Diseño de Producto o Servicio

 

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NOYBØA NB VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA

VZBYB@^HNA VAZ GKA@@_ HCB[H@NBZ WBEH@H^B AZNAØBW EHZB CR@H BYVO^HCB^H AGBNH GRH@ HCBGH@NZA JCH@IA

O@Y^ZRI^AZ MBZEH@ H@NZBY MAEBW JCH@NA@ YBZ\OIOA @HIOA@HC NB HVZB@NOWHGB YB@H MBY^OA@ NB EBZIHNAY IHCO -\HCCB :6:8

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^HJCH NB IA@^B@ONA

8. BCHJAZHIOA BCHJAZHIOA@ @ NB CH LOIKH LOIKH ^ ^BI@OI BI@OIH H NBC VZANRI^A VZANRI^A :. BCHJAZHIOA BCHJAZHIOA@ @ NBC V VZA^A ZA^A^OVA ^OVA NB NBC C VZANRI^A VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA YBZ\OIOA -

VZBIOYB CAY MRY^AY _ @BIBYONHNBY NB CAY ICOB@^BY NBLO@H VCB@HEB@^B CA XRB YB NOYBØHZH ( EH^BZOHCBY,^BI@OIHY B@^ZB A^ZAY )

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IA@Y^ZR_H YR VZA^A^OVA H VHZ^OZ NB R@ JAIB^A

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ZBHCOIB VZRBJHY NB EBZIHNA

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BCHJAZB R@ JAIB^A LO@HC NBC VZA^A^OVA

9. IZBHIO IZBHIOA@ A@ _ N NBY BYHZZ HZZACC ACCA A NB E EHZI HZIH H -

ONB@^OLOXRB CHY IHZHI^BZOY^OIHY NBC @AEJZB _ NB CH EHZIH XRB CA NOLBZB@IOH@ NB YRY IAEVB^ONAZBY

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ONB@^OLOXRB CHY VA^B@IOHCONHNBY _ LAZ^HCBWHY NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA NB YR BEVZBYH _ NBHIRBZNA IA@ BY^A, NBLO@H CHY IRHCONHNBY _ IHZHI^BZOY^OIHY NB YR EHZIH NBJB ^B@BZ

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YBCBIIOA@B CAY @AEJZBY NB CAY VZANRI^AY A YBZ\OIOAY NBHIRBZNA IA@ CH ONB@^ONHN, CH OEHMB@, CH MHZH@^OH, CAY YBMEB@^AY NBC EBZIHNA _ CAY ZBYRC^HNAY NB CH O@\BY^OMHIOA@

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NOYBØB CH EHZIH _ BC @AEJZB NB CAY VZANRI^AY A YBZ\OIOAY NB YR BEVZBYH ^AEH@NA IAEA ZBLBZB@IOH CAY YOEJACAY, YOM@AY, ^B[^AY _ IACAZBY BY^HJCBIONAY B@ CHY VACO^OIHY _ AJGBI^O\AY NB CH IAER@OIHIOÙ@.

 

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^HJCH NB IA@^B@ONA -

BY^HJCBWIH CAY VZO@IOVHCBY HYVBI^AY ^BI@OIAY, CBMHCBY _ NB EBZIHNA XRB YB NBJB@ ^B@BZ B@ IRB@^H VHZH CH IZBHIOA@ NB CHY EHZIHY NB YRY VZANRI^AY A YBZ\OIOAY

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\BZOLOIXRB XRB CAY @AEJZBY _ CHY EHZIHY YBH@ HNHVH^HJCBY  H IRHCXROBZ EBNOA NB VRJCOIONHN VRJCOIONHN _ XRB ZBR@H@ CA CAY Y ZBXROYO^AY O@NOYVB@YHJCBY VHZH YBZ ZBMOY^ZHNAY _ NOLR@NONAY.

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ZBHCOIB BC ZBMOY^ZA NB IHNH R@H NB CHY EHZIHY NBHIRBZNA IA@ CAY VHYAY BY^HJCBIONAY VAZ CH O@Y^O^RIOA@ B@IHZMHNH NB BY^B ^ZHEO^B.

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IAY@^ZR_H CHY BY^ZH^BMOHY NB VZAEAIOA@, VRJCOIONHN _ \B@^HY NB YR BEVZBYH.

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B\HCRB BC IREVCOEOB@^A _ CH BLOIHIOH NB CHY BY^ZH^BMOHY NB VZAEAIOA@, VRJCOIONHN _ \B@^HY EBNOH@^B B@IRBY^HY _ B@^ZB\OY^HY HC ICOB@^B B ONB@^OLOXRB CHY HIIOA@BY XRB MB@BZH@ IA@LOH@WH _ IZBNOJOCONHN B@ BC EOYEA.

 

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^HJCH NB IA@^B@ONA >.IHZHI^BZOWHIOA@ NB CHY LHYBY NBC IOICA NB \ONH NB YR VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA. -

NBY NBYIZO IZOVIO VIOA@ A@ NB CHY IHZHI^ IHZHI^BZO BZOY^O Y^OIHY IHY NB IH IHNH NH R@ R@H H NB CHY CHY

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LHYBY NBC IOICA NB \ONH NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA BCBMONA B@ BC VZ VZA_B A_BI^A I^A L LAZE AZEH^ H^O\A O\A 7 IHZHI IHZHI^B ^BZOY ZOY^OI ^OIHY HY ZB ZBCH CHIOA IOA@HN @HNHY HY IA@ IA@ ICOB@^BY, IAEVB^ONAZBY, ^BI@ACAMOH, IHVHIONHN O@Y^HCHNH, \ACREB@ NB \B@^HY, LCRGA NB IHGH, IAY^AY NB VZANRIIOA@, @O\BC NB IZBIOEOB@^A B O@\BY^OMHIOA@ _ NBYHZZACCA ( O+N)

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BY^ BY^ZH^ ZH^BMO BMOHY HY H OEV OEVCBE CBEB@^ B@^HZ HZ B B@ @ IH IHNH NH R@H R@H NB NB CHY CHY LHYBY LHYBY

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ONB ONB@^O @^OLOI LOIHIO HIOA@ A@ NB NB CAY CAY ZBYVA ZBYVA@YH @YHJCB JCBY Y B@ IHN IHNH H R@H R@H NB CHY LHYBY

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ONB ONB@^O @^OLOI LOIHIO HIOA@ A@ NB CAY Z ZBIR BIRZYA ZYAY Y ( ^HCB@ ^HCB@^A ^A KREH KREH@A, @A, L LOYO OYOIA, IA, ^BI@ACAMOIA _ LO@H@IOBZA) H HYOM@HZ B@ IHNH LHYB VHZH CH OEVCBEB@^HIOA@ NB CHY BY^ZH^BMOHY.

 

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^HJCH NB IA@^B@ONA 2. EA@O^AZBA NBC IOICA NB \ONH NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA -

NH^AY MB@BZHCBY

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GRY^OLOIHIOA@

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AJGBI^O\AY

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ZBYRC^HNAY BYVBZHNAY

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^BI@OIH _ ^BI@ACAMOH

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IZA@AMZHEH _ HI^O\ONHNBY

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LO@H@IOHEOB@^A

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ZBYVA@YHJCBY

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O@NOIHNAZBY A EBNONHNBY NB HI^RHIOA@

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NBLO NBLO@O @OI IOA@ OA@ N NB BL LHI HI^ ^AZB ZBY Y _ VHZ HZHE HEB B^ZA ZAY Y B@ B@ IHN IHNH H R@ R@H NB NB C CHY HY LHYBY NBC IOICA NB \ONH NB YR VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA

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LOIKH NB EA@O^AZBA

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ZBIAEB@NHIOA@BY

 

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BCHJAZHIOA@ NB CH LOIKH ^BI@OIH NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA LOIKH ^BI@OIH NB CH VZBYB@^HIOA@ NBC YBZ\OIOA @AEJZB NBC VZANRI^A

IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB Lo`h`iohioù` phrh ch iaeprh nb ibcuchrbs

IHZHI^BZOY^OIHY NBC YBZ\OIOA

@ubstrh iaebriohcozhnarh nb ibcuchrbs y sapartb tïi`oia GHWA EAJOCB, mrhiohs h chs sumbrb`iohs  y pbtoioa`bs nb cas icob`tbs, cas iuhcbs jusihjh` u`h lareh nb lo`h`iohioù` nolbrb`tb h chs trhnoioa`h cbs, sb irbh IZB IZBNO NO GHW GHWA A EAJ EAJOCB OCB,, `ubstra ajgbitova bs jro ro` `nhr u`h kbrr kb rrhe heob ob`t `th h irbn irbnototoi oioh oh ÷toc ÷toc y nb jh jhga ga iasta Vhrh `ubstras icob`tbs, `ubstrh albrth vh noromonh h tanas cas usuhroas so` oeparthr  qub bstï` rbparthnas b` chs ib`trhcbs nb robsma. Yb prbtb`nb alrbibr u`h thsh nb o`t o`tbrï brïss jb` jb`blo bloioa ioash sh phrh phrh `ub `ubstr stras as usuhroas. Ch onbh bs sbr u` sbrvoioa o`icuyb`tb ia` cas icob`tbs rbparthnas y icob`tbs `a jh`ihrozhnas.

^OVA NB YBZ\OIOA

Bc sbrvoioa bs lo`h`iobra y su ajgbitova bs qub `ubstras icob`tbs pubnh` ccbvhr c cbvhr bc ibcuchr qub nbsbh` a `bibsoth` lo`h`iohna ia` `asatras Bc ebrihna nb ch tbcbla`åh ibcuchr bstè h chs pubrths nb u`h bxph`soù`, pranuita nb cas ihejoas rbmuchtaroas, hnbch`thnas par ch iaeosoù` nb rbmuchioù` nb iaeu`oihioa`bs ( IZI ) y bc eo`o eo`ost stbr broa oa nb ch ^O ^OI. I. R` R`a a nb cas

 

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ZBMCHEB@^HIOA@ NBC YBZ\OIOA

sbmeb`tas qub ehs sb`torè bc rbvaciù`, sbrè bc nb ch iaebrioh ohccoz ozh hioù` nb bquopas eùvocbs, mrhiohs h ch bcoeo`hioù` nb chs ichusuchs nb pbreh`b`ioh y ch `arehtovh ia` ch qub sb jusih lhiocothr ch vb`th nb nospas nos pasotov otovas as e eùvo ùvocbs cbs.. Nbs Nbsnb nb qub qub sb h`u`ioa bc lo` nb ch ichusuchs nb pbreh` pbr eh`b`i b`ioh oh b` tbcbla tbcbla`åh `åh ibc ibcuch uchr, r, cas apbrhnarbs eùvocbs par ihpthr ch ehyar  ih`tonhn nb icob`tbs, shjob`na qub bsth `a sbroh ch ÷`oih ebnonh qub h`u`iohråh bc rbmuchnar b` jusih nb o`ib`tovhr ch vb`th nb nospasotovas eùvocbs ebnoh`tb `ubv `u bvas as ih ih`h `hcb cbs, s, ju jub` b`h h ph phrt rtb b nb ca cass apbrhn rhnarbs bepbzhra` h alrbibr  hitrhitova hitrh itovass pch`b pch`bss ia` nbsi nbsiub`ta ub`tass b` bquopas, hnbeès nb jb`bloioas iaea bc hnbch`ta hnbc h`ta nb ch rbpa rbpasoioù soioù` ` nbc nbc ibcu ibcuchr, chr, tana h ihejoa h qub bc icob ob` `tb sb hehrrh rrhrh ebnoh oh` `tb ia`trhtas nb pbreh`b`ioh nb khsth nas høas. qub ch Bc rbmuchnar prbtb`nb o`ib`tovhr tob`nhs bspbiohcozhnhs y hcehib`bs nb ihnb` ih nb`h h sb ia ia`vo `vobrt brth` h` b` pat patb`i b`iohc ohcbs bs vb`nbnar vb`n bnarbs bs nb ibcu ibcuchrbs. chrbs. Hnbe Hnbeès ès n nb b bsthr rbmuchna par ch supbro`tb`nb`ioh lo`h`iobrh lo`h` iobrh,, sb tob`b jhga su ia`t ia`trac rac tanh ch `arehtovonhn nb lo`h`ioheob`ta y cas b`tbs nb ia`trac y vomoch`ioh, ca iuhc `as vh h pbreotor ch lo`h`iohioù` nb thshs bquocojrhnhs y supbrvoshnhs

NB@AEO@HIOA@ NBC YBZ\OIOA

Vhrh IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB  sb bsth bs thjc jcbi bibr brè è bc ebri ebrihn hna a ebth ebth ia iaea ea jb`bloioa y apartu`onhn nb lo`h`iohioù` hc sbitar ehs papuchr y nb jhga gass o`mrbsas nb cas jhrroas nb ihco, b`laihna b` ehrdbto`m apbrhtova, tïi`oia y thitoia nb ehyar iajbrturh b` jhrroas nb ehyar  o`tbrïs b` ch hnquosoioù` nb bquopas h irïnota jhga u`h eanhconhn nb ihconhn y nb jhghs thshs nb lo`h`iohioù`, sob`na rbia`aionas hctbr`htovh onbhc phrh ajtb`br iaea iasta/ u`h jb`bloioa

 

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RJOIHIOA@

@ubstrh tob`nh bsthrè ujoihnh b` ch iounhn nb ihco ia` ch o`lrhbstruiturh y camåstoih phrh nbsbepbøhr u` bxibcb`tb sbrvoioa. Bc eana nb usa nbc sbrvoioa qub sb

EANA NB RYA

prbtb`nb iub`thsb ia` u`h sbrob nb phsas,prbsthr, nb cas iuhcbs nbsthih`7 8. Yb tae taeh hb bcc vh vhcar car nbc bquop bquopa a bcbmona par bc usuhroa :. Yac Yacoio oiothr thr ch ch ib ibnuc nuch h aro aromo` mo`hc hc y nocomb`iohr ch sacoiotun. 9. Ia` Ia`lore lorehr hr b b` ` ch chss ib ib`tr `trhcb hcbss nb robsma y b` bc ihsa nb tb`br rbpartb, taehr chs thshs hnoioa`hcbs nb rbparthnas. >. Mb` Mb`brh brhrr bc pch pch` `n nb bp phma hmass y mb`brhr phmhrbs, par phrtb nb `asatras bc icob`tb vh h tb`br irïnota hprajhna nb o`ebnohta.

LHYB : ’ BCHJAZHIOA@ NB VZA^A^OVA NB VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA H@HCOYOY NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA BCBMONA Cas pratatopas sa` u` eïtana nb vhconhioù` hepcoheb`tb utocozhnas b` euikhs nosiopco`hs y b` tanas cas ihsas cas pro`iopoas sa` cas eoseas4 bc pratatopa ia`sostb b` ch irbhioù` nb u`h ehqubth ehqubth a vbrsoù` nbc pran pranuita uita lo`hc. Cas ajgbtovas nb cas pratatopas vhråh` b` lu`ioas nb ch nosiopco`h. B` bc ihsa nb ch hitovon hitovonhn hn nb rbquosotas, cas pratatopas sb utocozh` lu`nheb`thceb`tb phrh iaeprajhr ch iarrbiioù` y iaepcbtotun nb ch bspbioloihioù` nb rbquosotas. Iaea job` shjbeas euikas icob`tbs apth` ehs par u` sostbeh nb irïnota qub u` phma nb ia`thna, ch onbh bs taehr euy b` iub`th cas iastas nb cas tbcïla`as ibcuchrbs y nolbrb`iohrcas nb atras sbrvoioas h irïnota qub sa` euy iastasas h ch karh nb hnquoror ia` u`h b`tonhn lo`h`iobrh a hcmu` hcehib` nb ihnb`h.

 

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VZBIOYB CAY MRY^AY _ @BIBYONHNBY NB CAY ICOB@^BY Bc sbrvoioa IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB cbs nhrè ch apartu`onhn h cas icob`tbs nb ajtb`br u` irïnota so` qub tb`mh bspbrob`ioh irbnotoioh a bstï rbparthna b` u`h ib`trhc nb robsma, bstù khrè cchehr ch htb`ioù` nb u`h mrh` ih`tonhn nb icob`tbs pa`tb`iohcbs phrh qub iaeprb` bc ibcuchr qub nbsbh` ia` `ubstra sostbeh nb lo`h`iohioù` b` `ubstra `bmaioa IAEBZIOHCOWHNAZH _ YAVAZ^B ^BI@OIA GHWA EAJOCB Yb jusih thejoï` qub `ubstras icob`tbs tb`mh` u`h jub`h ihconhn nb sbrvoioa Yb tb`nrè` b` iub`th cas somuob`tbs hspbitas 7  H. \HCAZ Cas icob`tbs sobeprb nbsbh` shjbr qub ca qub bstè` iaeprh`na tob`b bc prbioa gusta, qubrrè` bsthr sbmuras nb khjbr iaeprhna ch ebgar apioù` nospa`ojcb, ia` IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB vheas h eh`bghr u`h iaeanh thsh nb o`tbrïs ch iuhc `a vh h sbr usurbrh iaea ch nb euikas sostbehs nb irïnota bxostb`tbs b` ihco. J. HVA_A Bc icob`tb `bibsoth bsiuikhr y irbbr qub tb`nrè hpaya nurh`tb bc tobepa qub pasbh bc hrtoiuca qub bsth hnquorob`na, hnbeès bspbrhrè qub cb arob`tb` phrh nhr bc ebgar usa nbc pranuita a sbrvoioa, IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB jro`nhrè hc icob`tb tanh ch hyunh qub bstb `bibsotb ia` u` bxibcb`tb hiaephøheob`a. I. HI HI^O ^O^R ^RN N VAY VAYO^ O^O\ O\H H O`icusa so bccas `a ch tob`b`, nbsbhrh` qub quob` cas htob`nh sb eubstrb lbcoz, h`soasa par hyunhr y nospubsta h htb`nbr, bs nbior qub bstï prbphrhna phrh iuepcor y shtosl sht oslhib hibrr sus `bib `bibson sonhnb hnbs. s.

^an ^anas as cas bepcb bepcbhn hnas as nb iaebri iaebriohc ohcozh ozhnar narh h GHW GHWA A

EAJOCB _ IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB, sa` nbjonheb`tb ihphiothnas phrh jro`nhr u` sbrvoioa hc icob`tb supbroar.

N. IA IA@L @LOH OHJO JOCO CONH NHN N

 

86 Cas icob`tbs bspbrh` panbr ia`lohr b` rbiojorè` u` trhta ia`sostb`tb y qub bstbeas hkå iuh`na ca `bibsotb`, `ubstra `bmaioa trhth nb rbsphcnhr h sus hsaiohnas hc eèxoea y rbsacvbr ihnh nunh ca ehs pra`ta pasojcb B. R@ EB@YH EB@YHGB GB O@ O@^BM ^BMZA ZA _ ^H@MO ^H@MOJCB JCB Ch ÷`oih lareh b` qub cas icob`tbs pubnh` irbbr b` ch o`tbmronhn nbc eb`shgb nb tu beprbsh bs h trhvïs nb u` pranuita y nbsbepbøa nb ihconhn, so `as bslarzheas b` bstb lhitar praybithrbeas u`h u`h oehmb` pralbsoa`hc. pralbsoa`hc. B` bstb otbe sb irbb qub `ubstra `ubstra `bmaioa bsmroeb tana ia` trh`sphrb`ioh, sb eh`bgh u` hejob`tb nb o`tbmronhn y nb coepobzh qub pbriojb tanh ch iaeu`onhn. L. HYB HYBMRZ MRZHEO HEOB@^ B@^A A _ ZBHYB ZBHYBMRZ MRZHEO HEOB@^ B@^A A Bsta sb ia`somub ia` u`h b`trbmh nbc pranuita a sbrvoioa iuh`na sb praebtb y ia` u` ia`aioeob`ta tathc nbc eosea qub sbrè arob`thna hc ia`sueonar, b` bstb pu`ta `ubstra `bmaioa thejoï` iuepcb ia` ca qub praebtb hc ia`sueonar so` u`h ichsb nb b`mhøas. M. BEVH BEVH^Å ^ÅH H Yo camrheas khibrcbs sb`tor iaeprb`nonas b` sus mustas y `bibsonhnbs `bibsonhnbs,, hnbeès nb nbeastrhrcbs u` iaepraeosa nb b`tb`noeob`ta, ia`sbmuorbeas u` icob`tb ia`tb`ta y cbhc, `ubstra `bmaioa trhth nb`tra nb ca pasojcb nb pa`brsb b` cas zhphtas phrh iaeprb`nbr ebgar sus `bibsonhnbs.

K. R@ YB YBZ\O Z\OIOA IOA B[IBV B[IBVIOA IOA@HC @HC Bc sbrvoioa nb ch ebgar ihconhn sobeprb hthrbrè h cas icob`tbs, alrbibrca nb bsh eh`brh nbjb sbr u`h `areh y bspbrhrh` qub eh`tbmhs bc eosea `ovbc nb sbrvoioa nb `ubstra `bmaioa bs jub`a, hu`qub cb lhcth ebgarhr b` ch phrtb tbi`acùmoih phrh nhrcb ehyarbs apartu`onhnbs nb phma h cas icob`tbs, `a sacheb`tb nb lareh prbsb`iohc y b` blbitova, thejoï` lhcth jro`nhr ehyar phrtoiophioù` h cas hsaiohnas y pujcoia ajgbitva par ebnoa nb chs ^ois.

 

L. BYVBZH@ R@H O@^BZHIIOA@ HEOY^AYH

 

88 Yo cb prbmu`ths h iuhcquobrh sajrb iaea cb musth sbr htb`nona, ch rbspubsth ihtbmùroih sbrè7 u`h pbrsa`h heostash qub eb hyunh h ia`sbmuor ca qub `bibsota, b` `ubstra `bmaioa prbvhcbib u` hejob`tb nb ihehrhnbråh, par ca qub ch rbchioù` ia` cas icob`tbs bs bxibcb`tb.

NBLO@H VCB@HEB@^B CA XRB NOYBØHZH Bc pranuita qub sb tob`b h ch vb`th sa` nospasotovas eùvocbs( ibcuchrbs ) hc nbthc, h trhvïs nb bstb pranuita jro`nhrbeas u` sbrvoioa nb irïnota phrh chs c hs pbrsa`hs qub `a kh` bepbzhna u`h vonh irbnotoioh a bstè` rbparthnas b` ib`trhcbs nb robsma, sb eh`bghrh u` sostbeh nb jhsb nb nhtas ia` cas icob`tb na`nb sb tb`nrè tanh ch o`larehioù` `bibshroh phrh bc irïnota. Yb vb`nbrè bc ibcuchr qub bc icob`tb nbsbh a `bibsoth y sb jro`nhrè bc sapartb tïi`oia so bc icob`tb ca rbquobrb.

IAY@^ZR_H YR VZA^A^OVA H VHZ^OZ NB R@ JAIB^A

 

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ZBHCOIB VZRBJHY NB EBZIHNA ( XRB VOB@YH BC ICOB@^B, NBYIZOJH CAY HYVBI^AY B\HCRHNAY ) Vhrh ch rbhcozhioù` nb chs prubjhs nb ebrihna, sb bsiamoù u` o`strueb`ta nb b`iubsth nb > prbmu`ths, sb cb rbhcoza h 86 pbrsa`hs Cas iuhcbs hrraghra` cas somuob`tbs rbsucthnas.  H ia`to`uhioù` sb eubstrh` eubstrh` chs prbmu`ths y chs rbspubsths rbspubsths nb cas ia`sueonarbs ia`sueonarbs nb`tra nb chs mrhloihs.

B` bsth mrhloih mrhloih bvonb`ioheas qub bc = =6% 6% nb ca cass b`iubsthnas b`iubsthnas tob`b` vonh irbnotoioh sh`h, ca iuhc bs u` euy jub` nhta phrh `ubstra `bmaioa

 

89

B` bsth mrhloih panbeas bvonb`iohr qub ch eothn nb cas b`iubsthnas tob`b` u` hkarra nb huxocoa y bc atra 26% `a ca pasbb.

B` bsth mrhloih bvonb`ioheas qub bc ;6% nb cas b`iubsthnas tob`b` bxpbrob`ioh bxpbrob`ioh irbnotoioh ca iuhc bs euy oeparth`tb, phrh `ubstra `ubva sbrvoioa nb irbnotas qub vheas h oepcbeb`thr.

 

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B` bsth bvonb`ioh panbeas vbr qub khy u` 26% nb cas b`iubsthnas `bibsoth` u` irïnota, ca iuhc bs euy oeparth`tb phrh bc ch`zheob`ta nb `ubstra `ubva sbrvoioa

 

82

O@IA O@IAZV ZVA AZB CHY @A @A\B \BNH NHNB NBY Y HC NO NOYB YBØA ØA NBLO@ LO@O^O\ O^O\A A ( BY NBIO NBIOZ, Z, IAZZOGH@ CAY VAYOJCBY BZZAZBY _ NB VAZ LO@HCOWHNA BC VZA^A^OVA ( COY^A VHZH CH VZANRIIOA@ ). O@ICR_H CH OEHMB@ NBC VZA^A^OVA LO@HC NBC VZANRI^A A CH NBYIZOVIOA@ NBC YBZ\OIOA ).

Bc hgustb qub sb rbhcozhråh hc sbrvoioa sbråh 7 - Eanoloihioa` nb ch jhsb nb nhtas

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Bc irïnota pubnb vhrohr sbm÷` ch pbrsa`h qub ca rbquobrh y ch `bibsonhn ia` ca qub ca quobrh utocozhr 

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Eanoloihr ch lhiturhioù` phrh qub ccbmub h cas iarrbas y `a mhsthr phpbc, phrh hså tb`br ia`sonbrhioù` ia` bc ebnoa hejob`tb

LHYB 9 ’ IZBHIOA@ _ NBYHZZACCA NB CH EHZIH

Bc nbshrracca nb u`h ehrih kh bxostona nurh`tb somcas, iaea u` rbiursa phrh nosto`muor cas job`bs nb u` pranuita h atra. R`h ehrih bs u` `aejrb, tbreo`a,som`a, såejaca, a nosbøa a u`h iaejo`hioù` nb bstas, iuya lo` bs onb`toloihr cas job`bs y sbrvoioas nb u` vb`nbnar a mrupa nb vb`nbnarbs phrh nolbrb`iohrcas nb ch iaepbtb`ioh. B` tïreo`as tïi`oias, sobeprb sb nh u` `ajrb, camatopa a såejaca phrh u` `ubva pranuita, bsta bs irbhr u`h ehrih

ONB@^OLOXRB CHY IHZHI^BZOY^OIHY NBC @AEJZB _ NB CH EHZIH XRB CA NOLBZB@IOH@ NB YRY IAEVB^ONAZBY -

Lhioc nb bsirojor 

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Lhioc nb cbbr 

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Lhioc nb rbia`aibr y rbiarnhr 

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Bc bscamh` rblcbgh ihconhn y hmoconhn

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Bc `aejrb bs hcusova hc sbrvoioa alrbiona

 

8< IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB 7― Bc ibcuchr nb tus subøas b` 2 eo`utas― 

B` `ubstra `bmaioa trhjhgheas phrh alrbibr h `ubstras icob`tbs u` sbrvoioa nb ihconhn, rhponbz y ia`loh`zh, bstheas arob`thnas h ch vb`th y lo`h`iohioù` lo `h`iohioù` nb tbcïla`as eùvocbs b` mb`brhc, lhiocotheas h `ubstras icob`tbs ajtb`mh bc ibcuchr qub nbsbh` a `bibsoth`.

ONB@^OLOXRB CHY VA^B@IOHCONHNBY _ LAZ^HCBWHY NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA NB YR BEVZBYH _ NBHIRBZNA IA@ BY^A NBLO@H CHY IRHCONHNBY _ IHZHI^BZOY^OIHY XRB YR EHZIH NBJB ^B@BZ.

BCBEB@^AY NB CH EHZIH Yb utocozù bc iacar hzuc qub nb`ath qub bc `bmaioa bs coepoa y bc jch`ia qub eubstrh ch purbzh y trh`sphrb`ioh, bstb cama bs nb lhioc cbiturh y iaeprb`soù`, hnbeès bsth b`laihna bc ajgbitova nbc sbrvoioa qub alrbibeas.

YBCBIIOA@B CAY @AEJZBY NB CAY VZANRI^AY A YBZ\OIOAY NBHIRBZNA IA@ CH ONB@^ONHN, CH OEHMB@, CH MHZH@^OH, CAY YBMEB@^AY NBC EBZIHNA _ CAY ZBYRC^HNAY NB CH O@\BY^OMHIOÙ@.

@aejrb7 IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB Cama

7 Lhioc hiibsa h u` tbcïla`a eùvoc.

Bscamh` 7 Bc ibcuchr nb tus subøas b` 2 eo`utas

 

8=

Ch ehrih bs lhioc nb bsirojor, prhitoih ia`sostb`tb, tob`b u` cama, iacarbs, lhioc nb ebearozhr, rblcbgh bc vhcar y bc ajgbitova nb ch beprbsh y bs hnhpthjcb hc ebrihna ebth.

NOYBØB CH EHZIH _ BC @AEJZB NB CAY VZANRI^AY A YBZ\OIOAY NB YR BEVZBYH, ^AEH@NA IAEA ZBLBZB@IOH CAY YOEJACAY, YOM@AY, ^B[^AY  _ IACAZBY BY^HJCBIONAY BY^HJCBIONAY B@ CHY VACO^OIHY _ AJ AJGBI^O\AY GBI^O\AY NB CH IAER@OIHIOÙ@. Bc `aejrb IZBNO GHWA EAJOCB onb`toloih y iaeu`oih h cas usuhroas ch praebsh y pbrsa`hconhn nb ch beprbsh. Bc cama bs hprapohna, bstïtoia, rblcbgh irbnojoconhn y ia`loh`zh phrh bc lo`h`ioheob`ta nb u` tbcïla`a ibcuchr nb uctoeh mb`brhioù`

 

8; Bc `aejrb, cama y bscamh` `a tob`b` iaepcoihioa`bs vosuhcbs vosuhcbs.. Yb eh`tob`b ch iakbrb`ioh vosuhc b` chs iaeu`oihioa`bs thcbs iaea 7 laccbtas a vach`tbs, phpbcbroh bti. Ch ehrih bs `ubstrh ihrth nb prbsb`thioù` y ch ihrh nb lrb`tb hc pujcoia nb bsth eh`brh nbpb`nb qub oehmb` vh tb`br ch mb`tb b` mb`brhc nb ch beprbsh

BY^HJCBWIH CAY VZO@IOVHCBY HYVBI^AY ^BI@OIAY, CBMHCBY _ NB EBZIHNA XRB YB NBJB@ ^B@BZ B@ IRB@^H VHZH CH IZBHIOA@ NB CHY EHZIHY NB YRY VZANRI^AY _ YBZ\OIOAY. B` Iacaejoh chs ehrihs nbjb` sbr rbmostrhnhs h`tb ch supbro`tb`nb`ioh nb o`nustroh y iaebrioa quob`bs sa` cas b`ihrmhnas nb khibr u` bstunoa phrh vbroloihr y rbmuchr  qub `a sb bstb khiob`na u` lhvarbioeob`ta iaebriohc. Ch hsom`hioù` nbc nbrbika h bxpcathr ch ehrih bs tbeparhc, ch beprbsh a bc nubøa nb bsth nbjb trheothr ch rb`avhioù` nb ch ehrih phrh panbr sbmuor bxpcatè`nach. Bc pbreosa bs par 86 høas y ch rb`avhioù` sb nbjb trheothr < ebsbs h`tbs nb su ihnuionhn.

\BZOLOXRB XRB CAY @AEJZBY _ CHY EHZIHY YBH@ HNHV^HJCBY H IRHCXROBZ EBNOA NB VRJCOIONHN _ XRB ZBR@H@ CAY ZBXROYO^AY O@NOYVB@YHJCBY VHZH YBZ ZBMOY^ZHNAY _ NOLR@NONAY. lubrtb, qub pbrnurb b` bc tobepa. Vu Vubnb bnb rblcbghr cas -  Hc bcbmor ch ehrih nbjb sbr lubrtb, vhcarbs nb ch beprbsh, pubnb ia`tb`br nolbrb`tbs bcbeb`tas mrèloias a `aeo`htovas.

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Yb nbjb bcbmor cas pranuitas a sbrvoioas qub vh` h nosto`muor ch ehrih y ichsoloihrcas sbm÷` ch ichsoloihioù` o`tbr`hioa`hc nb @ozh

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\broloihr so bxostb` rbmostrhnhs a sacoiotunbs nb ehrih omuhcbs a phrbionhs qub sb onb`toloqub` a sb hsbebgb` ia` pranuitas a sbrvoioas qub pubnb` ajsthiucozhr bc rbmostra nb ch ehrih, bsta hyunhrh b` bc praibsa nb rbmostra

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B` cas trheotbs nb rbmostra h`tb ch supbro`tb`nb`ioh bxostb hcma qub sb ccheh thsh, bs nbior qub sb khrè u` ÷`oia phma hc eaeb`ta nb prbsb`thr ch sacoiotun.

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Ch supbro`tb`nb`ioh nospa`b nb u` lareuchroa phrh cas trheotbs qub hnbch`th`, cas iuhcbs o`icuyb` tanh ch o`larehioù` y naiueb`thioù` qub sb nbjb hparthr.

 

8?

ZBHCOWB BC ZBMOY^ZA NB IHNH R@H NB CHY EHZIHY NBHIRBZNA IA@ CAY VHYAY BY^HJCBIONAY VAZ CH O@Y^O^RIOA@ B@IHZMHNH NB BY^B ^ZHEO^B. -

Lareuchroa nocomb`iohna nb ch sacoiotun nb rbmostra nb ch c h ehrih

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B` ihsa nb u`h ehrih lomurhtovh, eoxth, a tronoeb`soa`hc, u` hrtb nb ; ie x

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; ie. Zbioja nb phma

IA@Y^ZR_H CHY BY^ZH^BMOHY NB VZAEAIOA@, VRJCOIONHN _ \B@^HY NB YR BEVZBYH. -

Yb rbhcozhrh` taehs nb pu`ta na`nb sb khrè` hitovonhnbs phrh bc usuhroa lo`hc, nb bsth eh`brh mb`brhr htrhiioù`, oephita, y bepughr vb`ths b` `ubstras pu`tas norbitas nb vb`th.

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Vraeaioa`bs hc eaeb`ta nb lo`h`ioheob`ta nb cas ibcuchrbs

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Nbsiub`tas b` prùxoehs iaeprhs par rblbronas nb ihconhn. Ia`iursas b` `ubstrhs rbnbs saiohcbs, h usuhroas qub hnquobrh` `ubstra sbrvoioa par bstb ebnoa.

LHYB >. IHZHI^BZOWHIOA@ NB CH LHYB NBC IOICA NB \ONH NBC VZANRI^A A YBZ\OIOA

Iuh`na sb bepobzh ia` u` beprb`noeob`ta yh sbh phrh alrbibr u` pranuita a sbrvoioa, sb prbsb`th` nolbrb`tbs ihejoas a oeprbvostas iaeb`zh`na par qub hu` `a bs ia`aiona b` bc ebrihna a `a sb kh camrhna oepa`br u`h rblbrb`ioh ia` cas pasojcbs icob`tbs. Bs par bsa qub sb nbjb h`hcozhr ihnh bthph b` ch qub sb novonb bc ioica nb vonh, vbroloihr lhitarbs bxtbr`as, o`tbr`as b onbhr bstrhtbmohs qub pbreoth` shcor hnbch`tb y pasoioa`hr`as b` bc ebrihna.  H ia`to`uhioù`, bxpa`nrbeas bxpa`nrbeas hcmu`hs iihrhitbråstoihs hrhitbråstoihs oeparth`tbs b b` ` bc ioica nb vonh 7

 

:6

Icob`tbs7 Yb nbjb tb`br b` iub`th qub cas patb`iohcbs jusih` vhrobnhn h ch karh nb hnqu hn quoro ororr u` sb sbrv rvoi oioa oa,, yh sbh bc `ovb `ovbcc nbc nbc vh vhca car, r, ih ihcon conhn hn..

Ch on onbh bh bs prbs prbsb` b`th thr  r 

pujcoionhn qub ccheb ch htb`ioù` nb cas pasojcbs icob`tbs, h su vbz b` ch phmo`h wbj, mhrh`tozhr htb`ioù` pbrsa`hcozhnh b o`larehioù` rbhc qub pbreoth hc icob`tb hnquoror  cas ibcuchrbs h u` prbioa hiibsojcb y jro`nhrcbs ch lo`h`iohioù` iuh`na sbh `bibshroa.

Iaepbtonarbs7 Vhrh shjbr iaea apbrh` cas `bmaioas iaepbtonarbs nbjbeas ajtb`br o`larehioù` hituhcozhnh hibrih nb sus caihcbs iaebriohcbs, ih`tonhn nb bepcbhnas, iaea alrbib` bc sbrvoioa, prbioas, pasoioa`heob`ta b` bc ebrihna, pujcoionhn, o`larehioù` b` ch phmo`h wbj a rbnbs saiohcbs. Nbtbreo`hr so sa` iaepbtonarbs norbitas a o`norbitas y hså irbhr bstrhtbmohs phrh sajrbshcor a irbhr vhcarbs hmrbmhnas qub pbreoth` ccbvhr ch vb`thgh.

^bi`acamåh 7 Nbjbeas hnhpthr`as h ch tbi`acamåh hituhc, utocozh`na saltwhrb qub `as pbreoth ccbvhr ia`thjoconhn nb ch beprbsh, o`vb`throas, nhtas sajrb vb`ths yh sbh eb`suhc a h`uhc, mhstas. ^hejoï` sb nbjb irbhr u`h o`tbrlhz cchehtovh b` ch phmo`h wbj phrh htrhbr h cas c as pasojcbs icob`tbs y panbr htb`nbr b` tobepa rbhc sus sacoiotunbs.

Ihphionhn o`sthchnh7 Yb jhsh b` shjbr ch bloiob`ioh nb chs apbrhioa`bs nb ch beprbsh a `bmaioa, iuhc bs bc rb`noeob`ta, ch ih`tonhn nb bquopas nb tbcbla`åh qub sb tob`b` nospa`ojcbs phrh ch vb`th y pastbroar lo`h`ioheob`ta.

\acueb` nb vb`ths7 Bstb sb nbjb sbmuor nb eh`brh troebstrhc, tb`ob`na b` iub`th bc `uebra nb bquopas vb`nonas a lo`h`iohnas nurh`tb bstb pbroana nb tobepa, bc vacueb` jruta y `bta, chs nbvacuioa`bs qub sb prbsb`tb` b` ihnh u`a nb cas caihcbs. Vhrh ihciuchr bc vacueb` sb nbjb` tb`br b` iub`th ch ih`tonhn nb sbrvoioas vb`nonas. Bgbepca7 86 x nåh, 86 x 96 5 966 hc ebs, 966x 8: 59