the result in actual practical life and field situation. 1.1 Objectives of RAWE Programme 1. To develop the understanding of rural community life and the different situations prevailing in villages with special reference to agriculture 2. To familiarize with the socio-economic conditions of farmers and their problems with reference to agricultural development 3. To provide an opportunity to the students for practical training in crop production through work experience 4. To develop communication skills among students using extension teaching methods in transfer of technology 5. To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being followed by farmers and to prepare alternate farm plans to suit to the local situation in consultation with the farmers

13 6. To develop confidence and competence in students for solving problems related to agriculture 7. To acquaint the students with on going thrust on rural development and programmes related to transfer of technology 8. To make students understand the role of men and women in agricultural and allied fields 9. To explore and to develop understanding regarding high-tech agricultural technology and factors affecting the adoption of modern methods of agriculture by the farmers 10. To explore the awareness, understanding & skills among the students with special reference to scientific model of “ Integrated Development of Agriculture” which includes crop husbandry, horticulture, agro forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry, dairying, agro-based industries, processing, marketing etc. 11. To develop the techniques / know how among the students for preparing and development of package through collection of data based from grass root level for rural areas. Thus, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing undergraduate students of Agriculture college by using principles of “learning by doing” and “seeing is believing” to provide direction to think and act on their own. The orientation helps the students to get the basic idea about the various aspects and expectations from the RAWE Programme. The technical skills are honed through a series of trainings in Krishibhavans, RARS and NGOs. It also enables the student community to mould themselves from job ‘seekers’ to job ‘providers’ through the Entrepreneurship Development Programme. The students get an exposure to the various facets of project identification, formulation and implementation through the Watershed Development and Farm Planning modules. Throughout the programme, talks by various professionals and eminent scientists are also arranged to enable the students to learn from their rich experiences accrued through long years of their services in the domain of agriculture. Along with this impact on the students, this programme has also been instrumental in bridging the divide between the scientist community and farmers’ fraternity throughout the state.

14

INAUGURATION AND ORIENTATION

15

RAWE INAUGURATION The Honorable Vice Chancellor of Kerala Agricultural University, Shri K. R. Viswambharan I.A.S, at 10 Am., inaugurated Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme on 10 July 2008. The meeting was presided over by Dr.P.K.Rajeevan, Associate Dean, College of Horticulture. Dr. D. Alexander, Director of Research, Dr. F.M.H. Khaleel, HOD, Agricultural Extension and our RAWE Convener, Dr.Jiju P.Alex, our RAWE Coordinator, and Dr. P.K. Ashokan, Director of Acad. & PG Studies were also present at this auspicious occasion. The programme began with a prayer song by the students. Dr Jiju P. Alex gave the welcome address in which he gave an overall idea about the RAWE Programme. Our Associate Dean, Dr. P.K.Rajeevan who assured his full support for our RAWE Programme, delivered the presidential address. This was followed by the inauguration of the RAWE Programme by our Honorable Vice Chancellor, Shri. K. R. Viswambharan I.A.S. In his inaugural address, he stressed the need for taking corrective measures against different agricultural problems prevalent in Kerala and he anticipated that the students would come up to his expectations. Dr.D.Alexander, in his felicitation speech, wished us good luck for our future activities in RAWE programme and motivated us by reminding the immense potential and capabilities of Horticulture College students. Dr. P.K. Ashokan, Director of Acad. & PG Studies, in his felicitation, extended his wholehearted support and co-operation for our RAWE programme and gave us best wishes. Dr.F.M.H. Khaleel, followed by the National Anthem, wound up the meeting with a vote of thanks. A class on Avenues for Agricultural Sciences Graduates by Mr. Sreekumar Kodangattil and an orientation class by Dr. Jiju P. Alex followed the inaugural session. The session exposed us to the various new and emerging avenues for a graduate in agriculture.

16

ORIENTATION 2.1 Kerala at a Glance Location:

North

Latitude

between

80

East Longitude between 740 - 52' and 770 – 22 Area: 38,855 Sq. km Percentage of Area to the area of Indian Union -1.18 Length of Coastal Line -580 km Highest Peak- Anamudi (2694 m) West flowing rivers - 41 Nos. East flowing rivers - 3 Nos. Districts -14 Nos. Taluks -63 Nos. Revenue village-1452 Nos. Panchayaths -999 Nos. Corporations -5 Nos. Municipalities -53 Nos. Community Development Blocks -152 Nos. Average Annual Rainfall - 2900 mm. Per capita land -0.12 ha. Per capita production of food grain - 21.6 kg. No. Of Padasekharams -7359 No. Of Kurumulaku Samrakshana Samithies -1409 No. Of Haritha Sanghams –1581

-

18'

and

120-

48'

17 Table no. 2.1 Kerala - Land Use Pattern Land use

Area in ‘000

Percentage

ha Total geographical area

3,886

-

Reporting area for land utilization

3,885

99.97

Forests

1,082

27.84

Not available for cultivation

383

9.8

0

0

19

0.48

Cultivable wasteland

58

1.49

Fallow land other than current

32

0.82

Current fallows

72

1.85

Net area sown

2,239

57.61

Permanent

pasture

and

other

grazing lands Land under misc. tree crops & groves

fallows

Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance2003-04, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI 2.2 Present Scenario of Agriculture in Kerala The following is a brief description of the present scenario in agriculture in Kerala. Agriculture sector contributes 21.38% to the state income and 22.4 Lakh hectares, which comes to about 57.6% of the total geographical area, is under the net sown area. However, 60% of this is under the high value crops. Kerala has the highest income per hectare among all the states in India. Agriculture plays a very important role as it generates 60% employment opportunities in Kerala. The income per hectare in Kerala is Rs. 30,000/-, which is double the average income per hectare of India.

18 2.2.1 Major Crops Grown

Table no. 2.2 Area, Production and Productivity of Major Crops of Kerala Crop

Area

Production

Productivity

per cent of all India

(hectare)

(tones)

Kg/ha

production

Coconut

936293

5500 million nuts

5870

45

Rubber

474364

579866

1222

92

Rice

347455

751328

2162

N.A.

Pepper

199368

47479

238

85

2.3 Kerala’s Contribution to the Nation and the World Rice varieties grown in Kerala over a period are Geerakasala and Gandhakashala among the scented ones now being cultivated in other states also. There is a medicinal rice cultivar called Navara which is an extra short duration variety commercially grown to exploit its medicinal value. Pokkali varieties perform well under the organic conditions. These varieties are also used in the rice-breeding programme worldwide as the source of gene for salinity tolerance. Coconut: Kerala is the largest producer in India. The well-known TxD hybrids were first developed from Kerala. Coconut occupies nine lakh hectares in Kerala. Kerala copra is the best-preferred one Banana: There are a few ethnic varieties like Nendran, Red banana, Rasakadali, Njalipoovan, Koombillakannan etc. There are more than 80 varieties. Mattikadhali is a medicinal banana variety. Pepper: Malabar pepper constitutes 90% of the exports. Panniyur 1, the first pepper hybrid from PRS is also grown in Brazil where it gives four-fold increase in production than in India. Cardamom: Aleppey Green is a unique variety exported, Ginger: Kerala has 90% of ginger production Turmeric: Kerala produces turmeric with high curcumin content. Coffee: Kerala is the second largest producer in India, Karnataka being the first. Cashew nut: we are one of the leading producers.

19 Rubber: It is the second major crop of the state and both production and productivity is high in Kerala. This is the only crop in which Kerala has high productivity. In addition, there is an efficient marketing system. Tuber: Occupies 60% of the area and produces 54% of the Indian production. Tubers are grown as pure crop and intercrop. Medicinal plants: Kerala is recognized as one of the twenty-five hot spot of biodiversity in world. 2.4 Research and Extension Every panchayath in Kerala has a Krishi Bhavan. There are 31 research stations and 6 RARS under KAU. North: Pilicode South: Vellayani Problem areas: Kumarakom Hill ranges: Ambalavayal Central zone: Pattambi, Onattukara Research Station (regional) at Kayamkulam 2.4.1 Network of research institutes: KAU, IISR, CPCRI, CTCRI, KFRI TBGRI, CSIR (regional research laboratory) Rajeev Gandhi institute of Biotechnology, Trivandrum 2.4.2 Promotional Agencies: (central level) Rubber Board, Spices Board, Coir Board, Coconut Development Board, National Horticultural Board, Cashew Export Promotion Council, Directorate of Cashew nut and Cocoa etc. 2.4.3 Promotional agencies (state Level) VFPCK, KERAFED, Kerala Agro Industries Cooperation and there are NGOs working as promotional agencies. 2.4.4 Technical Infrastructure Bio Technology Centre at Trivandrum, Biocontrol Lab at Mannuthy, Pesticide Residue Analysis Lab, Soil Testing Labs (23), Agmark Grading Labs, Strong Research Institutions in KAU. 2.4.5 Physical Infrastructure There are six European Union aided markets sponsored by Govt. of Kerala, three of which are at Anayara (Trivandrum), Maradu and Sulthan Bathery. There are three International airports to facilitate easy export. Cyber Extension services are also there.

20 Seed Processing Plant is set up Alathur. At Nedukkara, there is a pineappleprocessing centre. 2.4.6 Proposed Infrastructure Agricultural Export Zone (AEZ) for banana, pineapple and ethnic vegetables would focus on production and export of selected products. Institution of Organic Farming, Virus Indexing Centre, cold storage and CA container facilities and Agmark Labs in all the districts would promote export. 2.4.7 Investment Opportunities Floriculture, Commercial cultivation of herbs and medicinal plants, Organic farming, Processed production, Contract farming, Green Health Tourism etc are all good investment opportunities. 2.4.8 Government Policies and Support The Government takes up programmes for quality improvement of agricultural produce at farm gate level, extension services and promotion of SHGs as serious issues. A small farmer’s agribusiness consortium is also set up.

2.5 Way Forward Attempts are being made for achieving an Information Technology enabled Information System. Attempts are also made to set up Virtual University for trade. Precision Farming is proposed with its essential features like minimum space and maximum production with all environmental factors controlled by automatic sensors. This would be done only for high value crops.

2.6 Orientation Sessions The registration for the Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme took place on 7 July 2008. On 8 July 2008, we were given an orientation about the RAWE programme by Dr. F .M .H. Khaleel, Dr. Jiju P.Alex and Dr. P. Ahamed. Different committees were formed among the students for the smooth conduct of the entire programme. The RAWE Programme was formally inaugurated on 10 July 2008. Following the inaugural session, we attended a talk on ‘Avenues for agricultural sciences graduates’ by Dr. Sreekumar Kodangattil, an official from Wyeth Research, U.S.A and an alumnus of KAU. An orientation class by Dr. Jiju P.Alex followed this. After

21 that, Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty handled a session on Aptitude. We were given an aptitude test which helped us to realize our potentialities. We had a session on Group Dynamics by Dr. Sreevalsan J. Menon in which, we had several exercises like group discussions and games to get the actual momentum of group dynamics. He also made us do an exercise called ‘Know Yourself’ to make us realize our true potentials. The afternoon session comprised of a lecture on Organizational Communication by Dr. Santhosh Kumar, Assistant Professor, College of Forestry. He discussed on the behavioral aspects in an organisation. On 12-07-08, we were divided into three groups and sent to three public sector institutions – the Trichur Railway Station and The Trichur State Museum and Zoo to understand their organizational organisational types. The following day, Dr. Joy Mathew, Professor, Department of Extension took a class on Transactional Analysis in which the various ego states and effects of strokes were detailed. Then, we had a talk on Time Management by Dr. Alexander George. The last session of the orientation module was a lecture on Emotional Intelligence by Dr. V. V. Unnikrishnan, Associate Professor of Physiology, Govt. Medical College, Trichur. We were made aware of the application of emotional intelligence in stress management, personality development, counseling and management of interpersonal relations. 2.6.1 Team Management Dr. F. M. H. Khaleel gave us an orientation to the managerial grid to show different styles of management. Team Management - the best type of management - represents high concern for production and for people’s self-respect, their urge for fellowship and fair treatment. What heightens self-respect automatically improves efficiency. The best policy is to be straightforward, candid, and reasonable and manipulation is bad from every point of view. A logically imperfect arrangement is superior to a strictly rational one, if the workers prefer the former. It is necessary to listen sincerely and patiently to genuine grievances, complaints and suggestions. Morale is heightened through successful teamwork under conditions of mutual trust, support and respect. Team management increases organisation profitability and promotes full human development. The grid approach has achieved remarkable success in various parts of the world. It is equally successful in different types of work such as production work, sales and R and D as well as in different types of organisations such as trade unions, government and

22 welfare organisations. It can transcend cultural limitations and it can be equally successful in all countries. 2.6.2 Body Language Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty took the class on Body Language. The importance of nonverbal cues in effective communication was dealt with. Cue represents a word or a symbol and the non-verbal cues include the following – Kinesics – deals with body movements Proxemics & Territoriality – deals with use of space in communication Haptics – deals with use of touch in communication Occulesics – deals with use of eyes in communication Chronemics – deals with use of time in communication Artifactual Codes – deals with use of artifacts in accomplishment to communication Paralanguage – deals with speech ticks in communication

2.7 Conclusion The orientation sessions had been an eye opener for us in realizing our true potentials and in molding ourselves to be better individuals. As agricultural graduates, we look forward to pass on the technology and recent developments to the farmers through effective extension activities. Research activities could be strengthened to come up with low cost technologies for sustained agricultural production and thereby save farmers from debts and suicidal deaths. We would take it as our responsibility to create awareness among the farmers about the vast opportunities in front of them. We would see to it that agriculture and allied aspects are looked upon by people as a boon and motivate more and more people to invest in agriculture inspired by the success stories of many.

23

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND FARM PLANNING

24

3.1 AGRO ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS Agro ecosystem analysis helps to understand the prevalent socio-economic conditions of an area. Participatory methods and tools are mainly used for this purpose. The module on watershed management and farm planning consisted of three sub modules, namely Participatory Extension Management (Agro ecosystem Analysis), Watershed Development and Farm Planning. The Participatory Extension Management sub module was under the guidance of Dr. P. Ahamed, Professor, Department of Extension. This was held from 16-7-08 to 17-708. The class dealt with Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) and various PLA tools. This class helped us to conduct Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in Moorkanikkara School. It is the method by which research team/extension agency or development agency can quickly and systematically collect shared information near to truth. Participants and integrators are the characteristic features of the modern watershed management. For the efficient working of the PRA, different tools are used like, Transect map, Time line, Resource map, Social map, Resource inflow and outflow map, Seasonal calendar, Daily routine chart, Trend analysis, Problem analysis, SWOT analysis. Transect walk helps in collecting more details about environmental, economic and social resources in a community. Timelines or historical mappings help in understanding the history of a community and identifying the key events of the past. Social map gives an idea about the social structure and institutions of the area. Resource map helps to learn about the community and resources. Resource inflow-outflow chart helps to get a clear idea about the commodities produced in the village and the commodities that the villagers have to depend on external sources. Daily routine map helps to understand the daily life of farmers from dawn to dusk. Seasonal calendar indicates month wise (even day wise or season wise) the abnormalities, specialties, threats, problems and abundance in an area. We prepared various PRA tools like timeline, Venn diagram, matrix scoring, mobility map and daily routine diagram. The classes were taken by some of us who had opted the course on PRA in the last semester, under the guidance of Dr. P. Ahamed.

25

3.2 WATERSHED PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT A watershed is an area of land bounded by a natural ridge line that drains downhill to a body of water such as a streamlet, stream rivulet, tributary, river, pond, lake, wetland or estuary. The major objectives of watershed are rehabilitation and conservation of natural resources, improvement of water yield, and improved management of farm and non farm based livelihood. 3.2.1 Objectives a) To orient the students to the concept of watershed and watershed based planning b) To give exposure to the students on the identification of watershed, its features and analyzes the interdependent nature of its factors Dr. P. Prameela was the module leader. The sub module was intended to impart training in identifying a watershed and to analyze the sustainable development of natural resources and community empowerment through a watershed basis and it extended from 18 to 25 July 2008. Dr. C. George Thomas introduced to us the concept of watershed by a class on Watershed - Concept and Approaches. Watershed represents an independent hydrological unit linked to land. The various sources contributing to the watershed, the terms related to it, the watershed scenario in Kerala and the various development programmes centering on the watershed were presented. From 19-07-08 - 20-07-08, we participated in the Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted at Moorkkanikkara for collecting the basic information required for the Puthur Watershed project to be implemented under NWDPRA. We had a transect walk along the ridgeline with PRA experts and key informants. PRA was conducted with farmers and several PRA tools were made use of. With this programme, we got a practical exposure to PRA and the planning stage of a Watershed project. The next day, we had a class on Rainwater harvesting methods by Dr. K. P. Visalakshi, Professor and Head, Dept. Of Agricultural Engineering. In-situ rainwater harvesting and runoff harvesting were explained. The session that followed was on Watershed Management by Mr. Premkumar, District soil conservation officer, Palakkad. His talk was centered mainly on the implementation strategies of the watershed plan. We also had a class on Watershed and Soil survey by Mrs. Bindu

26 Rajagopal, Assistant Director, Department of Soil Survey. The various types of soil surveys conducted were explained in detail along with the soil and land capability maps. We also had a session on HARIYALI Project by Dr.A.Prema, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics. 3.2.2 Visit to Vandichalthodu micro watershed and PRA Exercise We have participated in the Participatory Rural Appraisal conducted at Moorkkanikkara for collecting the basic information required for the Vandichaalthodu micro watershed which is one coming under Puthur watershed. The area of Vandichal thodu micro watershed is 726 ha. We had a transect walk along the ridgeline with PRA experts and key informants. We as a group first visited the outlet of the Vandichalthodu micro watershed, Kainur chira then to the ridgeline of the watershed, i.e. the highest part of the watershed, Muriyankunnu. From the ridgeline we divided into four groups and went for transect walk to different regions of the watershed. During this transect walk we came across the major activities carried out in each zone, services and infrastructure available, crops under cultivation, immediate needs of the people etc. PRA was conducted among the participant farmers and tools like timeline, matrices, resource map, social map, seasonal calendar, SWOT analysis matrix etc were prepared. With this programme, we got a practical exposure to PRA and the planning stage of a Watershed project. 3.2.3 Visit to Mandirappilly Watershed (23-07-08) The Mandirappilly watershed development was envisaged under NWDPRA in the tenth five-year plan and is now in the withdrawal phase. The watershed covers an area of 3400 ha. Mandirappilly watershed comprises the following five micro watersheds – 1. Chelakkottukara micro watershed 2. Kodunga micro watershed 3. Kodalipadam micro watershed 4. Mankuttipadam micro watershed 5. Mandirappilly micro watershed The funds allotted to the Mandirappilly watershed amounted to Rs.1.5 crores. There were 4000-5000 beneficiaries, most of whom were women. We met with the

27 presidents of the five micro watersheds and got detailed information of the various activities done during the project period. We also had an opportunity to visit a few beneficiaries of the project. The visit clearly depicted the success story of a watershed development project. On 24-07-08, we attended the Dr. Syamasundaran Nair Memorial Endowment Lecture delivered by Dr.P.K.Michael Tharakan, on Selection of crops and methods of cultivation in Kerala.

3.2.4 Visit to IRTC, Mundur The Integrated rural Technology Centre (IRTC), Mundur, was established in 1987 with the objective of carrying out research, and development activities related to rural technology. The centre was registered as a separate autonomous institution in 1995, under the 12th Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies’ Registration Act, 1955. The major objectives of the centre are adaption of technologies known elsewhere into forms, diffusion of innovative practices and technologies and scientific culture among the masses in a big way, establishment of local level development plans, identification and promotion of local inventiveness, and encouraging young scientists, research scholars, students and rural innovators. IRTC is involved in watershed development mainly in two ways – 1. Watershed plan preparation 2. As a consulting agency providing technical support IRTC prepares detailed plan report (DPR) as per the requirement of the area. Nearly 15% of the watershed project fund is claimed as the preparation cost. Technology becomes fruitful only when the poor are able to reap its benefits. The IRTC, thus, stands as an epitome of selfless service to the rural poor. .3.2.5 Conclusion This module has helped us in gaining first hand information on delineation of watershed, its features, various activities involved in a watershed project, fund utilization etc. Watershed project, which is a part of sustainable development, has become highly successful mainly due to the people participatory approach. At the end of the orientation and watershed module, we have developed an insight into the extension methods and to see the remaining modules in the larger perspective of the development programmes in the country.

28

3.3 FARM PLANNING Farm planning is a fundamental management function based on the assumption that objectives can better be realized through systematic plans. All business enterprises, plan their production process with regard to what, how much and how to produce, and when and where to buy and sell. The procedures and techniques of farm planning involve the logical formation of a blueprint or guideline to achieve goals that have been set for the farm business.

3.3.1 Objectives •

To develop the skill in farming system analysis and alternative farm plan development

•

To understand the economics of crop production and management

The third sub module of Farm Planning started with an introductory class on 26-07-08 by the module leader Dr. Jessy Thomas and Dr. E.K Thomas. Following that, Dr.A.Prema discussed about the Farm Survey Schedule. In the afternoon, we had a class by Dr. Jiju P.Alex on Democratic Decentralization, followed by a class on Credit Planning by Mr. Rajagopal, General Manager, Canara Bank. We had been divided into eleven groups of four each and we visited the farmers allotted to us for survey under the Mullakkara Krishibhavan area. Our group visited Mr. Damodaran, a marginal farmer. Our group members were Sarathchandran M.A., Saritha M, Ammu Madhusoodanan, and I. We were taken for a visit to the Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA), Mulamkunnathukkavu on 31-07-08. Dr. J.B Rajan, Assistant Professor, KILA handled the forenoon session about the model of decentralization in Kerala and the planning strategies under the 11th five-year plan. In the afternoon, we had a class by Smt. Rukmini, Agricultural Officer, regarding the various financial schemes availed through Krishibhavans. Then, we had a visit to the KAU farm site and conducted a chain survey with the help of Dr. Visalakshi to find out the area of the site. Then, we were divided into two groups. One group was assigned to prepare the complete budgeting plan for an individual farmer and the other group for a self-help group like the Kudumbasree. The presentation of the same was on 7 August 2008.

29 3.3.2 TRAINING ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT BANKING BY SOUTH MALABAR GRAMIN BANK

We had an opportunity to attend two-day training on Rural Development organized by the South Malabar Gramin Bank on 8 and 9 August 2008. We had sessions on Microfinance, Banking and Credit Planning, Marketing Techniques and Project formulation by experts in the respective fields. We also had group discussions, games, interactive sessions, newspaper drafting competition, brochure designing etc. The training on Rural Development and Development Banking was formally inaugurated by Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar, General Manager, South Malabar Gramin Bank in the seminar hall, College Of Horticulture at 9.a.m. on 8 August 2008. This was followed by a session on Role of Microfinance –Introduction to Rural Development by Smt. S. Beena. The session was very informative and we were able to understand the role of microfinance in helping the rural masses and paving the way to rural development. The next topic was entitled Concept of Development Banking with Emphasis on Rural Development handled by Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar. The session helped us to understand how the progress of the country is achieved through the rural development. The second day of the training began with a session on Project Formulation and Appraisal/Analysis by Mr. Roy Thomas of the TME cell, Credit Wing, SMGB. The class described the six phases of project cycle and a detailed lecture was given on project formulation and analysis. The TECMOF (Technical, Economical, Commercial, Managerial, Organisational, and Financial) aspects were dealt with, clearly. Next, Mr.U.Ramesh Kumar, General Manager, South Malabar Gramin Bank handled a session on Commodity Exchange. This was followed by an interactive session on Marketing of Services –ICT for Rural Development by Mr.V.Bharat Das. Overall, the training enabled us to acquire more knowledge on the banking sector and several important banking aspects, which could be made useful in the remaining modules of our RAWE programme. The two days were fruitful to share their experiences of expelling moneylenders from villages and of successful implementation of financial inclusion. They shared with us the agony and ecstasy of living with God’s own people in the villages.

30 3.3.3 FARM PLAN (PARTIAL BUDGETING)

3.3.3.1 Details of the farmer •

Name

: Damodaran Nair

•

Address

: Thekkut House Attoor (P.O), Mullurkkara Pin 680592

•

Age

•

Family members : Four

: 65

3.3.3.2 Size of holding •

Total land area : 2.35 acres

•

Farm stead

: 1.37 acres

•

Home stead

: 98 cents

3.3.3.3 General Information •

Topography

•

Nature &type of soil : Laterite soil

•

General fertility

: Medium fertile

•

Source of water

: Well, Swasraya drinking water project

: Plain land ,slightly undulating

Table no. 3.1 Main Crops Cultivated in the Homestead Crops

Area / Numbers

Rice

1.13 acre

Coconut

50number(Bearing-17)

Banana

50 number

Pepper

50 vines

31 3.3.3.4 Minor Crops •

Arecanut

•

Tamarind

•

Tapioca

•

Coleus

3.3.3.5 Other Enterprises •

Live stock : 1 cow

•

Poultry

: 2 hen (Giriraj)

3.3.3.6 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy Area

: 113 cents

Variety

: Aiswarya

Method Of planting: Transplanting Season

: Mundakan

Table no. 3.2 Cost of Cultivation of Paddy Items

Quantity

Rate

Labourer

Total

days

Cost

3 FL

600

Nursery 1) Land preparation a) Ploughing 2) Manures& Fertilizers

20kg

Rs.1/kg

a)Application of manures 3.Seeds & sowing

20 1FL

200

30kg

Rs.12/kg

420

3.5hours

Rs.360/hr

1260

Main Land 1)Ploughing(Tractor) Bunding 2)Manures & Fertilizers

(basal)-Cow dung

2HL

500kg

Rs.1/kg

400

500

32 Items

Quantity

Rate

Labourer

Total

days

Cost

Factamphos(50% subsidy)

70kg

245

Potash

12kg

8.8 200

Application cost 1FL

25

a)Uprooting of seedlings

12 HL

1440

b)Planting of seedlings

12HL

1440

6HL

720

Transportation cost 3)Transplanting

4)Weeding Manual weeding 5)Manures&Fertilisers(Topdressing)50%

subsidy Urea

30kg

78

Potash

12kg

28.8

Application charges 6)Weeding(Second)

1FL

200

4HL

480

Manual weeding 7)Plant protection chemicals a)Metarrhizium

50

1kg 1FL

200

a)Harvesting

14HL

1680

b)Threshing ,winnowing

3HL

360

c)Drying

3HL

360

Rs.50

b)Application charges

8)Harvesting & Processing

9) Receipts a)Grain

2100kg

Rs.8.5/kg

17850

b)Straw

2000

Rs.1

2000

Total cost =Rs.10510

B: C ratio = 1.8

33 Table no. 3.3 Cost of Cultivation of Banana (Nendran) Item

Labor charge

Inputs

Cost

Preparatory cultivation Digging, cleaning

400

2HL 50number

Suckers

50X4=200 70

Transportation cost

2x200=400

Planting

1 FL(2 days)

Weeding

1HL

Earthing up

2 HL(2 days)

2x2x200=800

Irrigation

1FL

200

Plant protection

30g/plant

Rs 80/kg

120

100g/L

Rs25/kg

5.50

150x50

750/3=250

120

120

Furadan3G Pseudomonas spray

Propping Bamboo poles

150

Rope Labour charge

200

1HL

Harvesting Yield (42 bunch)

Wt of I bunch=13kg,

Transportation cost

Total explicit cost=Rs 2365.5 Total implicit cost=800 Total return=8190

B: C ratio=2.5

Price = Rs. 15/kg

8190

150

34

Table no. 3.4 Cost of Cultivation of Coconut (WCT) Item

Labour

Input

Opening the basin

1HL(3 days)

Cost 225x3=675

Fertilizer(with 50%subsidy) Factamphos

16.24kg

16.24x7=56.8

Urea

7.08kg

7.08x5.2=18.40

Potash

24.3kg

24.3x4.8=58.32

Closing the basin

1 FL

Cleaning the trunk

1 HL

200 17(bearing)

17x20=340

17x5(times)x15

1275

1

subsidy

Cow dung

7x2kg=34 kg

510

Yield

510kg

Harvesting Neem cake

1 HL

500nuts/year,price=12/kg 6000

Total explicit cost=Rs 2423.5 Total implicit cost=Rs.710 Total cost=3133.52 Total return=6000

B: C ratio=1.91

3.3.3.7 Cost of Cultivation of Minor Crops 3.3.3.7.1 Tapioca Planting material=50 setts, @Rs 1/set (Due to wild boar attack only 15 are remaining) Land preparation Digging and clearing

2HL

400

Planting and mounting

1HL

400

Harvesting

1FL

200

Transportation cost

30

35

Avg.yeild

12Kg/plant 15x12

180

Price4/kgX180

720

Total explicit cost=Rs 680 Total implicit cost=Rs.200 Total cost=Rs 880 Total return=720 B: C ratio= 0.8

3.3.3.7.2 Coleus Four beds (3mX1m), 192plants Land preparation & planting

1FL

200

Planting material

75gm

20

Weeding &harvesting

1FL

200

Yield

11Kg

Price

Rs 13/kg

Total return

11X13

Total implicit cost=Rs.400 Total cost=Rs 402 Total return=143 B: C ratio= 0.3

3.3.3.7.3 Tamarind Four trees Yield

100kg

Price

Rs 30/kg

Total return

Rs 3000

3.3.3.7.4 Areca nut Bearing-1, Non bearing-5 Yield

100nuts

Total return

Rs 200

143

36 3.3.3.8 Labour charge for minor crops Land preparation-coleus, Harvesting Tamarind & Arecanut

1 HL

Rs200

Tamarind dehusking

1HL

Rs200

Table no. 3.5 Present situation Crop

Area/numbers Explicit cost (Rs)

Implicit

Total cost Total

cost (Rs)

(Rs)

return (Rs)

Rice

1.13 acre

8990

1520

10510

19850

Coconut

17

2424

710

3134

6000

Banana

50

2366

800

3165

8190

Pepper

50

1100

200

1300

2025

1480

200

1682

4063

Minor crops Live stock

7585

7585

&Poultry

Total

BC RATIO

23945

= 40,128 28,518

= 1.4

3430

28,518

40,128

37 3.3.3.9 Constraints •

Labour shortage

•

Heavy weed infestation in rice field

•

Lack of irrigation for 3rd season in rice field

•

Lack of cooperation from family members

•

Crop damage by wild boar

•

Water scarcity during summer

3.3.3.10 Suggestions •

Cultivation of Guinea grass in the fallow land in the homestead

•

Cultivation of Ginger as intercrop in the Coconut garden

•

Cultivation of Sesamum in summer fallow

•

Cultivation of Rice in Virippu season

•

Establishing a Pepper propagation unit

•

Farm composting

•

Construction of rain pits in the 24 cents area

•

Sale of Banana suckers along with pepper cuttings

•

Scientific management of Arecanut palms

3.3.3.10.1 Cultivation of Guinea grass in the fallow land •

No. of plants possible : 1111

•

Land preparation and planting cost :1 HL(Rs.200)

•

Planting material cost:1111 X 30 paise = Rs.33

•

Fertilizer :Rs. 277

•

Application cost:Rs.200

•

Irrigation and harvesting :6 HL(1200)

•

Yield : 1800 kg

•

Price: Rs. 1.5/kg

•

Returns :Rs. 2700

•

Total cost: Rs.1909

•

B:C Ratio : 1.4

38

3.3.3.10.2 Cultivation of Ginger as intercrop in the Coconut garden •

Area: 1.1 cents(12 beds of 1m X 2.5m)

•

Variety: Varada4 Beds of 1m width, convenient length.

•

Land preparation: 1HL(Rs.200)

•

Planting material :6.6 kg X Rs.40=Rs.264

•

Planting cost: 2 HL (Women-Rs.240)

•

Manuring: 132 kg(Rs.132)

•

Fertilizer: Rs.10.624

•

Application cost: 1FL

•

Weeding and Harvesting:120+200

•

Total Returns:39.6 kg X 35 =Rs.1386

•

Total cost:Rs. 1006

•

B:C Ratio : 1.37

3.3.3.10.3 Sesamum in summer fallow •

Land preparation: Rs.1260

•

Cow dung: Rs. 500

•

Seed cost :Rs.262

•

Broadcasting:Rs.200

•

Harvest: Rs.480

•

Drying and threshing:Rs.240

•

Yield: 100 kg

•

Total cost:Rs. 2942

•

Returns:Rs. 8500

•

B:C ratio = 2.8

39 3.3.3.10.4 Cultivation of Rice in Virippu season •

Variety : Aiswarya

•

Application of weedicide (pre -emergent)-Butachlor.

•

Total explicit cost: Rs.7602

•

Total implicit cost: Rs.200

•

Total cost: Rs.7802

•

Yield: 200 parra (200 X 7 =1400 kg.)

•

Price: Rs.8.50/kg.

•

Returns:Rs.11,900

•

Straw yield: Rs.1200

•

Total Returns:Rs.13,100 B: C ratio: 1.6

3.3.3.10.5 Pepper propagation unit •

Season: February-March to June-July

•

Thatched roof

•

Bamboo poles ( 7 X15 = Rs.85)

•

Rope (Rs.150)

•

Poly bag ( 2.5 kg-500 bags = Rs.25)

•

Potting mixture- 1000 kg(333 :333:333 sand :soil:cowdung) = Rs.866

•

Transportation cost = Rs.300

•

Labour cost: Rs.920(4 HL+ 1 FL)

•

Cuttings( 50

karimunda + 50

P-6)-Trellis,

rapid

multiplication

method(Rs.250) •

Irrigation (morning & evening) (1 HL X 4 months = Rs.1600)

•

Bamboo(50 split bamboo+10 bamboo poles = Rs.340)

•

Total cost:Rs.6011

•

Total returns: Rs.8000

•

B:C ratio : 1.3

40 Table no. 3.6 Expected Costs and Returns Crop

Total cost (Rs)

Total return (Rs)

Rice

10510

19,850

Coconut

3134

6000

Banana

3165

8190

Pepper

1300

2025

Minor crops

1682

4063

Live stock &Poultry

7585

13900

Guinea grass

1909

2700

Sesamum

2942

8500

Ginger

1006

1386

Rice(virippu)

7802

13,100

Pepper unit

6011

8000

Total

47,046

87,714

Total cost

: Rs. 47,046

Total Returns

: Rs. 87,714

B: C ratio

= 1.86

3.3.3.11 Analysis •

Total Cost: Total Farm cost + Family expenditure = 25,088 + 24,000 = Rs.49, 088

•

Total Returns = Total Farm income + Non-farm income = 43,558 +60,000 (5000 X 12) = Rs.1, 03,558

•

Balance

•

Total cost for new suggestions = Rs. 19,670

= Rs.54,470

41 3.3.5 Conclusion Through this module, we capacitated ourselves with the skills of preparing feasible farm plans, which boosted our morale manifolds. By the end of this module, we beamed with enough confidence about our competence in farm planning. The complete budgeting exercise proved to be a very informative activity. We were able to collect details about the various schemes and loans available in starting an enterprise, the cultivation aspects of different crops, integration of livestock etc. We were able to get a holistic view of the practical problems encountered while formulating a plan and implementing it. In nutshell, the entire exercise helped us to be confident to venture for new ideas.

42

RARS AND KVK TRAINING

43

RESERCH STATION & KVK TRAINING To have a first hand knowledge about the various research activities and projects undergoing in the Research Stations of KAU, the students were deputed to the various research stations for two weeks. The training thus enables the students to have a clear insight into the research mandate of KAU. The students were grouped into two and had visited the following stations: 1.

RARS Pilicode

4.KVK, Kannur

2. RARS, Ambalavayal

5.KVK,Wayanad

3. RARS, Pattambi

6. KVK,Palakkad

We, a group of 22 students were instructed to undergo training at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pilicode from 11/08/2008 to16/08/2008, at RARS Pattambi from 18/08/08to20/08/08 and in the KVK, Palakkad from 20/08/2008 to 22/08/2008. The training will focus on: 1. Functions of the research station. 2. Major thrust areas of research 3. Research project implementation. 4. Research need / problem identification. 5. Major findings / contributions of the station. 6. Steps in preparation of a research project proposal. 7. Planning and implementation of research projects. 8. Observations in laboratory and field. 9. Experience in interpreting data 10. Familiarization with laboratory equipments 11. Meteorological observations and interpretations. 12. List of registers/records of the station 13. Periodic reports will be prepared for the station.

44

4.1 Training at RARS, Pilicode (from 11/8/08 to 16/8/08) This is one of the oldest station which was established as early as 1916 as a coconut research station. Under the National Agricultural Research Programme (NARP) the station was raised to the status of RARS for the Malabar region. It covers Kasargod, Kannur, Calicut and Malappuram. It has got substations at Nileswar, Panniyur and Karuvachery. 4.1.1 Mandates: 1. To perform as the lead center for research on coconut and coconut based farming system. 2. To serve as verification and testing center for rice, pulses, vegetables, oil seeds, and tree crops. 3. To conduct research on live stocks. 4. To co ordinate and supervise research at PRS Panniyur. 4.1.2Objectives: 1. Germplasm collection and genetic improvement of coconut 2. Standardization of agro techniques and plant protection measures for coconut and coconut based farming system. 3. Exploitation of genetic diversity in Cashew, mango, and pepper 4. Research on bio-fertilizers 5. Studies on crop weather relationship of major crops 6.

Research on cucurbitaceous vegetables

7. Research on farming culture 8. Collection and conservation of Malabari goats 9. Agro meteorological advisory services 4.1.3 Achievements: 1. In coconut breeding: a) Maintains a unique collection of 34 exotic and 40 indigenous accessions. b) Hybrid vigour in coconut was first reported from this station. Five hybrids were released viz.Kerasree, Kerasoubhagya, Lakshaganga, Anandaganga, Keraganga and one selection; Kerasagara

45 2. Partial removal of husks of seed nuts before planting in nursery has been found to increase the germination percentage as well as the quality of seedlings. 3. Nutritional recommendation for coconut. 4. Husk burial and mulching with dried coconut leaves as the most effective soil conservation measure. 5. Control measure for stem bleeding. 6. Processing methods for the preservation of coconut inflorescence sap. Improved varieties of Cucumber (Arunima) and Ridge gourd (Haritha). 4.1.4 Research Project Formulation Steps involved in Research project formulation are 1) Problem identification 2) Review of literature 3) Identify the funding agency and sent the application to it as per their format with required details of the project. 4) The project should get sanctioned from the funding agency and administrative agency. 5) Discussed at the particular departmental committee headed by the Professor of dept.before it is submitted to the project coordination group. 6) Proposed project is discussed among the PC group headed by the project coordinator. For any modification, it is sent back to the scientist. 7) After modification, project is submitted before FRC. Director of Research will take actions to provide necessary funds and facilities. 8) After this implementation of project is done. 9) Scientist has to submit monthly reports, annual reports & conclusion reports. 10) Director of research monitors the progress and research council gives approval. 4.1.5 Our activities at the station: On the day of our arrival at RARS Pilicode Dr. Madhu Subramanian gave us an account of the history, mandates, objectives and achievements of the station.. Apart from the research on crops they give training in mushroom cultivation, conserve the Malabari goats and maintain a piggery, rabbitry, poultry and a dairy unit. The constrain they face is the scarcity of skilled labourers. We were introduced to the

46 activities of farm and farm office. Also we paid a visit to the different blocks of the farm. The horticultural nursery, vegetable seed production unit and agro meteorological advisory unit were also visited by us. In the afternoon there was a class and practical session on the preparation of agro advisory bulletins by Dr. Ajithkumar, Asst. Prof., Dept. of meteorology. We had a presentation of the project proposals that we formulated as per the KAU format. In the next session Dr.Jayaprakash Naik explained to us in detail about the projects undertaken by the research station. After this session we visited the farm office to familiarize with the records/registers. The horticultural nursery, vegetable seed production unit and agro meteorological advisory unit were also visited by us. On 14/08/08 we went to the KVK, Kannur where Dr. Thulasi V., Assistant Professor explained us about the history and activities of KVKs. The mandates include on-farm testing, training to extension personnel, short and long term vocational training for farmers and rural youth& front-line demonstrations. The prestigious Pepper Research Station, Panniyur was our next destination. Dr. Neema was in charge of us. The station was established in 1949 and is proud of its varieties (Panniyur 1 to 7) and has standardized the hybridization technique in pepper. One day we visited the historical monument, Bakel Fort and Bakel beach. 0n the last day at the station, the evaluation was done based on a viva-voce and report submission.

4.2 Training at RARS, Pattambi (From18/8/08 to 20/8/08) RARS, Pattambi is the only central station for the districts of Thrissur&Palakkad which was established in the year 1927 as sub centre of Paddy breeding station .This prestigious institute has released 58 rice varieties including the first hybrid in India Annapoorna. Along with the other RARS this station was upgraded in 1980 under the NARP. The lead function of the station is to conduct research on Rice and rice based farming system. The station also conducts research on pulses and horticultural crops. There are seven satellite stations under this centre, which undertake fundamental and problem oriented research on crops like rice, banana, cashew, pineapple and medicinal plants. The satellite stations are: 1) ARS,Mannuthy 2) Agronomic Research Station,Chalakkudy, 3) Banana Research Station,Kannara 4) Pineapple Research Station, Vazhakkulam.

47 5) Cashew Research Station,Madakkathara 6) Cashew Research Station,Anakkayam 7) Aromatic and Medicinal plants research station, Odakkali.

4.3 Training at KVK, Palakkad (From 21/8/08 to 22/8/08) We underwent 3 days mandatory training programme at KVK Palakkad. Main purpose of the training was assessing training needs of different categories of people-understanding methods of training -importance training and follow up of training programmes. Experiences in planning-conducting and evaluating OFT, FLD, IVLP, off campus and on campus training programmes, preparation of training modules, preparation of various reports periodicals etc. Krishi Vigyan Kendras have been established for the purpose of generating new knowledge and converting it into useful technologies and application of technology among farmers. The main reason for inception of KVKs according to the recommendations of the Manmohan Singh Mehtha Committee of 1973 was the lack of co-ordination among various departments in successfully implementing new technologies in farmers’ fields. The first KVK was, thus, established at Pondicherry at 1974. In Kerala the first KVK was established at Pattambi (Palakkad) in 1979. Now there are 14 KVKs (one in each district), four under ICAR, seven under KAU and three under NGOs. Kerala is the first state to have KVK in every district Table 4.1: List of KVKs in Kerala Sl .no: District

Location

Agency

1.

Thiruvananthapuram Vellanadu

Mithraniketan

2.

Kollam

Kottarakkara

KAU

3.

Alleppey

Kayamkulam (Krishnapuram) ICAR

4.

Pathanamthitta

Thadiyoor (Kola Bhagam)

CARD

5.

Kottayam

Kumarakom

KAU

6.

Idukki

Santhanpara

Bappuji KVK

7.

Ernakulam

Njarakkal

ICAR

8.

Thrissur

Vellanikkara

KAU

9.

Malappuram

Thavanoor

KAU

10.

Palakkadu

Melepattambi

KAU

48 Sl .no: District

Location

Agency

11.

Kozhikode

Peruvannamzhi

ICAR

12.

Wayanad

Ambalavayal

KAU

13.

Kannur

Panniyur (Kanjirangadu)

KAU

14.

Kasargode

Kudlu

ICAR

4.3.1 Mandate of KVK 4.3.1.1 Training The most important function of the KVK is to conduct need based training programmes to educate the farming community, rural youth and extension personnel on scientific aspects of crop production, cattle and lives stock rearing and other related disciplines and install them a confidence of practicing the technologies learned. Updating the professional skills based on the knowledge gained through training and venturing into self-employment arenas through the learning. So far more than 2000 training programmes have been conducted benefiting approximately 45,000 farmers. Some of the training programmes conducted are: 1.

Mass Multiplication of Trichoderma

2.

Vocational training in propagation and nursery management to the tribal

youth. 3.

Vocational training for the tribal woman on

preparation of ecofriendly

products from Banana fibre. 4.

Training on nutritional gardening

5.

Training on spawn production.

6.

Vocational training on soil and water analysis.

7.

In-service training to extension personnel.

Problem Identification Problems of farmers are identified through the feedbacks from farmers and extension workers and also by conducting PRA. Based on these they assess the training needs and OFTs & FLDs to be conducted. Planning the Training Programme The time of holding the training should be at the convenience of the farmers. Duration of training (usually one week) varies depending upon the topic. The training

49 should be conducted under appropriate environment where the farmers can see the actual crop or the demonstration. Selection of trainees is based on their need and interest .The trainings may be part time or full time education courses. Both off campus and on campus trainings are given based on the training topic, duration and convenience of the farmers. Productions cum demonstrations are usually arranged in the villages, as the farmers cannot afford to remain away from their farms and homes. Evaluation will be a built-in component of the programmes, to review and improve the courses according to the needs of the region, clientele and the general development programmes. 4.3.1.2 On - Farm Trial These are conducted on the farmers’ fields on such problems where the appropriate technologies are not available for particular agro climatic situations. The importance of the location specificity in development of appropriate technologies keeping agro-ecological, socio-economic and cultural parameters in view is gradually being appreciated. This has paved the way for technology assessment in different microenvironments and its refinement to suit varied situations through participatory approaches. Process of identification of technology for on-farm trials with farming system perspective: Participatory Rural Appraisal ↓ Agro Eco System Analysis ↓ Problem Identification ↓ Problem Cause Analysis ↓ Prioritization of Problem ↓ Intervention by KVK

50 Needs Assessment The research and extension staff and the adaptive-research farmers work with the farmers' group to identify its needs, land-use problems, and possible solutions to these problems. Key research topics are identified in each agro-ecological zone; the issues are then prioritized for action. Trial Design and Establishment The adaptive-research farmers in each agro-ecological zone meet to discuss the design of the proposed technology trials and to decide what parameters to monitor. Project staff and research officers work with them to design the trials. The trial plots are then laid out on their farms. Monitoring and Data Collection The adaptive-research farmers are responsible for managing and monitoring the trials. The researchers help them keep records and collect data, and make sure that no data are lost. The group members contribute labour to maintain the trials. Materials for use in the trials can be contributed by the farmers or by the project. Data Analysis and Dissemination The adaptive-research farmers and group members analyze the data from the researcher facilitates the discussion, with the farmer presenting the results. The results are also shared more widely with other researchers and institutions. Using the Results After the trials are over, group members and the adaptive-research farmers are encouraged to compare their current production practices with the methods tested in the trials. Then make plans for the next season, modifying their practices based on what they have learned. In this way, farmers are encouraged to change their production system based on what they can use on their own farms, and as they gain ne information from the trials. Results of OFTs Conducted •

Management of nursery wilt disease of Black pepper

•

Evaluation of different methods of goat rearing.

51 •

SRI in puncha

Ongoing OFTs: •

Infertility management in heifers.

•

Management of die back disease of coffee.

•

Evaluation of crop geometry with ring rope supporting system of banana

•

(Technology refinement)

•

Integrated management of Phytophthora foot rot in pepper

4.3.1.3 Front Line Demonstration: The objective is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection technologies and their management practices in the farmers’ field under different agro climatic regions and farming situations. Proven technologies of national importance and local relevance are generally selected. While demonstrating the technologies in the farmers’ fields, the scientists are required to study the factors contributing to higher yield production, field constraints of production and thereby generate production data and feedback information. FLDs are conducted in a block of two to four hectares land in order to have better impact of the demonstrated technologies on the farmers and field level extension functionaries. For this purpose, technologies of national importance and local relevance are generally selected. Result of FLD conducted •

Evaluations of high yielding variety of rice Deepti.

•

Nutritional gardens in tribal hamlets.

•

Introduction of good quality layer bird” Athulya” for Wayanad

•

Evaluation of Njavara rice variety:

Ongoing FLDs: •

Group farming approach in rice cultivation.

•

Popularization of high yielding variety and pest management in cowpea.

•

Control of mastitis in cow.

•

Demonstration on performance of fodder grass variety Killikulam 1 and Co 3.

•

Popularization of high yielding variety and pest management in Bitter gourd.

52 4.3.2 Funding Agencies and Schemes
ICAR -Indian Council of Agricultural Research
RSVY - Rashtriya Sama Vikas Yojana
NHM - National Horticulture Mission
RKVY - Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana A rough estimate shows that there are approximately 7000 ha of cultivable wasteland in the district. The KVK proposes to utilize these lands effectively in collaboration with the line departments, NABARD, SHM etc. The KVK has also proposed several activities under Farmers Field School (FFS), like organic cultivation of paddy, vegetables etc. FFS helps to educate the farming community and to equip them as master trainers. Also the Kendra has actively collaborated with Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA) in preparation of Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) and the future activities of the Kendra will be based on SREP. It is also proposed to have Farmer- Scientist linkage in every quarter. Priority & thrust would be given for farmer led extension strategies and identifying the farmers’ innovations. 4.3.3 ATMA (AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AGENCY) It is a new extension reform in agriculture which co-ordinates technology dissemination at district level. It is a decentralized and demand driven extension mechanism operating on the comparative strength of different stakeholders. Key Reforms Promoted Under ATMA: •

Decentralized decision making

•

Convergence of line departments

•

Group approach to extension

•

Bottom-up approach

•

Sustainability of extension services

4.4 Our Activities at the station The training programme was inaugurated by Dr. Narayanan kutty, A.D.R. in charge. We were given a brief introduction about the programme schedule. Following that we had a lecture on ATMA model of extension. Then we were taken to the field where experiments on crop improvement in rice are being taken up. In the afternoon we practiced characterization of rice varieties with the guidance of Ms. Faseela, Plant breeder. We also visited the crop improvement lab. We were explained the working of

53 volumetric Lysimeter in the field. Then we had lectures on pests of rice, diseases of rice and crop physiology. In the afternoon we visited the seed testing lab and agricultural engineering work shop.We were taken to the rice plots of entomology dept. by Dr. Karthikeyan to identify the major pest and symptoms of attack. KVK training begins on 21/08/08 We had two field visits on that day, visit to Onjallur Padasekharams where mechanization in rice cultivation was being inaugurated and visit to Sankaramangalam padasekharam, where a mat nursery was being prepared by farmers. The rest of the day comprised of classed by Dr.Shaji James, Programme co-coordinator and Dr.Yamini Varma, Asst.Professor Dept.of Plant pathology giving us a brief account of the activities of KVK.Next day We paid a visit to an agri entrepreneur, and successful young farmer Mr. Lukhman. In the afternoon, we had an experience sharing and final evaluation.

4.5 Conclusion In these 2 weeks, we have been able to comprehend the intricacies and complexities involved in the functioning of Research Stations and KVKs. We now appreciate the meticulous and painstaking efforts that go behind the release of a new variety, the successful completion of projects and effective transfer of technology to the farmer. We have now understood that effective functioning of Research Stations and KVKs are imperative for the upliftment of our farmer.

54

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION TRAINING

55

NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION TRAINING NGOs work closer with people in a flexible and informal manner and are accessible to the people. They are very effective in undertaking development activities like poverty alleviation, sustainable development and employment generation, environmental issues and eradication of illiteracy. Considering the emerging significance of NGOs in rural development, the students are to be exposed to the nature and style of functioning of NGOs. 5.1 Objectives a) To expose the students in the rural development activities and human resource development programmes undertaken by the NGOs. b) To familiarize with the various participatory approaches carried out by the NGOs including action research. c) To study the management styles and linkage with other developmental agencies d) To have experience in working with rural people e) Our NGO training module lasted for 4 days i.e. from 27 to 30 August 2008. The module leader was Dr. Jiju P. Alex. We were divided into five groups and deputed to five different NGOs in Thrissur district. These were – 1. Social Action Animation Centre, Thrissur 2. AVARD, Chalakudy 3. Social Action Forum, Irinjalakkuda 4. KIDS, Kodungallur 5. KESS, Thrissur

5.2 Training

at KESS (Kuriayakose Elias Service Society) KESS was registered in 1974 under Charitable Societies

Registration Act. There are 13 provinces all over India for their administrative convenience and KESS Thrissur is under Devamatha province. It was initiated by

56 CMI fathers. Main objective of KESS is Social, economical and educational development of the downtrodden. They get financial aid from Government, other NGOs, local agencies, World Bank and other foreign agencies. Geographical coverage of them extends to Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarath, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. 5.2.1 Activities of KESS ∗

KESS is directly involved in Jalanidhi project for providing drinking water, ground water recharging, gram panchayat strengthening, sanitation and health promotion

∗

Self help groups -1000 groups with nurseries, vermicompost unit, pickling unit, carpentry etc.

∗

KESS vocational training institute

∗

Crèche

∗

School Education Promotion Programme of KESS (SEPPOK)

∗

KESS canteen

∗

KESS farm – Israel technology employed for banana

∗

Keezhmidalam Tsunami Rehabilitation Project

∗

HAT(HIV Aids Thrissur) project

5.2.2 Indirect activities ∗

Fr. Augustine Thoppil charitable society

∗

St. George charitable society- welding

∗

Fr. Augustine Thoppil Charitable society (Carpentry)

St George Charitable Society, (Welding) ∗

St John Charitable Society (2 production units in Padavanad for Manjalys double horse appa podi, dosa

podi, palappa podi etc ∗

V.V.S.S ( Fr Vynthila Service Society ), Stabilizer unit, mud pot unit

∗

Family welfare Co operative society

Different KESS Units we visited are,KESS Bhavan, Thrissur,KESS Branch office, Nadathara,Quality circle convention, Nadathara,Stabilizer unit, Puthur,Stabilizer unit, 3 K Puram,Food Production unit, Padavanad,Crèche, Padavana,Israeli Cultivation of banana, KESS farm, Carpentry Unit, Puthur,Tailoring unit, Puthur

57 5.2.3 CASE STUDY: Training For Ornamental Fish Breeding and Management KESS conducted training for ornamental fish breeding and management as part of the micro entrepreneurship development programme funded by NABARD. The beneficiaries were intimated through advertisements in newspapers and through notices. The beneficiaries were selected based on their interest, and based on their economic condition. More preference was given to housewives from lower middle class group since it would prove to be a source of income to them. Training was given to 30 persons for a period of ten days, during which they were given several theoretical as well as practical classes on the topic. The classes also involved several method demonstrations and work experience The areas selected for the training was Elamthuruth since there is already a successful example in the area and this would attract more people. The success of Elamthuruth based Little Flower Books as a leading sales centre in ornamental fish breeding and management prompted many people in this area to undertake this as an enterprise. Moreover, many people in the area

have a first hand knowledge in

ornamental fish farming since the Kole lands in the Elamthuruth area are more suitable for fish cultivation. These were the reasons for selecting this region as the targeted area. Training was imparted in the areas near the wetlands, by constructing dug out pits lined with tarpaulin. This method ensured a low cost of investment by replacing the need for a concrete lined pit; was pragmatic in its approach towards acceptance by the trainees. The loan for starting the enterprise would be granted by banks only after the approval of the project by the Fisheries Department. Despite all these positive factors, the training was not successful because not many trainees came forward to take it up as a venture. Surprisingly, out of the 30 participants, only 2 participants finally ventured into this field. An analysis of the situation revealed that the reasons for low acceptability of ornamental fish breeding and management among the participants were as follows: 1)

Although the need for a concrete lined tank was obviated by the construction

of dug out pits lined with tarpaulin, the cost was still high and not so appealing to the people. As per standards a 25x25 ft sized pit is required for ornamental fish breeding and management .This required a lot of investment and could not be afforded by most people; which ushered in the need for taking a loan.

58 2)

Most of the participants were housewives who depended on their husbands for

their expenses. Applying for a loan would become a rather controversial proposition for such women if the husband did not consent it. 3)

The requirement of a pit of 25x25 ft dimensions made it difficult for it to be

integrated into small homesteads since a large area would be needed for constructing such a pit. The lesson learnt from the failure of this training program was that while selecting beneficiaries, more foresight and knowledge into the human psyche is to be employed. We should be able to think of all the possible socio-economic and cultural factors which come into play in our society, before selecting the beneficiaries. Also, since the area selected is semi urban, the landholdings are small; making the construction of such a large pit

impractical. The same training, if it had been in a

rural area where people have larger landholdings could have been a success. The training could have emphasized on a group approach towards ornamental fish breeding and management .This could have incited some interest among the people. Thus the program should have been more flexible to the needs and aspirations of the participants.

5.3 Conclusion This module gave us a chance to visit the NGO, s and to familiarize their functioning and funding etc. In this training we are exposed to different facts of developmental activities. Through the NGO which is called the third pillar in any country’s development the rural community is given a facelift. The organizations are service oriented and work on a no profit and no loss basis. NGO’s are interpersonal methods of communication, and study the right entry points whereby they gain the trust of the community they seek to benefit. NGO’s play roles from advocates for the poor to implementers of governmental programmes; from agitators and critics to partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to mediators. Thus the training has motivated us to start a NGO by ourselves to work for the upliftment of the community.

59

KRISHIBHAVAN TRAINING

60

KRISHIBHAVAN TRAINING The students are given placement training in selected Krishi Bhavans to study the essential management and development administration. Planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of agricultural projects and the people’s plan campaign in the three-tier system will be exposed to understand the local development strategy. Different schemes implemented by the State Department of agriculture will also be familiarized.

6.1 Objectives a) To familiarize the student trainees in the administrative functioning of Krishi Bhavans b) To impart training in the preparation of need based development projects/programmes c) To make the student trainees aware of the functioning of people’s plan programme and to reorient their approaches accordingly

The Krishi Bhavan system was started in 1987 and as a part of the programme, one krishibhavan was established in every panchayat. The office consists of one agricultural officer and three agricultural assistants. All agricultural schemes are implemented through the Krishi Bhavan. At present, there are 1052 Krishibhavans in Kerala. The fifth module of RAWEP ‘08 was the krishibhavan training that was started on 3 September 2008 by an orientation class by the module leader, Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty. Smt. Ranjana Damodaran, Assistant Principal Agricultural Officer, inaugurated the module and gave us a talk about the organizational setup of the Department of Agriculture. The whole class of 44 students was then divided into groups of seven and each group was allotted to one krishibhavan. The krishibhavans were 1. Paralam Krishibhavan 2. Porathyssery Krishibhavan 3. Nadathara Krishibhavan 4. Wadakkancherry Krishibhavan

61 5. Chovannur Krishibhavan 6. Nenmanikkara Krishibhavan 7. Kaipparambu Krishibhavan The krishi bhavan allotted to our group was at Nadathara panchayath. We reported at the krishibhavan on04-09-2008.The agricultural officer was Dr. Swapna S and she explained us the major activities and schemes implemented through krishibhavan. We also get acquainted with the various registers maintained in the krishibhavan. The main crops cultivated there were rice, coconut and banana. On 5th we visited Nadathara Panchayat office In the Following days we visited two progressive farmers ,were we got an idea about the different crops grown, practices being followed and also the problems faced by them in the field and during marketing. We also visited VFPCK marketing unit.Organizational Setup of Krishi Bhavan is as follows

Agricultural minister

Agriculture Production Commissioner

Agricultural secretary

Director of Agriculture

Additional Director (5)

Joint Director/Principal Agricultural Officer (14) District level

Deputy Director

Assistant Director of Agriculture Block level

Agricultural Officer

Agricultural Assistants

Panchayat level

62

6.2 About the Krishi Bhavan, Nadathara •

Panchayat

: Nadathara


Panchayat president

: Mr. Rajeev


Block

: Ollukkara


District

: Thrissur


Villages

:Nadathara,Kozhukully,Mulayam


Agricultural officer

:Dr. Swapna S




:Mrs...Reetha, Mrs. Bindu, Mr. Pradeep

Agricultural Assistants

6.2.1 Basic data Of Panchayath


Total geographical area

:2071 ha


Forest area

:239 ha


Other than agrl. Area

: 320 ha


Uncultivable fallow

: 40 ha


Permanent grasslands

: 5 ha


Homestead or mixed farming : 50 ha
Total cultivable area

: 1322 ha


Population

:27,459


Men

: 13, 44


Women

: 14,018

6.2.2 Details about the holdings
Marginal (up to 1 ha)

: 92


Small(1-2ha)

: 4937


Large( >2ha)

: 74

Total

: 5907ha

6.2.3 Infrastructural details
Milk society

:5

63
Schools  Govt

:6

:2

 Aided :4
Library

:5


Banks  cooperative bank

:5

 commercial bank

:2


Bridges

:2


Anganvadi

:30


River :Manalippuzha 6.2.4 Major crops and area
Rice

125ha


Rubber

647ha


Banana (Nendran)

35ha


Banana (Mixed)

15ha


Banana (except nendran)

150ha


Coconut

400ha


Cashew

15ha


Arecanut (pure crop)

10ha


Arecanut (inter crop)

50ha


Vegetables (rainfed)

75ha


Vegetables (summer)

20ha


Pepper

110ha


Clove

5ha

6.2.5 Records and Registers Maintained 6.2.5.1 Registers •

Movement Register: It is to record the movement of officers during working hours in a day such as field visits, visit to JD office and treasury etc.

•

Stock Register : It is a complete record of all the materials which are stored in the Krishi Bhavan

•

Attendance Register: It is to mark daily attendance of officers.

64 •

Casual leave Register: It is to mark the casual leave of officers.

•

Cash Book: It is financial record containing the cost of various materials distributed through Krishi Bhavan.

•

Soil sample Register: It is a register to enter the details of soil sample tested in the area of Krishi Bhavan.

•

Natural calamities Register: It contains all the details regarding natural calamities and extent of area affected and crops.

•

Treasury bill Book: It contains the salary and other financial transactions of Krishi Bhavan through treasury.

•

Work Diary: It is maintained everyday. The demonstrator records the day to day work he does in the field. Also number of field visits, no. of days present in the office, no. of holidays, no. of casual leave etc is recorded in this diary.

•

Aquittance Register: It is a register to record the discharge of liabilities such as salary, payments etc.

•

Agricultural Development Committee Register: It is a register to record the activities of ADC.

•

Receipt Books; It is to write the details of sale of materials.

•

Farmer’s Visit Register: Records the visits of farmers’ .It contains the name, address and purpose of visit.

•

Scheme Register: It is a record of various schemes which are implemented through Krishibhavan.

•

Subsidy Disbursement Register: It is a record of the subsidies given to farmers; name of the beneficiaries and the amount.

•

People’s Plan Register: It is a record of the projects implemented under People’s plan.

•

Inspection Register: This includes a list of all the records in the Krishibhavan along with the remark of the inspector.

•

Basic Data Register: This contains the basic information about the panchayat.

•

Permit Book: This is a permit issued by the Agricultural Officer to the farmers to avail the inputs under subsidy through the approved agencies.

65 •

Fertilizer and Quality Control Register: It is a record of the fertilizer and PPC quality tests conducted as per the Fertilizer and quality Control Order

6.2.5.2 Files
Natural calamities file-

It contains records about the natural calamities

relief scheme
Organic manure file - it shows the records about the organic manure distributed to farmers.
Input file
Audit file

- this file contains information about the various inputs. - deals with the audit details


Establishment file
Public participation file
Farmer debt relief file- contains information about the debt relief scheme.
Farm labour pension file
Quality control file- deals with fertilizer quality
Stock and store file - it deals with the materials of the store. 6.2.5.3 Reports: It is submitted to: Assistant Director on a monthly basis
Non- plan expenditure
Receipt Statement.


Stock position of fertilizer and PP chemicals.- This report is submitted by the Cooperative societies and fertilizer companies and information regarding opening stock purchase during the month, total stock, and sales during the month and closing stocks are included.




Report on Agro clinics. -Information regarding farmer participation, scientist participation, field visits, demonstrations, problems identified etc are submitted to the ADA office.


Implementation of plan schemes and SHM.


Report on peoples plan. : A monthly report on what all schemes and programmes have been taken up by the Krishibhavan along with the target, achievement and balance.


Report on Kissan Credit Card.
Crop Situation report

66 6.2.6 Major Schemes 6.2.6.1 Sustainable development of rice To paddy farmers, subsidies are given for inputs through group farming societies. Subsidies are given to a maximum of Rs. 1500 per ha.For fallow landsRs.5000/ha are given for those lands which have been kept fallow for the past three years. For processing of riceRs.25000 is given for a processing unit. The subsidy is given as 50% limited to the amount Rs.25, 000.Implementation of these schemes can be in three ways Direct supply of the inputs to the farmers from the KrishiBhavanThrough permits given by the agricultural officers The farmer’s purchase the inputs and the receipts are verified at the Krishi Bhavan and the amount is given at 50% 6.2.6.2 State horticulture mission This scheme includes all the crops except paddy and coconut There are three major schemes under this Promotion of cut flowers-Mainly given for Anthurium at the rate of Rs.35/plant Construction of green house-Rs.125 /sq.m is the amount given under this scheme. Banana cultivation-A sum of Rs.7500/ha at the rate of Rs.3 per plant is given to the banana grower 6.2.6.3 Natural calamity relief assistance Rates vary with the crops Coconut palm bearing

:

Rs.300/-

Coconut palm non bearing

:

Rs.100/-

Banana bunched

:

Rs.25/-

Banana non bunched

:

Rs.12/-

Nutmeg

:

Rs.100/-

Arecanut

:

Rs.45/-

6.2.6.4 Aayiram jaiva pachakkari gramam Subsidy is given at the rate of Rs.5000/5ha where one group should have 5 ha. Marketing subsidy is given at Rs.15, 000. 6.2.6.5 MoU of rice development Farmers field school Once in a week, FFS is conducted. This includes IPM practices like Trichocard supply @75% subsidy

67 Pseudomonas supply @75% subsidy 6.2.6.6 Scheme for public participation a. Farmers’ day b .Agriculture development committee: Rs.500 is allowed for each meeting, giving a total of Rs.6000 for 12 meetings in a year c. Agro clinic 6.2.7 Major SHGs Functioning In Nadathara Panchayat 1. Chalampaadam karshaka swasraya sanghom 2. Kootala farmers club 3. Achankunnu farmers club 4. Eravimangalam cluster 5. Haritham swayam sahaya karshaka sanghom 6. Cherumkuzhi haritha sanghom 7. Sarathy swasraya karshaka sanghom 8. Haritham swayam sahaya sanghom, moorkanikara 9. Murukumkundu swasraya sanghom 10. Moorkanikara swasraya sanghom 6.2.8 Kudumbasree Units In Nadathara Panchayat there exist total of300 Kudumbasree units
Families included

-5158


Total thrift

-Rs 1486400


Internal lending

-Rs 5362400


Members

-Min:5 Max: 10

Major activities of Kudumbasree units include pottery, tailoring, hollow brick manufacture, pappad making, readymade garments, and ready-to-use mix. Training is compulsory. The production bonus provided is Rs 8500 for group and Rs 1000 for individuals. The CDS avails loans from banks at 8.5-9% interest rate & disburses the amount to the members. 6.2.8.1 Major Kudumbasree units:
Chaithanya

- soap powder


White rose

- house hold items


Kanaka sree

- rice trading

68
Gramalakhmi

-rice trading


Priyam

- rice trading


Pournami

- pappad making


Aami

- tailoring unit


Sneha

- stitching centre

6.3 CASE STUDY OF A SUCCESSFUL FARMER 6.3 .1Name and address of the farmer


Name

: Varghese P. P




Address

: Pinakkattil (House) Chelampadam Valakkavu (P.O) Nadathara, Thrissur.




Occupation




Family

: Farming (Full time farmer) :

Father Mother Wife – Kunjumol Daughter – Nimmy Son – Nithin

6.3 .2 Major crops


Coconut

WCT, T X D




Rubber

RRII 105




Banana

Nendran, Kadali, Robusta, Karpuravally




Nutmeg

(local)




Black pepper

Panniyur-1




Bitter gourd

(local)




Amaranth

-

Kannara local

6.3 .3Minor crops


Mango

Moovandan




Arecanut

Kasargod Local




Cashew




Snake gourd




Coccinea




Chilli




Bhindi

69


Cowpea - Lola




Malabar tamarind




Vanilla

6.3.4 Salient features


Highly intensive cropping.




Biogas plant from rubber processing wastes.




Small medicinal plant garden in front of the house.




Application of a mixture of neemcake & potash at the basin in the 6th month of the banana crop for reducing the incidence of Pseudostem weevil.




Propping of banana plant with plastic rope.




Mulching with coconut husk in basins of palms.




Opening of only half basin of coconut annually.




Priority to organic farming.

6.3.5Achievements Mr Varghese was judged as “The Best Farmer of Nadathara Panchayat” on Farmer’s Day ( Chingam 1) in 2008.

6.3.5Unsuccessful Ventures


Paddy cultivation




Piggery unit




Vanilla cultivation




Livestock

6.3.6Future Plans


Honeybee rearing in rubber plantation.




VFPCK marketing.




Rearing of Jamnapari goats

6.4 Conclusion The Krishi Bhavan module gave a much warranted impetus to our RAWE programme. We were lucky to get Nadathara Krishi Bhavan for our training as majority of its population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. Thus it gave us an opportunity to get familiarised with the field realities amidst the traditional as well as the progressive farmers with their wealth of knowledge accrued through long years of experience in farming. We realised that in Nadathara also set back in area and production of rice was due to multifarious issues such as high labour cost, labour shortage in peak season, unremunerative nature of the crop and widening disparity in price of food grains. All this leads to gradual but steady shift towards perennial crops.

70 Nearness to the National Highway is another reason for conversion of paddy lands for construction of residential complexes. Through this training we got a lot of exposure to the real functioning of Krishi bhavan and gained first hand experience of its activities. We realised that technical competence, confidence and development of good PR skills are essential attributes to become a successful Agriculture Officer

71

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

72

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME This training is to develop entrepreneurial traits among the students and enable them to take up self-employment ventures in their professional field with adequate self-confidence. 7.1 Objectives a) Strengthen the entrepreneurial qualities and achievement motivation b) Understand environment related to small business enterprise analytically c) Select project and product based on analysis. d) Project formulation and appraisal e) Acquire basic management skills f) Acquiring and appreciating social responsibility/entrepreneurial disciplines

The EDP module was scheduled from 15 September 2008 to 30 September 2008. The module started with an introduction by Dr.K.Satheesh Babu, the module leader on Entrepreneurship Development. A class followed this on Conceptualising Entrepreneurship by Dr.Philip Sabu, Professor, CCBM. He gave us an insight in to the essentials of being a good entrepreneur. Then we had an interactive session with a successful entrepreneur Mr.Renji, Managing Director, Manjilas Food Products. The afternoon session was dealt by Dr.Prakash Raja on Soft Skill Development. The next day began with an experience sharing session with Mr.Jose Mani, an exemplary entrepreneur in nursery business. In the afternoon, we paid a visit to his National Rose Garden. The next day’s session was on Rural and Agricultural Enterprises in India by Mr.Sajith Sukumaran, UNDP Consultant and it was followed by an interaction with Mr.Boban Kollannur, Managing Director, Foster Food. In the afternoon, Dr.Satheesh Babu delivered a talk on Project Formulation & Appraisal which familiarized us with the technical aspects of formulating a project.

73 On 18-09-08, the morning session comprised of a class on Success and Emotional Intelligence by Mr. Vijayakumar, Professor, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayoor and a class on Phonetics by Mrs. Susheela, Professor, Sree Krishna College. We also had a class on Management and Marketing by Mr. Sukumaran from the CCBM College. On 19-09-08, we visited the Bharath bee keeping and Training centre, Avinissery, run by Mr. Sajayan along with the Agricultural Officer of Avinissery. From there we went to Deepam palm dish making centre had an interaction with Mr. Lonappan, the owner. It was followed by a visit to a sericulture unit run by, Mr. Dominicos, promoted by the SERIFED. A class by Mr. Prabhakaran on Mind Management and a following interaction with Mr. Nagesh, an official from NABARD and an alumnus of COH took place the next day. The entire class was divided into eleven groups of four each and each group was assigned an enterprise to formulate project proposals for the same. The following were the enterprises suggested. 1. Tissue culture laboratory 2. Apiculture 3. Sericulture 4. Production of bio-control agents 5. Cultivation of medicinal plants 6. Nursery management 7. Agro-waste utilization 8. Production of fruit crops 9. Agricultural processing and value addition 10. Commercial cultivation of cut flowers 11. Mushroom production Our group was assigned to propose a project on Establishment of Commercial Nursery. In order to formulate the project, we visited two successful commercial nursery ventures in Mannuthy – TEEOSEE Nursery, and National Rose Gardens at Mannuthy and collected relevant information. The project was presented before panel of erudite recourse persons. This gave a boost to us in handling such situations in future

74

7.2 PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR COMMERCIAL NURSERY 7.2.1 Introduction With the increasing awareness among people about environmental protection, horticultural therapy, aesthetic and medicinal values of plants more and more people are now attracted towards growing plants. Owing to this, there is increase in demand for horticultural crops more particularly fruit, ornamentals and medicinal plants in both urban and rural areas of India. With this, the demand for good quality planting materials has gone up. It has observed that people involved in floriculture has been increasing due to the high demand for cut flowers during floriculture friendly days. Hence nursery business has become a profitable venture in recent in our country. It has entered high rise buildings, offices, factories, business houses, hospitals, hotels, backyards, road side in cities, roof tops etc. for decoration purpose. Heavy demand is observed during festive seasons and seasons of fairs and melas. Commercial nursery business has, therefore, come up in large scale in areas near cities and towns. 7.2.1.1. Importance of Nursery. •

Supply of genuine, healthy and branded quality planting material in adequate quantity.

•

Dissemination of information on seeds, new varieties and planting materials.

•

Compliance of strict quarantine procedures for effective control of diseases and pest.

•

Creating awareness about healthy environment and eco-balance.

•

Establishment of disease and virus free scion banks.

•

Promotion of export through supply and processing of quality planting materials

7.2.2 Background of the Project 7.2.2.1 Promoters of the project The promoters are a group of agriculture graduates, who are – Abdusalam Alangadan, Divya Babu, Rajesh M., Muhammed Safeer U.

7.2.3 Technical Aspects 7.2.3.1 Location:

75 As the location is near to national high way customers can easily access. There is a high demand for plantation crops seedling like areca nut, coconut because most of the plantations are on the verge of replanting. More over, there are no nurseries in nearby areas and there is high demand for rare fruits like mangosteen, rumbutan and spices like allspice, pepper, nutmeg etc. There is good provision for irrigation facilities. 7.2.3.2 Requirement and availability of raw materials 7.2.3.2.1 Raw material required

•

Labour

•

Mother plant

•

Pot and polythene bags

•

PP chemicals and fertilizers

•

Potting mixture

•

Nursery Tools

7.2.3.2.2 Availability of raw material

Most of the raw materials can be acquired from private nurseries of A.P, T.N, Bangalore, Pune and also from State Agricultural Farm, Munderi. Chemicals can be purchased from different depots. 7.2.3.2.3 Requirement and availability of capital investment

Total out lay to the project is Rs 9 lakhs. 75% of it can be avail from bank at an interest rate of 12%. Down payment is 2.25 lakhs and it is mobilized by the promoters. Time period of the project is ten years. Infrastructure requirements Land: Production area Propagation area

1.4 acre

Display &sales area  Green house

:80 sq.m

 Rain shelter

:80 sq.m

 Mist chamber

:60 sq.m

 Working shed

:60 sq.m

 Store and office

:60 sq.m

 Pump set

:5HP

76  Hardening Unit

:160 sq

7.2.3.2.4 Availability of Technical and Utility services

•

Cashew Research Station, Anakkayam

•

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram

•

Krishi Bhavan, Kottakkal

•

Kelapaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Thavanoor

•

State Farm, Munderi

•

RARS,Ambalavayal

7.2.3.2.5 Process of production

Process involve preparation of potting mixture, poly bag filling, propagation techniques like cutting, grafting, layering and budding, raising root stocks, hormone treatment, hardening of tissue culture seedlings and application of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals 7.2.3.2.6 Gestation period

It is about three months 7.2.3.2.7 Technical standards of Raw materials and products

•

Pest and Disease free planting material

•

High quality seedlings

•

Procurement of planting material from certified nurseries and agencies in the first year

7.2.3.2.8 Suggested capacity and capacity utilization

Starting with 1.5 acres and area will be expanded to 2 acres in the coming years. 7.2.3.2.9 Schedule of Implementation

The anticipated schedule of implementation is five years.

7.2.4 Commercial Aspects 7.2.4.1 Product strategy Year round production and supply of quality planting material of flowering plants fruit trees, plantation crops, foliage on a retail basis and eventually

77 on a wholesale basis. Special emphasis cut flowers due to its high demand. We are planning business through on-line. 7.2.4.2 Demand forecasting There will be high demand for ornamental and garden plants for hotels, parks, companies and households for decoration. People are now more conscious about aesthetic and beautification value of ornamental plants High demand during floriculture friendly days like Valentine’s day, Mothers day, Friend ship day etc Supply of plants to various Department schemes. There is ample scope for export. 7.2.4.3 Sales forecasting There will be a shift from retail to wholesale in the future after the expansion of area. Plans are there to export high quality planting materials. 7.2.4.4 Demand supply gap There is always a high demand for good quality planting materials. Availability of planting material in northern part of Kerala is very low. So there is a good demand. 7.2.4.5 Pricing strategy Based on demand and production cost 7.2.4.6 Distribution strategy Spot delivery for large consignment. Supply to other private and Government nurseries On-line trading www.globalnursery.com .we also participate in festive exhibition for marketing and display. 7.2.5 Managerial Aspects 7.2.5.1 Knowledge and experience of project entity The proprietors are B.Sc. (Ag.) graduates and have technical know - how. Has liaison with experts in this field like Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Jose Mani, Biju Francis 7.2.5.2 Training under gone Proprietors have undergone several trainings as a part of curriculum. Visited various research institutes like Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Indo American Hybrid Seeds , Fruit Research Stations and several state Agricultural Universities, Attended classes by successful entrepreneurs in this field and hands on experience in cutting, grafting , budding, layering. 7.2.5.3Training facilities available in the area KAU,CRS Anakkayam, KVK Malappuram, KCAET Thavanoor etc.

78 7.2.6 Organisational Aspects 7.2.6.1 Mode of organization It is on partnership basis. 7.2.6.2 Linkage with other farmer’s organization There is a good rapport with other nurseries in Malappuram, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Bangalore, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and also have good linkage with Farmer’s clubs and SHGs 7.2.7 Financial Aspects Table 7.2.7.1 Capital Requirement of the Project in the first year PARTICULARS Mother plants Ornamentals Foliage Plantations Lawn Mist chamber(30 sq.m) [2 no] Green house(80 sq.m) [2 no] Rain shelter(80 sq.m) Hardening unit(160 sq.m) Rose can, Hose, Spade, Sprayer, Arbana, Rake, Knives, Basket, Metal pot ,Fencing, Secateurs Work shed, Store cum office, Furniture and equipments office stationary Labour(5 women)+(1 supervisor cum salesman) + Advertisement

Rs 47,583

2,23,000 6,883 65,350 35,800 30,000 1,18,687 5,760 5,76,069 2,7967 42,000 1,95,000

Table 7.2.7.2 Cost of Development in 2nd, 3rd and 4th year Particulars

Second

Third

Fourth

Raising pot plants

81,000

1,35,000

2,25,000

Raising plants in polythene bag

1,51,610

3, 20,000

5,01,200

Maintaining mother plants

10,803

10803

10803

Supervisor + labour

1,80,000

2,00,000

225000

Lawn maintenance

16,900

16,900

16900

Electricity + web page

3,500

4000

4500

Replacement of polythene sheet, shade net, other implements

-

19500

-

79 Table 7.2.7.3 Cost of Development in 5th, 6th & 7th year Particulars

Fifth

Sixth

Seven

Raising pot plants

2,25,000

2,25,000

2,25,000

Raising plants in polythene bag

5,30,800

5,95,520

5,95,520

Maintaining mother plants

10803

10803

10803

Supervisor + labour

225000

225000

225000

Lawn maintenance

16900

16900

16900

Electricity + web page

4500

4500

4500

Replacement of polythene sheet, shade net, other implements

-

19500

Table 7.2.7.4 Year wise production of Seedlings

Year Pot plants (Nos) Polybag seedling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7000 10500 21000 33600 53760 86016 86016 20000 32000 64000 1024200 1536300 1536300 1536300

Table 7.2.7.5 Repayment plan by diminishing balance method Year

Principal

Interest

Installment

Outstanding Balance

1

0

0

0

0

2

108333

78000

186333

541667

3

108333

65000

173333

433334

4

108333

52000

160333

325001

5

108333

39000

147333

216668

6

108333

26000

134333

108333

7

108333

13000

121333

Nil

Total

6,50,000

273000

922998

Table 7.2.7.6 Cash Flow Statement YEAR 1 2 3 4

CI 680397 0 19500 0

O&M 190700 423093 648560 942699

COF 871097 423093 663010 942699

CIF 391305 633350 1119285 1765005

CF -479792 210257 456275 822306

80 YEAR 5 6 7 8 9 10

CI 0 19500 0 0 0 0

O&M 963419 990109 990109 990109 990109 990109

COF 963419 1004559 990109 990109 990109 990109

CIF 1809405 1898205 1898205 1898205 1898205 1898205

CF 845986 893646 908096 908096 908096 908096

Table 7.2.7.7 Discounted cash flow analysis DF 0.8929 0.7972 0.7118 0.6355 0.5674 0.5066 0.4523 0.4039 0.3606 0.3220 TOTAL

DCOF 777765.18 337287.15 471917.42 599102.26 546669.81 508940.85 447875.03 399888.42 357043.23 318788.60 2732741.82

DCIF 349379.46 504902.74 796684.95 1121692.59 1026704.99 961689.73 858651.54 766653.16 684511.75 611171.21 3799364.74

DCF -428385.71 167615.59 324767.53 522590.33 480035.18 452748.87 410776.51 366764.74 327468.52 292382.61 1066622.92

Table 7.2.7.8 Estimation of Pay back Period YEAR

CASH FLOW

UNRECOVERED BALANCE

1

-479792

479792

2

210297

269535

3

456275

_

Amount unrecovered after two years – Rs269535 Time require to recover the amount – (269535 x 1)/456275 = 0.59 So the pay back period = 2 + 0.59 ~ 3 year 7.2.8 Economic Analysis 

Benefit Cost Ratio

= 1.39



Net Present Value

= Rs.10,66,623



Internal Rate of Return = >50%



Pay back period

= 3 years

Hence the Project is Bankable

81

7.2.9 SWOT Analysis 7.2.9.1 Strengths • Proprietors are Agricultural graduates •

Sales unit is near to National Highway

•

Scope for export

•

Very low Gestation period

•

There are no nurseries in nearby areas

•

Landscape consultancy

•

e-trade

7.2.9.2 Weaknesses • Need constant attention and care •

Management of unsold planting material

•

Competition from low quality planting material with low price

7.2.9.3 Opportunities • High demand for ornamentals and garden plants now a days as result of urbanization •

Establishment of tissue culture lab in the future

•

Production of cut flowers and bonsai

•

Separate Medicinal plant nursery

7.2.9.4 Treats • Increasing labour charge •

Labour shortage

•

Highly competitive field

•

Pest and diseases

7.2.10 Conclusion The business of establishing an ornamental nursery is technically feasible and economically viable. It requires sizeable investment and good business management for better return. Considering the high demand for good quality planting materials, commercial nursery is doubtlessly a profitable venture that one can enter.

82 7.3 NATIONAL SEMINAR ON FOOD SECURITY THROUGH INNOVATIONS IN FOOD PROCESSING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT (29 & 30 SEPTEMBER, 2008)

The national seminar on food security was jointly organised by the Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Thanjavur, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. of India and Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University. The venue of the Seminar was Central Auditorium, Kerala Agricultural University. Sri.K.R.Viswambharan, IAS, Honorable Vice Chancellor, KAU inaugurated the seminar. Following the inaugural session, there were technical sessions on Advances in Grain Process Technology and New Vistas in Fruit and vegetable Processing. The second day technical sessions was inaugurated by Sri.K.Jayakumar, IAS, Agricultural Production Commissioner. Following this, technical sessions on Post harvest Technology of Plantation crops and spices, Processing of fish, milk and meat products and Food processing and Entrepreneurship development were conducted. The papers presented in the technical sessions dealt with the subjects of research problems that need to be addressed in food processing, preservation, and value addition for achieving food and nutritional security .Reducing the post harvest losses will make more food available for our consumption. The seminar provided a platform for food scientists, food engineers and agricultural scientists, along with the policy makers, industrialists, progressive farmers, students and entrepreneurs, to discuss various issues related to food processing and food security. Entrepreneurship development in processing is an essential step in encouraging young Indians to venture into these fields. This seminar organized with the theme Food Security created sufficient awareness on the importance

of value addition and

preservation of foods and encouraged the youth to venture into the new food processing vistas.

83

AGROCLINICS AND VILLAGE STAY

84

AGROCLINIC Agro clinics are conducted to expose the students to the concept and practice of diagnosing problems related to crop production and suggesting remedial measures.

8.1 Objectives a) To provide experiential learning to the students in handling farm related problems b) To inculcate the ability to diagnose problems and make appropriate inferences c) To enhance the competence of students to suggest pragmatic solutions for field problems d) To develop the interpersonal communication abilities of the students to interact with the farmers taking into account, his socio-economic and cultural background The agro clinics were organized along with the village stay programme at Perumatty panchayath of Palakkad district on 15th and 16th October. Dr.Sally K.Mathew, Department of Plant Pathology and Dr.Ushakumari, Department of Entomology brushed up our knowledge on different disease and pest problems in major crops in an orientation session. The Agro clinic on Paddy was conducted by Dr. P.S John, Dr. Haseena Bhaskar, and Dr. T.J.Rehmuth Niza. Some of the farmers had brought specimens and the students clarified their doubts. Mr. Govindanuni, official from Co-operative bank, inaugurated the Agro clinic on Homestead. Dr. Jim Thomas, Dr. George Thomas, Dr. P Suresh Kumar, Dr. Sally K Mathew and Dr. Jiji Joseph from KAU were present for the agro clinic. The session was followed by questions and doubts from the farmers.

8.2 Conclusion The agro clinic module exposed the students to the realities of farming situations and provided opportunity for experiential learning in handling farm related problems. The students came to know the actual problems of the farmers and could give satisfactory solutions to the farming community. The module proved to be a capacity building for us.

85

VILLAGE STAY The village stay programme forms the last phase of the RAWE programme during which the students are required to stay in a village and understand the intricacies involved in the agricultural structure of the village community.

9.1 Objectives a) To give an opportunity to the students to get acquainted with the existing situation and to gain first hand farm experience b) To study the socio-economic, political and cultural structure of the village community The module extended from 3rd October 2008 to 27th October 2008 at Vandithavalam, Perumatty Grama Panchayat. On arrival at the Perumatty panchayat, we embarked on a mission to understand the farming practices and problems. This was envisaged through the preliminary visits to the panchayat, during which we learnt from the people and the panchayat records about the problems that exist in agriculture in this village. This was followed by numerous field visits to understand the ground realities of the village. Based on these visits and the interactions with the farmers, we chalked out a communication strategy for the village comprising of

various seminars, agro clinics, project formulation

workshops, and an agricultural exhibition intending to orient the farming community to the latest technological know how on various enterprises and crops. For the formulation of projects, we met several farmers to understand the situations to the maximum veracity and based on our findings we have suggested a compendium of projects . The model development projects presented here are the outcome of the meticulous consultations made by us with the farmers as well as experts by creating suitable interfaces for interaction. In order to maintain the interest of the farmers in the new technologies that had been suggested over the period of the village stay, an exhibition of the cutting edge technologies from the KAU was held towards the end of the village stay. This helped the farmers learn about novel ideas and innovations and also about scientific agriculture. Apart from the stalls of the departments of the College of Horticulture, there was good participation from other agencies like VFPCK, Kerala livestock

86 Development Board, Small Agri-business Consortium, which also contributed to the success of the exhibition, which drew crowds of more than 1500 people.

9.2 Classes Dr. P Suresh Kumar familiarized us with the soil fertility status of Perumatty. We were also shown the soil fertility map as well as the soil fertility cards prepared for the Perumatty Panchayat following which was a class on GIS (Geographical Information System) by Mr. Hiroshkumar from Information Kerala Mission. This equipped us with adequate knowledge about the geography and soil condition of the village. We also attended a class on Precision Farming by Mr. Prakash from NETAFIM

9.3 Visits We visited several homesteads and made a rapid survey about the agricultural set up of the village. We had a campus cleaning programme and the entire day was devoted to cleaning the nook and corners of the campus. We made another field visit to the poonthal padams and to the vegetable growing tracts of the village exposed us to the various farming practices adopted in the area. Our visit to the farm of a large farmer gave us a chance to see the ingenuous and innovative method of toddy tapping. We had the chance to see

the Palakkad District Produce Processing Society, a well

equipped coconut oil mill, following which we visited the farm of Mr. Ambili, a progressive farmer of that area. We also visited

Yogasram, where Mr. Maniswami

took us around his organic farm. Meanwhile, some of us went to the college for purpose of collection of exhibits. Our last visit was to Santhosh Farm, a natural farm at Anamala where Mr. Sivaswami took us around and explained to us in detail about the farm.

9.4 Seminars The village stay was inaugurated by Shri. N. N. Krishnadas, MP. The inaugural ceremony was followed by a seminar on Comprehensive Paddy Development in which the faculty of KAU interacted with the farmers. . Inauguration of the seminar on “Homestead Farming” was by Mr. Govindanunni, Co-operative Bank, Perumatty.

Some of us took classes on meliponiculture,

mushroom cultivation, vermin-composting and IPM tactics. In the evening we visited a padasekharam and a vegetable field.

87 The seminar on “Investment in Agriculture” was inaugurated by Dr. D. Alexander, Director of Research, KAU. The faculty from KAU interacted with the farmers present and answered their queries. The seminar on “Precision Farming in Fruits, Vegetables and Floriculture crops” was inaugurated by Dr. P. K. Rajeevan, Associate Dean; College of Horticulture. Seminar on Animal Husbandry and Dairying was inaugurated by Shri. P A Ummer, Chairperson, State Cooperative Welfare Development Fund Board.

9.5 Workshop on Project Formulation. Inauguration of the “workshop on project proposals” was by Adv. Murugadas, followed by the presentation of each of our projects. Dr. C T Abraham, Dr. E V Nybe, Dr. E K Thomas, Dr. M V R Pillai, Dr. F M H Khaleel, Dr. Jayasree Krishnankutty, Dr. Baby Lissy Markose and Dr. V Usha guided us in the formulation of the various projects.

9.6 Exhibition In preparation for the exhibition, we collected exhibits from the College of Horticulture, and from several institutions under the KAU.

We unloaded the

materials for exhibition, sorted and arranged them in different stalls according to the directions of Dr.F.M.H Khaleel. Exhibition was inaugurated by Mr. Chamunny, Chairman, and KAMCO. Stalls for floriculture, entomology, medicinal plants, agricultural engineering, poultry etc were there. There was also good participation from other agencies like VFPCK, Kerala livestock Development Board, Small Agribusiness Consortium. The third day of our exhibition marked the end of our village stay programme with the auction of rare breeds of poultry and the forty-five varieties of banana that were displayed. We then dispersed from there after expressing our sincere gratitude to the organizers. In the closing ceremony of the exhibition and village stay, the release of the souvenir and the project proposals was done. The souvenir of Harithasangamam ’08 entitled, Smaranika was released by Dr. P K Rajeevan and it was handed over to Adv. Murugadas. Dr. P S John, Professor, Department of Agronomy released the compilation of our project proposals by handing it over to Mrs. Risha Premkumar, President, Perumatty Grama Panchayath. We also expressed our thanks to all the

88 people who worked for the success of Harithasangamam ’08. It was followed by a cultural fest organized by the students of College of Horticulture.

9.7 Development Projects for Perumatty Gramapanchayat As a part of the village stay module of RAWEP’08 (KEDARAM), based on the knowledge and experience that we gained through our interactions with the farmers, we have formulated and handed over ten projects for the integrated development of agriculture and allied sectors of the Perumatty Grama Panchayat. The projects are – •

Integrated Rice Development

•

Product Diversification and By-products Utilization in Coconut

•

Sericulture

•

Melliponiculture

•

Integrated Development of Floriculture

•

Quality Seed Production in Rice

•

Mushroom Cultivation

•

Quail Rearing

•

Establishment of Dairy Farm Unit

•

Fruit and Vegetable Processing

Apart from the afore mentioned projects we also suggest that the Panchayath take initiative for starting a Producer’s marketing outlet at Palakkad , for the efficient marketing of the various farm produce of the village. An agency can be entrusted with the procurement of the produce to the producer’s outlet. These projects, if properly implemented, would help raise the standards of living of the small & marginal farmers, provide gainful employment to the unemployed youth, and also help in economically empowering women. Thus, the integrated development of agriculture and allied sectors in the Perumatty GramaPanchayat is an achievable goal. Our group consisting of Safeer, Sarath, Praveen and I formulated the project for Quality Seed Production in Rice.

89

9.7.1 QUALITY SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE

9.7.1.1 Project Title Quality seed production of rice

9.7.1.2 Introduction Of all the inputs used by farmers, the seed is the cheapest .It is the basic input and forms only a small part of the total cultivation expenses. However, it is often established that good quality seeds alone account for a 20% increase in yield. Paddy is a major crop cultivated in the Perumatty Grama Panchayath. Paddy cultivation is undertaken on a total area of 2350 hectares in the Viruppu and Mundakan seasons. 750 hectares of this area come under ‘poonthalpadam’. The total production of paddy in Perumatty is 8225 tonnes. The varieties preferred are Uma, Kanchana and Neeraja during the first crop season and Ponnmani during the second crop season. Currently, while some farmers in this area sow the seeds obtained from one crop season in the next season, others depend on other sources to obtain seeds. Because of this, the quality of the seeds is not ensured. The unavailability of good quality seeds adds to the rising cost of production of paddy. Based on the survey we conducted, we have understood that nearly 100 tonnes of paddy seeds have to be produced to meet the requirements of the farmers of Perumatty. This would require cultivation on an area of 55 acres. In this context, we have formulated a model project for quality seed production in paddy. The project is proposed for an area of 10-hectares.This project aims to assure timely supply of good quality paddy seeds to farmers in Perumatty and thereby enhance the productivity.

9.7.1.3 Details of process of production 9.7.1.3.1 Land Requirement: It must be ensured that the land used for seed production is free from weeds and volunteer plants. 9.7.1.3.2 Isolation Distance: 3 metres 9.7.1.3.3 Nursery: Land on which paddy crop cultivation was undertaken in the previous season should be avoided to prevent varietal admixtures due to volunteer plants.

90

9.7.1.3.4 Seed rate: 30 – 35 kg/ha 9.7.1.3.5 Source of Seed: ‘Foundation class’ seeds should be bought from RARS, Pattambi. 9.7.1.3.6 Seed Treatment: Seeds should be treated with Pseudomonas @ 10g/kg of Seed as a safeguard against fungal and bacterial pathogens. 9.7.1.3.7 Method of Sowing: Seeds can be broadcasted as such or after sprouting in puddled beds. 9.7.1.3.8 Uprooting the Seedlings: Seedlings will be ready for transplanting after 34 weeks of sowing. They should be uprooted gently. 9.7.1.3.9 Transplanting: The main field must be ploughed repeatedly to obtain a fine tilth and the ploughed field kept flooded for a week or 10 days prior to transplanting. The uprooted seedlings should be transplanted to the main field manually @ one seedling per hill. 9.7.1.3.10 Spacing: 20 X 15 cm 9.7.1.3.11 Water Management: Water at a height of 5+2 cm should be maintained in the field. Irrigation should be given whenever necessary. 9.7.1.3.12 Fertilizer Recommendation: NPK @ 70:35:35 kg/ha 9.7.1.3.13 Weed Control: Weeding must be done twice or thrice before the heading stage of the seedling. 9.7.1.3.14 Rouging: Off type plants must be rouged once prior to flowering by skilled labourers from RARS, Pattambi. 9.7.1.3.15 Harvesting: Seeds can be harvested when they are ripe. At the optimum stage of harvest, the moisture content of seeds would be 17-23%. Harvesting should be done using a combine. 9.7.1.3.16 Packing: The harvested produce should then be packed in sacks and transported to RARS, Pattambi where further processing of seeds is done.

9.7.1.4 Methodology of Implementation 9.7.1.4.1 Beneficiaries:

1. Padashekhara samithies 2. SHGs 3. Paddy farmers

9.7.1.4.2 Target Area:

Perumatty Grama Panchayat

91

9.7.1.4.3 General Objectives:

1. Quality seed production 2. Enhancing income

9.7.1.4.4 Special Objectives:

1.Assuring timely supply of good quality seeds to Farmers 2. Enhancing paddy yields in Perumatty from 3.5 tonnes/ha to 4.2 tonnes/ha

Table no. 9.1 Stages of implementation Serial Working component

Duration

no 1.

Revitalization of Padasekharams by conducting 1 month awareness

programmes

on

group

farming

approach 2.

Awareness campaign on use of quality seeds

3 weeks

3.

Identification of beneficiaries for quality seed 2 weeks production:

4.

Training for selected farmers and SHGs

2 months

5.

Awareness campaign on IPM and IDM in rice

3 weeks

Table no. 9.2 Agencies for association Serial

Name of agency

Role of agency

no: 1

2

Regional

Agricultural

Research Supply

of

inputs,

Station, Pattambi

procurement of seeds

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pattambi

Training on quality seed production

3

College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara,

Conducting

Thrissur

classes on IPM and IDM of rice

awareness

92 9.7.1.4.5 Organizational setup: Based on suitability and ease of operation, any one of the following organisational set-ups may be selected •

Self Help Groups

•

Padasekhara samithies

•

Self employment enterprises

Table no. 9.3 Training Programmes Subject

Trainees

Institutions providing training

Use of quality seeds

Padasekhara

Kerala Agricultural University

Samithies Self-Help

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad

Groups Integrated

Pest Padasekhara

Management

and Samithies

Integrated

Disease Self-Help

Management in Rice Quality

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad

Groups

seed Padasekhara

production

Kerala Agricultural University

Kerala Agricultural University

Samithies Self-Help

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Palakkad

Groups

9.7.1.5 Linkages Table no. 9.4 Forward and Backward linkages Nature

of Project

component Institution

linkage

being linked

Backward

Purchase of seeds

linkage*

Purchase

RARS

Use of quality seeds

of Pattambi

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Expected outcome

Induced

systemic

State

resistance

for

Biocontrol

plants.

lab, Mannuthy

the

93 Forward

Marketing

linkage**

RARS

Ensured supply of

Pattambi

quality

seeds

at

remunerative prices

*Backward linkages are the linkages of the project components with certain enterprises prior to the implementation of the project. **Forward linkages are the linkages of the project components with certain enterprises after the implementation of the project.

Table no. 9.5 Horizontal and vertical linkages Nature linkage

Agency

of Project

Expected outcome

component being linked

Horizontal 1

Training

and RARS, Pattambi

technical assistance 1

Krishibhavan

Transfer

of

technology

Horizontal linkages are linkages with similar departments or local bodies in the

Locality.

9.7.1.6 Criteria for identification of suitable location 9.7.1.6 .1 Guidelines for identifying target groups: Priority must be given to the Padashekhara samithies, the SHGs and individuals interested in quality seed production. 9.7.1.6. 2 Criteria for prioritization: (a) Paddy farmers facing difficulties due inability to obtain good quality seeds (b)Farmers interested in production of quality seeds

9.7.1.7 Criteria for identification of beneficiaries 9.7.1.7.1 Criteria of eligibility: (a) Padasekhara Samithies (b) SHGs (c) Self employment enterprises (d) Individuals interested in quality seed production of Paddy

94 9.7.1.7.2 Criteria for prioritization: Paddy cultivating farmers Individuals interested in seed production of paddy

Table no. 9.6 Guidelines for Monitoring Sl .no

Monitoring stages

Factors to be considered

1

Planting

Proper isolation distance

2

Before flowering

Thorough rouging

3

Both

vegetative

and Pest and disease management

reproductive stages of the plant

Table no. 9.7 Risk factors and measures to overcome risks Sl. no.

Risks

Measures to overcome risks

1

Presence of off type Rouging at critical stages plants in the field

2

Pest

and

disease Monitoring

incidence

Adopting plant protection measures

3

Seed-borne diseases

Seed treatment before sowing

4

Chances of seeds not Setting up a seed-processing unit in the being

procured

by Panchayat

RARS, Pattambi

Table no. 9.8 Mechanisms to maintain sustainability Mechanism

Measures to be adopted

Continuous and assured supply of Use varieties which are in demand and foundation seed from any approved which are available. certified agencies Marketing mechanisms and functioning

Linkages with RARS Pattambi and other seed procurement units and setting up a seed-processing unit in the panchayath

95 9.7.1.8 Financial Aspects Main field area: 10 ha Nursery area

: 1 ha

Table no. 9.9 Nursery Sl no.

Item

Quantity

Rate (Rs)

Total cost (Rs)

1

Seed

350 kg

21/kg

7350

2

Preparation of nursery -

-

2625

bed 3

Ploughing

5 hr

400/hr

2000

4

Manure

10 t

1/kg

10000

5

Nursery management

6

Transplanting

1000 50 women

80/women

4000

Quantity

Rate (Rs)

Total cost (Rs)

Table no. 9.10 Main field Sl no.

Item

1

Bund preparation and

26250

plastering 2

Ploughing

50 hr

3

Seed treatment with 10g/kg seeds

400/hr

20000

80/kg

280

Pseudomonas 4

Application cost

3 men

150/men

450

5

Irrigation

30 men

150/men

4500

6

Cow dung

50 t

1/kg

50000

7

Fertilizers: Factamphos

1750 kg

8/kg

14000

Urea

760 kg

5/kg

3800

MOP

580 kg

5/kg

2900

Transportation

12 auto

25/auto

300

20 men

150/kg

3800

8

charges 9

Application cost

96 Sl no.

Item

10

Plant protection

11

Application cost

12

Use

of

Quantity

Rate (Rs)

10 women

80/kg

Total cost (Rs)

10000 20 men

150/kg

3000

combine 2.5ha/1 hr

1700/hr

42500

harvester 13

Sacks

750 sacks

12/sack

9000

14

Transportation

3.5 hr

400/hr

1400

15

Loading

10/sack

7500

and 750 sacks

unloading charges TOTAL

2,26,655

Total Cost

: Rs 2, 26,655+ Rs 15,000 (Training cost) = Rs 2, 41,655/-

Yield

: 37.5t/ 10 ha (1.5t/acre)

Total Returns

: Rs 5, 25,000 (Rs 14/kg)

Benefit-Cost Ratio = 2.2

9.7.1.9 Possible expansion for the future The present project can be expanded to a larger scale in the future by establishing a seed-processing unit at the Panchayat. This would help overcome risks that are likely to happen because of the inability of the public sector to procure seeds every season. The details of the costs incurred and the equipments to be purchased are given below. Total Cost: 50 lakhs Building: 15-20 lakhs Processing equipments: 35 lakhs Equipments: •

Dryer

•

Pre-cleaner

•

Seed grader

•

Specific gravity separator

•

Automatic weighing and bagging machine

More information on this can be obtained from RARS Pattambi.

97

CONCLUSION

98

CONCLUSION The four-month intensive and interesting training programme, starting with orientation module had its conclusion with village stay. The RAWE programme exposed us to different situations which helped to develop the right kind of perspective about the knowledge expertise and experiences of farmers and the biophysical endowments of the environment in which they are operating. The orientation session provided the students an overall idea of the agricultural development scenario, different agencies involved, agribusiness enterprises, selfemployment avenues and similar kind of emerging challenges in the sector. These sessions also enabled to polish our soft skills and ability to communicate with the people. The watershed module helped us understand the importance of watershed based approach of development and its relevance in the eleventh five-year plan. The farm-planning module was indeed a revelation. We were exposed to the practical problems of the farmers and could formulate a plan that would not only be profitable but also feasible to the farmers. The EDP module aimed at inculcating entrepreneurial skills among the students for self-employment motivation and also equipped them with the capacity for project formulation and consultancy. The krishibhavan module helped us realize the importance of an agriculture officer and helped us tune our way of thinking to suit to the same. The training on RARS and KVK helped the students to familiarize with the research activities, procedures and various training programmes of KVK. The NGO training exposed the students to an altogether different way of organization were each person is the master and has his special way of contributing to a noble cause. The agro clinic module instilled confidence in the students to face the problems raised by the farmers and give practical solutions and recommendations to them. The village stay programme opened us a venue to interact with progressive farmers and to understand the real problems faced by the farming community. The RAWE programme was instrumental in molding us as true agri professionals beaming with self-confidence. It has equipped us with the necessary amour to face the challenges of the farming community and for the rural development as a whole. It has also helped in creating professionalism with a humane tinge. This four-month long field programme helped us to comprehend the basics of agriculture from the masters of the field - the farmers.

99

REFERENCES

100

REFERENCES 1. Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops, 13th Edition, Directorate of Extension, Kerala Agricultural University. 2. Karshakashree, July 2006, Sep 2007, May2008. 3. Rajeevan P.K, Valsala Kumari P.K, Geetha C.K, Pookrishi-Sasthravum Prayogavum, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur 4. Samyojitha Rogakeeda Niyandranam- Nelkrishiyil 2003, Farm Information Bureau 5. www.kau.org 6. www.icar.org 7. www.kissankerala.net 8. www.icar.org.in 9. www.attra.org 10. www.soiltest.coafes.umn.edu

101

APPENDICES

102

APPENDIX I- COURSE OUTLINE Ext. 4204.

Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (0+18)

The Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) is organized as eight interlinked modules as under: Module 1 Orientation and Interaction sessions Orientation to RAWE Programme – Guest lectures by resource persons from Agricultural Development Agencies, Commodity Board, Credit Institutions, Policy making organizations etc. Interaction sessions with successful farmers, self employed youth, field visits to successful modules of agricultural technology application. Module 2. Training in Krishibhavans -Orientation to administrative responsibilities and duties of the Agricultural Officers – basic knowledge about the Panchayat and understanding of the physical map – development programmes/projects being implemented in the Krishibhavan – beneficiaries target groups of the development projects and programmes – plan of work, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the development project, meteorological data and its interpretation – rural institutions of agricultural importance – categories of farmer, major crops, cropping pattern etc. major agricultural problems – supplies and services rendered by the office – staff structure of the Krishibhavans. Module 3. Training in Watershed Management Analysis and Farm Planning Training on the concept of micro watershed, watershed identification, transect walk and map preparation – location of micro-watershed, transect walk, map preparation – identification of the features of the watershed in the field watershed development plan. Farming system analysis – identification and allotment of farm households – farm inventory preparation by each student – analysis of the existing plan – interpretation and preparation of alternative plan – visit to the farm – discussion with farmer – modification of the plan and preparation of total farm plan. Module 4. Agro-clinics Selection of area for conduct of agro-clinics – discussion of the major problems of the area – conduct of agro clinics in the field – diagnostic service,

103 collection and analysis of plant and soil/samples and demonstration of skills for solving the problems.

Module 5. Training in Research Stations and KVKs Functions of research stations – major thrust areas of research – research projects in implementation – major findings, contribution of the station, research need/problem identification. Steps in research project proposal, planning and implementation of research projects, observation in laboratory and field interpreting data – list of records/registers maintained in the station, periodic reports, extension programmes. Assessing training needs of different categories of people, understanding methods of training importance of training and follow up of the training programmes. Experiences in planning, conducting and evaluating OFT, FLD, IVLP, off campus and on campus training programmes, preparation of training modules, preparation of various reports, periodicals etc.

Module 6. Entrepreneurship Development Programme Development of entrepreneurial qualities like creativity, risk taking, perseverance and problem solving etc. through Entrepreneurial Motivation Training Laboratory (EMT Lab).

Small business enterprise – project formulation and appraisal –

enterprise management skills – marketing management – basic concepts of accounting, market and commercial acts. Interface with successful agri business entrepreneurs. Placement in selected agri business unit including project preparation and case studies.

Module 7. Training in Non Governmental Organizations Exposure to rural development activities and human resource development programmes undertaken by the NGO’s, familiarization of participating approaches carried out by the NGO’s including action research – studying management styles and linkages with other developmental agencies – experience in working with rural people .

104 Module 8. Village Stay Programme acquaintance with farming and farm families – conduct of PRA, study of farm culture, indigenous knowledge, local cultivation practices of major crops, home management, resource use pattern, marketing behavior, socio-economic, political and cultural structure. Development of alternate production plans based on water shed approach, planning and conduct of extension education programmes, conduct of rural agricultural competitions, exhibitions, fairs etc.

105

APPENDIX II Agricultural Map of Kerala

106

APPENDIX III CONTOUR MAP OF VANDICHALTHODU MICROWATERSHED The contour map of Vandichalthodu microwatershed is given in the figure:

107

APPENDIX 1V SURVEY SCHEDULE FOR FARM PLANNING A. Farm Inventory 1. Name and address of the farmer 2. Location 3. Family details Member

Sex

Age

Education

Occupation

Income

s Daily

Monthly

Annuall y

4. Size of the holdings •

Land put to non-agricultural use

•

Fallow land

•

Irrigated land

•

Unirrigated land

•

Area sown more than once

•

Area sown more than twice

•

Area leased-in

•

Area leased-out

108 5. General information •

Topography of land

•

Nature and type of soil

•

Depth of soil

•

General fertility of land

•

Depth of water table

6.

Cropping pattern

Crop Coconut

Area

Number Crop Vegetables

Bearing

Betel vines

Non-bearing

Amorphophallus

Banana

Dioscorea

Pure crop

Colocasia

Inter crop

Cocoa

Tapioca

Pepper

Pure crop

Clove

Inter crop

Nutmeg

Paddy

Mango

Single

Jackfruit

Double

Pineapple Fodder crops Others

Area

Number

109 7. Expenditure pattern A.

Farm expenditure

Crop

Input cost Seed

Fertilizer Manure

Plant protection

labour cost Irrigation Other cost

Qty. Cost Qty. Cost Qty. Cost Qty. Cost

B.

Livestock details Items •

Number

•

Age

•

Lactation period

•

Dry period

•

Feed take/day

•

Straw

•

Green fodder

•

Concentrates

•

Milking cost

•

Labour cost

•

Other cost

•

(Include medicine, rope, repairing shed etc.)

•

Av. Milk per day (yield)

•

Price/lit.

•

Value of dung/day

Hired

Family

cost No. Cost No. Cost

110

C.

8.

•

Value of calf

•

Total production eggs/---

•

Year Value

Family expenditure •

Daily

•

Monthly

•

Yearly

A. Income from crops

Crop

Yield/ha/pt.

Total

Price/unit

Total income

production

B.

Other source of income during the year •

Sale of farm asset i)

•

Land

ii) Farm machinery

iii) Animals/birds

Sale of non-farm assets i) Non-farm machinery

ii) Ornaments

•

Custom hire service of machinery/ implements

•

Gift from others

iii) Others

111

9.

Details regarding the inputs applied in farm production Input

Crop

Total

Input

Livestock

cost Qty

cost

Pric

Qty

Price/unit

e/uni t Manure

Concentrates

1

1.

GN cake

2

2.

Gingelly

3

3.

Copra cake

4.

Cotton seed

5.

Tamarind

Fertilizer 1

seed

2 6.

Straw

Production

7.

Green fodder

chemicals

8.

Others

3

1

Tapioca,

2

Rice

like

3 4 (Note these details should be collected both crop wise and field wise)

10.

Source of Irrigation (Give tick marks) a)

11.

Well / tank

b) Canal water

c) River

Other details 1.

Soil testing conducted Yes/no (If the answer is yes, mention the results obtained)

2.

Total

Source of capital for farm production own/borrowed

112 3.

Pump set used own/ hired ---------- H.P. (Whether it is electric or diesel)

4.

Severe attack of any pest and disease yes/no

(If the answer is yes, mention the crop and disease) 5.

Disposal (marketing of farm products village level/ Taluk level/ others. Mention the distance between farm and the nearest market place.

6.

Permanent land development practices adopted bunding/ levelling/ others.

12. Land improvements proposed 1.

Reclamation and land Development

2.

Irrigation a)

Well/tank b) Pump set (Electric/ diesel) H.P. etc.

3.

Construction of farm house, cattle shed, pump house etc.

4.

Fencing

5.

Establishment of perennial crops

6.

Construction of canal/drainage facilities.

Notes 1.

A list of all the enterprises that can be undertaken in the area should be prepared.

The exact location of the holding should be specified for follow-up survey.

113

B. Area:

Cost of Cultivation of Paddy

Variety:

Method

of

planting:

Broadcasting/Transplanting: Items

Inputs

Labourer days

Total cost

Qty Rate Cost Men Women Bullock Machine Cost I. Nursery 1. Land preparation a)

Ploughing

b)

digging

2.

Manures and fertilizers

a)

FYM/Green manure

b)

Fertilizer 1. 2. 3.

c)

Application of manures & fertilizer

3.

Seeds and sowing

4.

Plant protection

II.

Main Land

1.

Preparation of land

a)

Ploughing

b)

Digging

c)

Levelling

d)

Bunding

e)

Drainage

2.

Manures and fertilizer (basal)

a)

FYM/GM

b)

Fertilizers 1.

114 2. 3. c)

Application of manures and fertilizers

d)

Transportation cost

III.

Broadcasting /transplanting

a)

Uprooting of seedlings

b)

Planting of seedlings.

IV.

Irrigation/Drainage

V.

Weeding (first)

a)

Manual weeding

b)

Weedicides, if any

c)

application charges

VI.

Manures and fertilizers

1.

First top dressing

a)

fertilizers 1. 2. 3.

b)

application charges

2.

Second top dressing fertilizers 1. 2. 3.

VII.

Weeding (second)

a)

Manual weeding

b)

Weedicides, if any

c)

application charges

VIII. Plant a)

protection

PP chemicals 1.

115 2. 3. b)

application charges

IX.

Harvesting and processing

1.

Harvesting

2.

Threshing and winnowing

3.

Drying

4.

Transportation

Receipts Grain -- Qty. Straw --- Qt. Price grain straw

116

C. Items

Cost of Maintenance of Coconut Labour

Time of

Fertilizers

Others

applicatio

Total cost

n Hired Family Amount

Type Qty. Rate

(days) (days) 1 1.

Opening the basin (mention the radius of the basin)

2.

Applicatio n charges

a) b) c) 3.

Closing the basin

4.

Irrigation

5.

Husk buries

6.

Cleaning the trunk

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

117 Yield and Returns of Coconut Harvest

Average

Value

nuts/harvest

By-product

Cost associated with

(value)

harvesting Hired

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total

12.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

Constraints identified for improvement

Family

118

APPENDIX V Proposals for development projects in agriculture and allied sectors for Perumatty Gramapanchayath -“The road to prosperity” prepared and released as a part of our village stay programme “Harithasangamam”08”

119

APPENDIX VI ‘Smaranika’ the souvenir that we have released in connection with our village stay programme “Harithasangamam’08”

120