Diseño de Un Mezanine

 

7

NBVD×I ND TH OD[[GHBHD ‖  ^]GMGKI  ^]GMGKI JBHGL DV^]TF^T]GV OD^ÇLBFGV

U]DVDH^GNI UI];

OGT]BFBI G^DHFBI MTDLZGV OGT]BFBI HBD^I VGH^IV KTGH DV^DMGH FIHND HGVVD] VB] FDND×I

U]DVDH^GNI G; SGLMD]^I SGLMD]^ I ]BZD]G OG]^BHD[

THBZD]VBNGN ND FG]^GCDHG JGFTL^GN ND BHCDHBD]ÏG U]IC]GOG ND BHCDHBD BHCDHBD]ÏG ]ÏG FBZBL FG]^GCDHG ND BHNBGV =/56/=5=7

 

=

^gmlg nd fihtdhbni ............................................................................ ............................................................................. ..................................................... ...............> BH^]INTFFBIH .....................................

7.  NBODHVBIHGOBDH^I ...................................... ............................................................................ ........................................................................ ..................................4 =.  GZGLTI ND FG]CGV.................................. ........................................................................ ............................................................................ ........................................ .. : =.7. 

.......................................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................... ........: Fgrcg oudrtg .....................................

=.=. 

.......................................................................... ............................................................................. ..................................................... ...............3 Fgrcg vbvg...................................

=.6. 

Fgrcg titgl .................................. ......................................................................... ............................................................................. ..................................................... ...............3

=.>. 

Fiombhgfbihds nd fgrcg...................................... ............................................................................. .................................................................. ...........................3

=.4. 

Fgrcgs sïsobfgs .................................. ....................................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................... ........1

....................................................................... ............................................................................ ............................................... ........2 6.  NBVD×I ND ZBCGV .................................. .......................................................................... ......................................................................7 ...............................76 6 >.  NBVD×I ND FILTOHGV ...................................

∄

>.7. 

Fgrcg gxbgl rdsbstdhtd

>.=. 

Oiodhti jldxbihghtd rdsbstdhtd

>.6. 

Oiodhti jldxbihghtd rdsbstdhtd

>.>. 

Judrzg firtghtd rdsbstdhtd

............................................................................ ...................................... .........................................................7> ...................7>

∄

∄ ∄

 dh dl dkd judrtd .................................................7> .................................................7> ...................................................7> ............7>  dh dl dkd nâmbl .......................................

 ....................................................................... .........................................................................................7> ..................7>

.......................................................................... ...............................................................74 .........................74 >.4.  Bhtdrgffböh nd lg filuohg .................................... 4.  GHGLBVBV ODNBGH^D DL VIJ^SG]D D^GMV  .................................................................7 .................................................................7: :

FIHFLTVBIH .................................... ........................................................................... ............................................................................. .........................................................72 ...................72

 

6  BHNBFD ND BLTV^]GFBIHDV. BLTV^]GFBIHDV. Blustrgfböh 7. Zbstg 6N ndl oindli Odzzghbhd.  ................................. ........................................................................ ..................................................... .............. 4 Blustrgfböh =. Udrjblds odtçlbfis dopldgnis dh dl nbsd÷i. ...................................... ........................................................................ ..................................4 Blustrgfböh 6. Nbrdffböh ndl Vtddl Ndf` y pdrjblds. ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................... ........: Blustrgfböh >. Zglirds oïhbois nd fgrcg oudrtg sdcûh lg ifupgfböh.. ....................................................: Blustrgfböh 4. Dspdftri nd gfdldrgfböh pgrg odzzghbhd dh Fgrtgcdhg. .................................................... .................................................... 2 Blustrgfböh :. Flgsbjbfgfböh bhdstgmblbngn y pdrjblds fiopgftis. ................................... ............................................................77 .........................77  ...................................... ...............................................................7: .........................7:

Blustrgfböh 3. Nbgcrgog nd oiodhtis dh dl dkd y (dkd judrtd) Blustrgfböh 1. Nbgcrgog nd judrzgs gxbglds. .................................. ........................................................................ .........................................................7: ...................7:

 BHNBFD ND ^GMLGV. ^GMLGV. ^gmlg 7. Ndrbvgs ndl pbsi 7 dh lis dkds x d y.. ..................................... ............................................................................ ..................................................... ..............2 ^gmlg =. Fgrcgs oçxbogs gftughtds dh fgng dldodhti vbcg.  ................................. .................................................................7 ................................75 5 ^gmlg 6. Dldodhtis pdrjbl BUD =>5. .................................. ........................................................................ ......................................................................7 ................................75 5 ^gmlg >. Nbsd÷i g jldxböh nd lgs vbcgs nd lg dstrufturg. .................................... .........................................................................7 .....................................7= = ^gmlg 4. Fgrcgs ogyirgngs gftughtds dh filuohgs. .................................. ........................................................................ ............................................76 ......76 ^gmlg :. Fgrgftdrïstbfgs ndl pdrjbl ADG 655. ............................... ....................................................................... ..........................................................76 ..................76 ^gmlg 3. Fgrcgs gftughtds oçxbogs dh tings lgs filuohgs fih sus rdsbstdhfbgs.  .................................7 .................................74 4

 

> BH^]INTFFBIH Dh dl prdsdhtd nifuodhti sd dxplbfg dl nbsd÷i nd uhg dstrufturg odtçlbfg tbpi odzghbhd lgs fuglds pdrobtdh nuplbfgr i trbplbfgr lg supdrjbfbd ûtbl nd uhg mindcg y cdhdrgr zihgs nd glogfdhgkd oghugl i çrdgs nd trgmgki, bhflusi ijbfbhgs. Thg fgrgftdrïstbfg qud pisdd dstd tbpi nd dstrufturgs ds su jgfblbngn nd oihtgkd, sd pudnd jgmrbfgr jg mrbfgr dh ogtdrbgl lgobhgni i dstrufturgl, dstruftur gl, ndpdhnbdhni nd lg glturg y ndl pdsi pir odtri fugnrgni. Vd utblbzg fih lg jbhglbngn nd gprivdfagr tini dl dspgfbi pisbmld dh fughti g lg glturg nd su glogfâh, pripirfbihghni pgrfbglodhtd uh hbvdl gnbfbihgl g su bhoudmld, dstd sd pudnd utblbzgr fih jbhds fiodrfbglds i nd glogfdhgkd, punbdhni filifgr dh dl sbstdog bhstglgfbihds i dspgfbi nd glogfdhgkd fiopldodhtgrbi. Vd agfd usi ndl sijtwgrd D^GMV =57: pgrg cdhdrgr dl oindli nd lg dstrufturg y imtdhdr lis oiodhtis y fgrcgs gplbfgngs simrd fgng uhi nd lis pdrjblds odtçlbfis tbpi filuohgs y vbcgs. Mgsgnis dh lg hirog sbsoi rdsbstdhtd filiombghg (HV]-75) ^ïtulis G,M y J, sd gplbfg dl frbtdrbi bhcdhbdrbl pgrg ndtdrobhgr lgs fgrcgs oudrtgs, vbvgs y sïsobfgs qud pudndh ifgsbihgr qud lg rdsbstdhfbg sdg odhir g lg silbfbtgfböh y pir fihsbcubdhtd dl jglli nd lis dldodhtis.  

 

4 7.  NBODHVBIHGOBDH^I  Ugrg dl sbcubdhtd Nbsd÷i sd tioö lg ndfbsböh nd utblbzgr pdrjblds duripdis qud fudhtgh fih uh Jy nd 6: @VB, Ugrg tings lgs filuohgs sd tioö dl pdrjbl ADG 655 qud ds uh pdrjbl nd glg ghfag y ds usgni fioûhodhtd pgrg filuohgs, pgrg lgs vbcgs usgois pdrjblds BUD =>5, 655, 6:5. Tsgois trds tbpis nd dstis pirqud agy filuohgs qud sih oçs frïtbfgs qud itrgs fioi sih lgs bhtdrodnbgs, pgrg lg lisg sd utblbzö u tblbzö Vtddl Ndf` fglbmrd =5, fih uhg glturg bcugl g = bh. Lg glturg ndl odzghbhd ds nd 6o fih uh ghfai nd 4o (lgni firti) y lgni lgrci nd 77o (lgni lgrci)l fih uhg filuohg bhtdrodnbg fih lufds nd 4o y :o. Dh lgs sbcubdhtds boçcdhds pindois imsdrvgr lg nbstrbmufböh nd lis pdrjblds dh dl odzghbhd qud sd umbfg ndhtri nd uhg mindcg.

 Blustrgfböh 7. Zbstg 6N ndl oindli Odzzghbhd.

 Blustrgfböh =. Udrjblds odtçlbfis dopldgnis dh dl nbsd÷i.  

 

:

 Blustrgfböh 6. Nbrdffböh ndl Vtddl Ndf` y pdrjblds.  

 

=.7. Fgrcg oudrtg

=. GZGLTI ND FG]CGV

Dstg gmgrfg tings lgs fgrcgs nd dldodhtis pdroghdhtds nd fihstruffböh bhfluydhni dl pdsi  pripbi nd vbcgs, vbcudtgs, lisgs, ouris, dsfgldrgs, fumbdrtgs, dhtrd itris g tdhdr dh fudhtg pgrg dl nbsd÷i. Cubgnis mgki lg hirog HV]-75 ^btuli M y fioprdhnbdhni qud dldodhtis gftûgh fioi fgrcg oudrtg, fih mgsd g lis vglirds oïhbois gltdrhgtbvis pgrg fgrcg oudrtg dh dldodhtis hi dstrufturglds fughni hi sd djdftuâ uh ghçlbsbs ndtgllgni (^gmlg M.6.>.6-7) y g lg ifupgfböh, sd tbdhd li sbcubdhtd;

 Blustrgfböh >. Zglirds oïhbois nd fgrcg oudrtg sdcûh lg ifupgfböh.

 

3 Fihsbndrghni pgrtbfbihds oövblds nd glturg titgl, sd dstbog uhg fgrcg pir jgfagng y pgrtbfbihds bcugl g 7,5 `H/o= y Gjbhgni nd pbsis y fumbdrtg bcugl g 7,1 `H/o=. Ludci lg suog nd gomis sd tiogrç fioi lg fgrcg oudrtg.

 ? =,1 / /

 

=.=. Fgrcg vbvg Ugrg ndtdrobhgr lgs fgrcgs vbvgs dh lg dstrufturg his mgsgois dh lg hirog HV]-75 tgmlg M.>.=.7-7, dh lg fugl dstçh dspdfbjbfgngs lgs fgrcgs vbvgs qud sd dspdrg qud ifurrgh dh lg dnbjbfgfböh ndmbni gl usi qud dstg vg g tdhdr. Dl odzzghbhd dstç adfai fih dl jbh nd fihstrubr ijbfbhgs, gsï lg fgrcg vbvg gplbfgng simrd lg lisg (Vtddl ndf`) sdrç nd;

   



 ? 5,= `H/ =

=.6. Fgrcg titgl ^dhbdhni lg fgrcg vbvg y oudrtg, sd pudnd fihifdr lg l g fgrcg titgl qud gftug gf tug dh dl prbodr pbsi nd lg dstrufturg. Dhtihfds;

   ??    ++     ?=,1 = +5,= = ? 6 =

 

 

Ndhtri ndl oindli dh dl pricrgog sd fihsbndrg dl pdsi pripbi nd lis dldodhtis, gndoçs ndl  pdsi ndl Vtddl Ndf` (fdrfghi g 1`c/o=) y dl fihfrdti. Ds ndfbr, ndfbr, yg dl pricrgog pricrgog his pripirfbihg dl pdsi nd ting lg dstrufturg. Vbh domgrci, sd fihsbndrg lg fgrcg nd dldodhtis hi dstrufturglds y lg fgrcg vbvg.

=.>. Fiombhgfbihds nd fgrcg Vd dopldg dl usi ndl sijtwgrd D^GMV fih lg jbhglbngn nd imtdhdr lis oiodhtis oçxbois  prdsdhtgnis dh lgs vbcgs, oiodhtis qud qud sih ifgsbihgnis pir pir lg prdsdhfbg nd lg dhvilvdhtd, dhvilvdhtd, dstg dhvilvdhtd nd fgrcgs fihtbdhd lgs sbcubdhtds fiombhgfbihds;

  7.>N

•

  7.=N+7.:L

•

  7.=N+7.:S (x, -x, y, -y) +L

•

  7.=N+D (x, -x, y, -y) +L +L

•

  7,=N+L

•

 

1   5.2N+7.:S (x, -x, y, -y)

•

  5.2N+D (x, -x, y, -y)

•

=.4. Fgrcgs sïsobfgs Ugrg dl fgsi nd dstunbi sd agllgrih lgs fgrcgs sïsobfgs odnbghtd dl oâtini nd judrzg airbzihtgl dqubvgldhtd, pripudsti dh lg HV]-75 ^btuli G. Ugrg agllgr dl pdrbini dh gomis dkds sd utblbzö lg dfugfböh pripudstg pir dl gpgrtgni, G.>.=.= pgrg pörtbfis rdsbstdhtds g oiodhti nd gfdri dstrufturgl.

?5,53=℈,

 

Ugrg uh 7 pbsi, nd 6 o nd glturg y fih uh pdsi nd =1,11 tih, dl rdsultgni nd lis pdrbinis ds dl sbcubdhtd;

?5,53=℈, ?5,5>36 , ? 5,736 736 

 

Ugrg lgs fihnbfbihds nd sudli dh lg fbungn nd Fgrtgcdhg (tbpi N), uh sbstdog nd nbsbpgfböh nd dhdrcïg NOB, y uh crupi nd bopirtghfbg mgki ghtd dvdhtis sïsobfis, sd tbdhdh lis sbcubdhtds  pgrçodtris;

  Gg ? 5,7 y Gv ? 5,7 (^gmlg G.=.6-=)

•

  Jg ? 7,: (Jbcurg G.=.>-7)

•

  Jv ? =,> y B ? 7 (^gmlg G.=.>->)

•

G pgrtbr nd dstis pgrçodtris sïsobfis sd agllö dl dspdftri nd gfdldrgfböh pgrg lgs fihnbfbihds odhfbihgngs (jbcurg 4).

5,>4 5,>5    )   c 5,64    %    (    l   g   r 5,65    t   f   d 5,=4   p   s   d   h5,=5    ö   f   g   r 5,74   d    l   d 5,75   f    G 5,54

Udrbini firti Udrbini lgrci ^l ^g

(5,710 5,>5)

Udrbini odnbi ^f Fu^g

(4,3:0 5,54)

5,55 5

5,4

7

7,4

=

=,4

6

6,4

>

>,4

Udrbini (s)

4

4,4

:

:,4

3

3,4

1

 

2  Blustrgfböh 4. Dspdftri nd gfdldrgfböh pgrg odzzghbhd dh Fgrtgcdhg.

Vd imsdrvg qud dl pdrbini sd dhfudhtrg dh dl trgoi nd pdrbinis firtis (^f), pir tghti, lg

 ?  ?5,>  ?  ?  ? =1,11 5,5,> ? 7777,,44 

gfdldrgfböh dspdftrgl

, y dl firtghtd mgsgl dh dl pbsi 7 dh gomgs nbrdffbihds

 pgrg uh @ ? 7 (yg qud ^ < 5,4 s), ds bcugl g;

 

Fioi lg dstrufturg sd dhfudhtrg nbsd÷gng pgrg uh sbstdog nd nbsbpgfböh nd dhdrcïg sïsobfg oïhbog (NOB), dl firtghtd mgsgl nd nbsd÷i pgrg lgs fiombhgfbihds nd fgrcg ds bcugl g;

 ?  ? =,4 ? 77,4=,44 ? >,::== 

 

Jbhglodhtd, sd fadqudgrçh lgs ndrbvgs ndl pörtbfi ndl prbodr pbsi utblbzgni dl firtghtd mgsgl (Z ?77,44 tih) gplbfgni dh dl nbgjrgcog rïcbni. Odnbghtd dl sijtwgrd D^GMV sd agllgrih lgs ndjirogfbihds nd fgng pörtbfi dh gomis dkds. Fioi lg dstrufturg sili tbdhd uh pbsi, dl ndsplgzgobdhti nd lis hinis ndl pörtbfi firrdspihndh g lgs ndrbvgs, yg qud dl hini nd lg mgsd nd lg filuohg sd dhfudhtrg dopitrgni. Dh lg tgmlg 7, sd oudstrgh lgs ndrbvgs ndl pbsi dh gomgs nbrdffbihds g pgrtbr nd lg rbcbndz nd fgng pörtbfi0 lg rbcbndz nd fgng pörtbfi sd agllg fioi;

 ? 

.

^gmlg 7. Ndrbvgs ndl pbsi 7 dh lis dkds x d y. 

Ndsplgzgobdhtis dh Q (fo) Z (tih) Ndrbvg 7 Ndrbvg = 5,47

5,46

77,44

Ndsplgzgobdhtis dh R (fo) Ndrbvg Ndrbvg Ndrbvg G M F 5,==

5,=4

5,=3

`7

`=

@pbsi

Ndrbvg dnbj (fo)

==,4

=7,2

>>,6

5,=:

]bcbndfds (tih/fo)

]bcbndfds (tih/fo) Z (tih) 77,44

Vd imsdrvg qud lgs ndrbvgs sih odhirds o dhirds g

`G

`M

`F

@pbsi

4=,>

>3,5

>6,6

7>=,:

6%−%−℈℈ ? 6 

Ndrbvg dnbj (fo) 5,51

 dh gomis sdhtbnis, dsti qubdrd ndfbr

qud lg rbcbndz nd lg dstrufturg ds sujbfbdhtd pgrg lgs judrzgs sïsobfgs.

 

75 6.  NBVD×I ND ZBCGV Nd gfudrni gl oindli nd lg dstrufturg rdglbzgni dh D^GMV, sd dhfihtrö qud lgs fgrcgs oçxbogs (ogyirgngs) gftughtds dh lgs vbcgs y vbcudtgs sih lgs oistrgngs dh lg tgmlg =. ^gmlg =. Fgrcgs oçxbogs gftughtds dh fgng dldodhti vbcg.

Udrjblds 1,>1(tih o) Firtghtd 75,>=(tih) BUD 6:5 Oiodhti =,4 =,>: BUD 655 4,4 4,>7 BUD =>5 Ugrg nbfags fgrcgs sd rdglbzgrç dl nbsd÷i g jldxböh tdhbdhni dh fudhtg qud hi sd prdsdhtgh fgrcgs gxbglds g li lgrci nd dstis dldodhtis dstrufturglds pir li qud hi ds hdfdsgrbi rdglbzgr uh nbsd÷i fioi vbcg filuohg. ^dhbdhni dsti flgri, ghtds nd prifdndr fih dl nbsd÷i nd lis dldodhtis dstrufturglds (vbcgs), sd ndmdh dhuhfbgr lis dldodhtis qud fgrgftdrbzgh fgng tbpi nd pdrjbl usgni, lis fuglds sd dhfudhtrgh plgsognis dh dl ghdxi, pdri pgrg ogyir fioinbngn sd blustrgrç dl prifdsi nd fçlfuli pgrg 7 tbpi nd pdrjbl y sd rdsuobrçh rdsuo brçh nbfais ngtis dh lg tgmlg 6. Nbsd÷i g jldxböh pgrg vbcgs ndl pdrjbl BUD =>5 ^gmlg 6. Dldodhtis pdrjbl BUD =>5.

@ Jy (`sb) Bx (bh>) By (bh>) G (bh=)

Lm (jt) 6: D (`sb) 2> rx (bh) 3 ry (bh) 5,5: [x (bh6) 5,4

C (`sb) =2555 K (bh>) 62,=1 Vx (bh6) 75,:5 Fw (bh:) 5,55

77=55 5,67 72,32 762,=

==,63

Thg vbcg pudnd jgllgr gl lldcgr g Op i jgllgr dlçstbfg i bhdlçstbfgodhtd pir UL^, ULU, ULG. Udri dh dstd fgsi, ndmbni g qud dh lg sdffböh nd lg vbcg hi dxbstd judrzg gxbgl, hi sd prdsdhtgrç  pghndi lifgl pgrg hbhcuhi nd lis fgsis Dh fughti gl UL^, ndmbni g lis primldogs tirsbihglds qud sd prdsdhtgh dh lg fioprdsböh, ds fioûh filifgr gpiyis lgtdrglds pgrg rdstrbhcbr dl d l oivbobdhti, y lg nbstghfbg g lg qud sd filifgh ds juhngodhtgl pgrg ndjbhbr dl tbpi nd jgllg. Dxbstd uhg rdlgfböh dhtrd lg lihcbtun hi sipirtgng

   y

.

 

77

 Blustrgfböh :. Flgsbjbfgfböh bhdstgmblbngn y pdrjblds fiopgftis. 

Dh hudstri fgsi ndmbni g qud sd tbdhd gpiyis rïcbnis g oiodhti y gndoçs lgs vbcgs dstgrçh dopitrgngs ndhtri nd lg lisg, dstg hi ndkgrç qud sd prdsdhtdh pghndis lgtdrglds tirsbihglds i UL^, y gndoçs lg lihcbtun hi sipirtgng sdrç

 ? 5

, pir li qud dl oiodhti rdsbstdhtd sdrç

Op. Vbh domgrci, sd rdglbzgrç dl fçlfuli nd Lp, qud firrdspihnd g lg lihcbtun lïobtd dhtrd lg dstgmblbngn y dl rghci bhdlçstbfi.

75 , :5    ? 656555 ∓ 75,  ? 655 465,7744 ?? >>>>,,71     ∛ 6:6:  ? 465,

 

Dhtihfds, sb fihtgois fih uh pdrjbl odtçlbfi fiopgfti y vgrbgois lg lihcbtun nd sipirtd



,

tgombâh vgrbgrç dl oiodhti ndpdhnbdhni dh qud rghci nd lg crgjbfg sd dhfudhtrd, dstis fgsis sd dxplbfgh g fihtbhugfböh;

  Vb

•

  Vb

•

  Vb

•

 ≮  ;  <  ≮   ;

 ?  ?  ↝  ≮7, 4  ?   ∝ ( ∝ )  ∝∝ ≮  8  ;   =         ∛         ? /  7 + =(/) ≮   

 

 

 

 

7=

 ≮   ∄ ? ∄ ? ∄ ? 5,2 ∓ 6:  ∓ ==,63  ? 3=>, 3=>,1166  ?? :5,:5,>5   ? 1,6464   , sd prifdnd nd lg sbcubdhtd jirog;

Gl fihtgr fih lg prbodrg fihnbfböh nihnd

 

Uir ûltboi, sd ndmd fuoplbr lg fihnbfböh nd qud

Gl sdr

≮7,4?==,==,72,6332  ? 7,76 < 7,4,   ≮7,4? ∄ 8  ? 1,6464   8 4,4  

 

, sd dhtbdhnd qud lg vbcg hi lldcgrç g su

dstgni lïobtd, pir li fugl dl nbsd÷i fuopld pir jldxböh.

Lis fçlfulis nd lis itris nis pdrjblds prdsdhtds dh lgs vbcgs nd lg dstrufturg sd rdglbzgrih nd oghdrg bcugl y lis rdsultgnis sih plgsognis dh lg tgmlg >. ^gmlg >. Nbsd÷i g jldxböh nd lgs vbcgs nd lg dstrufturg.

OIODH^I BUD =>5 OIODH^I BUD 655 OIODH^I BUD 6:5 >>,71 4>,2: :=,76 Lp (jt) Lp (jt) Lp (jt) ΪOp x (`bps jt)  :5,>5 ΪOp x (`bps jt)  756,4> ΪOp x (`bps jt) 7:3,12 ΪOp x (tih o)  1,64 ΪOp x (tih o)  7>,67 ΪOp x (tih o)  =6,=7

Ogft (tih o)

4,4

Ogft (tih o)

=,4

Ogft (tih o)

1,>1

[x/Vx < 7,4

7,76

[x/Vx < 7,4

7,76

[x/Vx < 7,4

7,76

 

76 >.  NBVD×I ND FILTOHGV Nd gfudrni gl oindli nd lg dstrufturg rdglbzgni dh D^GMV, sd dhfihtrö qud lgs fgrcgs oçxbogs (ogyirgngs) gftughtds dh tings lgs filuohgs sih lgs oistrgngs dh lg tgmlg 4. ^gmlg 4. Fgrcgs ogyirgngs gftughtds dh filuohgs.

Filuohgs Gxbgl (tih) Firtghtd R (tih) Oiodhti Q (tih o) Oiodhti R (tih o)

   

74,>4 (F)

 

>,4  

3,>

 

7,11

^dhbdhni dh fudhtg dl sdhtbni dh qud sd umbfö dl pdrjbl, sd gflgrg qud

dl llgogni ‑Oiodhti Q‒

sd rdjbdrd g lis rdsbstbnis pir dl dkd judrtd x- x‒ nd lg sdffböh. Gndoçs, tdhbdhni dh fudhtg qud sd fihsbndrö uhg uhböh vbcg-filuohg rïcbng g oiodhtis, gomis dxtrdois sd fihsbndrgh dopitrgnis, y @ ? 5,4. Uir ûltboi, sd vdrbjbfgrç lg sdffböh ADG 655 fioi vbcg-filuohg, yg qud lis oiodhtis gftughtds sih fihsbndrgmlds rdspdfti g lg fgrcg gxbgl. Uir tghti, lg fiopgfbngn ndl glog0 pgrg

 ?  ? ,, ?7>,1: ∄ ?  ?5,1473,4= 6:  ? 46: 46:   ∄ ≮5,7=40  ?  :>5 7∝=,34 ∄ 66,46:22 ?5,5:≮5,7=40  ? ∛ 6:6:>5:  P7∝=,345,5:_ ?11,2  y

 

 

Fioi

, dl glog ds fiopgftg y hi ifurrbrç pghndi lifgl. Lgs fgrgftdrïstbfgs ndl pdrjbl sd

 < 

oudstrgh dh lg tgmlg :. ^gmlg :. Fgrgftdrïstbfgs ndl pdrjbl ADG 655.

@ Jy (`sb) Bx (bh>) By (bh>) G (bh=) Vx (bh6) a (bh)

UD]JBL ADG 655 5,4 Lm (jt) 6: D (`sb) >62 rx (bh) 74= ry (bh) 73,4= [x (bh6) 3:,12 [y (bh6) 1,72 tw (bh)

2,1> =2555 4,55 =,2> 1>,>5 61,4> 5,44

 

7> >.7. Fgrcg gxbgl rdsbstdhtd

∄

 

Agllgois lg rdsbstdhfbg nd nbsd÷i g fioprdsböh pir fgrcg gxbgl;

  5, 4 −  2 , 1 >    − 7 =           6:  ?5,=6  ?    ?  6:    ≮7, 4 ∾  ? 5,:4141=,2> ?5,:4141,=2555  ?64,=>  64,=>   ? 4=>, 4=>,3377  ? =61 =61  ∄ ?5,14 ?5,14473,4= 64,  < ∄ ∄  ? 6  ? 2,1>   <   ? 655=,22>> −− 7=7 ? 7=,  ? 655    ∛ 6:6:  7=,=:   <  ;  

   

, dl pdrjbl hi jgllgrç ghtd lg fgrcg gxbgl.

Fioi

>.=. Oiodhti jldxbihghtd rdsbstdhtd

 dh dl dkd judrtd

Ugrtbdhni nd lg lihcbtun hi grrbistrgng nd lg filuohg

. Zdrbjbfgois sb

;

 

Fioi

 

   5, 2 6:  1>, >    ? ∄ ?5,2 ? 7=  ? ==3=3,,13  −  ? 6767,,47  

Ugrg

 ? ,, ?7, 7   7, 4  ?7, 4 =4, : 2    

>.6. Oiodhti jldxbihghtd rdsbstdhtd

 dh dl dkd nâmbl

Gl bcugl qud dh lg fihnbfböh ghtdrbir,

 pir li qud sd agllg dl oiodhti plçstbfi oçxboi  pir

 pgrg dl oiodhti dh dl dkd nâmbl, qud firrdspihnd firrdspihnd g lis oiodhtis rdsbstdhtds dh dl dkd x. ^dhbdhni dh fudhtg qud

, sd usgrç

 

   5, 2 6:  61, 4 >    ? ∄ ?5,2 ? 7=  ? 7575>,>,4  −  ? 7>7>,,62   Fioi

, lg filuohg hi jgllgrç pir jldxböh dh dl dkd y (nâmbl).

 < ∄

>.>. Judrzg firtghtd rdsbstdhtd

∄

 

 

 

74 Vd vdrbjbfg lg rdlgfböh

 ? ,,  ?7>,1:

. Dstg rdlgfböh ndmd sdr odhir g;

>71 >71 ?    ∛ 6:6:  ?:2,:3 

 

Fioi

     :↝ ∄ ?5,?5,::6:  ∄2 ?  ? >>>>,,=   < ∄  nihnd Gw ds dl çrdg ndl glog;

 

Vd imsdrvg qud,

, pir tghti, dl pdrjbl fuopld fih lgs silbfbtgfbihds silbfbtgf bihds nd firtghtd.

>.4.Bhtdrgffböh nd lg filuohg G pdsgr nd qud lgs fgrcgs oçxbogs hi gftûgh tings gl tbdopi dh lg filuohg, sd dvglugrç lg bhtdrgffböh nd lg filuohg pgrg lgs fgrcgs oçxbogs gftughni dh lg obsog filuohg, sd fioprimgrç qud dh dsd fgsi dl pdrjbl ds gûh sujbfbdhtd.

∄ ? 74,=61>4 ?5,5:447 + 7>,7,1612?5, 5 6=4+5, 7 6+5, = 6?5, > 4 7,11 3,> >,4

 ‖  (tih o) =61,57 7>,62 67,47 >>,==

 

7:

4.  GHGLBVBV ODNBGH^D DL VIJ^SG]D D^GMV

 Blustrgfböh 3. Nbgcrgog nd oiodhtis dh dl dkd y (dkd judrtd)

 Blustrgfböh 1. Nbgcrgog nd judrzgs gxbglds.

Gl rdglbzgr dl ghçlbsbs ndl oindli dh D^GMV, dstd his pripirfbihg dl nbsd÷i nd lgs sdffbihds  mgki lg hirog GBVF 6:5-75. Imtdhbdhni Imtdhbdhni lis sbcubdhtds rdsultgnis;

 

73 Ugrg lis pdrjblds BUD 6:5 (Zbcg M7-=)

Ugrg lis pdrjblds BUD =>5

Ugrg lis pdrjblds BUD 655

 

71

 

72 FIHFLTVBIH Gl rdglbzgr dl nbsd÷i nd lg dstrufturg odtçlbfg (odzghbhd), sd musfgmg prbhfbpglodhtd cgrghtbzgr lg dstgmblbngn ndl obsoi, pir li fugl sd rdglbzgrih lis nbsd÷is firrdspihnbdhtds g lgs vbcgs y filuohgs ndl dldodhti dstrufturgl, fih dl jbh nd fiopgrgrlis fih rdspdfti gl  prdnbodhsbihgobdhti bhbfbgl qud sd abzi. Nd dsti sd pudnd fihflubr qud dl prdnbodhsbihgobdhti nd lg dstrufturg jud gfdrtgni, y dsti sd ndmd g qud lis dsjudrzis prinufbnis ndmbni g lgs fgrcgs vbvgs, oudrtgs y nd sbsois, hi simrdpgsgh lis dstgni lïobtds nd lis dldodhtis dstrufturglds, tghti pgrg lgs vbcgs, nihnd sd  prdsdhtgrih dsjudrzis jldftirds jl dftirds prinufbnis pir oiodhtis jld jldftirds, ftirds, lis fuglds judrih 4.4, =.4 y 1.>1 tih o pgrg lis pdrjblds tbpi BUD =>5, 655 y 6:5 rdspdftbvgodhtd, ludci nd rdglbzgr dl ghçlbsbs sd dhfihtrgrih qud lis oiodhtis rdsbstdhtds pgrg lis fuglds sd prdsdhtg uh fiopirtgobdhti dlçstbfi dh lis pdrjblds ghtdrbirodhtd odhfbihgnis judrih nd 1.64, 7>.67 y =6.=7 tih o rdspdftbvgodhtd, fihfluydhni qud hbhcuhg vbcg prdsdhtd dh lg dstrufturg glfghzgrç su dstgni lïobtd nd ndjirogfböh dlçstbfg. Dl obsoi fgsi ifurrbö fih dl ghçlbsbs nd lgs filuohgs, nihnd sd dhfihtrö qud lgs judrzgs firtghtds, gxbglds y jldftirgs prdsdhtds dh dstis dldodhtis dstrufturglds hi simrdpgsgh lis vglirds nd rdsbstdhfbgs fglfulgnis pgrg fgng fgn g pisbmld tbpi nd jgllg, pir li qud sd pudnd ndfbr qud dl nbsd÷i ndl odzghbhd dh fudstböh fuopld fih lis rdqubsbtis rd qubsbtis pgrg su pistdrbir fihstruffböh.