Diseño de un electroestimulador de corrientes interferenciales para el tratamiento de patologías de origen muscular y circulatorio. PDF
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Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida. Ingeniería Electrónica. TRABAJO FIN DE CARRERA Ingeniería Electrónica. Presentado por...
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Diseño de un dispositivo generador de corrientes interferenciales para el tratamiento de patologías de origen muscular y circulatorio Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida Presentado por:
Álvaro Cortes Mánica Tesis de Fin de Carrera Ingeniería Electrónica. Mérida, Yucatán , México 2008
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Contenido Capítulo 1.- Introducción ................................................................................. 1 1.1
Antecedentes ....................... ............ ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .................. ....... 1
1.2 Planteamiento del problema problema ....................... ........... ....................... ...................... ....................... .................... ........ 1 1.3. Objetivos ............................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Objetivo general .................................................................................. 2 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos .......................................................................... 2 1.4. Justificación ........................................................................................... 3 1.5. Delimitación .......................................................................................... 4 1.5.1. Alcances y Limitaciones ...................................................................... 4 1.6 Caracterización del área en que se participó .................... ...................... ............ .......... 4 Capítulo 2. Fundamento Teórico ..................................................................... 6 2.1 Concepto, historia historia y generalidades............. generalidades.......................... .......................... .......................... ................. .... 6 2.2 Aspectos fisiológicos fisiológicos de la electro electro estimulación. ....................... ........... ....................... ............. 8 2.2.1. Fenómenos no nocivos causados por la electricidad en el ser humano ......................... ...................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .......................... ............... .. 9 2.3 Clasificación de las corrientes ....................... ........... ....................... ...................... ....................... .................. ...... 11 2.4 Origen de las corrientes interferenciales ....................... ........... ...................... ...................... .............. 13 2.5 Características de las corrientes interferenciales. interferenciales. ................ ..... ...................... ................ ..... 15 2.6 Ventajas de las corrientes interferenciales ..................... .......... ...................... ...................... ........... 17 2.7 Cualidades terapéuticas de las corrientes interferenciales................... ........... ........ 18 2.8 Efectos fisiológicos fisiológicos de las corrientes interferenciales...................... ........... ................ ..... 19 2.9 Tipos de estimuladores musculares..................... .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... .......... 20 2.10 Características de un electro estimulador ................. ...................... ........... .............. ... 22 2.11 Principios de operación ...................................................................... 24 2.12 Criterios de selección del método ...................................................... 28
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2.13 Electrodos .......................................................................................... 29 2.14 Normas de seguridad ...................... ........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... 29 2.15 Protecciones para el paciente......................... paciente.............. ....................... ....................... ...................... ............. 32 Capítulo 3. Procedimiento y descripción descripción de las actividades realizadas ..... 35 3.1 Descripción de actividades ................................................................... 35 3.2 Desarrollo ...................... ........... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... .............. ... 39 3.2.1 Funcionamiento del dispositivo ..................... .......... ...................... ....................... ...................... .......... 39 3.3 Arquitectura de hardware .................................................................... 40 3.3.1 Fuente de alimentación. .................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Oscilador sinusoidal fijo y variable..................................................... 44 3.3.3 Control digital .................................................................................... 48 3.3.4 Etapa de Amplificación ................................................................... 58 3.3.5 Etapa de salida ....................... ........... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ........... 62 3.4 Arquitectura de Software ..................................................................... 64 3.4.1 Programa visual .............................................................................. 64 3.4.2 Portal Web ..................................................................................... 66 Capítulo 4. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones ...................... .......... ....................... ...................... .............. ... 68 ....................................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ................... ....... 69 Referencias ..........................
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Capítulo 1.- Introducción
1.1 Antecedentes La estimulación eléctrica con electrodos de superficie a través de la piel mediante equipos portátiles viene aplicándose con éxito en la medicina tradicional desde hace muchos años para el tratamiento del dolor y la recuperación muscular. No obstante, ha sido recientemente que gracias a su sencillez de manejo y al abaratamiento de los equipos, su utilización ha saltado del ámbito profesional al privado. 1.2 Planteamiento del problema Son muchas las personas que sufren dolores en las cervicales, en el ciático, o que padecen reumatismos, jaquecas y otras muchas molestias pero son pocas las personas que saben que, gracias al avance tecnológico de la electrónica, se pueden eliminar todo tipo de patologías de origen muscular y circulatorio, sin provocar otros daños en el organismo. La pregunta que nos hacemos es: ¿Por que no tener dispositivo electrónico de bajo costo de elaboración, capaz de eliminar dichos padecimientos omitiendo el uso de píldoras o comprimidos, es decir, sin necesidad de hacer usos de fármacos, que tienen gran numero de efectos secundarios?. Este proyecto se enfoca en diseñar un dispositivo capaz de generar corrientes interferenciales variando la frecuencia digitalmente con una interfaz de fácil manejo, y que sea capaz de almacenar los datos de la terapia para después ser procesados mediante un software visual visual por medio del puerto serial para su posterior interpretación. Por tal motivo en el presente reporte se exponen los trabajos realizados en el proyecto
“Diseño de un dispositivo generador de corrientes interferenciales
para el tratamiento de patologías de origen muscular y c irculatorio.”
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En este documento se presentan los diseños de las diferentes partes en que
se conforman el proyecto, se analiza a fondo el origen origen de la electro-
estimulación, el efecto fisiológico que ocurre al ser aplicado al cuerpo y otras características importantes. importantes. Se menciona las actividades realizadas durante el periodo de desarrollo del proyecto. Podemos insistir en que este proyecto se enfoca al desarrollo de un dispositivo electrónico para uso exclusivo en el campo de la rehabilitación, tomando en cuenta las consideraciones mas importantes que existen en el mercado , de igual manera a las normas dictadas por los organismos de carácter nacional e internacional especialmente dedicados a la verificación y regularización de dichos dispositivos; tales como La Secretaría de Salud de México, International Electrotechnical Commision, American International Standards Insitute por mencionar algunos. Esta investigación se orientó hacia el desarrollo de un dispositivo que fuese la primera aproximación aproximación a un equipo médico real , con un costo relativamente bajo en comparación con los que existen en el mercado, siendo siendo atractivo a hospitales que tienen un presupuesto limitado.
1.3. Objetivos 1.3.1 Objetivo general El objetivo de este proyecto es de crear un electro-estimulador de corrientes interferenciales para el tratamiento de diversos padecimientos del cuerpo humano con una interfaz sencilla y de bajo costo. 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos
Desarrollar un software visual que puede ser usado como interfaz de usuario y descargar las terapias al dispositivo
El proyecto estaría enfocado al uso de componentes electrónicos de bajo bajo
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costo.
La creación de una interfaz interfaz sencilla que permita una interacción interacción adecuada entre el usuario-equipo, y que sea de gran alto grado de confiabilidad.
● Cumplir con las características eléctricas establecidas para poder competir
con equipos del mercado. ● Seguir las regulaciones y normas sobre equipos electrónicos de Electro-
terapia por La Secretaría de Salud de México, México, International Electrotechnical Comission.
Aplicación del proyecto al campo de la fisioterapia por medio de la creación de terapias que puedan combatir problemas musculares y circulatorios.
1.4. Justificación Este dispositivo sería de importante relevancia dado que los los equipos dedicados a la electroterapia son diseñados en el extranjero y tienen un alto costo excluyendo el de importación. Es por este motivo que muchos hospitales tienen un presupuesto limitado que los hace prescindir de estos dispositivos. No es del todo satisfactorio tener un conocimiento teórico, si no, que debe ser la base que sustente un trabajo científico para lograr un beneficio que se de impacto social y económico. La aplicación del conocimiento que se adquiere en el aula, tiene que ser puesto a prueba. Por ello, se ha decidido llevar a cabo la implementación de un proyecto final de la materia y en este caso particular es de un electro-estimulador muscular, en el cual, se apliquen todos todos estos conocimientos conocimientos aprendidos que se nos han enseñado en nuestra formación, como ingenieros, así como en nuestra propia persona.
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1.5. Delimitación 1.5.1. Alcances y Limitaciones Debido a su sencilla interfaz cualquier tipo de terapia puede ser fácilmente programable por el usuario. Si los los hospitales adquirieran este dispositivo podrán dar terapias menos costosas y
más accesibles a la población entera debido al bajo costo de
producción. Las características actuales de los materiales actuales de fabricación y a las técnicas usadas, no permiten que el prototipo sea portátil, además de que sea únicamente de un solo canal.
1.6 Caracterización del área en que se participó Este proyecto se realizó con la colaboración del Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia y el Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida .Las actividades fueron realizadas en el departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica del Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, en la figura 1 podemos observar el organigrama de dicha institución. El instituto Tecnológico de Morelia es una institución pública de educación superior y de postgrado responsable de la formación integral de profesionales en las áreas de ingeniería y administración.
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Figura 1. Organigrama del Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia
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Capítulo 2. Fundamento Teórico 2.1 Concepto, historia y generalidades La electroterapia es la disciplina médica que se ocupa del tratamiento de ciertas patologías humanas aprovechando diversos fenómenos eléctricos artificiales. Podemos definir a la electroterapia como el estudio de las aplicaciones terapéuticas de la electricidad; o bien como el tratamiento de determinadas enfermedades mediante la electricidad. Proviene del griego electro (electricidad) y terapia (cura); y es la rama de la medicina que utiliza el paso de la corriente eléctrica a través del organismo con fines curativos. La electricidad es una forma de energía, su denominación proviene del griego electrón=ámbar y nace cuando Thales de Mileto (600 a.c.) descubre que al frotar un trozo de ámbar, éste adquiere la propiedad de atraer pequeños objetos; durante siglos se pensó que la electricidad era un fluido. Si se coloca un cuerpo cargado positivamente en un lado y al otro un cuerpo cargado negativamente y entre ambos se coloca un conductor (material que permite el paso de los electrones) tendremos que entre uno y otro cuerpo existe una diferencia de potencial. Los electrones sobrantes en el lado cargado positivamente irán pasando, a través del conductor, al de carga negativa, hasta que se equilibren las dos cargas y, por tanto, deje de existir esa diferencia de potencial, con lo cual cesa la corriente
.
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La historia de la electroterapia se remonta a los tiempos de los romanos, en los cuales utilizaban la anguila eléctrica aplicada en la zona afectada, a veces era decapitada para que la descarga fuera más intensa. En cuanto a investigadores de la electricidad con fines curativos destacamos: • Luigi Galvani: En 1876 realiza una serie de investigaciones sobre los efectos de
la corriente continua sobre el organismo humano y sobre el miembro en particular. La corriente continua se denomina galvánica en su honor. • Volta: Contemporáneo de Galvani, creó la pila eléctrica productora de la corriente
continua utilizada por Galvani para sus experimentos. • D´Arsonval: Realizó estudios sobre la excitabilidad y, lo más importante, las
interrupciones de la corriente continua en un segundo, creando el sentido de los Hertzios. • Claude Bernard : Descubridor de las corrientes que llevan su nombre, también
denominadas diadinámicas. • Rupert Traebert: Asimismo descubridor de unas corrientes de claro efecto
analgésico. La corriente eléctrica es el conjunto de fenómenos que ocurren en un conductor (cuerpo que permite el paso de los electrones) cuando entre sus extremos se establece una diferencia de potencial. Aunque la velocidad del desplazamiento d esplazamiento de los electrones e lectrones por p or el e l conductor conduc tor es de 0.5 mm/seg, el impulso y onda de choque, es decir, la corriente eléctrica, se transmite a la velocidad de la luz, es decir 300,000 km/seg. Los cuerpos cuyos electrones periféricos están rígidamente sujetos no permiten el paso de la corriente eléctrica y se conocen con el nombre de
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• Aislantes: aceite, porcelana, goma, cristal y ebonita.
2.2 Aspectos fisiológicos de la electro estimulación. Cuando hacemos una contracción de forma voluntaria, el cerebro emite un orden, que se llama potencia de acción. Éste se propaga a gran velocidad a lo largo del nervio motor, invirtiendo la polaridad de las células que atraviesa. Al final del recorrido, gracias al neurotransmisor (la acetilcolina), la información se encamina al interior de la célula muscular y desencadena el acortamiento muscular, la electro estimulación (EEM) consiste en estimular el músculo, a través del nervio motor. Primero, porque la estimulación eléctrica de una moto neurona necesita mucha menos corriente que la estimulación eléctrica de la fibra muscular y segundo, porque la distribución del nervio a todas las fibras musculares, permite, con su excitación en la superficie transmitir el influjo hasta la profundidad. La provocación artificial de contracciones musculares mediante una corriente interrumpida o una corriente alterna, puede perseguir diferentes objetivos; si estamos hablando de denervaciones completas o parciales de fibras musculares, el interés se centrará en “normalizar” ese músculo; por el contrario querremos hipertrofiarlo en el caso de que la inervación del músculo sea normal. En cualquier caso los objetivos más importantes que buscamos son: tonificación de la musculatura, mejora del riego sanguíneo, recuperación de la sensibilidad muscular, obtención de información de la excitabilidad eléctrica de fibras nerviosas y tejido muscular, retardo o impedimento de la atrofia muscular, prevención de la fibrosis muscular, estiramiento muscular e incluso la relajación del músculo.
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Aumentado la amplitud
Variando la frecuencia
Ajustando una modulación baja
2.2.1. Fenómenos no nocivos causados por la electricidad en el ser humano
Sensación eléctrica Límite de tolerancia (implica sensaciones intensas incluyendo el dolor) Dolor Estimulación neuromuscular Impotencia muscular
Umbral de Sensación Eléctrica Valor mínimo de la corriente que causa alguna sensación en la persona por la que fluye .El posicionamiento y tamaño de los electrodos, así como la frecuencia utilizada en la estimulación son factores fundamentales.
300
100
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Límite de Tolerancia Depende de la densidad de la piel así como del tamaño de los electrodos. El limite de tolerancia varia de igual modo dependiendo del estado de salud o la condición patológica de la persona (ver figura 4).
Fuente: Electroterapia de frecuencia media y baja, R.V. Den Adel
Figura 4. Gráfica en donde se representan los diferentes umbrales de dolor
Umbral de Dolor La sensación de dolor puro no puede experimentarse en ningún punto de la piel. El dolor como tal es difícil de lograr ya que para ello se necesita que existan
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2.3 Clasificación de las corrientes En la actualidad existen diferentes tipos de corrientes que son usadas en el campo de la electroterapia para curar diversas patologías ya sea de origen muscular o circulatorio, es necesario saber el tipo de padecimiento para poder hacer una buena elección sobre el tipo de corriente que se va a emplear. La división que nos vamos a encontrar en la clasificación de las corrientes es la que sigue (puede variar según autores):
Según la Polaridad
Fuente: www.luisbernal.com
Tabla 1. Clasificación de corrientes por polaridad
Según la Frecuencia
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Según la Forma
Fuente: www.luisbernal.com
Tabla 3. Clasificación de corrientes por su forma
Para el desarrollo de este proyecto nos enfocaremos en la corrientes interferenciales por tal motivo es necesario tener un amplio conocimiento sobre este tipo de corrientes.
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Fuente: www.luisbernal.com
Tabla 4. Clasificación de las corrientes variables.
Corrientes combinadas/interferenciales Son la mezcla de dos tipos de corrientes:
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aceptación en países como Francia y Alemania, pero fue en la década de los años 60’s y 70’s donde esta modalidad de electroterapia alcanzó un nivel de mucha
importancia, haciéndose conocer en casi todo el mundo. La experiencia del Dr. Nemec sobrevino por necesidad de conseguir un tipo de onda eléctrica que consiguiera acceder a profundidades mayores que con otros tipos de corrientes estimulantes, así como permitir la aplicación de intensidades altas sin ocasionar molestias excesivas.
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Fuente: “Recent Advances in interferential current therapy,1990”
Figura 7. Representación de la generación de ondas interferenciales en el tejido humano
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Piel
Fibra muscular estriada
Vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos
Intestinos
Otros conducto y esfínteres con capacidad contráctil
Tejido Conjuntivo
Articulaciones
Tejido nervioso
Podemos explicar el nivel de penetración de la siguiente manera: a nivel celular en un fluido intersticial con un elevado número de células, las membranas poseen una elevada capacitancia. A frecuencias bajas esta capacitancia impide el paso de la corriente por el tejido, mientras que para frecuencias altas prácticamente no hay
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Las células al ser de tamaño desigual y con funciones muy diferentes, hacen que cada tejido tenga una constitución heterogénea con enormes diferencias en la conductividad de los mismos por lo que la electroterapia no da el mismo efecto en todos los tejidos dependiendo totalmente de la constitución de la zona donde se aplique la terapia. El organismo como un conductor, dada su constitución, se puede dividir de la siguiente manera: ●Tejidos poco conductores: huesos, grasa, piel callosa y gruesa, pelo y uñas. ● Tejidos medianamente conductores: piel, tendones, fascias gruesas y cartílagos. ●Tejidos relativamente buenos conductores: sangre, linfa, líquidos intra y
extracelulares, tejidos musculares, vísceras, hormonas, tejido conjuntivo, líquidos, jugos orgánicos y tejido nervioso.
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2) Las ondas de estimulación alcanzan profundidades inaccesibles para las ondas bipolares clásicas. 3) Brindan la posibilidad posibilidad de actuar en áreas de mayor extensión. extensión. 4) Efecto residual, que favorece la perpetuación del tratamiento una una vez finalizada la sesión.
2.7 Cualidades terapéuticas de las corrientes interferenciales Dichas corrientes se caracterizan por tener una marcada acción excito motriz, ya que de acuerdo a su particular mecanismo de generación, el estímulo despolarizante se produce en la intimidad del tejido muscular, ocasionando un masivo reclutamiento de unidades motoras. Dada las características de conformación de la interferencia eléctrica, se logra acceder a niveles de
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estéticos más comunes como los relacionados con déficit circulatorio, flaccidez muscular, celulitis, y atrofia muscular, potenciación muscular, relajación muscular, elongación muscular, bombeo circulatorio, analgesia en dolores de origen químico, analgesia en dolores de origen mecánico, analgesia en dolores de origen neurálgico, desbridamientos titulares, liberaciones articulares, eliminación de derrames articulares, en distrofia simpático-refleja, movilización intrínseca e intima de las articulaciones vertebrales.
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Pendiente: la corriente excitante disminuye su eficacia a medida que disminuye su pendiente. Ante la repetición de los impulsos con baja pendiente, la fibra muscular eleva su umbral de contracción y se produce acomodación. Esta capacidad no es conservada por las fibras musculares alteradas, por lo que la aplicación de este tipo de impulsos permitirá la estimulación selectiva de las fibras alteradas.
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tecnología ahorra espacios, los equipos son más ligeros y compactos, y el diseño electrónico es mucho más sencillo. Existe en el mercado una gran diversidad de estimuladores eléctricos, capaces de aplicar al paciente impulsos eléctricos con parámetros controlados y con niveles de seguridad adecuados. En esta gama de equipos se encuentran desde estimuladores portátiles, con aplicaciones muy específicas, hasta equipos estacionarios, con un radio de acción mucho más amplio y universal, que utilizan
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Las IFC se originan de la aplicación transcutánea de corriente eléctricas alternas de medias frecuencias, moduladas en amplitud a una baja frecuencia para
propósitos
interferenciales.
terapéuticos,
pueden
y
aplicación
de
las
corrientes
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Figura
12.
Generación
de
ondas
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Las dos ondas sinusoidales deben de ser de 4 KHz a 10 KHz con la
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donde la envolvente es la señal que penetrara al nervio y originará la sensación de
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4. Ancho de banda (BW ) tiende a infinito. 5.
v o o = 0 cuando v + + = v - -
Ya que la resistencia de entrada,
R en en ,
es infinita, la corriente en cada
entrada, inversora y no inversora, es cero. Además el hecho de que la ganancia de lazo abierto sea infinita hace que la tensión entre las dos terminales sea cero, como se muestra a continuación:
El dispositivo amplificador que se uso en esta etapa fue el LM386 que entre sus características principales podemos destacar: La ganancia es establecida internamente a 20 dB pero añadiendo un resistor y un capacitor entre las terminales 1 y 8 podemos incrementarlas hasta 200 dB, es diseño para dispositivos de bajo consumo permitiendo asi ser alimentado por medio de baterías.
Fuente: LM386 Datasheet
Figura 43. Diagrama a bloques del amplificador de audio LM 386
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Diseño Eléctrico
Funcionamiento
Figura 44. Diseño eléctrico de la etapa de amplificación.
Esta etapa fue diseñada para poder amplificar la señal proveniente de los generadores sinusoidales sinusoidales y poder entregar un señal que que no se distorsione al momento de ser aplicada al paciente. La manera de configurarlo fue el que se encuentra en la hoja de datos del fabricante (ver figura 50), podemos observar el uso de componentes externos para su funcionamiento, explicando mas a detalle observamos el capacitor entre los pines 1 y 8 cuya función es de incrementar la ganancia hasta 200 dB , esto por medio del potenciómetro que se encuentra conectado mediante los pines 3 y tierra. En la figura 45 observamos que que la salida es conectada a una bocina la cual hace la función del primario del transformador para después ser elevada a un voltaje de 170 V pico y así poder suministrar la cantidad necesaria de energía al cuerpo sin ocasionar ningún daño físico.
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Fuente: LM386 Datasheet
Figura 45. Circuito básico del amplificado LM 386
Diseño Electrónico
Figura 46. Diagrama electrónico de la etapa de amplificación.
Figura 47. Circuito impreso de la parte de los componentes de la etapa de amplificación
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Figura 48. Circuito impreso de la parte de la soldadura de la etapa de amplificación
3.3.5 Etapa de salida El transformador es un dispositivo que se encarga de "transformar" el voltaje de corriente alterna que tiene a su entrada en otro diferente amplitud, que entrega a su salida. Se compone de un núcleo de hierro sobre el cual se han arrollado varias espiras (vueltas) de alambre conductor. Este conjunto de vueltas se llaman bobinas y se denominan: Bobina primaria o "primario" a aquella que recibe el voltaje de entrada y Bobina secundaria o "secundario" a aquella que entrega el voltaje transformado.
La Bobina primaria recibe un voltaje alterno que hará circular, por ella, una corriente.
Esta corriente inducirá un flujo magnético en el núcleo de hierro Como el bobinado secundario está arrollado sobre el mismo núcleo de hierro, el flujo magnético circulará a través de las espiras de éste.
Al haber un flujo magnético que atraviesa las espiras del "Secundario", se generará por el alambre del secundario un voltaje. En este bobinado secundario habría una corriente si hay una carga conectada (el secundario conectado por ejemplo a una resistencia)
La razón de transformación del voltaje entre el bobinado "Primario" y el "Secundario" depende del número de vueltas que tenga cada uno. Si el
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Entonces:
Vs = Ns x Vp / Np
Donde:
Np= Número de vueltas del primario Ns=Número de vueltas secundario Vp=Tensión del primario Vs=tensión del secundario
Funcionamiento Esta etapa tiene dos funciones principales: la primera sirvió para poder elevar la salida proveniente del amplificador amplificador un voltaje de 170 V pico pico esto esto con la finalidad de poder ser aplicado al cuerpo sin ninguna perdida de energía . La segunda función es la de asilamiento del paciente con el circuito para evitar descargas eléctricas no deseadas y hacer prevenir accidentes. Fue necesario el uso de electrodos especiales y gel electrolítico para poder hacer un buen contacto con con la piel esto con la finalidad de toda toda la corriente proveniente del equipo sea aplicada al cuerpo.
Fuente: www.luisbernal.com www.luisbernal.com
Figura 49. Electrodos usados para la aplicación de electro terapia
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3.4 Arquitectura Arquitectura de Software Funcionamiento El software administrador fue desarrollado para la administración del dispositivo generador de ondas interferenciales. El software esta divido en dos etapas, las cuales se se mencionan continuación continuación del mismo modo se se describen las características importantes de cada una de ellas .
3.4.1 Programa visual
Descarga de rutinas al electro-estimulador ya pre-establecidas p re-establecidas
Descarga de rutinas al electro-estimulador creadas por el usuario
Descarga de rutinas del electro-Estimulador a la Pc
El programa visual fue desarrollado en visual basic debido a que es un lenguaje orientado a objetos y no se necesito conocimientos avanzados. Fue necesaria una comunicación serial serial entre la PC y el dispositivo generador generador de corrientes interferenciales El programa visual tiene una una pantalla en el que el usuario puede puede crear o descargar cualquier tipo de terapia al dispositivo para su después aplicación; una característica importante que contiene el software fue la creación de un algoritmo sumamente complejo que nos permitiera conectarnos conectarnos
de una
manera exitosa al dispositivo dispositivo y poder descargar todos los los datos de la terapia establecidos por el usuario hacia el mismo dispositivo; al mismo tiempo
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Figura 50. Pantalla de bienvenida del software visual
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Figura 52. Pantalla para descarga de terapia al dispositivo del software visual
3.4.2 Portal Web
Visualización en Web para llevar un seguimiento sobre las rutinas que se han aplicado al paciente
Para el desarrollo del Portal Web fue necesario el conocimiento básico de visual basic y un amplio conocimiento de bases de datos en especial mysql. mysql. Se puede acceder al portal solamente por intranet desde cualquier
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gratuito, el cual fue utilizado para que los usuarios pudieran acceder al portal web. Como se mencionó con con anterioridad la necesidad de la creación de un portal para la consulta consulta de los datos fue de suma importancia ya ya que en el se podrá tener un mejor control sobre las terapias que ha sido aplicadas a cada paciente.
Figura 58.Imagen del Portal web
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Capítulo 4. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones
La realización de este proyecto arrojó mucho conocimiento y satisfacción profesional, ya que se logró aplicar todos y cada uno de los temas y aspectos vistos en clase. La implementación de cada una de las etapas, respondieron r espondieron de manera muy satisfactoria. En los generadores se logró un funcionamiento de manera exitosa, exitosa, además además de no permitir la intrusión de ruidos de manera considerable. La amplificación final resulto buena, ya que no se saturaban los amplificadores a variaciones fuertes de red eléctrica. La fuente de alimentación logró proporcionar la corriente corriente suficiente a todos los dispositivos dispositivos empleados en el funcionamiento del dispositivo. El dispositivo solamente fue diseñado para un canal esto debido a la falta de tiempo, pero si se requiere puede ser añadido cualquier cantidad de canales realizando realizando pequeñas modificaciones de hardware y software en el diseño. El uso de la PC para la administración del dispositivo ofrece una ventaja sobre los demás dispositivos dispositivos existentes en en el mercado además además de que puede ser mejorado y adaptado según las necesidades de cada usuario. En general el comportamiento del dispositivito generador de corrientes interferenciales para el tratamiento de origen muscular y circulatorio fue bueno debido a su comportamiento en general.
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Referencias
Electroterapia en fisioterapia, Rodriguez Martin, 2da edición ,editorial Panamericana,2004 Recent Advances in interferential current therapy,1990” Guía de corrientes Interferenciales, 2005
interferenciales
No
25,
Equipo
de
Corrientes
Electrotherapy on the Web, Tim Whatson, http://www.electrotherapy.com. Guía Tecnológica 25 Equipos de Corrientes Interferenciales, 2004. Secretaria de Salud. Li, Huang, Jen, Chen, (2005 ) “The Implementation of a Multi -Channel Interferential Current Electrical Stimulation System”, Proc. of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. Minder et al. (2003) “Interferential Current (IFC)”.
Sedra, A., Smith, K. C. (2004). Microelectronic Circuits (4thEdition). USA: Oxford University Press. S. Ravichandran, (1990). “Recent Advances in Interferential Current Therapy”,
Proc. of the 12th Annual Int. Conf. on Engineering in Medicine and Biology
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