Diseño de Muros
February 5, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
\OAHO
Hds njpufns hotnrohns nstïg rn`nrmlds oh jdvmjmngtd ng nsto lmrnccmóg qun pnrjmtn nh jurd, sm ístn sn junvn ohnfïgldsn ln ho joso ln sunhd drmbmgo cdglmcmdgns ln njpufn octmvd, sm pnrjogncn smg jdvmjmngtd drmbmgo cdglmcmdgns ln njpufn ln rnpdsd, nstds lds cosds rnprnsngtog nh nstold ln prnsmóg nstïtmco, y sm sn junvn eocmo olngtrd ln ho joso ln sunhd drmbmgo ugo cdglmcmóg ln njpufn posmvd, qun rnprnsngto ug nstold ln prnsmóg `drzolo.
=.?. YQNSMÓG NS\Ï\MCO Ho prnsmóg nstïtmco punln snr ln rnpdsd d octmvo.
=.?.?. Njpufn ln Qnpdsd6 Cuogld nh jurd d nstrmad nstï rnstrmgbmld ng su jdvmjmngtd hotnroh y cdg`drjo ug sóhmld cdjphntojngtn rêbmld, ho prnsmóg nstïtmco lnh sunhd ns ln rnpdsd y bngnro ug njpufn tdtoh N9 , ophmcold ng nh tnrcmd mg`nrmdr ln ho ohturo, ng ho `mburo ?5 sn junstro ug jurd ln cdgtngcmóg cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmdgns ln rnpdsd. N9
⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ K 9 ⎩ ⎚ 1 ?
(>3)
K 9 ns nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg ln rnpdsd. Yoro sunhds gdrjohns d sunhds broguhorns sn utmhmzo cdg `rncungcmo poro lntnrjmgor nh cdn`mcmngtn ln njpufn ln rnpdsd ho nxprnsmóg ln Fïky (?=. Pohdrns ln K 9 poro vormds tmpds ln sunhds.
\mpd ln Sunhd Orngo Sunhto Orngo Lngso Orngo Cdjpoctolo ng Copos Orcmhho Ahoglo Orcmhho Luro
Kd 9.< 9.0 9.5 9.0 9.>
^g nhnjngtd lm`nrngcmoh uamcold o ugo prd`uglmlol z ln ho supnr`mcmn lnh sunhd, sn ngcungtro mjpnlmld ln lmhotorsn pdr nh sunhd qun hd rdlno, logld drmbng o ugo cdjprnsmóg edrmzdgtoh ugm`drjn ng tdlos hos lmrnccmdgns lnh phogd, qun rncman nh gdjarn ln njpufn ln rnpdsd. Ng ho `mburo ?= sn sn junstro nh nstold ln ns`unrzds qun octöo ng ug nhnjngtd lm`nrngcmoh uamcold o ugo cmnrto prd`uglmlol ng ugo joso snjm-mg`mgmto ln sunhd. Ho rnhocmóg ln Ydmssdg κ pnrjmtn bngnrohmzor ho hny ln Eddkn ng cosd ln ns`unrzds ng trns nfns drtdbdgohns. ξx
:
ξy
:
ξz
:
? N ? N ? N
{σ ∑ κ (σ + σ )} z
(>>)
{σ ∑ κ (σ
+ σz )}
(>0)
{σ ∑ κ (σ + σ )}
(>2)
x
y
y
z
x
x
y
Ng nh nhnjngtd lm`nrngcmoh, nh ns`unrzd vnrtmcoh σz ns6 σz
: ∑γ z
(>5)
Hds ns`unrzds edrmzdgtohns σx , σy oporncng pdr cdgtoctd cdg nhnjngtds hotnrohns vncmgds qun mjpmlng qun nh sunhd sn nxpoglo ng nso lmrnccmóg, nxmstmngld ln`drjocmóg sdhd ng hn nfn vnrtmcoh6
ξx : ξy : 9
(>=) U
z
σ z
]
σ x V
σ y
@mburo ?= 1<
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Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Sustmtuyngld ng hos ncuocmdgns (>>, >0 y >2), hos ncuocmdgns (>5 y >=) y cdgsmlnrogld qun gd eoy `rmccmóg nh hos coros lnh nhnjngtd lm`nrngcmoh, sn datmngn6 κ : σ y : ⎘⎛ ⎗⎔ σ z ⎚ ? ∑ κ ⎩
σx
(09)
^go cdglmcmóg smjmhor sn prnsngto ng ug sunhd qun sn opdyo sdarn ug jurd mgjóvmh y smg `rmccmóg. Nh cdn`mcmngtn ln njpufn ln rnpdsd ng `ugcmóg ln κ6 K 9
:
κ ? ∑ κ
(0?)
Nh prdcnsd ln cdjpoctocmóg bngnro sdarn hos nstructuros njpufns supnrmdrns o ho cdglmcmóg octmvo, porncmígldsn ho prnsmóg bngnrolo pdr nsto octmvmlol o ho cdglmcmóg ln rnpdsd. Ng ho toaho 0 sn prnsngtog vohdrns ln κ poro vormds tmpds ln sunhd.
\OAHO 0. Jóluhd ln Ydmssdg oprdxmjold poro lm`nrngtns tmpds ln sunhds \mpd ln Sunhd Orngo Sunhto Orngo Lngso Orngo @mgo Orngo Brunso Orcmhho Orngdso Orcmhho Eöjnlo Orcmhho Soturolo Hmjd Hmjd Soturold
κ 9,19 o 9,3> 9,39 o 9, 9,?> 9,19 o 9,3> 9,?9 o 9,39 9, o 9,>9 9,39 o 9,3> 9, o 9,>9
=.?.1. Njpufn Octmvd6 Cuogld ho portn supnrmdr ln ug jurd d nstrmad sn junvn su`mcmngtnjngtn cdjd poro qun sn punlo lnsorrdhhor ug nstold ln nqumhmarmd phïstmcd, ho prnsmóg nstïtmco ns octmvo y bngnro ug njpufn tdtoh No, ophmcolo ng nh tnrcmd mg`nrmdr ln ho ohturo. Ng ho `mburo 19 sn junstro ug jurd ln cdgtngcmóg cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmóg octmvo. No
: ⎛ ⎘ ?1 γ E 1 ⎗⎔ K o ⎚ ⎩
(01)
K o ns nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg octmvo. Nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg octmvo sn punln lntnrjmgor cdg hos tndrêos ln Cduhdja d Qogkmgn poro sunhds broguhorns; ng ojaos tndrêos sn nstoahncng empótnsms qun smjphm`mcog nh prdahnjo y cdglucng o vohdrns ln njpufn qun nstïg lngtrd ln hds jïrbngns ln snburmlol ocnptoahns.
=.?.1.?. Ncuocmóg ln Cduhdja6 Ng nh oÿd ?223 nh `rogcís Cduhdja puahmcó ho prmjnro tndrêo rocmdgoh poro cohcuhor njpufns ln tmnrro y jncogmsjds ln `ohho ln josos ln sunhd, cuyo vohmlnz sn jogtmngn eosto edy lêo, nh troaofd sn tmtuhó6 ‘Ngsoyd sdarn ugo ophmcocmóg ln hos rnbhos ln jïxmjds y jêgmjds o ohbugds prdahnjos ln Nstïtmco, rnhotmvds o ho Orqumtncturo‚.. Orqumtncturo‚
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1>
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Ho tndrêo supdgn qun nh njpufn sn lnan o ugo cuÿo ln sunhd hmjmtolo pdr ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd, ho supnr`mcmn ln rnhhngd y ugo supnr`mcmn ln `ohho qun sn drmbmgo lngtrd lnh rnhhngd qun sn supdgn phogo. Njpufn Octmvd α
No
E
υ
E/3
@mburo 19 Ho tndrêo ln Cduhdja sn `uglojngto ng ugo snrmn ln empótnsms qun sn ngugcmog o cdgtmguocmóg6 ?. Nh sunhd ns ugo joso edjdbígno n msdtrópmco y sn ngcungtro olncuolojngtn lrngold cdjd poro gd cdgsmlnror prnsmdgns mgtnrstmcmohns ng íh. 1. Ho supnr`mcmn ln `ohho ns phogor. 3. Nh sunhd pdsnn `rmccmóg, smngld π nh ïgbuhd ln `rmccmóg mgtnrgo lnh sunhd, ho `rmccmóg mgtnrgo sn lmstrmauyn ugm`drjnjngtn o hd horbd lnh l nh phogd ln `ohho. . Ho `ohho ns ug prdahnjo ln ln`drjocmóg phogo (amlmjngsmdgoh), y sn cdgsmlnro ugo hdgbmtul ugmtormo ln ug jurd mg`mgmtojngtn horbd. 0. Ho cuÿo ln `ohho sn junvn o hd horbd ln ho pornl mgtnrgo lnh jurd, prdlucmngld `rmccmóg ngtrn ístn y nh sunhd, μ ns nh ïgbuhd ln `rmccmóg ngtrn nh sunhd y nh jurd. 2. Ho rnoccmóg No ln ho pornl mgtnrgo lnh jurd sdarn nh tnrrngd, `drjorï ug ïgbuhd μ cdg ho gdrjoh oh jurd, qun ns nh ïgbuhd ln rdzojmngtd ngtrn nh jurd y nh tnrrngd, sm ho pornl mgtnrgo lnh jurd ns juy hmso (μ ( μ : 9 ¹), nh njpufn octmvd octöo pnrpnglmcuhor o nhho. 5. Ho rnoccmóg ln ho joso ln sunhd sdarn ho cuÿo `drjo ug ïgbuhd π cdg ho gdrjoh oh phogd ln `ohho. Nh cdn`mcmngtn K o snbög Cduhdja ns6 K o
:
Sng 1 (υ + π )
⎯
Sng 1 υ ⋎ Sng (υ ∑ μ ) ⎡? +
⎣
υ α μ
10
Sng(π + μ ) ⋎ Sng(π ∑ α ) ⎬
⎮
Sng( υ υ ∑ μ ) ⋎ Sng( υ υ + α ) ⎠
: Ogbuhd ln ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd cdg ho edrmzdgtoh. : Ogbuhd lnh rnhhngd cdg ho edrmzdgtoh. : Ogbuhd ln `rmccmóg sunhd-jurd.
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1
(03)
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Smbumngld rncdjnglocmdgns ln \nrzobem, nh vohdr ln μ punln punln tdjorsn ng ho prïctmco cdjd6
⎛ π ≬ μ ≬ 1 π ⎗ o `ohto ln mg`drjocmóg sn uso bngnrohjngtn6 ⎛ μ : 1 π ⎗ . ⎔ ⎘ ⎔ ⎘ 3 ⎩ ⎚ 1 ⎚ 3 ⎩ Sm ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd ns vnrtmcoh (υ : =9 ), ho ncuocmóg (03) sn rnlucn o6 ˖
K o
Cds 1 (π )
:
⎯
Cds(μ ) ⎡? +
Sng(π + μ ) ⋎ Sng(π ∑ α ) ⎬
⎮ ⎠
Cds(μ ) ⋎ Cds( α )
⎣
(0)
1
9 ), ho ncuocmóg ˖
(00)
Ho tndrêo ln Cduhdja gd pnrjmtn cdgdcnr ho lmstrmaucmóg ln prnsmdgns sdarn nh jurd, pdrqun ho cuÿo ln tmnrro qun njpufo sn cdgsmlnro ug cunrpd rêbmld sufntd o `unrzos cdgcngtrolos, rnsuhtogtns ln ns`unrzds octuogtns ng ïrnos, ln cuyo lmstrmaucmóg gd eoy nspncm`mcocmóg gmgbugo, pdr hd qun gd sn punln lncmr golo lngtrd ln ho tndrêo rnspnctd oh pugtd ln ophmcocmóg lnh njpufn octmvd. Cduhdja supusd qun tdld pugtd ln ho coro mgtnrmdr lnh jurd rnprnsngto nh pmn ln ugo supnr`mcmn pdtngcmoh ln lnshmzojmngtd, pulmígldsn cohcuhor nh njpufn sdarn cuohqumnr pdrcmóg supnrmdr lnh jurd No, poro cuohqumnr cogtmlol ln snbjngtds ln ohturo ln jurd. Nstn prdcnlmjmngtd rnpntmld cdgvngmngtnjngtn, pnrjmtn cdgdcnr cdg ho oprdxmjocmóg qun sn lnsnn ho lmstrmaucmóg ln prnsmdgns sdarn nh jurd ng tdlo su ohturo. Nsto smtuocmóg cdglucn o ugo lmstrmaucmóg ln prnsmdgns emlrdstïtmco, cdg njpufn o ho ohturo E/3 ng jurds cdg coro mgtnrmdr phogo y cdg rnhhngd hmjmtold tojamíg pdr ugo supnr`mcmn phogo. Yoro hds cosds ng qun gd sn cujphog hos cdglmcmdgns ogtnrmdrns nh jítdld rnsuhto snr hoadrmdsd, poro `ocmhmtorhd \nrzobem prdpusd ug prdcnlmjmngtd oprdxmjold, qun cdgsmstn ng trozor pdr nh cngtrd ln brovnlol ln ho cuÿo crêtmco ugo porohnho o ho supnr`mcmn ln `ohho cuyo mgtnrsnccmóg cdg nh rnspohld lnh jurd lo nh pugtd ln ophmcocmóg lnsnold.
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12
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Ng ho tndrêo ln Cduhdja nh No octöo `drjogld ug ïgbuhd μ cdg ho gdrjoh oh jurd, pdr nsto rozóg nsto `unrzo gd ns edrmzdgtoh bngnrohjngtn. Nh No snrï edrmzdgtoh sdhd cuogld ho pornl lnh jurd sno vnrtmcoh (υ : =9 ) y nh ïgbuhd (μ : 9 ). Ng toh sngtmld, hos cdjpdgngtns edrmzdgtoh y vnrtmcoh lnh No sn datmngng olncuogld ho nxprnsmóg (01) snbög Cduhdja ln ho ˖
˖
smbumngtn jognro6 No e No v
? ⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ ⋎ K o ⋎ Cds ύ ⎩ ⎚ 1 ? ⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ ⋎ K o ⋎ Sng ύ ⎩ ⎚ 1
(02) (05)
ύ : =9 + μ∑ υ No e y No v sdg ns hos cdjpdgngtns edrmzdgtoh y vnrtmcoh lnh No . Yoro vohdrns ln6
υ : =9 y μ : 9 ˖
(0=)
, rnsuhto6 ύ:9 , No e : No y No v :9.
˖
˖
=.?.1.1. Ncuocmóg ln Qogkmgn6 Ng nh oÿd ?5>2, nh nscdcís R. F. Jocqudrg Qogkmgn rnohmzó ugo snrmn ln mgvnstmbocmdgns y prdpusd ugo nxprnsmóg juced jïs sngcmhho qun ho ln Cduhdja. Su tndrêo sn aosó ng hos smbumngtns empótnsms6 ?. Nh sunhd ns ugo joso edjdbígno n msdtrópmco. 1. Gd nxmstn `rmccmóg ngtrn nh sunhd y nh jurd. 3. Ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd ns vnrtmcoh ( υ : =9 ). . Nh njpufn ln tmnrros ns porohnhd o ho mgchmgocmóg ln ho supnr`mcmn lnh tnrrngd, ns lncmr, `drjo ug ïgbuhd α cdg ho edrmzdgtoh. ˖
Nh cdn`mcmngtn K o snbög Qogkmgn ns6 K o
: Cds α
Cds α ∑ Cds 1 α ∑ Cds 1π Cds α + Cds α ∑ Cds π 1
(29)
1
Sm ng ho ncuocmóg (29), ho mgchmgocmóg lnh tnrrngd ns guho ( α : 9 ), sn datmngn ugo ncuocmóg smjmhor o ho ln Cduhdja (ncuocmóg 00) poro nh cosd portmcuhor qun (μ ( μ: α : 9 ; υ : =9 ), ojaos tndrêos cdmgcmlng6 ˖
˖
K o
:
? ∑ Sngπ
˖
π : \og 1⎘⎛ ∑ ⎗⎔ ? + Sngπ 1 ⎩ ⎚
(2?)
d
Yoro qun ho empótnsms ln ug jurd smg `rmccmóg `rmccmóg sn cujpho nh jurd lnan tngnr pornlns juy juy hmsos, nsto cdglmcmóg cosm gugco dcurrn, smg njaorbd, hds rnsuhtolds datngmlds sdg ocnptoahns yo qun nstïg lnh hold ln ho snburmlol. Ng nh cosd ln njpufn octmvd ho mg`hungcmo mbgdrorsn ng ho ho prïctmco. lnh ïgbuhd μ ns pnqunÿo y sunhn mbgdrorsn Ng ho tndrêo ln Qogkmgn, sn supdgn qun ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd ns vnrtmcoh (υ : =9 ), y qun nh njpufn ln tmnrros ns porohnhd o ho mgchmgocmóg ln ho supnr`mcmn lnh tnrrngd, ns lncmr, `drjo ˖
15
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Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
ug ïgbuhd α cdg ho edrmzdgtoh, ns nstn sngtmld, nsto `unrzo gd ns smnjprn edrmzdgtoh. Hos cdjpdgngtns edrmzdgtoh y vnrtmcoh lnh No sn datmngng olncuogld ho nxprnsmóg (01) snbög Qogkmgn ln ho smbumngtn jognro6 ? ⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ ⋎ K o ⋎ Cds α ⎚ 1 ⎩ ? ⎛ 1 ⎗ : ⎘ γ E ⎔ ⋎ K o ⋎ Sng α ⎩ ⎚ 1
No e No v
Yoro vohdrns ln6 α : 9 , rnsuhto6 ˖
(21) (23)
No e : No y No v :9.
=.?.3. Njpufn Mgtnrjnlmd6 Yoro nh lmsnÿd ln jurds ln cdgtngcmóg cdg cdglmcmóg mgtnrjnlmo ngtrn njpufn octmvd y njpufn ln rnpdsd sn lnan eocnr ugo cdgsmlnrocmóg pdglnrolo, poro ho ohturo lnh jurd E, nh cdn`mcmngtn ln njpufn mgtnrjnlmd K m, sn punln lntnrjmgor cdg ho nxprnsmóg smbumngtn, cdgsmlnrogld ugo prd`uglmlol crêtmco E9: 0 j.
Sm
E 8 E9
Sm
E
7 E9
⎛ E ⎗ ⎛ E ⎗ : K 9 ⎘⎘? ∑ ⎔⎔ + K o ⎘⎘ ⎔⎔ ⎚ E 9 ⎩ ⎚ E 9 ⎩ K m : K o
(2)
=.1. YQNSMDG @DQVOLO =.1.? Njpufn Yosmvd6 Cuogld ug jurd d nstrmad njpufo cdgtro nh tnrrngd sn bngnro ugo rnoccmóg qun sn hn lo nh gdjarn ln njpufn posmvd ln ho tmnrro Np, ho tmnrro osê cdjprmjmlo ng ho lmrnccmóg edrmzdgtoh drmbmgo ug oujngtd ln su rnsmstngcmo eosto ohcogzor su vohdr hêjmtn supnrmdr Np, ho rnsuhtogtn rnsuhtogtn ln nsto rnoccmóg lnh sunhd sn ophmco ng nh nxtrnjd nxtrnjd lnh tnrcmd mg`nrmdr ln ho ohturo, ho `mburo 1? junstro ug jurd cdg lmobrojo l lnn prnsmóg posmvo. N p
⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ K p ⎩ ⎚ 1 ?
(20)
ns nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg posmvo. K p prnsmóg Ho posmvo ng sunhds broguhorns, sn punln lntnrjmgor cdg hos smbumngtns nxprnsmdgns6 ?. Nh cdn`mcmngtn K p olncuogld ho ncuocmóg ln Cduhdja ns6 K p
Sng 1 (υ ∑ π )
:
⎯
Sng 1υ ⋎ Sng(υ + μ ) ⎡? ∑
⎣
⎬ ⎮ Sng(υ + μ ) ⋎ Sng(υ + α ) ⎠ Sng(π + μ ) ⋎ Sng(π + α )
1. Cuogld sn mbgdro hds ïgbuhds (μ ( μ, α, υ ) cdn`mcmngtn K p snbög Qogkmgn6 K p
:
? + Sngπ
ng ho ncuocmóg (22) sn datmngn ho nh
π ⎗ : \og 1⎛ ⎘ + ⎔ ? ∑ Sngπ 1 ⎩ ⎚
(22)
1
d
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
(25)
1=
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Sm nh ïgbuhd μ ns brogln ho supnr`mcmn ln lnshmzojmngtd rnoh sn oporto cdgsmlnroahnjngtn lnh phogd tnórmcd cdglucmngld o nrrdrns ln mjpdrtogcmo. Njpufn Yosmvd
Ho tmnrro rnoccmdg rnoccmdg o cdg njpufn posmvd posmvd cuyd vohdr jïxmjd ns
Nh jurd njpufo E
cdgtro ho tmnrro
Np E/3
@mburo 1? =.3. MGCQNJNG\D LMGOJMCD LN YQNSMDG YDQ NH N@NC\D SMSJMCD Hds n`nctds lmgïjmcds prdlucmlds pdr hds smsjds sn smjuhorïg jnlmogtn njpufns ln tmnrro lnamlds o hos `unrzos ln mgnrcmo ln hos josos lnh jurd y lnh rnhhngd. Hos `unrzos ln mgnrcmo sn lntnrjmgorïg tngmngld ng cungto ho joso ln tmnrro opdyolo lmrnctojngtn sdarn ho coro mgtnrmdr y zopoto lnh jurd cdg olmcmóg ln hos josos prdpmos ln ho nstructuro ln rntngcmóg. Nh njpufn sêsjmcd bngnrold pdr nh rnhhngd lnpngln lnh gmvnh ln lnsphozojmngtd qun nxpnrmjngtn nh jurd. Sn cdgsmlnrorï ug nstold octmvd ln prnsmóg ln tmnrros cuogld nh lnsphozojmngtd rnsuhtogtn pnrjmto nh lnsorrdhhd ln ho rnsmstngcmo oh cdrtn lnh rnhhngd. Sm nh lnsphozojmngtd ln ho cdrdgo lnh jurd nsto rnstrmgbmld, nh njpufn sêsjmcd sn cohcuhorï cdg ho cdglmcmóg ln tmnrros ng rnpdsd. Nh nstold posmvd ln prnsmóg ln tmnrros sdhd punln bngnrorsn cuogld nh jurd tngbo tnglngcmo o jdvnrsn eocmo nh rnhhngd y nh lnsphozojmngtd sno mjpdrtogtn.
=.3.?. Mgcrnjngtd Lmgïjmcd lnh Njpufn ln Qnpdsd6 Sm nh sunhd nstï ng ho cdglmcmóg ln rnpdsd, hds n`nctds sêsjmcds mgcrnjngtog ho prnsmóg ln rnpdsd sdarn ho nstructuro. Ho prdpunsto ln Gdrjo poro nh Lmsnÿd Smsjdrrnsmstngtn ln Yungtns (?=52), mglmco qun sn punln oldptor ug lmobrojo ln prnsmóg tropnzdmloh cdg drlngolos supnrmdr ng nh tdpn lnh jurd σxs, y drlngolo mg`nrmdr ng ho aosn lnh jurd σxm. Ho `mburo 11 junstro ug jurd cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmóg nstïtmco jos mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn ln rnpdsd. (2=) σ xs : ?,> O 9 γ E σ xm : 9,> O 9 γ E
Nh mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn ln rnpdsd jurd y sn lntnrjmgorï cdg ho nxprnsmóg6
LN9 sn ophmcorï o 9,09 E lnsln ho aosn lnh
ΜLN 9 : O 9 γ E
39
(59)
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(5?)
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
O9 ns ho ocnhnrocmóg lnh sunhd snbög nh jopo ln zdgm`mcocmóg sêsjmco ln colo poês, ng Pngnzunho hds vohdrns ln O9 sdg hds mglmcolds pdr ho gdrjo CDPNGMG ?2>0-=5 (Qnv. 199?), vnr toaho 2 y ognxd O. Njpufn ln Qnpds Qnpds d + Mgcrnjngtd Mgcrnjngtd Lmgïjmcd lnh Njpufn ln Qnpdsd
σx s
LNd : Od γ E
E
Nd
9,09 E E/3
σx m
@mburo 11 =.3.1. Mgcrnjngtd Lmgïjmcd lnh Njpufn Octmvd6 Cuogld nh jurd ln cdgtngcmóg ns su`mcmngtnjngtn cdjd aofd poro holnsorrdhhor su portn ho prnsmóg octmvo sn`hnxmahn mgcrnjngto occmóg lnlnsphozojmngtds ug smsjd. Nstn ng oujngtd lnsupnrmdr, prnsmóg sn lngdjmgo mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn octmvd LNo. Nh Nurdcólmbd 5 prdpdgn cohcuhor nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg lmgïjmco octmvo K ooss o portmr ln ho `órjuho ln Jdgdgdan-Dkoan, nstn cdn`mcmngtn mgchuyn nh n`nctd nstïtmcd jos nh lmgïjmcd, ophmcogld ho `unrzo tdtoh ng ug jmsjd smtmd, smg njaorbd, cdgsmlnrogld qun ho cuÿo jdvmhmzolo ng nh cosd lmgïjmcd ns ug trmogbuhd mgvnrtmld cdg cngtrd ln brovnlol uamcold o 1/3 ln ho ohturo, jnlmlds lnsln ho aosn, sn snporo nh n`nctd nstïtmcd lnh lm lmgïjmcd gïjmcd pdr tngnr lm`nrngtns pugtds ln ophmcocmóg. Nh mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn octmvd sn punln lntnrjmgor jnlmogtn ho smbumngtn nxprnsmóg6 ΜLN o
poro6
? ⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔(K os ∑ K o )(? ∑ C sv ) ⎩ ⎚ 1
α 8 π - ε K os
Sng 1 (υ + π ∑ ε )
:
⎯
Cdsε ⋎ Sng 1υ ⋎ Sng(υ ∑ μ ∑ ε ) ⎡? +
⎣
poro6
(51)
⎬ ⎮ Sng(υ ∑ μ ∑ ε ) ⋎ Sng(υ + α ) ⎠ Sng(π + μ ) ⋎ Sng(π ∑ α ∑ ε )
(53)
1
α 7 π - ε K os
:
Sng 1 (υ + π ∑ ε ) Cdsε ⋎ Sng 1υ ⋎ Sng(υ ∑ μ ∑ ε )
⎛ C se ⎗ ⎔⎔ ? C ∑ ⎚ sv ⎩
ε : orctog⎘⎘
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
(5)
3?
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
: 9 ,>9 ⋎ O9 C sv : 9,29 ⋎ C se
(50)
C se
(52)
K os os : Cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg lmgïjmco octmvo. Cse : Cdn`mcmngtn sêsjmcd edrmzdgtoh Csv : Cdn`mcmngtn sêsjmcd vnrtmcoh Ng ho `mburo 13 sn junstro ug jurd cdg lmobrojos ln prnsmóg nstïtmco jos nh mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn octmvd cdg sus rnspnctmvds pugtds ln ophmcocmóg. N j p u f n O c t mmv v d + MMg g c r n j n g t d L mmg gïj mcd l nh Njpu fn Octmvd
E
L N o
No
1/3 E E /3
@mburo 13 =.3.3. Mgcrnjngtd Lmgïjmcd lnh Njpufn Yosmvd6 Nh njpufn posmvd sn mgcrnjngto cuogld dcurrn ug smsjd, smsjd, nstn oujngtd ln prnsmóg sn lngdjmgo mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn posmvd LNp, ho rnsuhtogtn ln nstn mgcrnjngtd ln njpufn sn ophmco o ug tnrcmd ln ho ohturo ln rnhhngd ng cdglmcmóg posmvo, jnlmlo lnsln ho aosn aosn lnh jurd. ? Μ LN p : ⎘⎛ γ E 1 ⎗⎔ ( K ps ∑ K p )((? ∑ C sv ) ⎩ ⎚ 1
K ps
(55)
Sng 1 (υ + ε ∑ π )
:
⎯
Cdsε ⋎ Sng 1υ ⋎ Sng(υ + μ + ε ) ⎡? ∑
⎣
⎬ ⎮ Sng(υ + μ + ε ) ⋎ Sng(υ + α ) ⎠ Sng(π + μ ) ⋎ Sng(π + α ∑ ε )
1
K ps ps ns nh cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg lmgïjmco posmvo. \oaho 2. Pohdrns ln Od snbög ho zdgo sêsjmco ln Pngnzunho
31
Vdgo
Od (b)
2 0 > < 3 1 ? 9
9, 9,39 9,1> 9,19 9,?> 9,?9 -
Ynhmbrd Sêsjmcd Nhnvold
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
Mgtnrjnlmd Aofd
(5=)
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Ho `mburo 1< junstro ug jurd cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmóg nstïtmco jos mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn posmvd. Njpufn Yosmvd + Mgcrnjngtd Mgcrnjngtd Lmgïjmcd lnh Njpufn Yosmvd
Nh jurd njpufo cdgtr o ho tmnrro tmnrro E
Np E/3
LNp E/3
@mburo 1< ?9. J^QDS CDG SDAQNCOQBO ^GM@DQJN Ng cmnrtos dcosmdgns hds jurds ln cdgtngcmóg tmngng qun sdpdrtor sdarncorbos ugm`drjns
q,
drmbmgolos pdr nh trï`mcd d pdr lnpósmtds ln jotnrmohns ng ho supnr`mcmn, mgcrnjngtogld ho prnsmóg sdarn nh jurd. Nh prdcnlmjmngtd usuoh poro tdjor ng cungto ho sdarncorbo ugm`drjn ns tros`drjorho ng ugo pdrcmóg ln tmnrro nqumvohngtn ln ohturo Es, cdg pnsd nspncê`mcd smjmhor oh lnh sunhd ln rnhhngd γ . Ho ohturo Es sn cdhdco pdr ngcmjo lnh gmvnh lnh sunhd cdgtngmld pdr nh jurd. Es :
q γ
(=9)
@rncungtnjngtn sn eo usold ugo ohturo ln rnhhngd nqumvohngtn o corbo vmvo ln 0? cj d 1 pmns, mglmcolo pdr ho gdrjo OOSE\D 1991, ho gdrjo OOSE\D 199> HQ@L mglmco vohdrns ln rnhhngd nqumvohngtns o sdarncorbo vnemcuhor qun vorêog cdg ho ohturo lnh jurd, nstds vohdrns sn junstrog ng ho toaho 5. Nh njpufn octmvd d ln rnpdsd lnh sunhd cdg sdarncorbo nstulmolos, rnsuhto snr6 Ns
Ns, poro cuohqumnro ln hos tndrêos
? ⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E ⎔ (E + 1 E s ) K ⎚ 1 ⎩
(=?)
Nstn njpufn nstorï ophmcold ng nh cngtrdmln lnh ïrno lnh tropncmd ln prnsmdgns d ng su ln`nctd ng colo ugd ln hds cngtrdmlns portmcuhorns ln colo `mburo qun cdg`drjo nh prmsjo ln prnsmdgns mglmcold ng ho `mburo 1>. Nh jdjngtd ln vdhcojmngtd cdg sdarncorbo Jvs6 J vs
⎗ : ⎛ ⎘ γ E 1 ⎔ (E + 3 E s ) K ⎩ ⎚ 0 ?
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
(=1)
33
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Nh prdcnlmjmngtd lnscrmtd sdhd smrvn poro sdarncorbos ugm`drjnjngtn lmstrmaumlos, poro sdarncorbos gd ugm`drjns d hmgnohns sn lnan rnohmzor ug nstulmd lntohhold snbög sno nh cosd. Sm nh rnhhngd tros nh jurd nsto `drjold pdr vormds nstrotds ln sunhd ln nspnsdr cdgstogtn y porohnhds ho supnr`mcmn ln rnhhngd, ho prnsmóg hotnroh tdtoh pdlrï cohcuhorsn c ohcuhorsn cdgsmlnrogld ho corbo tdtoho sdarn colo nstrotd cdjd sdarncorbo ugm`drjn.
\oaho 5. Ohturo ln rnhhngd nqumvohngtn o sdarncorbo vnemcuhor Es Ohturo lnh jurd ≬ ?,>3 j ( > pmns) 3,9> j ( ?9 pmns) 0,?9 j ( 19 pmns) ≮ =,?> j ( 39 pmns)
Es ?,05 j ( >,> pmns) ?,11 j ( pmns) 9,0? j ( 1,9 pmns)
N j p u f n l n \ mn m n r rro o c d g S d a r n c o rb rb o
q : γ Es
Ns : q E K E
N o : ? /1 γ E ± K
E /1
E /3 q K
γ E K
@mburo 1> Ng ho `mburo 10 sn junstro nh cdgvngmd poro ho jnlmlo ln hds ïgbuhds utmhmzolds ng hos `órjuhos ln cïhcuhd ln hds cdn`mcmngtns cd n`mcmngtns ln njpufns ln tmnrro. α
υ
Cdgvngmd poro ho jnlmlo ln hds ïgbuhds
@mburo 10 Yoro cdgtngnr ug vdhujng ln tmnrros ln `drjo nstoahn, ns gncnsormd cdgdcnr hos prdpmnlolns y coroctnrêstmcos lnh sunhd, ho copocmlol rnsmstngtn ln hds jotnrmohns qun cdg`drjog ho
3<
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
nstructuro, hos corbos octuogtns, ho prnsngcmo ln obuos suatnrrïgnos y tdlo ho mg`drjocmóg qun mgvdhucrn nh hubor ldgln sn cdgstrumrï nh jurd y sus olyocngcmos.
??. J^QDS CDG YQNSNGCMO LN OB^O NG NH QNHHNGD Ho prnsngcmo ln obuo ng nh rnhhngd cdjd cdgsncungcmo ln mg`mhtrocmdgns suatnrrïgnos y pdr occmóg ln ho hhuvmo lnan jmgmjmzorsn ng hd pdsmahn jnlmogtn nh njphnd ln daros olncuolos ln lrngofn. Sm nh jotnrmoh ln rnhhngd lnh jurd ln cdgtngcmóg ns pnrjnoahn (brovos y orngos), nh opdrtn ln obuo pdr mg`mhtrocmdgns suatnrrïgnos y ln hhuvmo, ns nvocuold jnlmogtn `mhtrocmóg prnldjmgogtnjngtn vnrtmcoh, ln nsto jognro nh obuo gd rnaosorï ho cdto lnh smstnjo ln lrngofn. Hos ncuocmdgns vmstos eosto oedro sdg vïhmlos y punlng snr utmhmzolos poro ho lntnrjmgocmóg lnh njpufn ln tmnrro. Ln gd snr pdsmahn lrngor nh obuo rntngmlo pdr nh jurd, nh cïhcuhd ln hds njpufns lnan o`nctorsn ln jognro mjpdrtogtn, sujogld o hds njpufns ln tmnrro ho prnsmóg e emlrdstïtmco. mlrdstïtmco. Sm nh jotnrmoh ln rnhhngd ns ln aofo pnrjnoamhmlol, cdjd ns nh cosd ln hos orcmhhos, hos orngos `mgos y hos orngos hmjdsos, ougqun nxmsto ug smstnjo ln lrngofn poro nvocuor hds opdrtns ln obuo, sn prdlucn ug oujngtd ln prnsmdgns y ln hds njpufns rnspnctd o hds cosds nstulmolds ogtnrmdrjngtn lnamld o ho aofo pnrjnoamhmlol lnh sunhd, ng nstds cosds poro lntnrjmgor hos prnsmdgns y njpufns sn lnan utmhmzor nh pnsd nspncm`mcd lnh sunhd eöjnld. Sm nh gmvnh lnh obuo punln ohcogzor ho cdto ln cdrdgo lnh jurd d ugo mgtnrjnlmo, hos prnsmdgns ng nstn cosd co sd punlng snr nstmjolos sustmtuyngld nh pnsd nspncê`mcd nspnc ê`mcd γ pdr nh pnsd nspncê`mcd lnh sunhd sujnrbmld γs , oÿolmngld ho prnsmóg emlrdstïtmco, nsto öhtmjo octöo ng lmrnccmóg pnrpnglmcuhor o ho coro mgtnrmdr ln ho pogtohho. Ng tdld cosd ho prnsmóg emlrdstïtmco lnan snr cdgsmlnrolo smnjprn poro gmvnhns mg`nrmdrns oh gmvnh jïs aofd lnh smstnjo ln lrngofn. (=3) γ s : γ sot ∑ γ obuo γsot ns nh pnsd nspncê`mcd lnh sunhd soturold y γobuo ns nh pnsd nspncê`mcd lnh obuo (?.999 3 Kb/j ). Yoro nh cosd mglmcold ng ho `mburo 12, ho prnsmóg p o ugo prd`uglmlol z ln ho cdrdgo lnh jurd, rnsuhto6 (=)
z9 ns ho prd` prd`uglm uglmlol lol lnh gmvnh gmvnh ln ln obuo. obuo. ^go vnz lntnrjmgolos hos prnsmdgns sn punln cohcuhor hds njpufns octmvds d ln rnpdsd snbög sno nh cosd. Ng ho toaho = sn mglmcog ohbugds vohdrns ln pnsd nspncê`mcd sujnrbmld γs ln lm`nrngtns tmpds ln sunhds broguhorns. Ln ho mg`drjocmóg rncdpmholo y lnh usd olncuold ln hos lm`nrngtns tndrêos nstulmolos lnpnglnrï ho nstoamhmlol y ho vmlo ötmh ln hds jurds utmhmzolds cdjd nstructuros ln cdgtngcmóg ln tmnrros.
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
3>
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
N j p u f n l n t mn m n r ro r o c d g p r n s n g c m o l n O b u o n g n h Q n hh hh n g d
G m v nh l n O b u o
z
zd
E p
@mburo 12 \oaho =. Ynsd Nspncê`mcd sujnrbmld ln lm`nrngtns sunhds broguhorns γ s
Jotnrmoh
Kb/j3
Brovos
=09-?159
O rng ngoos `mgos br brun unssoyshmjdsos y jn jnlmo lmos Orngos Brogmtds y pmzorros Aosohtds Cohmzos y orngmscos Holrmhhd portmld
=099-? ?159 =09-?159 =09-?159 ??19-?099 0 Kb/cj 1 ⎭ ⎦ 1 ⎦⎭q uht : Kb/cj
⎢`'c : 1?9 Kb/cj 1 ⎢Vdgo Sêsjmco > ⎦ ⎦ Jotnrmohns lnh Jurd ⎥@y : 99 Kb/j ⎭ c
30
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
?1.?. YQNLMJNGSMDGOLD6 Nh prnlmjngsmdgold ln hds jurds ln cdgtngcmóg ng vdholmzd sn eocn ng `ugcmóg ln ho ohturo E lnh jurd, punlng snr gncnsormos vormos mtnrocmdgns sm sn prntngln hdbror ho nstoamhmlol y ho dptmjmzocmóg ln holnnstructuro. Ng vdholmzd ho `mburo ng 15 bngnroh, sn mglmcognh hos rncdjnglocmdgns poro nh prnlmjngsmdgold jurds ng lmsnÿoldr punln prdpdgnr lmjngsmdgns rozdgoahns snbög su nxpnrmngcmo, lmjngsmdgns qun hunbd lnanrï vnrm`mcor. Yrnlmjngsmdgold Yrn lmjngsmdgold ln ug jurd ng vd holmzd c ≮ 1> cj
E
A / < ≬ Y
≬A/3
\ : A- @- Y
@ ≮ E / ?9
n ≮ E / ?9
9,< E ≬ A ≬ 9,2 E
@mburo 15 Ldgln, @ nspnsdr lnh `ustn d pogtohho ng ho aosn, n nspnsdr ln ho aosn d zopoto, ho aosn, \ nh tohóg ln ho aosn, c nspnsdr ln ho cdrdgo lnh jurd.
Y pugtnro ln
Ho coro nxtnrmdr lnh jurd punln snr vnrtmcoh cdjd ng nh cosd lnh jurd ln ho `mburo 15, smg njaorbd ho tndrêo ln Qogkmgn supdgn qun ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd ns vnrtmcoh. Ng ho `mburo 1= sn junstro nh prnlmjngsmdgold lnh jurd ln 0 j ln ohturo, `uglold o ?,19 j ln prd`uglmlol. Cdjd sn eocn usd ln ho ncuocmóg ln Qogkmgn poro ho lntnrjmgocmóg lnh njpufn ln tmnrro sn prdpusd ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd vnrtmcoh (υ:=9¹). Ho aosn lnhngtrn jurd9,< sn prnlmjngsmdgó oh 09% ho ohturo (9,09 0j : 3,09 j), vohdr mgtnrjnlmd y 9,2 ln E. Hombuoh pugtnro ln holnaosn ln ? j ln * hdgbmtul sn snhnccmdgó ngtrn A/< y A/3. Nh nspnsdr ln ho aosn y ln ho pogtohho ng ho aosn sn prnlmjngsmdgó mbuoh oh ?9% ln ho ohturo lnh jurd (9,?9 * 0 j : 9,09 j), qunlogld nh tohóg ln ho aosn ln 1,9 j ln hdgbmtul y ho ohturo lnh rnhhngd sdarn nh tohóg ln >,,,< 9j
E:0j
υ : =9 ¹
L` : ?, ?,19 19 j
n : 9,09 9,09 j
?
d Y : ?,9 ?,9 j
\ : 1,9 1,9 j
@ : 9,09 j A : 3,09 3,09 j
@mburo 1= ?1.1. COSD ?6 NJY^FN LN \MNQQO + SDAQ SDAQNCOQBO NCOQBO PNEMC^HOQ Ho nstoamhmlol sn nstulmo rnspnctd o ho ormsto mg`nrmdr ln ho aosn ng nh nxtrnjd ln ho pugtnro, pugtd d ln ho `mburo 1=. Yoro lntnrjmgor nh pnsd lnh jurd y su cngtrd ln brovnlol sn lmvmlmó ho snccmóg trogsvnrsoh ng trns `mburos cdg prdpmnlolns bndjítrmcos cdgdcmlos, hds vohdrns cdrrnspdglmngtns o colo `mburo sn mglmcog ng ho toaho ?9.
\oaho ?9. Ynsd y jdjngtds nstoamhmzogtns pdr ? j ln hdgbmtul ln jurd @mburo Arozd U Arozd ] j j
Ynsd Kb/j
Ynsd* Arozd U Ynsd * Arozd ] Kb-j/j Kb-j/j
?
?,59
9,39
>.9 ?5.911,>9
,99 ?=.5,99
Ynsd Yrdpmd p.p.6 nh pnsd prdpmd pdr jntrd ln hdgbmtul ln jurd, lntnrjmgold ng ho toaho 3
?9 poro ug pnsd nspncm`mcd nspncm`mcd lnh cdgcrntd ln 1.>99 Kb/j 6 p.p. : ??.,99 Kb/j
Cngtrd ln Brovnlol6 ?5.911,>9 U cb
35
:
Kb ∑ j
j ??.,99 Kb/j
?=.5,99
: ?,>2 j
]cb
:
Kb ∑ j
j ??.,99 Kb/j
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
: ?,23 j
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Sdarncorbo q6 ho ohturo ln rnhhngd nqumvohngtn o sdarncorbo vnemcuhor ln 09 cj (1 pmns), sn tdjó smbumngld hos rncdjnglocmdgns ln ho gdrjo OOSE\D 1991. q
: γ E s : ?.=99 Kb/j 3 − 9,09 j : ?.? Kb/j Ophmcold o 6
E 1
: 3 j jnlmlds lnsln ho aosn lnh jurd.
Nh njpufn tdtoh (octmvd + sdarncorbo) sn punln lntnrjmgor njphnogld ho ncuocmóg (=?) cdg K : K o. Ng ho `mburo 39 sn junstro nh jurd ln 0 j ln ohturo cdg hos `unrzos octuogtns poro nh Cosd ? ln corbo y hos cdrrnspdglmngtns lmstogcmos jnlmlos lnsln nh pugtd d eosto ho hêgno ln occmóg ln colo `unrzo.
Njpufn tdtoh No+s6 cdg`drjold pdr nh njpufn ln tmnrro jïs nh njpufn ln ho sdarncorbo6 N o +s
: N o + N s : =.02= Kb/j+ ?.=3> Kb/j : ??.0?< Kb/j
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
3=
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Qnsuhtogtn ln hos `unrzos vnrtmcohns Q v6 hos `unrzos qun ho cdjpdgng sdg nh pnsd prdpmd, pnsd lnh rnhhngd y nh pnsd tdtoh ln ho sdarncorbo. Q v
: p . p . + Rr + Rs : ??. Kb/j + 19.>19 Kb/j+ 1.011 K/j : 319 kb/j
q : ?.?2 ?,>2 j Ur : 1,09 j
@mburo 39 @unrzo ln rdcn @r6 hds njpufns octöog pnrpnglmcuhor o ho coro mgtnrgo lnh jurd, ojads njpufns sdg edrmzdgtohns, ho cdjpdgngtn vnrtmcoh lnh njpufn ns guho6 Nov : 9, Ne : No+s. Nh njpufn posmvd gd sn tdjo ng cungto pdrqun gd eoy borogtêo ln pnrjogngcmo lnh rnhhngd sdarn ho pugtnro6 Np : 9. Ho `unrzo ln `rmccmóg sn lntnrjmgó ng `ugcmóg lnh ïgbuhd ln `rmccmóg mgtnrgo y ln ho cdensmóg lnh sunhd ln `uglocmóg.
μ : Ogbuhd ln `rmccmóg sunhd-jurd : 1 π : 1 31 δ : 1?,33δ . @ r
:
θ Q v
+
N
o v
+
c' ⋎ A + N p
:
3 θ ⋎ Q v
3 + c' ⋎ A
1 ⎗ ⎗ ⎛ 1 : \og(μ ) : \og⎛ ⎘ π ⎔ : \og⎘ − 31 δ ⎔ : 9,3= ⎩ ⎚ 3 ⎚ 3 ⎩ c' : 9,>9 c : 9,>9 − 9,1> Kb/cj 1 : 9,?1> Kb/cj 1 : ?.1>9 Kb/j 1 @r : 9,3= − 39 Kb/j 1 − 3,09 j : ?5.99? Kb/j
θ
@octdr ln snburmlol cdgtro nh lnshmzojmngtd @Sl6 @S l
:
@ r Ne
:
?5.99? Kb/j
??.0?< Kb/j
: ?,>> ≮ ?,>9
D . K .
Jdjngtd ln vdhcojmngtd Jv6 hos `unrzos qun mgtngtog vdhcor nh jurd sdg nh njpufn octmvd y nh njpufn ln ho sdarncorbo. Jv
Kb/j− 3 j : 1>.?03
Kb ∑ j j
ro`onhtdrrnsIuho.vn .vn ro`onhtdrrnsIuho
Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Nh jdjngtd ln vdhcojmngtd sn punln lntnrjmgor lmrnctojngtn njphnogld ho ncuocmóg (=1) cdg K:K o.
Jdjngtd nstoamhmzogtn Jn6 hos `unrzos qun log nstoamhmlol oh jurd sdg nh pnsd prdpmd lnh jurd, nh pnsd lnh rnhhngd y nh pnsd tdtoh ln ho sdarncorbo. Jn
: ??. Kb/j− ?,>2 j + 19.>19 Kb/j− 1,09 j + 1.011 Kb/j− 1, j : 22.2=1
Kb ∑ j j
@octdr ln snburmlol cdgtro nh vdhcojmngtd @Sv6 @S v
:
Kb ∑ j
22.2=1
Jn
:
Jv
1>.?03
j Kb ∑ j
D . K .
: 3,9= ≮ ?,>9
j
Ns`unrzd oljmsmahn lnh sunhd ln `uglocmóg σolj6 ho copocmlol oljmsmahn lnh sunhd ln `uglocmóg sn lntnrjmgo cdg ug `octdr ln snburmlol poro corbos nstïtmcos joydr d mbuoh qun trns (@Scop. pdrtogtn ≮3).
:
σ olj
q uht
:
Kb/cj 1
@S cop . pdrtogtn
3
: ?,> Kb/cj 1
Yugtd ln ophmcocmóg ln ho `unrzo rnsuhtogtn U r6 jnlmld lnsln nh pugtd d. U r :
Jn ∑ Jv Q v
22.2=1
:
Kb∑ j
∑ 1>.?03
j 31 j
Nxcngtrmcmlol ln ho `unrzo rnsuhtogtn nx6 jnlmlo lnsln nh cngtrd ln ho aosn. Yoro qun nxmsto nxmsto cdjprnsmóg ng tdlo ho aosn cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmóg tropnzdmloh ho nxcngtrmcmlol lnan snr jngdr qun nh snxtd ln ho aosn ( A / 0 : 3,09 j / 0 : 9,09 j). nx
A ⎗ ⎛ 3,09 j ∑ ?,>1 j ⎗ : 9,15 j : ⎛ ⎔ ⎘ ∑ U r ⎔ : ⎘ ⎩ ⎚ 1 ⎚ 1 ⎩
nx
: 9,15 j ≬
A
: 9,09 j
D . K .
0
Yrnsmóg ln cdgtoctd jurd-sunhd ln `uglocmóg σjox,jmg6 poro nx 8 A/0. Ng ho `mburo 3? sn junstrog hos prnsmdgns ln cdgtoctd cdrrnspdglmngtns o nstn cosd ln corbo. σ jox
:
⎛ 0 ⋎ n x ⎗ 3
Cdn`mcmngtn sêjmcd vnrtmcoh Csv6 C sv
: 9,29 C se : 9,29 − 9,?> : 9,?9> ⎛ C se ⎗ 9,?> ⎗ ⎔⎔ : orctog⎛ ⎔ : =,>?δ ⎘ ⎚ ? ∑ 9,?9> ⎩ ⎚ ? ∑ C sv ⎩
ε : orctog⎘⎘
Cdn`mcmngtn ln prnsmóg lmgïjmco octmvo K os os6 lntnrjmgold cdg ho ncuocmóg ln Jdgdgdan– Dkoan poro6 K os
α
8 π - ε......... [9¹ 8 (3?¹) : 1 1 9 k b / j No : = . 0 2 = Kb / j
] c b : ? ,2 3 j p. p. :? ? . < 2 >
1 j
kb / j
d U cb : ? ,> ,> 2 j
Kb/j+ ?.1>9 Kb/j 1 − 3,09 j + >.1>9 Kb/j : 11.115 Kb/j @ r
@octdr ln snburmlol cdgtro nh lnshmzojmngtd @Sl cdg lngtnhhóg ln pmn6 @S l
:
@r Ne
:
11.115 Kb/j
?5 ≮ ?, K b /j 1
El:9,09 j N p : > 1 >9 >9 K b / j σ p m : ? 9 1 5 3 K b /j 1
?,9 j
9,09 j
1,9 j
@mburo 33
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Jurds ln Cdgtngcmóg Cdgtngcmóg
Mgb. Qo`onh O. \drrns \drrns A.
Jdjngtd ln vdhcojmngtd Jv6 hos `unrzos qun mgtngtog vdhcor nh jurd sdg nh njpufn octmvd, mgcrnjngtd lmgïjmcd lnh njpufn octmvd y ho `unrzo sêsjmco mgnrcmoh lnh pnsd prdpmd. Jv
: =.02= Kb/j− 1 j+ 1.031 Kb/j− < j+ ?.21? Kb/j− ?,23 j : 31.503
Kb ∑ j j
Jdjngtd nstoamhmzogtn Jn6 hos `unrzos qun log nstoamhmlol oh jurd sdg nh pnsd prdpmd lnh jurd y nh pnsd lnh rnhhngd. Jn
: ??. Kb/j− ?,>2 j+ 19.>19 Kb/j− 1,09 j : 2?.305
Kb ∑ j j
@octdr ln snburmlol cdgtro nh vdhcojmngtd @Sv6 @S v
:
Kb ∑ j
2?.305
Jn
:
Jv
31.503
j Kb ∑ j
D . K .
: 1,?2 ≮ ?, Kb/cj 1
Yugtd ln ophmcocmóg ln ho `unrzo rnsuhtogtn U r6 jnlmld lnsln nh pugtd d. U r :
Jn ∑ Jv Q v
2?.305
:
Kb∑ j
∑ 31.503
j 3?.==> Kb/j
Kb ∑ j j
: ?,19 j
Nxcngtrmcmlol ln ho `unrzo rnsuhtogtn nx6 jnlmlo lnsln nh cngtrd ln ho aosn. Yoro qun nxmsto nxmsto cdjprnsmóg ng tdlo ho aosn cdg lmobrojo ln prnsmóg tropnzdmloh ho nxcngtrmcmlol lnan snr jngdr qun nh snxtd ln ho aosn (A/0: 3,09 j / 0 : 9,09 j). nx
U r ⎔ : ⎛ j ∑ ?,19 j ⎗⎔ : 9,09 j : ⎛ ⎘A ⎘ 3,09 1 ∑ ⎗ 1 ⎚ ⎩ ⎚ ⎩
nx
: 9,09 j ≬
A 0
: 9,09 j
D . K .
Yrnsmóg ln cdgtoctd jurd-sunhd ln `uglocmóg σjox,jmg6 poro nx ≬ A/0. Ng ho `mburo 3< sn junstrog hos prnsmdgns ln cdgtoctd cdrrnspdglmngtns o nstn cosd ln corbo. σ jox
:
0 − 9,09 j ⎗ ⎛ 0 ⋎ n x ⎗ 3?.==> Kb/j ⎛ ⎔⎔ : ?2.22> Kb/j 1 : ?,25 Kb/cj 1 ⎘⎘? + ⎘? + ⎔: A ⎚ A ⎩ 3,09 j 3,09 j ⎩ ⎚
Q v
σ jox : ?,25Kb/cj 1
Kb/cj1
D. K .
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