Dispositivo de Almacenamiento de Datos
Short Description
Download Dispositivo de Almacenamiento de Datos...
Description
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Dispositivo de almacenamiento de datos Los dispositivos o unidades de almacenamiento de datos son dispositivos que leen o escriben datos en medios o soportes de almacenamiento, y juntos conforman la memoria secundaria o almacenamiento secundario de la computadora. Estos dispositivos realizan las operaciones de lectura o escritura de los medios o soportes donde se almacenan o guardan, lógica y físicamente, los archivos de un sistema informático.
1. Disco duro En informática, un disco duro o disco rígido (en inglés Hard Disk Drive, HDD) es un dispositivo de almacenamiento de datos no volátil que emplea un sistema de grabación magnética para almacenar datos digitales. Se compone de uno o más platos o discos rígidos, unidos por un mismo eje que gira a gran velocidad dentro de una caja metálica sellada. Sobre cada plato se sitúa un cabezal de lectura/escritura que flota sobre una delgada lámina de aire generada por la rotación de los discos. El primer disco duro fue inventado por IBM en 1956. A lo largo de los años, los discos duros han disminuido su precio al mismo tiempo que han multiplicado su capacidad, siendo la principal opción de almacenamiento secundario para PC desde su aparición en los años 60. Los discos duros han mantenido su posición dominante gracias a los constantes incrementos en la densidad de grabación, que se ha mantenido a la par de las necesidades de almacenamiento secundario. Los tamaños también han variado mucho, desde los primeros discos IBM hasta los formatos estandarizados actualmente: 3,5" los modelos para PCs y servidores, 2,5" los modelos para dispositivos portátiles. Todos se comunican con la computadora a través del controlador de disco, empleando un interfaz estandarizado. Los más comunes hoy día son IDE (también llamado ATA o PATA), SCSI (generalmente usado en servidores y estaciones de trabajo), Serial ATA y FC (empleado exclusivamente en servidores). Para poder utilizar un disco duro, un sistema operativo debe aplicar un formato de bajo nivel que defina una o más particiones. La operación de formateo requiere el uso de una fracción del espacio disponible en el disco, que dependerá del formato empleado. Los fabricantes de discos duros miden la capacidad de los mismos usando prefijos SI, definidos por normativas de la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional en 1998 y 2008 dando pie a múltiplos de potencias de 1000, en lugar de los prefijos binarios; por ejemplo, un Terabyte serían en este caso 1000 Gigabytes, 1 Gigabyte serían 1000 Megabytes, etc. Esto suele provocar pequeñas confusiones, ya que muchos sistemas operativos nombren en múltiplos de 1024, sistema tradicional, aunque incorrecto en el sentido técnico. En cambio otros sistemas operativos nombran correctamente las unidades, es decir un Kilobyte son 1000 bytes y un Kibibyte son 1024 bytes. Esa es la razón por la cual un disco duro de 500 pág. 1
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
GB de capacidad, muestra 465 GB, aunque en realidad debería mostrar 465 GiB, que es el equivalente a 500 GB
Interior de un disco duro; se aprecian dos platos con sus respectivos cabezales . Conectado a: Controlador de disco; en los actuales ordenadores personales, suele estar integrado en la placa madre mediante uno de estos sistemas Interfaz IDE / PATA Interfaz SATA Interfaz SAS Interfaz SCSI (popular en servidores) Interfaz FC (exclusivamente FC (exclusivamente en servidores) Interfaz USB NAS mediante redes de cable / inalámbricas Fabricantes comunes: Western Digital Seagate Samsung Hitachi Fujitsu Maxtor
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
1.1 Estructura física
Componentes de un disco duro . De izquierda a derecha, fila superior: tapa, carcasa, plato, eje; fila inferior: espuma aislante, circuito impreso de control, cabezal de lectura / escritura, actuador e imán, tornillos.
Interior de un disco duro; se aprecia la superficie de un plato y el cabezal de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Dentro de un disco duro hay uno o varios platos (entre 2 y 4 normalmente, aunque hay hasta de 6 ó 7 platos), que son discos (de aluminio o cristal) concéntricos y que giran todos a la vez. El cabezal (dispositivo de lectura y escritura) es un conjunto de brazos alineados verticalmente que se mueven hacia dentro o fuera según convenga, todos a la vez. En la punta de dichos brazos están las cabezas de lectura/escritura, que gracias al movimiento del cabezal pueden leer tanto zonas interiores como exteriores del disco. Cada plato posee dos caras, y es necesaria una cabeza de lectura/escritura para cada cara. Si se observa el esquema Cilindro-Cabeza-Sector de más abajo, a primera vista se ven 4 brazos, uno para cada plato. En realidad, cada uno de los brazos es doble, y contiene 2 cabezas: una para leer la cara superior del plato, y otra para leer la cara inferior. Por tanto, hay 8 cabezas para leer 4 platos, aunque por cuestiones comerciales, no siempre se usan todas las caras de los discos y existen discos duros con un número impar de cabezas, o con cabezas deshabilitadas. Las cabezas de lectura/escritura nunca tocan el disco, sino que pasan muy cerca (hasta a 3 nanómetros), debido a una finísima película de aire que se forma entre éstas y los platos cuando éstos giran (algunos discos incluyen un sistema que impide que los cabezales pasen por encima de los platos hasta que alcancen una velocidad de giro que garantice la formación de esta película). Si alguna de las cabezas llega a tocar una superficie de un plato, causaría muchos daños en él, rayándolo gravemente, debido a lo rápido que giran los platos (uno de 7.200 revoluciones por minuto se mueve a 129 km/h en el borde de un disco de 3,5 pulgadas). 1.2 Direccionamiento
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Pista (A), Sector (B), Sector de una pista (C), Clúster (D) Hay varios conceptos para referirse a zonas del disco:
Plato: cada uno de los discos que hay dentro del disco duro. Cara: cada uno de los dos lados de un plato. Cabeza: número de cabezales. Pista: una circunferencia dentro de una cara; la pista 0 está en el borde exterior. Cilindro: conjunto de varias pistas; son todas las circunferencias que están alineadas verticalmente (una de cada cara). Sector: cada una de las divisiones de una pista. El tamaño del sector no es fijo, siendo el estándar actual 512 bytes, aunque próximamente serán 4 KB. Antiguamente el número de sectores por pista era fijo, lo cual desaprovechaba el espacio significativamente, ya que en las pistas exteriores pueden almacenarse más sectores que en las interiores. Así, apareció la tecnología ZBR (grabación de bits por zonas) que aumenta el número de sectores en las pistas exteriores, y utiliza más eficientemente el disco duro.
El primer sistema de direccionamiento que se usó fue el CHS (cilindro-cabeza-sector), ya que con estos tres valores se puede situar un dato cualquiera del disco. Más adelante se creó otro sistema más sencillo: LBA (direccionamiento lógico de bloques), que consiste en dividir el disco entero en sectores y asignar a cada uno un único número. Éste es el que actualmente se usa.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
IDE: Integrated Device Electronics ("Dispositivo con electrónica integrada") o ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), controla los dispositivos de almacenamiento masivo de datos, como los discos duros y ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface) Hasta aproximadamente el 2004, el estándar principal por su versatilidad y asequibilidad. Son planos, anchos y alargados. SCSI: Son interfaces preparadas para discos duros de gran capacidad de almacenamiento y velocidad de rotación. Se presentan bajo tres especificaciones: SCSI Estándar (Standard SCSI), SCSI Rápido (Fast SCSI) y SCSI Ancho-Rápido (Fast-Wide SCSI). Su tiempo medio de acceso puede llegar a 7 milisegundos y su velocidad de transmisión secuencial de información puede alcanzar teóricamente los 5 Mbps en los discos SCSI Estándares, los 10 Mbps en los discos SCSI Rápidos y los 20 Mbps en los discos SCSI Anchos-Rápidos (SCSI-2). Un controlador SCSI puede manejar hasta 7 discos duros SCSI (o 7 periféricos SCSI) con conexión tipo margarita (daisy-chain). A diferencia de los discos IDE, pueden trabajar asincrónicamente con relación al microprocesador, lo que posibilita una mayor velocidad de transferencia. SATA (Serial ATA): ATA): El más novedoso de los estándares de conexión, utiliza un bus serie para la transmisión de datos. Notablemente más rápido y eficiente que IDE. Existen tres versiones, SATA 1 con velocidad de transferencia de hasta 150 MB/s (hoy día descatalogado), SATA 2 de hasta 300 MB/s, el más extendido en la actualidad; y por último SATA 3 de hasta 600 MB/s el cual se está empezando a hacer hueco en el mercado. Físicamente es mucho más pequeño y cómodo que los IDE, además de permitir conexión en caliente. SAS (Serial Attached SCSI): SCSI) : Interfaz de transferencia de datos en serie, sucesor del SCSI paralelo, aunque sigue utilizando comandos SCSI para interaccionar con los dispositivos SAS. Aumenta la velocidad y permite la conexión y desconexión en caliente. Una de las principales características es que aumenta la velocidad de transferencia al aumentar el número de dispositivos conectados, es decir, puede gestionar una tasa de transferencia constante para cada dispositivo conectado, además de terminar con la limitación de 16 dispositivos existente en SCSI, es por ello que se vaticina que la tecnología SAS irá reemplazando a su predecesora SCSI. Además, el conector es el mismo que en la interfaz SATA y permite utilizar estos discos duros, para aplicaciones con menos necesidad de velocidad, ahorrando costes. Por lo tanto, las unidades SATA pueden ser utilizadas por controladoras SAS pero no a la inversa, una controladora SATA no reconoce discos SAS.
1.4 Estructura lógica
Dentro del disco se encuentran:
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
1.5 Integridad
Debido a la distancia extremadamente pequeña entre los cabezales y la superficie del disco, cualquier contaminación de los cabezales de lectura/escritura o las fuentes puede dar lugar a un accidente en los cabezales, un fallo del disco en el que el cabezal raya la superficie de la fuente, a menudo moliendo la fina película magnética y causando la pérdida de datos. Estos accidentes pueden ser causados por un fallo electrónico, un repentino corte en el suministro eléctrico, golpes físicos, el desgaste, la corrosión o debido a que los cabezales o las fuentes sean de pobre fabricación.
Cabezal del disco duro El eje del sistema del disco duro depende de la presión del aire dentro del recinto para sostener los cabezales y su correcta altura mientras el disco gira. Un disco duro requiere un cierto rango de presiones de aire para funcionar correctamente. La conexión al entorno exterior y la presión se produce a través de un pequeño agujero en el recinto (cerca de 0,5 mm de diámetro) normalmente con un filtro en su interior (filtro de respiración, ver
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Cabezal de disco duro IBM sobre el plato del disco Para los cabezales resistentes al magnetismo grandes (GMR) en particular, un incidente minoritario debido a la contaminación (que no se disipa la superficie magnética del disco) llega a dar lugar a un sobrecalentamiento temporal en el cabezal, debido a la fricción con la superficie del disco, y puede hacer que los datos no se puedan leer durante un periodo corto de tiempo hasta que la temperatura del cabezal se estabilice (también conocido como “aspereza térmica”, un problema que en parte puede ser tratado con el filtro electrónico
apropiado de la señal de lectura). Los componentes electrónicos del disco duro controlan el movimiento del accionador y la rotación del disco, y realiza lecturas y escrituras necesitadas por el controlador de disco. El firmware de los discos modernos es capaz de programar lecturas y escrituras de forma eficiente en la superficie de los discos y de reasignar sectores que hayan fallado. 1.6 Funcionamiento Funcionamiento mecánico
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Un disco duro suele tener:
Platos en donde se graban los datos. Cabezal de lectura/escritura. Motor que hace girar los platos. Electroimán que mueve el cabezal. Circuito electrónico de control, que incluye: interfaz con la computadora, memoria caché. Bolsita desecante (gel de sílice) para evitar la humedad. Caja, que ha de proteger de la suciedad, motivo por el cual suele traer algún filtro de aire.
1.7 Características de un disco duro
Las características que se deben tener en cuenta en un disco duro son:
Tiempo medio que tarda la aguja en situarse en la pista y el sector deseado; es la suma del Tiempo medio de búsqueda (situarse en la pista), Tiempo de lectura/escritura y la Latencia media (situarse en el sector). Tiempo medio de búsqueda: Tiempo medio que tarda la aguja en situarse en la pista deseada; es la mitad del tiempo empleado por la aguja en ir desde la pista más periférica hasta la más central del disco. Tiempo de lectura/escritura: Tiempo medio que tarda el disco en leer o escribir nueva información: Depende de la cantidad de información que se quiere leer o escribir, el tamaño de bloque, el número de cabezales, el tiempo por vuelta y la cantidad de sectores por pista. Latencia media: Tiempo medio que tarda la aguja en situarse en el sector deseado; es la mitad del tiempo empleado en una rotación completa del disco. Velocidad de rotación: Revoluciones por minuto de los platos. A mayor velocidad de rotación, menor latencia media. Tasa de transferencia: Velocidad a la que puede transferir la información a la Tiempo medio de acceso:
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
discos llamados "Ecológicos" (GP - Green Power), los cuales hacen un uso más eficiente de la energía. 1.9 Recuperación de datos de discos duros estropeados
En casos en los que no es posible acceder a la información almacenada en el disco duro, y no disponemos de copia de seguridad o no podemos acceder a ella, existen empresas especializadas que pueden rescatarnos la información de nuestros dispositivos de almacenamiento de información dañados. Estas empresas reparan el medio con el fin de extra de él la información y después volcarla a otro medio en correcto estado de funcionamiento. 1.10 Unidades de estado sólido
Existe otro tipo de almacenamiento que recibe el nombre de Unidades de estado sólido o SSD (acrónimo de solid-state drive) ; aunque tienen el mismo uso y emplean los mismos interfaces, no están formadas por discos mecánicos, sino por memorias de circuitos integrados para almacenar la información. El uso de esta clase de dispositivos anteriormente se limitaba a las supercomputadoras, por su elevado precio, aunque hoy en día ya son muchísimo más asequibles para el mercado doméstico. Las unidades de estado sólido son dispositivos electrónicos, construidos únicamente con chips de memoria flash, por ello, no son discos, pero juegan el mismo papel a efectos prácticos con todas las mejoras que ello con lleva. Se viene empezando a observar que es posible que las unidades de estado sólido terminen sustituyendo al disco duro por completo a largo plazo. Son muy rápidos ya que no tienen partes móviles y consumen menos energía. Todos esto les hace muy fiables y físicamente casi indestructibles. Sin embargo su costo por GB es aún muy elevado ya que el coste de un disco duro común de 1 TB es equivalente a un SSD de
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Ventajas e inconvenientes Ventajas
Los dispositivos de estado sólido basados en Flash tienen varias ventajas únicas frente a los Discos Duros mecánicos: Arranque más rápido, al no tener platos que necesiten coger una velocidad constante. Gran velocidad de escritura. Mayor rapidez de lectura - Incluso más de 10 veces más que los discos duros tradicionales más rápidos gracias a RAIDs internos en un mismo SSD. Baja latencia de lectura y escritura, cientos de veces más rápido que los discos mecánicos. Lanzamiento y arranque de aplicaciones en menor tiempo - Resultado de la mayor velocidad de lectura y especialmente del tiempo de búsqueda. Pero solo si la aplicación reside en flash y es más dependiente de la velocidad de lectura que de otros aspectos. Menor consumo de energía y producción de calor - Resultado de no tener elementos
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Resistente - Soporta caídas, golpes y vibraciones sin estropearse y sin descalibrarse como pasaba con los antiguos discos duros, gracias a carecer de elementos mecánicos. Borrado más seguro e irrecuperable de datos; es decir, no es necesario hacer uso del Algoritmo Gutmann para cerciorarse totalmente del borrado de un archivo.
Limitaciones
Los dispositivos de estado sólido basados en flash tienen también varias desventajas: Precio - Los precios de las memorias flash son considerablemente más altos en relación Precio/GB, la principal razón de su baja demanda. Sin embargo, ésta no es una desventaja técnica. Según se establezcan en el mercado irá mermando su precio y comparándose a los discos duros mecánicos, que en teoría son más caros de producir al llevar piezas metálicas. Menor recuperación - Después de un fallo mecánico los datos son completamente perdidos pues la celda es destruida, mientras que en un disco duro normal que sufre daño mecánico los datos son frecuentemente recuperables usando ayuda de expertos. Vulnerabilidad contra ciertos tipo de efectos - Incluyendo pérdida de energía abrupta (especialmente en los SSD basado en DRAM), campos magnéticos y cargas estáticas comparados con los discos duros normales (que almacenan los datos dentro de una Jaula de Faraday)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
2. Disquetera
Disquetera de 5¼ 1.2 MB
Disquetera de 5¼ 3½ 1.2 MB 2.88 MB
Disquetera de 3½ 2.88 MB La disquetera es el dispositivo o unidad lectora/grabadora de disquetes, y ayuda a introducirlo para guardar la información.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras 2.2 Disquete Unidad de discos flexibles
Unidades de 8", 5¼", y 3½". Fecha de invención:
1969 (8"),
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
2.3 Tamaños
Los tamaños de los disquetes suelen denominarse empleando el Sistema Anglosajón de Unidades, incluso en los países en los que el Sistema Internacional de Unidades es el estándar, sin tener en cuenta que, en algunos casos, éstos están definidos en el sistema métrico (por ejemplo, el disquete de 3½ pulgadas mide en realidad 9 cm). De forma general, las capacidades de los discos formateados se establecen en términos de kilobytes binarios (1 sector suele tener 512 bytes). Sin embargo, los tamaños recientes de los discos se suelen denominar en extrañas unidades híbridas; es decir, un disco de "1,44 megabytes" tiene en realidad 1.44×1000×1024 bytes, y no 1.44×1024×1024 bytes, ni 1.44×1000×1000. Secuencia histórica de los formatos de disquetes, incluyendo el último formato popular adoptado — el disquete HD de "1.44 MB" 3½-pulgadas, introducido en 1987.
Formato del disquete
Año de introducción
Capacidad de almacenamiento (en kilobytes si no está indicado)
8-pulgadas IBM 23FD (solo lectura)
1971
79,7
?
8-pulgadas Memorex 650
1972
183,1
150 kB
1973
256
256 kB
8-pulgadas IBM 33FD /
Capacidad comercializada
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
3½-pulgadas ED
1990
2880
2,88 MB
3½-pulgadas LS-120
1996
120,375 MiB
120 MB
3½-pulgadas LS-240
1997
240,75 MiB
240 MB
3½-pulgadas HiFD
1998/99
150/200 MiB
150/200 MB
Acrónimos: DD = Doble Densidad; QD = Cuadruple Densidad; HD = Alta densidad ED = Densidad Extendida; LS = Servo Laser; HiFD = Disquete de alta capacidad Las capacidades comercializadas de los disquetes correspondían frecuentemente solo vagamente a su verdadera capacidad de almacenamiento; el valor 1.44 MB de los disquetes de 3½-pulgadas HD es muy conocido. Fechas y capacidades marcadas con ? son de origen desconocido y necesitan fuentes; otras capacidades listadas referidas a: Para 8-pulgadas: Formato estandard de IBM usado en el ordenador central System/370 y sistemas más nuevos Para 5¼- y 3½-pulgadas: Formato estandard de PC, capacidades cuadriplicadas, son el tamaño total de todos los sectores del disquete e incluyen espacio para el sector boot del sistema de archivos Otros formatos podrían conseguir más o menos capacidad de los mismos lectores y discos.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
3. CD-ROM
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
3.1 Capacidad
Un CD-ROM estándar puede albergar 650 o 700 (a veces 800) MB de datos. El CD-ROM es popular para la distribución de software, especialmente aplicaciones multimedia, y grandes bases de datos. Un CD pesa menos de 30 gramos. Para poner la memoria del CD-ROM en contexto, una novela promedio contiene 60,000 palabras. Si se asume que una palabra promedio tiene 10 letras (de hecho es considerablemente menos de 10 de letras) y cada letra ocupa un byte, una novela por lo tanto ocuparía 600,000 bytes (600 Kb). Un CD puede por lo tanto contener más de 1000 novelas. Si cada novela ocupa por lo menos un centímetro en un estante, entonces un CD puede contener el equivalente de más de 10 metros en el estante. Sin embargo, los datos
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
3.2 Lectora de CD
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
Si el disco está solamente sucio, es recomendable limpiarlo con un paño suave (o de algodón) en movimientos de una sola dirección, desde el centro del disco hacia afuera. Nunca debería limpiarse un disco con movimientos circulares, para evitar que la suciedad o el polvo dañen los datos del disco. Si el disco está demasiado sucio, es conveniente sumergirlo en agua y limpiarlo a continuación, tras lo cual se ha de dejar secar muy bien antes de leer o grabar en él (es desaconsejable usar un secador de cabello para esto, ya que el aire caliente produce vapor que podría deformar el disco). Si el disco está rayado y sucio, es recomendable limpiarlo de la manera que aplique la condición, e intentar la lectura del disco. Si no ocurren errores de datos, o la mayoría de los datos están íntegros, es muy recomendable copiar los mismos en otro disco nuevo o en otro medio, como un disco duro o pendrive. El mejor empaque para el disco es en el que viene el disco al ser adquirido. También pueden utilizarse portadiscos o álbumes de discos (siempre cuando sean de buena calidad).
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
No todos los dispositivos ni los sistemas operativos, son capaces de reconocer un disco con multisesión, o que no esté finalizado. 3.5 Diferencias entre CD-R multisesión y CD-RW Puede haber confusión entre un CD-R con grabado multisesión y un CD-RW. En el momento en que un disco CD-R se hace multisesión, el software le dará la característica de que pueda ser utilizado en múltiples sesiones, es decir, en cada grabación se crearán «sesiones», que sólo serán modificadas por lo que el usuario crea convenientes. Por ejemplo, si se ha grabado en un CD-R los archivos prueba1.txt, prueba2.txt y prueba 3.txt, se habrá creado una sesión en el disco que será leída por todos los reproductores y que contendrá los archivos mencionados. Si en algún momento no se necesita alguno de los ficheros o se modifica el contenido de la grabación, el programa software creará una nueva sesión, a continuación de la anterior, donde no aparecerán los archivos que no se desee
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
También existen impresoras de tinta especializadas para hacer una impresión de etiquetas, en discos preparados.
4. CD-RW
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
5. Unidad de DVD-ROM o "lectora de DVD"
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
6. DVD-RW
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
2010
109, realmente 2295104 sectores de 2048 bytes cada uno). El formato fue desarrollado por una coalición de corporaciones, conocida como la DVD+RW Alliance, a finales de 1997, aunque el estándar fue abandonado hasta 2001, cuando fue profundamente revisado y la capacidad creció de 2,8 GB a 4,7 GB. El reconocimiento por desarrollar el estándar es a menudo atribuido unilateralmente a Philips, uno de los miembros de la DVD+RW Alliance.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Arquitectura de computadoras
8.1 Funcionamiento
2010
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
View more...
Comments
