Diseño de Una Planta de Wólfram, Catari, Mamani y Villca

November 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Riavbrsamdm @dyhr mb Wdi Dimrás Ldguctdm mb Aiebiabràd Aiebiabràd @btdcûreagd y mb @dtbradcbs Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i - @B] >>: >>> >>: >>>

Ailhr`b mb;

Masbôh mb Vcditd mb Ghigbitrdga÷i mb @aibrdc mb U÷clrd` Mhgbitb; Aie. Dr`dimh Äcvdrbz Aitberditbs; 

Riav. Gdtdra Edvaigjd Mdiabcd



Riav. @d`dia Vdgdra Cazbtj 

Riav. Ib`y \accgd Drh

Lbgjd; 46‗ hgt - >64: Cd Vdz ‗ Nhcavad

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

MAWBÔH MB VCDI]D MB V^HGBWD@ABI]H MB U×CL^D@ ^BWR@BI Bi bc prbsbitb prhybgth sb jd rbdcazdmh thmh ch ibgbsdrah pdrd bc masbôh, ma`bisahidàbith y ghistrugga÷i mb uid pcditd mb ghigbitrdga÷i mb àibrdc mb w÷clrd`, qub prhgbsdrä 766 thibcdmds phr màd mb magjh àibrdc. Bc àibrdc mb w÷clrd` sh`btamh d bstumah tabib uid erdi prhphrga÷i mb gudrzh, dmb`äs mb paratds y lbrratds qub ch dgh`pdôdi bi prhphrgahibs saeialagdtavds. Bc pbsh bspbgàlagh gdcgucdmh mbc àibrdc rbsuct÷ mb >,,>7%. Bi bc trdndkh bxpbra`bitdc, sb saeua÷ ui `áthmh mb ghigbitrdga÷i ghivbigahidc, gh`bizdimh phr uid rbmugga÷i mb td`dôh bi traturdmhrd (-4/=pce), `hcabimd bi `hcaih d ndrrds (-% rbspbgtavd`bitb y cd mastranuga÷i mb cds Ghcds D mb 7.7:%. Cds cbybs mb bsths prhmugths, Ghigbitrdmh N y Ghcds N, lubrhi mb =2,6 y 4, 26. Ghi rbspbgth dc masbôh mb chs bquaphs y masphsaga÷i mb chs às`hs bi pcditd, sb ghisuct÷ ghi chs Gdtächehs Mbivbr y Zajida. Jdgabimh ush td`naái, mb dceuids bgudgahibs b`pàragds prhpubstds phr dceuihs duthrbs.

4

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

ÀIMAGB GDVÀ]RCH A 4. AI]^HMRGGA×I >. HNKB]A\HW >.4. Hnkbtavh Ebibrdc >.>. Hnkbtavhs Bspbgàlaghs

5 5 5 5

7. DI]BGBI]BW 7.4. Ebibrdcamdmbs mb àibrdc mb U÷clrd` 7.>. Vraigapdcbs ushs mbc U÷clrd` 7.7. Qdgaàbiths mb U÷clrd` 7.7.4. Bi bc @uimh 7.7.>. Bi Nhcavad 7.=. Vrhmugga÷i mb U÷clrd` 7.2. Vrbgahs mb U÷clrd`

1: 1 1 1 46 46 44

GDVÀ]RCH AA =. LRIMD@BI]DGA×I ]B×ÂGD =.4. Btdpd mb Gcdsalagdg Gcdsalagdga÷i a÷i =.>. ]aphs mb jdribrhs =.4.>. Dpcagdga÷i mb chs jdribrhs =.>. ]aphs mb Gcdsalagdmhrbs =.7. Gcdsalagdga Gcdsalagdga÷i ÷i Bi Jamrhgagchibs =.7.4. Dpcagdgahibs mb chs jamrhgagchibs =.7.>. Wbcbgga÷i mb Jamrhgagchibs =.7.7. \dradncbs mb Masbôh mb Jamrhgagc÷i =.=. Btdpd mb ]raturdga÷i =.=.4. Gcdsalagdga÷i mb cds Btdpds mb ]raturdga÷i =.=.>. ]raturdga÷i Vra`drad =.=.7. Mbtbràidga÷i mbc Àimagb mb trdndkh y bibreàd rbqubramd bi cd Btdpd mb ]raturdga÷i =.2. Btdpd mb @hcabimd =.2.4. ]aphs mb @hcaihs =.2.>. @hcaih mb Ndrrds =.2.7. Àimagb mb trdndkh - @hcabimd bi @hcaih mb Ndrrds =.2.=. @hcaih d Nhcds =.2.2. Àimagb mb trdndkh - `hcabimd bi `hcaih d nhcds =.2.4 >4 >4 >4 >> >> >7 >7 >= >= >= >= >2 >2 >< >< >5 >5 >: >1 >

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

=.1.4. ]hcvd mb Dca`bitdga÷i =.1.>. ]rdisphrtb mb Vucpd =.1.7. Ldgthrbs qub raebi bc maä`btrh mb tunbràd =.1.=. Rsh mb Nh`nds

@B] >>:

>1 >1 76 76   76

GDVÀ]RCH AAA 2. BZVBÂ@BI]DGA×I BI CDNH^D]HÂH 2.4. Gdrdgtbrazdga÷i mbc @aibrdc 2.>. Diäcasas Erdiuch`átragh bi ]raturdga÷i

77 77 77

2.7. Erdiuch`átragh bi @hcabimd 2.=. Diäcasas Mbtbràidga÷i Mbtbràidga ÷i mb Vbsh Bspbgàlagh 2.2. Mbtbràidga÷i Mbtbràidga÷i mb Vbsh Bspbgàlagh Dpdrbitb 2.5. Maderd`d mb prhgbsh mb Vrhgbmaàbith bi Cdnhrdthrah 2.5.4. Btdpd mb Lchtdga÷i mb Varatds 2.5.>. Mbtbràidga÷i mb cd mhsalagdga÷i mb rbdgtavhs 2.:. Ndcdigbs @btdcûreaghs 2.5.4. Ndcdigb @btdcûreagh Ebibrdc 2.5.7. Ndcdigb @äsagh

72 7< 75 75   7: 71 71 =6 =6 =4

GDVÀ]RCH A\ 7 >7 >= >2 >< >< =

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Laeurd >5. \dradga÷i mbc ghitbiamh mb s÷camhs d malbrbitbs dcturds mbc bspbsdmhr Laeurds >: y >1. Lactrhs mb masghs Laeurd 76. Vrhncb`ds mb mbsgdred bi thcvds Laeurd 74. Rsh mb ändghs pdrd cd mbtbràidga÷i mb \bchgamdm Cààtb mb sbma`bitdga÷i pdrd pucpds \C, Mastranuga÷i erdiuch`átragd ùy bstrbgjd. Laeurd 7>. Nh`nds ^hthmaiäàgds Laeurd 77. Lhr`d mbc suàmbrh mb uid nh`nd jhrazhitdc Laeurd 7=. Maderd`d mb prhgbsh mb Vrhgbmaàbith bi Cdnhrdthrah Laeurd 72. Ndcdigb @äsagh mb Vrhgbmaàbith bi Cdnhrdthrah Laeurd 7. Maderd`d mb Lcukh Vagt÷ragh

>5 >: >1 76 74 7: =4 =7 == =2 26 27 2= 2<

ÀIMAGB MB E^ÄLAGDW Erälagd 4. Vbsh Vdsh Dguùcdmh vs ]d`dôh mb @dccd - Btdpd ]raturdga÷i Dca`bitdga÷i Erälagd >. Vbsh Vdsh Dguùcdmh vs ]d`dôh mb @dccd - Btdpd ]raturdga÷i Mbsgdred Erälagd 7. Vbsh Vdsh Dguùcdmh vs ]d`dôh mb @dccd - Btdpd mb @hcabimd Mbsgdred Erälagd =. ^bprbsbitdga÷i mb sbma`bitdga÷i bi luiga÷i mbc tab`ph

77 7= 72 2=

2

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

GDVÀ]RCH A

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Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

MAWBÔH MB VCDI]D MB V^HGBWD@ABI]H MB U×CL^D@ 7. AI]^HMRGGA×I Bc U÷clrd` h ]uiestbih (U) iuigd sb bigubitrd canrb bi cd idturdcbzd, saih gh`naidmh bi dceuihs àibrdcbs, bi lhr`d mb whclrd`dths mb gdcgah, jabrrh h `diedibsh. Mb chs àibrdcbs ghihgamhs, cd Wgjbbcatd (GdUH=), cd Uhclrdàtd (LbUH=, @iUH=), cd Junibratd (@iUH=) y cd Lbrnbratd (LbUH=) tabibi a`phrtdigad gh`brgadc. Cd `dyhràd mb Uhclrdàtd bs erdi vbtd mb gudrzh h mbp÷sath mb tuiestbih mb vbid mbcedmd. Wu td`dôh mb malusa÷i bs erubsh. Vhr bsh, bs lägac su gcdsalagdga÷i. Vdrd àibrdc mb Uhclrdàtd, praigapdc`bitb utacazd uid tbgihcheàd mb sbpdrdga÷i gh`naidmd. Cd tbgihcheàd bstä mhàidmd phr cd sbpdrdga÷i mb erdvbmdm ghi gudtrhs pbràhmhs; pra`brh ghigbitrdga÷i, sbpdrdga÷i erdva`átragd, ghigbitrdga÷i y trdtdàbith mb ca`h.

=. HNKB]A\HW >.4.

Hnkbtavh Ebibrdc

Masbôdr uid pcditd mb ghigbitrdga÷i mb àibrdc mb U÷clrd` pdrd uid gdpdgamdm mb 766]VM.

>.>.

Hnkbtavhs Bspbgàlaghs  Gdrdgtbrazdr bc àibrdc mb U÷clrd` prhphrgahidmh phr bc Aistatuth mb

Aivbstaedgahibs AA@B]@D].  Bcdnhrdr ui maderd`d mb prhgbsh pdrd bc trdtdàbith mb àibrdc mb U÷clrd`.  Ma`bisahidr chs bquaphs aivhcugrdmhs bi bc trdtdàbith mbc àibrdc rbqubramhs d pdrtar mbc maderd`d mb prhgbsh.  ^bmdgga÷i mbc mhgu`bith mbc masbôh mb cd pcditd ghi sus bspbgalagdgahibs ghrrbsphimabitbs.

5

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

7. DI]BGBI]BW 7.4. Ebibrdcamdmbs mb àibrdc mb U÷clrd` Bc whclrdàh h vhclrdàh, td`naái ghihgamh gh`h w÷clrd` 7= h tuiestbih, bs ui bcb`bith quààgh mb iû`brh dt÷àgh 5= qub sb bigubitrd bi bc eruph < mb cd tdncd pbra÷magd mb m b chs bcb`biths, su sà`nhch bs U. Bs ui `btdc bsgdsh bi cd ghrtbzd tbrrbstrb, sb bigubitrd bi lhr`d mb ÷xamh y mb sdcbs bi gabrths àibrdcbs. Bs mb ghchr eras dgbrdmh, ùy murh y mbish, tabibmbbcthmhs puithchs mb bcb`biths lusa÷i `äsghihgamhs. bcbvdmh mb Wb thmhs chs `btdcbs y bc puith bigubitrd bi lhr`d s÷camd mb bnuccaga÷i `äs dcth gh`h ÷xamh y mb sdcbs bi gabrtds rhgds h àibrdcbs, pbrh iuigd sb bigubitrd gh`h `btdc purh. Jdy trbs taphs praigapdcbs mb àibrdcbs mb tuiestbih, ccd`dmhs Uhclrdàtd, Junibratd y Wgjbbcatd (bi jhihr d su mbsgunramhr ástb ûcta`h). D ghitaiudga÷i sb tabib chs praigapdcbs àibrdcbs mb U÷clrd`;

Laeurd 4. Laeurd >. Laeurd 7. @aibrdc mb Wgjbbcatd @aibrdc mb Lbrnbratd @aibrdc mb Junibratd Lubitb; Uaoapbmad Uaoapbmad a`äebibs Lubitb; Uao Uaoapbmad apbmad a`äebibs Lubitb; Uao Uaoapbmad apbmad a`äebi a`äebibs bs

Bc whclrdàh, bs bc bcb`bith quààgh ghi bc puith mb lusa÷i `äs dcth, sabimh ástb mb 7=46 »G. Lub mbsgunabrth phr chs jbr`dihs bspdôhcbs Kudi Khsá y Ldusth M'Bcjuydr bi 45:7. Wb prbsbitd bi àibrdcbs gh`h cd whclrdàtd _(Lb,@i)(UH=)P, cd Wgjbbcatd (GdUH=), cd Lbrnbratd (LbUH=), Jónibratd (@iUH=), y cd Wthczatd (VnUH=), thmhs bcchs Uhclrd`dths h ]uiestbidths. Wb usdmb shcmdmurds, bi chs lacd`biths mb cdsbcágtragds, cä`pdrdsy aigdimbsgbitbs, bi bcbgtrhmhs ih ghisuàncbs bi rbsastbigads dcbdmh ghi bc dgbrh, bi cd ldnragdga÷i mb dgbrhs bspbgadcbs. Bi cd saeuabitb tdncd sb rbghebi cds prhpabmdmbs làsagds `äs rbcbvditbs mbc whclrdàh; ]dncd 4. Vrhpabmdmbs làsagds whclrdàh.

Mdths bcbgtr÷iaghs Gdpds Hrnatdcbs Bcbgtrhibedtavamdm Vhtbigadc mb ahiazdga÷i

>,:,4:,7>,4>,> ZbP =l 4= 2m= 4.=, 4.5 5.1: b\

Bstdmhs mb hxamdga÷i

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Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Mdths táràghs Ghimugtavamdm táràgd

6.4:1 46Y<

Vuith mb lusa÷i Vuith mb bnuccaga÷i Gdchr bspbgàlagh Gdchr mb lusa÷i

7=46 ¶G ´>6 2=.6 oK/`hc oK/`hc 4.5= U/gÒ 6..

Vraigapdcbs ushs mbc U÷clrd`

Cds praigapdcbs dpcagdgahibs aimustradcbs mbc w÷clrd` shi; - Lacd`biths aigdimbsgbitbs pdrd tunhs mb vdgàh y cugbs bcágtragds bcágtragds (nh`naccd mb Bmashi). - Bcbgtrhmhs pdrd shcmdmurd. - Gdnbzds mb ghjbtbs. - @hthrbs mb dvahibs. - Nukàds mb bigbimamh. - ^bsastbigads pdrd jhrihs bcágtraghs. - Vcdgds bi tunhs mb rdyhs Z. - Ghitdgths bcágtraghs. - Gh`naidmh mb gdcgah y `deibsah sb utacazd bi cugbs lcuhrbsgbitbs. - Bi lhr`d mb gdrnurh mb whclrdàh, sb b`pcbd bi cd ldnragdga÷i mb jbrrdàbitds. - Bc `dyhr phrgbitdkb (=6%) sb b`pcbd bi dcbdgahibs, phr su bcbvdmd murbzd.

7.7. Qdgaàbiths mb U÷clrd` 7.7.4. Bi bc @uimh Vdrd bxtrdbr bc bcb`bith mb su `bid, sb luimb ástd ghi gdrnhidth mb shmah hntbiaáimhsb whclrd`dth mb shmah, Id>UH=. Bc whclrd`dth mb shmah shcuncb sb bxtrdb mbspuás ghi deud gdcabitb y sb trdtd ghi ägamh gchrjàmragh pdrd ghisbeuar ägamh whclräàgh, J>UH=. Bstb ûcta`h gh`pubsth, uid vbz cdvdmh y sbgdmh, lhr`d bc ÷xamh UH7, qub sb rbmugb ghi jamr÷ebih bi ui jhrih bcágtragh. Bc laih phcvh hntbiamh sb rbgdcabitd bi `hcmbs bi uid dt`÷slbrd mb jamr÷ebih, y sb prbisd bi lhr`d mb ndrrds qub sb birhccdi y `drtaccbdi d dctd tb`pbrdturd pdrd jdgbrcds gh`pdgtds y mûgtacbs. Jdy àibrdcbs mb whclrdàh shnrb 1

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

thmh bi Gjaid, Nhcavad, Vhrtuedc, ûsad, Ghrbd mbc Wur, Vbrû y Bstdmhs Riamhs (bi Gdcalhriad y Ghchrdmh). Bi Bspdôd sb bigubitrdi àibrdcbs mb whclrdàh bi Cb÷i (Nabrzh Hggambitdc), Wdcd`digd (Ndrrubghpdrmh y Chs Wdiths), Edcagad, bspbgadc`bitb bi Vhitbgbsh, Wditd Gh`nd y Gdrndcch (Cd Ghruôd), bi Bxtrb`dmurd bspbgadc`bitb bi dceuids chgdcamdmbs mb Ndmdkhz, bi ]hridvdgds y Dgbnh (Gägbrbs), mhimb tuvh erdi rbcbvdigad phr cd mb`dimd mb Dcb`diad murditb cd Wbeuimd Eubrrd @uimadc. 7.7.>. Bi Nhcavad Nhcavad lub ui prhmugthr ùy a`phrtditb, praigapdc`bitb murditb mhs eubrrds ùimadcbs y jdstd bc dôh 4125. Bs pubs, ùbstrd pdtrad bc praigapdc prhmugthr mb whclrd` mbc jbàslbrah Hggambitdc. Bs dsà qub Bstäi maluimamhs bi cd ldkd bstdiiàlbrd bi thmd su bxtbisa÷i mbsmb Whrdtd, phr bc Ihrtb, jdstd Bs`hrdgd, phr bs sur. Bxastbi `äs mb >66 ydgaàbiths aimavamudcbs. Chs prhmugthrbs praigapdcbs shi cds àids;  

Gjhkccd y Nhcsd Iberd bi cd Ghrmaccbrd ^bdc \achgh, Vdguia y Gjd`nacdyd bi cd Ghrmaccbrd ]rbs Grugbs

Bi trbs gbrrhs mb rbcabvb dnrupth, Dùtdrd, Gjaghtb y Odà, mb rbcabvb dnrupth, unagdmhs bi càibd rbgtd, guyhs iûgcbhs sb gh`phibi mb jhrilbcs ghi tur`dcaid, jdstd bc lach bitrb Cd Vdz y Ghgjdnd`nd. Uhclrdàtd y gdsatbratd bi bc gbrrh Iberh, bs ghitrdlubrtb dc Wur mbc Acca`dia, dgh`pdôdmhs mb parrhtaid, ùsghvatd y lcuhratd ncdigd. Uhclrdàtd ditbrahr d gdsatbratd y gdsatbratd dshgadmd d dita`hiatd bstäi bi cds àids mb Wdydquard, Ghighrmad y Ghyd mb cd ghrmaccbrd mb \brd Gruz, ûcta`h bscdn÷i dc Wur mb cd lacd mb cds dctds ghrmaccbrds ecdgadcbs. Dmb`äs mb chs ydgaàbiths ditaeuhs bi bc Ihrtb mbc pdàs, dceuihs ydgaàbiths tbrgadrahs sunvhcgäiaghs bi bc Gbitrh y Wur mbc pdàs td`naái prbsbitdi ghitbiamh mb w÷clrd`. Bi Ccdccdeud, sb bigubitrdi whclrdàtd, mbsmb lbrnbratd jdstd junibratd, bi pbqubôhs grastdcbs. Uhclrdàtd ghi hrh, mb vbtds mbcedmds y gudrgatds sb prbsbitd bi bc gbrrh Dcgdimbvdrah, dc hbstb mb Hphgh, âh @ucdths, Vhthsà.

7.=. Vrhmugga÷i mb U÷clrd` Jdy àibrdcbs mb whclrdàh shnrb thmh bi Gjaid, Nhcavad, Vhrtuedc, ûsad, Ghrbd mbc Wur, Vbrû y Bstdmhs Riamhs (bi Gdcalhriad y Ghchrdmh). Bi Bspdôd sb bigubitrdi àibrdcbs mb whclrdàh bi Cb÷i (Nabrzh Hggambitdc), Wdcd`digd (Ndrrubghpdrmh y Chs Wdiths), Edcagad, bspbgadc`bitb bi Vhitbgbsh, Wditd Gh`nd y Gdrndcch (Cd Ghruôd), bi Bxtrb`dmurd bspbgadc`bitb bi dceuids chgdcamdmbs mb Ndmdkhz, bi ]hridvdgds y Dgbnh (Gägbrbs), mhimb tuvh erdi rbcbvdigad phr cd mb`dimd mb cd Dcb`diad Idza murditb cd Wbeuimd Eubrrd @uimadc. Bi cd saeuabitb tdncd sb dprbgad cd prhmugga÷i ùimadc mb U÷clrd` y cd prhmugga÷i idgahidc mbc pdàs; 46

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

]dncd >. Vrhmugga÷i mb U÷clrd` d Iavbc @uimadc bi ]hibcdmds, Dôh >64=

Lubitb; Uaoapbmad

7.2. Vrbgahs mb U÷clrd` Bc U÷clrd` jd sulramh ui aigrb`bith bi su prbgah bi chs ûcta`hs dôhs y pubmb dprbgadrsb bi cd saeuabitb erälagd;

Laeurd =. Vrbgahs mb U÷clrd` bi chs ûcta`hs dôhs Lubitb; www.cbiitbgj.gh`

Laeurd 2. Vrbgah mbc U÷clrd` Lubitb; Wbidrbgh` (bxtrdàmh >1-44->64:) 44

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

GDVÀ]RCH GDVÀ]RCH AA

4>

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=. LRIMD@BI]DGA×I ]B×ÂGD =.4. Btdpd mb Gcdsalagdga÷i Bs cd hpbrdga÷i bi cd qub sb prhmugb cd sbpdrdga÷i sbp drdga÷i mb ui sastb`d pdrtagucdmh, mb uid gabrtd mastranuga÷i erdiuch`átragd, bi mhs lrdggahibs, uid ghi uid mastranuga÷i bi qub prbvdcbgbi chs td`dôhs `dyhrbs y htrd bi cd qub prbvdcbgbi chs td`dôhs `bihrbs. Bstd hpbrdga÷i bs mb d`pcah ush aimustradc y su hnkbtavh praigapdc bs `diapucdr cds mastranugahibs mb td`dôhs mb chs lcukhs mb uid pcditd ghi bc lai mb hptaàzdr bc gh`phrtdàbith mb htrds hpbrdgahibs. Bc praigapah utacazdmh pdrd prhmugar cd sbpdrdga÷i mbpbimb mb cd `deiatum mb chs td`dôhs mb cds pdrtàgucds qub gh`phibi bc sastb`d (gdmd lrdgga÷i ghilhr`dmd phr pdrtàgucds mb td`dôh `äs uialhr`b). Gcdsalagdmhrbs h sbpdrdmhrbs mb td`dôh shi;  JDÎB^HW; Wbpdrd pdrtàgucds mb td`dôh erubsh (]raturdga÷i).  GCDWALAGDMH^BW; Wbpdrd pdrtàgucds mb td`dôh laih (@hcabimd). =.>. ]aphs mb jdribrhs Bitrb bcchs sb `bigahid d chs saeuabitbs; d) Vdrraccd Bstdgahidrad; Ditbs mbc gjdigdmhrd pra`drad. n) Wupbrlàgab Gurvdmd; ^dieh; >666_γ`P - =2_γ`P

g) Eardthrahs (]d`nhr);  ]rh``bc; 42_rp`P->6_rp`P, jû`bmh h sbgh (sbgh; 66_ γ`P  Jhrazhitdc; Wupbrlagab rbgtdieucdr, : (>64:) Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

47

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Dceuids mblaiagahibs; "Vdsh" `dtbradc qub pdsd d trdvás mb dnbrturd mb gbmdzh (td`dôh pbqubôh h sun td`dôh). –^bgjdzh‐ `dtbradc qub qubmd shnrb bc gbmdzh (shnrb td`dôh).Cd supbrlagab mbc tdàz pubmb sbr lakd (erazzcy) h `÷vac (gbmdzhs vanrdmhrbs). vanr dmhrbs).  Grandmh sbgh (jdstd ~ 46 @.)  Grandmh jû`bmh (mbsmb ~ 46 d 72@.)

=.4.>. Dpcagdga÷i mb chs jdribrhs Cd dpcagdga÷i mb chs gcdsalagdmhrbs bs tdc, qub sb ch mbsgranb d ghitaiudga÷i; 4. Vrbvbiar aierbsh mb pdrtàgucds sun td`dôh d traturdga÷i (bcbvd su gdpdgamdm y blagabigad) >. Vrbvbiar bc pdsh mb pdrtàgucds shnrb td`dôh d saeuabitb btdpd bi garguath gbrrdmh mb traturdga÷i h `hcabimd. 7. Vrbpdrdr `dtbradc ghi td`dôh mb pdrtàgucd uialhr`b pdrd hpbrdgahibs bspbgàlagds. =. Vrhmugar ui prhmugth laidc ghi mbtbràidmh td`dôh mb pdrtàgucd.

=.7. ]aphs mb Gcdsalagdmhrbs Bitrb chs gcdsalagdmhrbs sb tabib cd saeuabitb mavasa÷i; 4) Gcdsalagdmhrbs @bgäiaghs Mb bspardc Mb rdstrds

>) Gcdsalagdmhrbs Jamräucaghs Mb Lubrzd erdvatdgahidc Mb lubrzd gbitràlued

Laeurd :. Gcdsalagdmhr Bspardc Laeurd 1. Gcdsalagdmhr Jagmrhgagc÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: >>: (>64:) Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

Chs saeuabitbs pdrä`btrhs ehnabridi bc taph y td`dôh mbc gcdsalagdmhr rbqubramh pdrd uid dpcagdga÷i bspbgàlagd;  



]hibcdkb s÷camh bi dca`bitdga÷i, mbisamdm bspbgàlagd y mbisamdm dpdrbitb bi sbgh. Gurvd erdiuch`átragd mb s÷camhs bi dca`bitdga÷i Ghigbitrdga÷i s÷camhs bi pucpd mb dca`bitdga÷i Vucpd mb dca`bitdga÷i y su mbisamdm bspbgalagd Gcdsalagdga÷i rbqubramd y rdmah mb sbma`bitdga÷i mb cd dca`bitdga÷i h td`dôh rbqubramh mb sbpdrdga÷i bi cd pucpd mb cd dca`bitdga÷i Ghigbitrdga÷i s÷camhs bi rbnhsb



Ghigbitrdga÷i s÷camhs bi bc juimamh

  

4=

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Gcdsalagdga÷i Bi Jamrhgagchibs =.=. Bc `áthmh mb sbpdrdga÷i bi gd`phs gbitràluehs lub mbsdrrhccdmh pdrd du`bitdr cd gdpdgamdm y cd blagabigad mb sbpdrdga÷i bsbigadc`bitb bi erdih laih, bi ndsb d cd dgga÷i mb lubrzds dmagahidcbs. Chs bquaphs qub prbsbitdi bstb taph mb lubrzds shi chs jamrhgagchibs qub mb dgubrmh d su ebh`btràd pubmbi gcdsalagdrsb bi mhs erdimbs eruphs;

4) g÷iaghs >) Jamrhgagchibs gacàimraghs

Jamrhgagc÷i mb lhimh pcdih

Jamrhgagc÷i prbghigbitrdmhr

Jamrhgagc÷i gcdsalagdmhr

Jamrhgagc÷i mbscd`dmhr

Laeurd 46. ]aphs mb jamrhgagchibs Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

Gudimh uid pucpd sb dca`bitd d prbsa÷i dc aitbrahr mbc jamrhgagc÷i, ástb lhr`d ui thrnbccaih d ch cdreh mb cd pdrbm aitbrahr, ghi tbimbigad d sdcar phr cd dnbrturd ailbrahr mbc ghih. Wai b`ndreh, bi dceûi puith mbc às`h, sb prhmugb ui bstrdieucdàbith qub hraeaid, qub s÷ch uid phrga÷i mb cd ghrrabitb sb mbsgdreub gh`h lcukh ailbrahr (R.L.)? phr ch ebibrdc cds pdrtàgucds `äs erubsds y pbsdmds y dûi thmhs chs s÷camhs. Cd lrdgga÷i rbstditb, gh`pubstd näsagd`bitb phr cd lrdgga÷i laid rbsamudc, tabimb d lhr`dr ui sbeuimh thrnbccaih d ch cdreh mbc iûgcbh, bc às`h qub bs lhrzdmh d sdcar phr cd pdrtb supbrahr mbc bquaph, prhmugth mbihàidmh gh`h hvbr lchw (H.L.). Laihs

Jamrhgagc÷i

Erubshs

Dca`bith lrbsgh Dca`bith gh`pubsth @hcaih mb nhcds Wu Wuà àmb mbrh rh

Nh`n Nh`ndd

Laeurd 44. Masphsaga÷i mb ui jamrhgagc÷i bi ui garguath mb gcdsalagdga÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

Bi ghisbgubigad, cd sbpdrdga÷i mbitrh bc jamrhgagc÷i sb rbdcazd phr cd ebibrdga÷i mb chs v÷rtagbs pra`drah y sbguimdrah, mhimb, pdrd su lhr`dga÷i aitbrvabibi mavbrsds lubrzds 42

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

rbcdgahidmds ghi cds vbchgamdmbs qub dgtûdi ghi gdmd uid mb cds pdrtàgucds. Bstds vbchgamdmbs shi; d) \bchgamdmbs tdiebigadcbs; hraeaidi cds lubrzds gbitràlueds (\h). n) \bchgamdmbs vbrtagdcbs; ebibrd bc trdisphrtb mb pdrtàgucds jdgad chs hralagahs mb mbsgdred äpbx y v÷rtbx (\z). g) \bchgamdmbs rdmadcbs; hraeaidi cds lubrzds mb drrdstrb gbitràpbtds h mb rbsastbigad (\r). =.=.4. Dpcagdgahibs mb chs jamrhgagchibs Cds dpcagdgahibs `äs shnrbdcabiths b a`phrtditbs mb bsths bquaphs shi cds saeuabitbs;     

Bspbsdàbith, Gcdsalagdga÷i, Mbscd`dmh, Cdvdmh bi ghitrdghrrabitb Vrbghigbitrdga÷i ghi `bmahs pbsdmhs

=.=.>. Wbcbgga÷i mb Jamrhgagchibs Cd sbcbgga÷i mb chs jamrhgagchibs bi cd btdpd mb ma`bisahidàbith mb uid pcditd mb ghigbitrdga÷i mb àibrdcbs bs ùy a`phrtditb, pdrd bcch sb th`d bi gubitd cd gurvd mb blagabigad `hstrdmd bi cd saeuabitb laeurd;

Laeurd 4>. Gurvd mb Blagabigad pdrd cd sbcbgga÷i mb Jamrhgagchibs Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

Bi cd erälagd sb hnsbrvd bc ghblagabitb mb pdrtaga÷i vs bc td`dôh prh`bmah mb pdrtàgucd bi àgrhibs qub bs bc m26. =.=.7. =.=. 7. \d \ dr a dncb ncbss mb mb M a sb sbôh ôh mb J a mrhgagc÷i

Cds vdradncbs mb masbôh qub sb th`di bi gubitd pdrd bc ma`bisahidàbith shi cds saeuabitbs; 4) Maä`btrh mbc gagc÷i; Lubrzd mb sbpdrdga÷i, aivbrsd`bitb prhphrgahidc ghi maä`btrh mbc gagc÷i. m26G bs prhphrgahidc d Mi. >) Maä`btrh mbc v÷rtbx; Ailcuyb bi m26G. d 9 v÷rtbx, rbnhsb `äs erubsh. 4<

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

7) Ärbd bitrdmd; Ehnabrid cd vbchgamdm tdiebigadc. Ri 9 bi ärbd mb bitrdmd 9 lcukh mb dca`bitdga÷i =) Maä`btrh mbc äpbx; Mbtbràid cd gdpdgamdm mb s÷camhs y % mb s÷camhs bi bc RL. Mbsgdred bi lhr`d mb shed saeialagd shnrbgdred mb s÷camhs. 2) Chieatum sbgga÷i gacàimragd; Ri 9 bi chieatum pdrtb gacàimragd ebibrd sbpdrdga÷i `äs laid. 66 d 766 ehcpbs phr àiuth. Cd dgga÷i mb traturdga÷i (h dpcagdga÷i mb lubrzds) bs dpcagdmd dc lrde`bith `bmaditb uid pdrtb `÷vac, qub sb dgbrgd y rbtrhgbmb rbspbgth d htrd lakd, mhimb cd rhgd bs pbccazgdmd phr cds mhs pdrtbs mbihàidmds gh`h `dimànucds `÷vac y lakd. Cd d`pcatum mb cd gdrrbrd mbc bcb`bith `÷vac rbspbgth d cd lakd bs luiga÷i mbc `÷much mb bcdstagamdm mb chs `dtbradcbs trdtdmhs. =.=.4. Gcds =.=.4. G cdsaa la gd gdga ga÷ ÷i m mb b cds B td tdpd pdss m mb b ]r a turdga÷i Vraigapdc`bitb bi cd gcdsalagdga÷i mb cds btdpds mb traturdga÷i y traturdmhrds sb mbnbi th`dr bi gubitd bc taph mb `dtbradc trdtdmh y bc prhmugth hntbiamh, mb dgubrmh d cd lhr`d bi qub shi dpcagdmds cds lubrzds mb lrde`bitdga÷i. Ndkh bstb ghigbpth sb rbghihgbi cds saeuabitbs;

d) ]raturdga÷i pra`drad ]rdndkh rbdcazdmh phr traturdmhrds pra`drads qub lrde`bitdi phr ch ebibrdc cd gdred prhvbiabitb mb cd àid, nchqubs jdstd mb d 7 puce., hnsbrväimhsb ui `bihr erdmh mb rbmugga÷i bi cd btdpd. Bi bstd btdpd sb utacazdi traturdmhrds eardthrads y mb ghih.

45

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

g) ]raturdga÷i tbrgadrad Bs cd qub th`d bc prhmugth mb cd traturdga÷i sbguimdrad h prhmugth aitbr`bmah pdrd lrde`bitdrch jdstd dprhxa`dmd`bitb ui rdieh mb 7/= d 4/> puce., prhmugth qub bs bivadmh ihr`dc`bitb d cd btdpd mb `hcabimd pra`drad. Bi cd traturdga÷i tbrgadrad (laid) sb utacazdi cds traturdmhrds mb ghih. =.=.>. ]raturdga÷i Vra`drad Bi cd prägtagd sb utacazdi mhs taphs mb traturdmhrds mb `dimànucds qub shi; d) ]aph Ncdob y n) ]aph Mhmeb.

d. ]raturdmhrd taph Ncdob Cd traturdmhrd taph Ncdob (Laeurd 44), mbihàidmd mb dgga÷i pbra÷magd, guyh luigahidàbith bs sa`pcb; Bc bxgáitragh qub dgtûd shnrb bc ärnhc praigapdc cb a`pra`b ui `hvaàbith mb hsgacdga÷i vbrtagdc.

Laeurd 47. ]raturdmhrd mbc taph Ncdob Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @AI >>4 (>64>4 (>64>:

=.=.7. Mbtbràidga÷i mbc Àimagb mb trdndkh y bibreàd rbqubramd bi cd Btdpd mb ]raturdga÷i Bc Àimagb mb ]rdndkh sb mblaib gh`h ghisu`h bspbgàlagh mb bibreàd (U), ibgbsdrad pdrd prhvhgdr cd ldgturd mb uid thibcdmd mb àibrdc qub sb prhgbsd (oUj/t.). Cd hpbrdga÷i mb `hcabimd ghistatuyb cd ûcta`d btdpd mbc prhgbsh mb rbmugga÷i mb td`dôh, mhimb cds pdrtàgucds mb dca`bitdga÷i mb dcrbmbmhr 7/: d 4/= puce. Whi rbmugamds bi bstd btdpd d td`dôhs mb pdrtàgucds pdrtàg ucds ÷pta`hs ÷pta`hs `bihrb `bihrbss d 72 `dccd `dccdss mb cd sbrab ]ycbr, td`dôhs qub mbpbimbi mbpbimbi mb vdrahs ldgthrbs gh`htb,cdbtg maspbrsa÷i mb chs vdchrbs mb cd `bid, cd hpbrdga÷i mb sbpdrdga÷i d utacazdrsb phstbr phstbrahr`bi ahr`bitb, btg. . Wbeûi Nhim, bc trdndkh rbqubramh pdrd traturdr 4thibcdmd mb àibrdc tdàzdmh d ui rdmah mb rbmugga÷i (^) mb 2 bs; U 

W 0 G 0 V:6 0

 V :6  6,>4:.G  L .6,5=<  :6   W V :6  L :6 

Erdvbmdm bspbgàlagd mb pdrtàgucds Vrh`bmah mb rbsastbigad dc a`pdgth bi cn-pab/puce mb bspbshr mb cd pdrtàgucd ]d`dôh prhmugth bi :6 % pdsh (puce).

]h`dimh bi gubitd;

 L :6  V :6  466    L :6  V :6 

U  U  A 

V 0 Vhtbigad ghisuàmd phr bc bquaph (oU) L 0 Lcukh mb dca`bitdga÷i lrbsgd dc bquaph (t/j).

Laidc`bitb bc Àimagb mb ]rdndkh pdrd traturdga÷i (OUJ/t.g.) U  A 

>,21 * G W

=.2. Btdpd mb @hcabimd Chs `hcaihs rhtdthrahs ghisastbi bsbigadc`bitb mb ui td`nhr gacàimragh jhrazhitdc h g÷iagh, `hitdmh shnrb ui bkb jhrazhitdc mb earh, gdredmh bi ui 26 % mb su vhcu`bi h dceh `bihs ghi ndrrds mb dgbrh, nhcds mb dgbrh h trhzhs mb rhgd. Chs gubrphs mb `hcabimd pubmbi sbr;  Nhcds  Ndrrds  Vbnncbs (euakdrrhs) Chs mhs pra`brhs shi a`phrtditbs bi cd aimustrad @aibrh - @btdcûreagd y pubmbi sbr mb jabrrh luimamh, lhrkdmh, dgbrh lhrkdmh, grh`dmh h dc `diedibsh. Wu td`dôh ghrrabitb`bitb vdràd bitrb > d < puce. mb maä`btrh? gh`pdrdtavd`bitb erdimbs y pbsdmds, rbspbgth d cds pdrtàgucds àibrdcbs. Cd gdred mb nhcds bi chs `hcaihs mbnb sbr ui ldgthr ghistditb, hgupdimh ui vhcu`bi prhphrgahidc d bccds qub mbnb dcgdizdr d dceh `bihs mbc 26 % `äs chs bspdgahs vdgàhs. 41

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Aimbpbimabitb`bitb mbc maä`btrh mb cd mbsgdred mbc `hcaih, bi táràihs ebibrdcbs sb ghisambrd, gh`h gdred dprhpadmd mbc `hcaih, cd qub hgupb bc vhcu`bi ghrrbsphimabitb d ui tbrgah mbc maä`btrh mb trdndkh mbc `hcaih. =.2.4. ]aphs mb @hcaihs Bi ebibrdc sb pubmb `bigahidr qub bxastb uid erdi vdrabmdm mb taphs mb `hcaihs qub sb gcdsalagdi mb dgubrmh d;  Chs gubrphs mb `hcabimd; `hcaih mb ndrrds, nhcds, gycpbns, pbnncbs (gdiths h rhgds murds), dut÷ebihs LDE (pdrtàgucds erdimbs mbc às`h àibrdc) y sbàduthebihs WDE (nhcds y pdrtàgucds erdimbs)  Cd masphsaga÷i mb cd dca`bitdga÷i y mbsgdred; `hcaihs ghi mbsgdred phr rbndcsb, phr rbkaccd y pbraláragd.  @hmh mb hpbrdga÷i; `hcaihs rhtdthrahs, vanrdthrahs y gbitràluehs gbitràluehs g÷iaghs.    Lhr`d mb chs td`nhrbs; `hcaihs gacàimraghs y gacaimrh g÷iaghs.  Cd luiga÷i qub gu`pcb bi cd ghiàiuga÷i; `hcaihs pra`drahs, sbguimdrahs y tbrgadrahs   tbrgadrahs  ]aph mb hpbrdga÷i; `hcabimd bi sbgh y `hcabimd bi jû`bmh. jû`bmh.

Laeurd 42. @hcaih d Nhcds Laeurd 4>4 (>64>4 (>64>4 (>646

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=.2.>. @hcaih mb Ndrrds Bi chs `hcaihs mb ndrrds, chs gubrphs mb `hcabimd shi ndrrds mb dgbrh ghi dcth ghitbiamh mb gdrnhih. Wu td`dôh sb mblaib phr cd rbcdga÷i mbc cdreh (C) y bc maä`btrh (M) mbc aitbrahr mbc rbvbstaàbith C 0 (4,2 ->,2)M. Chs `hcaihs mb ndrrds ebibrdc`bitb sb subcbi mastaieuar bi ndsb d cd phtbigad qub ghisu`bi bi vbz mb su gdpdgamdm, pbrh bi cd prägtagd sb th`di d`nhs. =.2.7. Àimagb mb trdndkh - @hcabimd bi @hcaih mb Ndrrds Cd l÷rùcd pcditbdmd phr Nhim bs cd saeuabitb; U a 

46 46 V a 6, >7En6, 2(  ) V L

Mhimb; Ua 0 Va 0 E n 0 V 0 L 0

Àimagb ]rdndkh pdrd `hcabimd bi `hcaih mb ndrrd (OUJ/t.g.) ]d`dôh mb ghrtb (²`) (dnbrturd mbc tdàz utacazdmh pdrd blbgtudr cds prubnds mb mb mbtbràid mbtbràidga÷i ga÷i mb E n). Eraimdnacamdm pdrd `hcaih mb ndrrds (iû`brh mb erd`hs `hcamhs phr rbvhcuga÷i mbc `hcaih (e/^bv.) mbtbràidmh phr prubnds bxpbra`bitdcbs). :6 % pbsh pdsh bi bc prhmugth :6 % pbsh pdsh bi cd dca`bitdga÷i

=.2.=. @hcaih d Nhcds Mhimb chs gubrphs mb `hcabimd bstäi ghistatuamhs phr nhcds mb jabrrh luimamh, lhrkdmh h dgbrh dc `diedibsh. Bi chs `hcaihs mb nhcds cd rdz÷i C/M mbnb sbr aeudc h `bihr d 4,2 d 4. Bi bc gdsh mb qub cd rdz÷i C/M bstb bitrb 7 y 2, chs `hcaihs shi ghihgamhs ghi bc ih`nrb mb `hcaihs tunucdrbs. Chs `hcaihs mb nhcds sá sungcdsalagdi mb dgubrmh dc taph mb mbsgdred mbc prhmugth bi; `hcaihs mb mbsgdred pbraláragd laidc, mbsgdred phr rbkaccd, y mb mbsgdred phr rbndcsb. Mb bsths, bc `hcaih mb mbsgdred phr rbndcsb bs bc `äs utacazdmh bi cd prägtagd y pubmb trdndkdr bi garguath gbrrdmh h dnabrth. =.2.2. Àimagb mb trdndkh - `hcabimd bi `hcaih d nhcds Vhr bc @áthmh mb Nhim, sb tabib cd saeuabitb rbcdga÷i b`pcbdmd pdrd bc gäcguch mbc àimagb mb trdndkh; U a  6.>7

V a Enp

==.26 6.:>  46

46  U  46U  a  V  L  

4 V



4 



L   >4

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=.2.: (>64:) >>

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Laeurds 41 y >6. Wbpdrdga÷i phr mbisamdm - Wbpdrdga÷i phr pucsdga÷i y bstrdtalagdga÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

Laeurds >4 y >>. Wbpdrdga÷i phr pucsdga÷i y bstrdtalagdga÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:) =.7

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=.,2 ghigbitrdga÷i phr erdvbmdm bs sbigaccd Wa –T‐ 3 d >,2 blagabigad mb sbpdrdga÷i mbgrbgb Wa –T‐ 3 d 4.>2 sbpdrdga÷i ih bs gh`brgadc`bitb phsancb

Vrhgbshs Erdva`átraghs ghivbigahidcbs rbgupbrdi pdrtàgucds 9 d 52 `. –Gudith 3 bc td`dôh mb pdrtàgucds, 9 bs cd a`phrtdigad mb cds lubrzds mb vasghsamdm y lcuambz bi rbcdga÷i d cd mbisamdm‐.

Bi cds ûcta`ds mágdmds, cd aivbstaedga÷i sb jd hrabitdmh d cd rbgupbrdga÷i mb pdrtàgucds bi bc rdieh mb 52-42 `.

=.5. Ghigbitrdga÷i phr Lchtdga÷i ]ágiagd mb ghigbitrdga÷i, dprhvbgjd cd malbrbigad bitrb cds prhpabmdmbs supbrlagadcbs h aitbrldgadcbs mbctrdisphrtdi àibrdc ûtacchs y cds÷camhs edied.d Wb ndsd bi cd mb dmjbsa÷i s÷camhs d nurnukds mb darb, cds qub cd supbrlagab cd gbcmdmbmbdceuihs lchtdga÷i (Ghigbitrdmh). Cd lrdgga÷i qub ih sb dmjabrb d cds nurnukds pbr`dibgb bi cd pucpd (ghcds h rbcdvbs). =.5.4. ]aphs mb Lchtdga÷i Chs taphs mb lchtdga÷i shi; 4. Lchtdga÷i marbgtd; mhimb bc àibrdc vdcahsh sdcb bi cd bspu`d y cd edied sb qubmd bi bc ihi-lchdt. >. Lchtdga÷i aivbrsd; mhimb bc àibrdc vdcahsh sb qubmd gh`h ihi-lchdt y cd edied bs cd qub lchtd. 7. Lchtdga÷i ghcbgtavd; bi bc gdsh mb qub thmhs chs àibrdcbs vdcahshs y mb ui shch taph àibrdc÷eagh (phr bkb`pch; suclurhs) sdcbi bi cd bspu`d. =. Lchtdga÷i sbcbgtavd h malbrbigadc; gh`h su ih`nrb aimagd cd lchtdga÷i bs sbcbgtavd, sb lchtd ui shch àibrdc d cd vbz bi gdmd btdpd. =.5.>. ^bdgtavhs mb lchtdga÷i Chs rbdgtavhs mb lchtdga÷i `äs b`pcbdmhs shi; 4) Ghcbgthr. ^bdgtavh quààgh hreäiagh. ]abib cd prhpabmdm mb dmshrnbrsb sbcbgtavd`bitb bi cd supbrlagab mbc àibrdc y trdislhr`drch bi jamrhl÷nagh. >) Bspu`ditb. ^bdgtavh quààgh hreäiagh qub sb dmagahid d cd pucpd pdrd bstdnacazdr cd bspu`d, bi cd gudc sb bigubitrd bc àibrdc mb aitbrás. 7) @hmalagdmhrbs. Bitrb bcchs sb bigubitrdi; @hmalagdmhrbs mb pJ; ägamhs y ndsbs (Bk.; JGc, IdHJ, btg.).

>=

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Dgtavdmhrbs; ^bdgtavhs quààghs hreäiaghs h aihreäiaghs. Dyumdi dc ghcbgthr d dmshrnbrsb bi cd supbrlagab mbc àibrdc d lchtdr. Mbprbshrbs. ^bdgtavhs quààghs hreäiaghs h aihreäiaghs. A`pambi cd dgga÷i mbc ghcbgthr bi cd supbrlagab mbc àibrdc. =.5.7. ]aphs mb Lchtdga÷i 4) Wuhnkbtavh hnkbtavhbsbsdu`bitdr du`bitdrcdcdcby rbgupbrdga÷i `btäcagd >) ^huejbr; Gcbdibr; Wu mbc ghigbitrdmh. 7) Wgdvbiebr; Bs rbgupbrdmhrd, sb dca`bitd bxgcusavd`bitb ghi ghcds y/h rbcdvbs mb btdpds rhuejbr h gcbdibr

Laeurd >7. Garguath mb lchtdga÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

=.5.=. Gbcmds mb Lchtdga÷i Cds gbcmds mb lchtdga÷i `bgäiagds tabibi trbs zhids tàpagds; 

Cd zhid mb deatdga÷i; dqubccd mhimb sb prhmugb cd dmjbsa÷i pdrtàgucd-nurnu pdrtàgucd-nurnukd. kd. Bi

bstd zhid mbnbi bxastar ghimagahibs jamrhmaiäàgds y lasaghquààgds qub ldvhrbzgdi bstb ghitdgth.  Cd zhid aitbr`bmad; zhid mb rbcdtavd gdc`d, ch qub ldvhrbgb cd àerdga÷i mb cds nurnukds jdgad cd supbrlagab mb cd gbcmd.  Cd zhid supbrahr; ghrrbsphimb d cd ldsb dguhsd, lhr`dmd phr nurnukds. Cd bspu`d mbsgdred phr rbndcsb idturdc, h ghi dyumd mb pdcbtds `bgäiagds.

>2

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Laeurd >=. Garguath mb lchtdga÷i Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>: (>64:)

=.5.2. Gbcmds mb Ca`pabzd y htrds gbcmds Cds gbcmds mb lchtdga÷i bi ghcuìd shi usdmds phr ch ebibrdc bi garguaths mb ca`pabzd, sb gdrdgtbrazdi phr su dcth mb gbcmd y lhr`d gargucdr, cd cd bvdgudga÷i mb cd bspu`d bs phr rbnhsb. Htrhs taphs mb gbcmds shi cds; 

Gbcmds taph Ub`gh  Gbcmd lchtdga÷i `bgäiagd ‗  gargucdr gargucdr

Laeurds >2 y >>: (>64:)

=.:. Wbpdrdga÷i W÷camh Càquamh Bi hpbrdga÷i mb sbpdrdga÷i shcamh/caquamh sb prhmugb ui ghigbitrdmh rbcdtavd`bitb sbgh, bc eud rbgupbrdmd sb rbgargucd dc garguath. Chs `áthmhs mb sbpdrdga÷i shcamh/caquamh sb gcdsalagdi bi 7 eruphs; 4. Wbma`bitdga÷i. Wb prhmugb pucpd ghi 9 % shcamhs (26-. Lactrdga÷i. Wb lactrd cd pucpd bspbsd mb btdpd ditbrahr. Wb prhmugb ui qubqub ghi :6-16% s÷camhs y deud gcdrd. 7. Wbgdmh. Bc qubqub sb sbgd, sb prhmugb ui prhmugth sbgh ghi 12% s÷camhs.

><

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=.:.4. Wbma`bitdga÷i Wb mastaieub gcdrd`bitb cd sbpdrdga÷i mb mhs ldsbs;  

Deud gcdrd Vucpd bspbsd

]ágiagds mb sbma`bitdga÷i Wbma`bitdga÷i bi gd`ph gbitralueh Dech`brdga÷i (ghäeuchs h lc÷guchs) qub phr su td`dôh 9 sbma`bitdi `äs räpamd`bitb. 

Ghdeucdga÷i; lhr`dga÷i mb eruphs mb pdrtàgucds mb cd`d phr dmjbsa÷i bitrb pdrtàgucd y pdrtàgucd.  Lchgucdga÷i; lhr`dga÷i mb eruphs mb pdrtàgucds mb cd`d qub sb dmjabrbi shnrb `hcágucds hreäiagds cdreds. (Lchgucdga÷i sbcbgtavd, gudimh sb lchgucdi pdrtàgucds mb ui mbtbràidmh àibrdc). =.:.>. Bspbsdàbith Bxastbi mhs taphs mb bspbsdmhrbs; Ghivbigahidcbs (tdiqub gacàimragh, sbma`bitdga÷i erdvatdgahidc). Mb dctd gdpdgamdm (ghi dmaga÷i mb lchgucditbs) Rshs;

 

Bi pcditds mb ghigbitrdga÷i (sbpdrd O ditbs mb lactrdga÷i) Garguaths mb lchtdga÷i (rbgupbrdr deud, sbpdrdr ghcds, btg.)  Vcditds jamrh`btdcûreagds (garguath mb mbgditdga÷i bi ghrrabitb ghitaiud)

Bc td`dôh mb ui bspbsdmhr sb gdrdgtbrazd phr su maä`btrh (ärbd) y dcturd. Wu gdpdgamdm bstä mbtbràidmd phr su ärbd Cd jdnacamdm pdrd prhmugar uid pucpd mb mbtbràidmh % shcamhs bstä mbtbràidmd phr cd dcturd. Bi cd prägtagd bxastbi vdrahs `áthmhs pdrd gdcgucdr ärbd; ]ágiagd mb Ghb ‗  Gcbvbiebr, Gcbvbiebr, cd mb ]dc`demb y Lagj, cd mb Hct`di.

Laeurd >5. \dradga÷i mbc ghitbiamh mb s÷camhs d malbrbitbs dcturds mbc bspbsdmhr Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @AI >>4 (>645

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

=.:.7. Lactrdga÷i Waeub d cd btdpd mb sbma`bitdga÷i, bs uid hpbrdga÷i uiatdrad bi cd qub sb sbpdrdi s÷camhs d trdvás mb ui `bmah phrhsh, bc gudc rbtabib d chs s÷camhs y mbkd pdsdr bc càquamh. Cd vbchgamdm mb lactrdga÷i sb mblaib gh`h; bc vhcu`bi mb lactrdmh phr uiamdm mb tab`ph, \/t. Ldgthrbs qub dlbgtdi d cd lactrdga÷i; 

Gdàmd mb prbsa÷i (V)

   

Ärbd mb cd supbrlagab mb lactrdga÷i (D) Cd vasghsamdm mbc lactrdmh (u) Cd rbsastbigad mbc qubqub (^`) Cd rbsastbigad mbc `bmah phrhsh (tbcd lactrditb) (d)

Bquaphs mb Lactrdga÷i  

Lactrhs mb erdvbmdm (lactrh mb drbid pdrd deud) Lactrhs mb prbsa÷i Lactrh mb prbisd mb `drghs y pcdgds (masghitaiuh) Lactrh prbisd mb gä`drds (masghitaiuh)



Lactrhs mb vdgàh Lactrh mb jhkds (cdàids) (masghitaiuh) Lactrh rhtdthrah mb td`nhr (ghitaiuh) Lactrh rhtdthrah mb masghs (ghitaiuh) Lactrh rhtdthrah jhrazhitdc (ghitaiuh) Lactrh mb ndimds (ghitaiuh)



Htrhs lactrhs Lactrh mb `dieds h nhcsds (sbpdrdga÷i shcamh ‗  eds) eds)

Laeurds >: y >1. Lactrhs mb masghs

Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @AI >>4 (>64:

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Hpbrdgahibs Duxacadrbs =.1. =.1.4. ]hcvd mb Dca`bitdga÷i Vrbsbitdi cds saeuabitbs pdrtbs;  Wbgga÷i ghivbrebitb satudmd bi pdrtb ailbrahr (nhquaccd)? pubmb sbr mb lhr`d g÷iagd h bi lhr`d mb guôd.  Wbgga÷i vbrtagdc supbrahr (thcvd prhpad`bitb magjd)? prhphrgahid cd `dyhr pdrtb mbc vhcu`bi mb dc`dgbidàbith. Vrhncb`ds mb mbsgdred bi thcvds (Dtranuancbs dc masbôh aighrrbgth), rbprbsbitdmds bi cd saeuabitb laeurd;

Laeurd 76. Vrhncb`ds mb mbsgdred bi thcvds Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>< (>64:) Masbôh mb thcvds mb dc`dgbidàbith pdrd s÷camhs d erdibc aivhcugrd d = btdpds. 4. Mbtbràidga÷i mb rbsastbigad y gdrdgtbràstagds mb lcukh mb s÷camhs pdrd cds pbhrbs ghimagahibs bspbrdmds qub hgurrdi bi cd prägtagd. >. Mbtbràidga÷i mb cd ebh`btràd mb cd thcvd pdrd cd gdpdgamdm mbsbdmd y `hmbch mb lcukh dgbptdncbs y dsbeurdr qub cd mbsgdred sbd sbeurd y prbmbgancb. 7. Cd bsta`dga÷i mb cds gdreds bkbrgamds shnrb cds pdrbmbs mb cd thcvd y bc dca`bitdmhr ndkh ghimagahibs mb hpbrdga÷i. =. Masbôh y mbtdccbs mb cd bstrugturd mb cd thcvd. =.1.>. ]rdisphrtb mb Vucpd Ldgthrbs pdrd trdisphrtb jamräucagh mb s÷camhs;  Mugth (]unbràd, gdidc h dgubmugth)  Gdumdc vhcu`átragh (T)  Dgbcbrdga÷i mb Erdvbmdm (e)  Ghblagabitb mb lragga÷i (shcam÷ ‗  pdrbm pdrbm mbc mugth)  W÷camh ih mbnb rbdggahidr quààgd`bitb ia ghi ldsb càquamd, ia ghi cd tunbràd.  Ih mbnbi bxastar prhncb`ds mb dech`brdga÷i y hnstrugga÷i hns trugga÷i mb cd tunbràd.  Vdrtàgucds mb àibrdc mbnbi phmbr `bzgcdrsb y sbpdrdrsb mb cd ldsb càquamd. >1

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i 

@B] >>:

Bc mbsedstb y rupturd mb pdrtàgucds, prhmugth mb su trdisphrtb jamräucagh, ih mbnb dlbgtdr cds btdpds phstbrahrbs.

=.1.>.4. Ldgthrbs qub raebi bc maä`btrh mb tunbràd Bsths ldgthrbs `bigahidmhs d ghitaiudga÷i shi ùy a`phrtditbs pdrd bc ma`bisahidàbith mb tunbràds mb trdisphrtb mb pucpds;      

Lcukh d trdisphrtdrsb Maä`btrh mb cd tunbràd ]d`dôh prh`bmah mb cds pdrtàgucds mb àibrdc \bchgamdm mbc lcukh Ghigbitrdga÷i mb s÷camhs phr pbsh y phr vhcu`bi Vbrmamds mb prbsa÷i phr lragga÷i (dcturd mb gdred)  Mbisamdm, vasghsamdm, prbsa÷i mb vdphr, btg. (p/trdisphrtb mb càquamhs)  Mbisamdm mb pucpd, vasghsamdm mb pucpd, td`dôh pdrtàgucds, btg (pdrd trdisphrtb mb s÷camhs)

Laeurd 74. Rsh mb ändghs pdrd cd mbtbràidga÷i mb \bchgamdm Cààtb mb sbma`bitdga÷i pdrd pucpds \C, Mastranuga÷i erdiuch`átragd ùy bstrbgjd. Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B] >>< (>64:) =.1.7. Rsh mb Nh`nds Wb `bigahidi dceuihs ldgthrbs pdrd cd sbcbgga÷i mb nh`nds, Wb dpcagd pdrd trdisphrtdr deud y praigapdc`bitb pucpds. Vdrd bcbear uid nh`nd jdy qub ghisambrdr; 

Cd prbsa÷i h dcturd pabzh`átragd ibgbsatdmd  Lcukh vhcu`átragh  Vrhpabmdmbs làsagds mbc lcuamh; vasghsamdm, s÷camhs bi suspbisa÷i, mbisamdm, btg. 

Luigahidàbith aitbràtbitb h ghitaiuh.

76

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:



Ghisambrdgahibs jaeaáiagds.  Wusgbptanacamdm mbc prhmugth d chs mdôhs phr gazdccd. =.1.=. Wbcbgga÷i mb cd nh`nd

Ghi bc gdumdc (T) y dcturd maiäàgd thtdc (Jw) bi (`gJ), sb rbgurrb d gdtächehs mb nh`nds, pdrd sbcbggahidr cd nh`nd `äs dmbgudmd ghi cd `äxa`d blagabigad, mbnabimh rbghrmdr qub cds ^V@ ailcuybi shnrb bc rbimaàbith mbc bquaph. 4.- Bc gdumdc bs marbgtd`bitb prhphrgahidc d vbchgamdm mb earh mbc rhmbtb (^V@) >.- Cd dcturd maiäàgd bs marbgtd`bitb prhphrgahidc dc gudmrdmh mb vbchgamdm mbc rhmbtb mb cd nh`nd. 7.- Cd phtbigad rbqubramd (JV h OU) bs marbgtd`bitb prhphrgahidc d cd vbchgamdm mb earh mbc rhmbtb (^V@) =.- Cd dcturd ibtd phsatavd mb sugga÷i bs marbgtd`bitb prhphrgahidc dc gudmrdmh mb cd vbchgamdm mb earh mbc rhmbtb (^V@)

Laeurd 7>. Nh`nds ^hthmaiäàgds Laeurd 77. Lhr`d Lubitb; Vrbsbitdga÷i @B]mbc >>64:) mb uid nh`nd jhrazhitdc

74

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

GDVÀ]RCH AAA

7>

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

2. BZVBÂ@BI]DGA×I BI CDNH^D]HÂH 2.4. Gdrdgtbrazdga÷i mbc @aibrdc Bc àibrdc trdtdmh, whclrdàtd ghitabib dmb`äs chs saeuabitbs àibrdcbs; ]dncd 7. Gdrdgtbrazdga÷i b`pàragd mb cd ùbstrd mb àibrdc @aibrdc Gudrzh

Hnsbrvdga÷i Bi ui phrgbitdkb `dyhr dc 26% mbc pbsh thtdc

Varatds Lbrratds

Bi uid gditamdm rbcdtavd`bitb pbqubôd Bi uid gditamdm sb`bkditb d cd paratd Lubitb; Bcdnhrdga÷i prhpad

2.>. Diäcasas Erdiuch`átragh bi ]raturdga÷i Diäcasas Erdiuch`átragh (dca`bitdga÷i); Bi cd saeuabitb tdncd sb dprbgad cds lrdggahibs mb pbsh mb gdmd `dccd, bi bc ghrrbsphimabitb diäcasas erdiuch`átragh rbdcazdmh. ]dncd =; Dca`bitdga÷i d cd gjdigdmhrd @DCCD ]D@DÔH ]QCB^ (àgrhibs) Ih. > 4416 4= :=4 >6 :=4 ->6 ]H]DC

VBWH dca`bith gjdigdmhrd (er)

% VBWH

=5=,46

2,7=

44:,:: 466,66

% VBWH % VBWH rbgjdzh pdsh dguùcdmh dguùcdmh 2,7= 1=,,57 7 466,66

:4,25 5 :,:: 6,66

Che L(x)

Che (x)

%UH7

4,1:

=,=7

6,: 6,:

4,14 4,:7 4,:6 4,=<

7,:6 7,42 7,6: >,1>

4,< 4,2 >,< 4,1 4,:

Lubitb; Bcdnhrdga÷i prhpad

Cd erälagd ghrrbsphimabitb bs rbprbsbitdmd mb cd saeuabitb `dibrd;

VBWH VDWH DGR@RCDMH \W ]D@DÔH MB @DCCD 4>6,66 466,66 :6,66      D      V 6,66 6,66 >66

>666

>6666

]D@DÔH ` Erälagd 4. Vbsh Vdsh V dsh Dguùcdmh vs ]d`dôh mb @dccd - Btdpd ]raturdga÷i Dca`bitdga÷i Lubitb; Bcdnhrdga÷i prhpad 77

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Vhr ûcta`h sb rbprbsbitd chs vdchrbs mb L:6 y V:6 pdrd cds btdpds mb traturdga÷i y `hcabimd sb gdcgucd phr bc `áthmh mb Nhim.

   0466  0>∞  + 0+ 0172:.2= 06.12? 0>7547.06.>= 57 



Bi cd tdncd 2, sb ghisaeidi chs gäcguchs pdrd cd mbtbràidga÷i mb V:6 mb cd btdpd mb traturdga÷i qub bs d cd vbz bc L:6 mb cd btdpd mb `hcabimd. ]dncd 2; Mbsgdred mb cd gjdigdmhrd @DCCD ]QCB^ Ih.

]D@DÔH (àgrhibs)

4/=" 4> 4= >6 >: 7> -7>

7,26 4766,64 4766,64 41:5,2> 41:5,2> >>47, =26 1=7,42 ::5:,46

% VBWH 6,>< 4=,>,71 >=,17 >>,64 2,4= 46, 466,66

% VBWH % VBWH rbgjdzh pdsh dguùcdmh dguùcdmh 6,>< 4=,14 75,>1 ,>7 :=,>= :1,7: 466,66

11,5= :2,61 ,54 75,55 42,5< 46, 6,66

Che (x)

Che L(x)

7,:6 7,42 7,6: >,1> >,55 >,56

>,66 4,17 4,:6 4,2: 4,>6 4,67

Lubitb; Bcdnhrdga÷i prhpad 

Jdccdimh erälagd; cd erälagd ghrrbsphimabitb bs rbprbsbitdmh mb cd saeuabitb `dibrd

VBWH VDWH DGR@RCDMH \W ]D@DÔH MB @DCCD 4>6,66 466,66 :6,66      D 6,66 6,66 =66

=666

]D@DÔH ` Erälagd >. Vbsh Vdsh Dguùcdmh vs ]d`dôh mb @dccd - Btdpd ] ]raturdga÷i raturdga÷i Mbsgdre Mbsgdredd Lubitb; Bcdnhrdga÷i prhpad

7=

Masbôh mb Vcditds mb Ghigbitrdga÷i

@B] >>:

Vhr ûcta`h sb rbprbsbitd chs vdchrbs mb L:6 y V:6 pdrd cds btdpds mb traturdga÷i y `hcabimd sb gdcgucd phr bc `áthmh mb Nhim.

   0466  0>∞  + 0+ 0∞6.1

Diseño de Una Planta de Wólfram, Catari, Mamani y Villca

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