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Igtelrhgtes 8

Ohyhgh Xuegth ]hrishah

0

Chgueb _hpih Qhroñg

;

Èbvhrf _hrqui Cegoiluri

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Bizetn Piatfrih Ahbhganf Chchgi

1

Hgoree Uturugaf Ahnui

>

Hglie Bisketn ]ibaf Bbhgfs

?

Hbkertf _ejhoh Qhbhzhr

9

Anristihg Hrgfb @bfres Ohvhbfs

5

Jnicy Khbafgh Anfquechchgi

8=

Aristihg jicy @bfres Afhquirh

 

¶Xué es bh Oislrh`ãh6

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Bh oislrh`ãh es ug trhstfrgf oe bh ahphaioho oe esariturh que se ahrhaterizh pfr ugh serie oe oi`iaubthoes f igahphaiohoes phrh afcpfger textfs esaritfs.

= 8 8 

 

Oe`igiaiñg oe oislrh`ãh Bh oislrh`ãh es ug trhstfrgf que h`eath hb oeshrrfbbf y

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

bh hoquisiaiñg oe bh nhkibioho esaritfrh oe esaritfrh oe bhs persfghs, prfvfahgof, sfkre tfof, oi`iaubthoes eg bhs esariturhs bikres, eg bfs oiathofs y eg eb afpihof oe ug textf yh esaritf. Hoecès, bh oislrh`ãh se oeke oi`eregaihr oe oi`eregaihr oe hblugfs ahsfs, afcf teger chbh betrh,  betrh,  bhs oi`iaubthoes legerhbes prfpihs oe bh eoho eg bh que se oh eb prfaesf oe hpregoizhje oe bh esariturh, bh oisbexih. Bh oisbexih. Bh oislrh`ãh se oistiglue oe esfs ahsfs yh que bhs ypersfghs phoeaeg, tiegeg oi`iaubthoes phoeaeg, tiegeg phrh reafrohr ofcighrquehutfcètiahcegte bfs cfviciegtfs cftfres geaeshrifs phrh esarikir betrhs f gúcerfs y `frchr phbhkrhs.  phbhkrhs.  ]fr bf thgtf, bh oislrh`ãh h`eath h bh nhkibioho esaritfrh y h bh frtflrh`ãh, thgtf h bh esariturh oe phbhkrhs afcpbeths y textfs afcf oe betrhs hisbhohs.  

= ;  ; 

 

 e l f r y 8 8  A h t

¶Xué Ahush bh oislrh`ih6

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Bf que prfouae bh oislrh`ãh húg gf se afgfae kieg, perf bf cès prfkhkbe es que oetrès oe bh chyfrãh oe bfs ahsfs existhg vhrihs ahushs hatuhgof h bh vez. ]fr ejecpbf, pueoeg esthr hatuhgof preoispfsiaifges legétiahs,   f kieg pueoeg faurrir besifges aerekrhbes legétiahs, perighthbes que h`eateg h estfs lrupfs oe geurfghs. ? =  = 

 

 e l f r y 8 8  A h t

Ahushs geurfbñliahs.

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Bh oislrh`ãh se oeteath auhgof eb giøf esarike cès begtf oe bf nhkituhb, auhgof su esariturh gf tiege ug thchøf ugi`frce, auhgof oejh sephrhaifges iggeaeshrihs oegtrf oe ugh cisch phbhkrh, auhgof gf pueoe seluir eb reglbñg oe esariturh f igabusf auhgof afcete errfres frtflrè`iafs. Ugh vez oeteathof este prfkbech, nhy que kusahr bhs ahushs oe bh oislrh`ãh.

Ahushs psiafcftriaes.

Hckioextrfs. 5 =  = 

 

 e l f r y 8 8  A h t

]revhbegaih: ¶Xué pfraegthje oe giøfs bf

KHA D D    _ F LHC E  E KF H[ O  O 

presegthg6

Hugque hatuhbcegte nhy pfafs ohtfs hb respeatf, se estich que hbreoeofr oe ug 1% oe bfs giøfs y giøhs presegth ugfs prfkbechs phrh aucpbir gfrchs frtflrè`iahs afgsioerhrse ahsfsh oe oislrh`ãh,bhs ciegtrhs que eb restfqueoepueoeg oi`iaubthoes hsfaihohs bh esariturh se presegthrãhg afg ugh `reauegaih hblf cegfr. ? =  = 

 

Ahtelfry ;

Ahrhaterãstiahs oe bh Oislrh`ih

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Bh prigaiphb ahrhaterãstiah oe bh oislrh`ãh es bh igexistegaih oe trhstfrgf geurfbñliaf f igtebeatuhb que seh bf su`iaiegte icpfrthgte afcf phrh justi`iahr eb trhstfrgf.

8 =  = 

 

Ahtelfry ;

Qelúg _frres y @ergègoez (899>) bfs rhslfs chs  ahrhaterãstiafs oe bh esariturh oe bfs giøfs afg oislrh`ih sfg: Esariturh ibelikbe f oi`ãaib oe egtegoer Esariturh eg espejf _rhstfrgf eg oireaaifghbioho oe bfs lirfs y eg bfs trhzfs Esphaihciegtf irrelubhr e igafrreatf oe bhs betrhs, phbhkrhs y

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

`rhses ]resegthaiñg suaih afg kfrrfges Irrelubhrioho oeb thchøf y `frch oe bhs betrhs Usf igoi`eregte oe bhs betrhs chyúsaubhs y cigúsaubhs Chbh pfsturh hb esarikir y afler eb bhpiz oe `frch igafrreath _rhzfs oisafgtigufs Esariturh begth y tfrpe Afg`usiñg, igversiñg y fcisiñg oe betrhs sicibhres eg lrh`ãh y sfgiof Ugifges sibèkiahs igafrreaths

; =  = 

 

Ahtelfry ; KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

OQC P oesarike bh oislrh`ãh: Oegtrf oeb hphrthof oe trhstfrgfs oeb oeshrrfbbf geurfbñliaf, cès espeaã`iahcegte oegtrf oeb hphrthof ‒trhstfrgf espeaã`iaf oeb hpregoizhje–. _rhstfrgf espeaã`iaf oeb hpregoizhje afg oi`iaubtho eg bh expresiñg esarith: 185.; (@>8.>8). Afrreaaiñg lrhchtiaahb hb y oe bh pugtuhaiñg Abhrioho u frlhgizhaiñg oe bh expresiñg esarith Oi`iaubtho frtflrè`i frtflrè`iah ah 1 =  = 

 

Ahtelfry ; KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Esths oi`iaubthoes pueoeg persistir pfr bf cegfs ourhgte seis ceses h peshr oe bfs trhthciegtfs oiriliofs h bhs cischs, pueoeg gf chgi`esthrse eg su tfthbioho nhsth que bhs oechgohs oe oianhs hptituoes superhg bhs ahphaiohoes bicithohs.

Bhs hptituoes hahoéciahs estèg pfr oekhjf oe bf esperhof phrh bh eoho arfgfbñliah. Qe prfouae ugh igter`eregaih respeatf eb regoiciegtf hahoéciaf f bhkfrhb f afg bhs hativiohoes oeb oãh h oãh. 1 =  = 

 

Ahtelfry ;

Eg bfs giøfs, bh oislrh`ãh se chgi`iesth h trhvés oe sãgtfchs oiversfs hphreaeg oesoebh ebesafbhrizhaiñg. igiaif oe bh esafbhrizhaiñg y hucegthg que h ceoioh que hvhgzh

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

Oesoe eb igiaif oe bh ethph esafbhr h bfs giøfs afg oislrh`ãh bes auesth cuanf es`uerzf esarikir y bf nhaeg cès oesphaif que bh b h ceoih oe bh abhse. Gucerfsfs errfres frtflrè`iafs y lrhchtiahbes thgtf eg bh expresiñg esarith afcf verkhb. Oi`iaubthoes phrh expreshr sus prfpifs pegshciegtfs eg bh reohaaiñg, afpih f oiathof. Oi`iaubth oes phrh frlhgizhr bhs betrhs oegtrf oe ugh cisch phbhkrh f `rhse. Qe peraike eg bfs giøfs ugh gfthkbe rilioez cftfrh f, pfr eb afgtrhrif, exaesivh bhxituo. ? =  = 

 

QIG_FCHQ BH OIQL[H@IH  

KHA D D  _ F Gfrchbcegte eb aerekrf , tfch bh ig`frchaiñg h trhvés oe bfs LHC E  E KFH[ O  O  segtiofs y bfs hbchaegh phrh ushrbfs chs throe, bhs persfghs que phoeaeg oe oislrh`ih tiegoeg h teger ugh serie oe ahrhaterãstiahs afcuges eg sus errfres afcf pfr ejecpbf: sustituyeg `fgechs, fciteg betrhs f høhoeg betrhs, eta. Afcf ahrhaterãstiahs oislrh`ihs se seøhbhg ofs tipfs oe sãgtfchs rebhaifghofs. Bfs pricerfs, oegfcighofs silgfs seaugohrifs lbfkhbes, afcpregoeg bh pfsturh ighoeauhoh, sfpfrte igafrreatf oeb igstrucegtf.

]fr ftrh phrte, bfs sãgtfchs espeaã`iafs, pfgeg su htegaiñg eg ebecegtfs oeb prfpif lrh`iscf afcf lrhg thchøf oe bhs betrhs, betrhs igabighohs, oe`frces, exaesivf esphaihof egtre betrhs f cuy hpiøhohs, egbhaes igoekiofs egtre lrh`echs, betrhs irreafgfaikbes y, eg oe`igitivh, textf oe oi`ãaib afcpregsiñg.

8 =  = 

 

Ahtelfry 1

Ahushs oe bh Oislrh`ih:

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

GEU[FBFLIAHQ: se prfouae afcf afgseauegaih oe ugh oe`iaiegaih geurfghb que be icpioe frlhgizhr afrreathcegte bh ig`frchaiñg que tiege luhrohoh y pfr esf gf pueoe pbhschrbh pfr esaritf ]QIAFCF_[IAEQ: Gf tfofs bfs giøfs oeshrrfbbhg bhs nhkibiohoes psiafcftriaes afg bh cisch preaisiñg. Auhgof nhy hblugh hbterhaiñg, hblugfs giøfs gf pueoeg affroighr kieg bfs cfviciegtfs oeb krhzf y oe bh chgf y esf nhae que esarikhg cès begtfs. Hckioextrfs: f zurofs h bfs que se bes nh egseøhof h esarikir afg bh chgf oereanh Legétiafs: Es legétiaf, pfr bf que auhgof ugf oe bfs prflegitfr prflegitfres es presegtñ oislrh`ãh es geaeshrif

que se bf evhbúe. Qig eckhrlf, existeg ftrfs `hatfres que pueoeg ig`buir eg bh presegaih oe oislrh`ãh, ejecpbf: Qi eb giøf ghae afg aihgfsis gefghthb f oe chgerh throãh, pueoe que oeshrrfbbe retrhsf psiafcftfr (nhkbhr, ahcighr, eta.) y pfr egoe geaesithrè rehbizhr hativiohoes oe esticubhaiñg tecprhgh. ; =  = 

 

Ahtelfry 1

F_[FQ QÃG_FCHQ OE HBE[_H XUE HYUOH[HG H IOEG_I@IAH[ BH OIQL[H@IH Chbh betrh hafcphøhof oe reanhzf h bh esariturh Ofbfr y ahgshgaif eg bfs cúsaubfs oe bh chgf _fch oiathoh f afpih bfs textfs afg begtituo Qe be afcpbiah esarikir sfkre ugh bãgeh y oegtrf oe bfs cèrleges _iege prfkbechs phrh beer chphs, oikujhr f reprfouair `frchs Qe be oi`iaubth sfsteger ug bèpiz afrreathcegte, nhaer trhzfs, afrthr bh afcioh, hthrse bfs afrofges oe bfs zhphtfs, hrchr rfcpeahkezhs, egtre ftrfs Be auesth afrthr phpeb afg tijerhs ]ueoe oebetrehr afg `haibioho oe chgerh frhb, perf afcete errfres hb esarikirbf Cezabh betrhs chyúsaubhs y cigúsaubhs Legerhbcegte, esarike frhaifges cuy bhrlhs Gf frlhgizh bhs phbhkrhs eg bh pèligh, oe izquieroh h oereanh

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

1 =  = 

 

Ahtelfry 1

¶Añcf oihlgfstiahr bh Oislrh`ãh6

]ruekhs céoiahs phrh Oislrh`ãh Bhs pruekhs phrh bh Oislrh`ãh afgsisteg eg rehbizhr ugh evhbuhaiñg previh oe tfofs bfs prfaesfs, afgouatuhbes y aflgitivfs, icpbiahofs eg bh beatfesariturh. Bhs pruekhs oe esariturh oe oihlgñstiaf se ecpbehg phrh evhbuhr bhs nhkibiohoes oe esariturh oeb igoiviouf afg respeatf h su eoho oe oeshrrfbbf. Eb evhbuhofr revishrè bfs resubthofs y pforè bbelhr h ugh afgabusiñg.

KHA D D  _ F LHC E  E KFH[ O O  

]ugtfs abhve Bhs pruekhs phrh bh oislrh`ih exhcighg bhs nhkibiohoes `ãsiahs geaeshrihs phrh esarikir, eb afgfaiciegtf eg lrhcètiah y bh nhkibioho phrh expreshr bhs ioehs

Bhs pruekhs phrh bh oislrh`ih pueoeg hyuohr h revebhr bh rhzñg pfr bh que su nijf tiege prfkbechs phrh esarikir.

Bfs resubthofs pueoeg oetercighr que tipf oe hohpthaifges phrh bh esariturh pforãhg kege`iaihr h su nijf.

 

>. Bh oi`iaubtho phrh esarikir icpbiah aiertf ahgshgaif f `htilh cegthb y `ãsiah. Qi eb giøf se siegte ahgshof f `rustrhof eg eb afbelif nhy que esthr htegtfs.