Diseno de La Unidad de Deshidratacion Por Adsorcion Con Tamiz Molecular para La Planta de Separacion de Liquidos de Gran Chaco

 

RCKPBU^KIGI IB GWRKCH EHFKPKG @gnuftgi ib Nkbcnkg y Ybnchfhaíg KCABCKBUKG BC AG^ [ ZBYUHFBH

Zrhybnth ib Argih4  Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnk Gishrnkþc þc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh

Bfgehrgih phr4 Hsngr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs

^gctg Nruz ib fg ^kbrrg, Ehfkvkg 5:77

 

RCKPBU^KIGI IB GWRKCH EHFKPKG @GNRFYGI IB NKBCNKG [ YBNCHFHAKG NGUUBUG IB KCABCKBUKG BC AG^ [ ZBYUHFBH ZUH[BNYH IB AUGIH

YKYRFH IBF YUGEGDH

IK^B×H IB FG RCKIGI IB IB^LKIUGYGNKÞC ZHU GI^HUNKHC NHC YGMKT MHFBNRFGU ZGUG FG ZFGCYG IB ^BZGUGNKHC IB FKWRKIH^ IB AUGC NLGNH

ZUH[BNYH IB AUGIH ZUB^BCYGIH NHMH UBWRK^KYH ZGUNKGF ZGUG HZYGU GF YKYRFH IB FKNBCNKGYRUG BC4 Kcabckbríg bc Ags y Zbtrþfbh

BFGEHUGIH ZHU4

Hsngr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs UBGFKTGIH NHC FG YRYRHUKG IBF4

Kca. Mgrnh Zgrgig Y.

UB^RMBC Bc bf prbsbctb prhybnth sb rbgfkzg bf iksb÷h ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc ib fg `uturg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh g nhcstrukrsb bc bf ibpgrtgmbcth ib Ygrkdg. Ygrkd g. Ibekih g qub bf ags qub sb prhnbsg bc fg pfgctg bctrgrg g uc prhnbsh nrkhaëcknh, nrkhaëcknh, rbqubrkrç ib uc skstbmg ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nhc tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs, qub sbg ngpgz ib ibslkirgtgr bf ags g ckvbfbs ib pucth ib rhnkþ ib lgstg -72:º@.

 

 Ibikngthrk   Ibikngih nhc munlh gmhr y argtktui g mk @gmkfkg, g mks Zgirbs Hsngr y Ebtty, g mks  Lbrmgchs Nlrkstkgc y Nlrksthplbr, y g mks ^herkchs Cknhfçs Cknhfçs y Cknhfb.

‖Bf vbrigibrh gmhr ch bs htrg nhsg, qub bf ibsbh kcbvktgefb ib gyuigr gf htrh pgrg qub sbg qukbc bs”

Zça. K

 

 argibnkmkbcth  argibnkmkbcth  Zgrg phibr rbgfkzgr bf prbsbctb prhybnth ib argih ib fg mbdhr mgcbrg phskefb `ub cbnbsgrkh bf gphyh ib munlgs pbrshcgs g fg nugfbs qukbrh gargibnbr.  Gargibnbr prkmbrgmbctb g Ikhs qub mb ikh fg `hrtgfbzg bspkrktugf y `ískng cbnbsgrkg  pgrg numpfkr bstg mbtg trgzgig bc mk vkig.  G mk pgirb Hsngr, phr sus nhcstgctbs nhcsbdhs qub pbrmktkbrhc ch ibsvkgrmb bc bf  ngmkch. ‖Argnkgs phr tus pgfgergs tgc nhrrbntgs bc fhs mhmbcths gibnugihs, fgs mhtkvgnkhcbs, fg `hrmgnkþc ib ngrçntbr y phr bf bs`ubrzh qub erkcigstb pgrg qub pubig lgebr ffbagih lgstg bstb pucth”.  G mk mgirb Ebtty, qukbc nhc thih su gmhr, ngrk÷h y nhmprbskþc vbrtkbrhc bc mí ucg gnhabihrg sbcsgnkþc ib ekbcbstgr. ‖Argnkgs phr thig fg gtbcnkþc y prbhnupgnkþc qub  skbmprb mb lg erkcigih”.  G mk lbrmgch mgyhr Nlrkstkgc, qukbc skbmprb nhc su `ubrtb `brvhr ib lbrmgcigi y ngrk÷h lgnkg mí, erkcih thih fh qub tbcíg g su iksphsknkþc pgrg qub yh tuvkbrg fh cbnbsgrkh bc mk vkig.” Argnkgs phr thig tu prbhnupgnkþc y tu nhc`kgczg pubstg bc mí”.  G mk lbrmgch Nlrksthplbr, qub q ub g pbsgr ib fg ikstgcnkg skbmprb bstuvh kcvhfunrgih bc mk ngrrbr ngrrbrg, g, mgctbck mgctbckbci bcih h su nhcstg nhcstgctb ctb gphrtb gphrtb ib mhtkvg mhtkvgnkþ nkþc c y ib prbhnu prbhnupgnk pgnkþc. þc. ‖Argnkgs phr tu gyuig y phr bstgr pbcikbctb ib mí”. Rcg mbcnkþc bspbnkgf g mks tíhs Uhfgci Nëspbibs y Bfkzgebtl Zbrbkrg, qub ibphsktgrhc  su `b bc mí y `ubrhc gnthrbs prkcnkpgfbs pgrg qub puikbrg tbrmkcgr mks bstuikhs. ‖Argnkgs tíh phr sbr ucg pbrshcg bmprbcibihrg qub skbmprb tbcikþ fg mgch y cucng hfvkih”. Yhih bffh mb lg sbrvkih nhmh bdbmpfh y nhmh ibsg`íh bc fg vkig.

Zça. KK

 

 G Agerkbfg Mhrbch phr su gmhr, gphyh, nhmprbskþc y pgnkbcnkg. ‖Argnkgs phr   `gnkfktgrmb fgs nhsgs”.  G Mgrnh Zgrgig, mk tuthr qukbc skbmprb bstuvh ikspubsth bc thih mhmbcth g erkcigrmb  su gyuig. ‖Argnkgs phr erkcigrmb thihs sus nhchnkmkbcths qub lknkbrhc phskefb fg rbgfkzgnkþc ib bstb prhybnth”. [ argnkgs tgmekëc phr erkcigrmb su gmkstgi, su eubc  sbctkih ibf lumhr y su nhc`kgczg.  G mk ihnbctb y gsbshr tgmekëc Nbfbstkch Grbcgs qukbc `ub bf guthr prkcnkpgf ib mk bfbnnkþc ib tbmg y qukbc ikh bc mí bf pgchrgmg cbnbsgrkh pgrg phibr ffbagr lgstg bstg kcstgcnkg.  G mks ihnbctbs ib fg uckvbrskigi uc kvbrskigi qub mçs tuvkbrhc b`bnth bc mí. Argnkgs Ubcb Gfgrnþc, Ngrfhs Ngrf hs ^çcnlbz, ^çcnlbz, Cbfshc Cbfshc Ngerbrg, Ngerbrg, Ubycgfih Yknhcg, Grkbf Agfgrzg, Kvçc Uhiríaubz, Uhiríaubz,  Bcrkqub Nubffgr, Ngrfhs Uhdgs, Uþmufh Egreg, Mkfthc Mgrtícbz, Dhrab Fuks Zërbz,  Gcirbg Auzmçc, Igcktzg Ousnbvkn y Ugqubf Lbrrbrg.  G mks gmkahs mçs nbrngchs y ib thig fg vkig, Biugrih Ihrgih, Pkrakfkh Ugmírbz,  Mgrnh @fhrbs y Igckbfg ^bmpbrtbauk, qukbcbs nhc su nhmpg÷íg y su gphyh `hrtgfbnkbrhc mk mhtkvgnkþc.  G mks nhmpg÷brhs ib fg uckvbrskigi y gmkahs Ibccks Ragrtb, Igacbr ^gfgzgr, Ikbah Pgfbczubfg, Gfbdgcirh @brcçcibz, @rgco ^gfgzgr y Igccy Kvbr, qub mb gnhmpg÷grhc y gphygrhc bc thih bstb prhnbsh.

 

 Íciknb Abcb Abcbrgf  rgf  Ngpktufh 7............................. 7............................................. ............................... ............................... .......................................................7 .......................................7

7.7.

Kctrhiunnkþc..................... Kctrhiunnkþc.................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................................. ..................................7 7

7.5. Gctbnbibctbs.................. Gctbnbibctbs................................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. .................................... 5 7.>. Ibfkmktgnkþc.................... Ibfkmktgnkþc.................................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .................................................. .................................... > 7.>.7. Fímktb Abharç`nh........................ Abharç`nh....................................... .............................. ............................. ................................... .............................. .........> > 7.>.5. Fímktb Ybmphrgf..................... Ybmphrgf.................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ......................> .......> 7.>.>. Fkmktb ^ustgcvh....................... ^ustgcvh..................................... ............................. .............................. ............................................... ................................> > 7.9. Dus`ngnkþc....................... Dus`ngnkþc...................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................ ..................9 .9 7.9.7. Dus`ngnkþc Nkbc`ng........................ Nkbc`ng....................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ........................9 .........9 7.9.5. Dus`ngnkþc Bnhcþmkng....................... Bnhcþmkng..................................... ............................. .............................. ..................................... ......................9 9 7.9.>. Dus`ngnkþc Zbrshcgf..................... Zbrshcgf.................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................9 .............9 7.2.

Zfgctbgmkbcth ibf Zrhefbmg..................... Zrhefbmg................................... ............................. .............................. .......................................2 ........................2

7.0.

@hrmufgnkþc ibf Zrhefbmg..................... Zrhefbmg.................................... ............................. ............................. ................................ ........................... ..........2 2

7.1. ^kstbmgzgnkþc ibf Zrhefbmg y Gehrigdb ib fg ^hfunkþc.............................................. ^hfunkþc..............................................0 0 7.1.7. Ibsnrkpnkþc Ngusg-Bbnth y Gnnkþc-@kc...................... Gnnkþc-@kc..................................... ............................................ .............................0 0 7.1.5. Ikgargmg Ngusg-Bbnth..................... Ngusg-Bbnth.................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .........................1 ..........1 7.. [gnkmkbcth ib Ags Nhcibcsgih (Ubtrþargihs)........... (Ubtrþargihs).......................... ............................... ................50 50 5.7.5.0. ^ueprhiunths ibf Ags Cgturgf........................ Cgturgf...................................... ............................. ................................... .................... 51 5.7.5.0.7. Ags Cgturgf Fknugih (ACF).................................. (ACF)................................................. .................................. ........................51 .....51 5.7.5.0.5. Fíqukihs ibf Ags Cgturgf (FAC)....................... (FAC)..................................... ............................. ..............................51 ...............51 5.7.5.1. Rfkzgnkþc ib fhs Fíqukihs ibf Ags Cgturgf....................... Cgturgf......................................................5< ...............................5< 5.7.5.1.7. Ags Fknugih ib Zbtrþfbh (AFZ)......................... (AFZ)....................................... .......................................... ............................5; 5; 5.7.>. Bbnths ib fg Zrbsbcnkg ib Gaug......................... Gaug........................................ ................................................. ..................................5; 5; 5.7.9. Nhctbckih ib Gaug bc bf Ags Cgturgf................................. Cgturgf................................................ .................................>5 ..................>5 5.7.2. Lkirgths....................... Lkirgths..................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................................>< ..............................>< 5.7.2.7. Nhctrhf ib Lkirgths...................... Lkirgths.................................... ............................. ..................................................... ...................................... 9: 5.7.2.5. Nhciknkhcbs pgrg fg @hrmgnkþc ib Lkirgths....................... Lkirgths.................................................... ............................. 97 5.7.2.5.7. Nhciknkhcbs Zrkcnkpgfbs...................... Zrkcnkpgfbs.................................... ............................. .............................. ...........................97 ............97 5.7.2.5.5. Nhciknkhcbs ^bnucigrkgs........................ ^bnucigrkgs...................................... ............................. ............................. .......................97 .........97 5.7.0. Yënckngs ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf Ags Cgturgf.................................... Cgturgf........................................................95 ....................95 5.7.1. Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmknbs................... Ygmknbs.................................. .............................. .......................99 ........99 5.7.1.7. ^kstbmg ib Gishrnkþc bc fg Kciustrkg.................................. Kciustrkg................................................. .............................90 ..............90 5.7.1.5. Ngrgntbrísngs ib fhs Ygmknbs Mhfbnufgrbs................. Mhfbnufgrbs............................... ............................. ......................9; .......9; 5.7.1.>. Iksb÷h ib Gishrnkþc „ Ubabcbrgnkþc...... Ubabcbrgnkþc.................... ............................. ..........................................27 ...........................27 5.7.1.>.7. Iksb÷h ibf Gishrebctb...................... Gishrebctb..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ .............27 27 5.7.1.>.5. Iksb÷h ibf Ubabcbrgihr.................... Ubabcbrgihr................................... .............................. ............................. ...........................22 .............22 5.7.1.>.>. Arç`ng ibf Nknfh ib Ubabcbrgnkþc................... Ubabcbrgnkþc................................. ............................. .............................20 ..............20

Zça. P

 

5.7.1.9. Nhcskibrgnkhcbs Eçskngs sherb bf Iksb÷h ib uc Ibslkirgtgihr ib Ygmknbs Mhfbnufgrbs.................. Mhfbnufgrbs.... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .......................... ...........2< 2< 5.7.1.9.7. Pgrkgefbs ib Hpbrgnkþc....................... Hpbrgnkþc..................................... ............................. .........................................2; ..........................2; 5.7.1.9.5. Ubabcbrgnkþc................... Ubabcbrgnkþc................................. ............................. ............................. ............................................. ............................... 0: 5.7.1.9.>. Zrhefbmgs Hpbrgnkhcgfbs................. Hpbrgnkhcgfbs................................ ............................. ................................. ............................ .........0: 0: 5.7.1.9.9. Ngpgnkigi ib Gishrnkþc ib gfauchs Ykphs ib Ibsbngctbs.........................07 5.5.

Mgrnh Ybþrknh Ubbrbcnkgf.................. Ubbrbcnkgf................................. .............................. ............................. ................................... ............................ .......05 05

5.>.

Mgrnh Ybþrknh Chrmgvh....................... Chrmgvh...................................... ............................. ..................................................... .......................................0> 0>

5.9. Mgrnh Ybþrknh Lkstþrknh...................... Lkstþrknh.................................... ............................. .............................. ........................................... ............................09 09 5.9.7. Kctrhiunnkþc...................... Kctrhiunnkþc.................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. ........................ .....09 09 5.9.5. Hedbvhs...................... Hedbvhs..................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................ ............................ ........... 02 5.9.>. Egfgcnb Phfumëtrknh...................... Phfumëtrknh..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................00 ............00 5.9.9. Zfgctgs ib Bxtrgnnkþc ib Fknugefbs................... Fknugefbs.................................. .............................. ................................ .....................0< ....0<

Zça.

 

Ngpktufh >............................. >............................................ .............................. ............................... ............................... ............................... ........................1 ........1: :

>.7.

Hedbth........................ Hedbth...................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .........................1: ...........1:

>.5.

Nhciknkhcbs Gmekbctgfbs................ Gmekbctgfbs............................... .............................. ............................. .............................................. ................................1: 1:

>.>.

Kchrmgnkþc pgrg bf Iksb÷h...................... Iksb÷h.................................... ............................. ..................................................... ...................................... 1:

>.>.7. Ngpgnkigi ib Iksb÷h....................... Iksb÷h...................................... ............................. ..................................................... .......................................1: 1: >.>.5. Ags ib Gfkmbctgnkþc..................... Gfkmbctgnkþc.................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... .............17 17 >.>.>. Bspbnk`ngnkhcbs ib Zrhiunth......................... Zrhiunth........................................ ..................................................... ......................................15 15 >.>.>.7. Ags Ubskiugf....................... Ubskiugf..................................... ............................. ............................. ............................................ ..................................15 ....15 >.9.

Ikgargmg ib Efhqubs...................... Efhqubs.................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................1> ...................1>

>.2. Zrhnbikmkbcths ib fhs Nçfnufhs ib Kcabckbríg.......................... Kcabckbríg............................................................. ................................... 19 >.2.7. Nhciknkhcbs ib Zrhnbsh......................... Zrhnbsh........................................ ............................. ............................. .................................19 ..................19 >.2.5. Ikmbcskhcgmkbcth Ikmbcskhcgmkbcth ib fgs Yhrrbs ib Gishrnkþc........................ Gishrnkþc................................................... ...........................19 19 >.2.5.7. Ngfnufh ibf Ikçmbtrh Míckmh..................... Míckmh.................................... ............................. ......................................12 ........................12 >.2.>. Ngcigi ib Ibsbngctb.................... Ibsbngctb................................... .............................. ............................. ......................................1< ........................1< >.2.9. Pbrk`ngnkþc ib fhs Zgrçmbtrhs ib Iksb÷h..................... Iksb÷h........................................................... ...................................... >.2.2. Ngfhr ib Ubabcbrgnkþc..................... Ubabcbrgnkþc................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................1.7. Igths ibf Zrhnbsh....................... Zrhnbsh...................................... .............................. ............................. ...........................................;7 .............................;7 >.1.5. Ikgargmg ib @fudh ibf Zrhnbsh........................ Zrhnbsh...................................... .................................................... ......................................;9 ;9 >....;. Ibsnrkpnkþc ibf Zrhnbsh....................... Zrhnbsh..................................... ............................. ......................................................... .......................................... ;< >.;.7. Nknfh ib Gishrnkþc....................... Gishrnkþc...................................... .............................. ............................. .......................................... ............................ ;< >.;.5. Nknfh ib Ubabcbrgnkþc..................... Ubabcbrgnkþc................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................... .........;; ;;

Zça.

 

Ngpktufh 9............................. 9............................................ .............................. ............................... ............................... ............................... ......................7:7 ......7:7

9.7.

Kctrhiunnkþc..................... Kctrhiunnkþc.................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................................. .............................. 7:7

9.5.

Bsmgnkþc ib Nhsths ib Kcvbrskþc (Ugcah ib vgrkgnkþc ·>:%).......... ·>:%).................................7:7 .......................7:7

9.>.

Kcvbrskþc Yhtgf.......................... Yhtgf........................................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ....................... ........ 7:9

9.9. @fudh ib Ngdg........................... Ngdg.......................................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ....................................... ........................ 7:0 9.9.7. Kcarbshs...................... Kcarbshs.................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................................... ............................. 7:0 9.9.7.7. Zhr Pbctg ib AFZ.......................... AFZ......................................... ............................. ............................. ....................................7:0 .....................7:0 9.9.7.5. Zhr Pbctg ib Agshfkcg Cgturgf.......................... Cgturgf........................................ ............................. .............................. ................7:; .7:; 9.9.5. Barbshs....................... Barbshs..................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ..................................... ............................. ......77: 77: 9.9.5.7. Nhsth ib Mgtbrkg Zrkmg......................... Zrkmg....................................... ............................. ............................. ........................... ............. 77: 9.9.5.5. Agsths Hpbrgvhs....................... Hpbrgvhs...................................... ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................775 ........775 9.9.5.>. Agsths Abcbrgfbs y Gimkckstrgvhs............................. Gimkckstrgvhs.............................................................. .................................775 775 9.9.5.9. Kmpubsths..................... Kmpubsths................................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ..................................... .......................77> 77> 9.9.>. Kcikngihrbs ib Bvgfugnkþc Bnhcþmknhs ibf Zrhybnth........................................ Zrhybnth........................................770 770 9.9.>.7. Pgfhr Gntugf Cbth....................... Cbth...................................... .............................. .................................................... ..................................... 770 9.9.>.5. 9.9.>.>.

Ygsg Kctbrcg ib Ubthrch....................... Ubthrch...................................... .............................. .......................................... ...........................770 770 Zbrkhih ib Ubnupbrgnkþc Kcknkgf........................... Kcknkgf......................................... ................................. ........................... ........770 770

Ngpktufh 2............................. 2............................................. ............................... ............................... ............................... .............................. .....................757 ......757

2.7.

Nhcnfuskhcbs.................... Nhcnfuskhcbs.................................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................. ...757 757

2.5.

Ubnhmbcignkhcbs................. Ubnhmbcignkhcbs............................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................. .......................... .......757 757

Ekefkharg`g................ Ekefkharg`g. ............................... ............................... .............................. ............................... ............................... ................................ .................755 755 Gcbxhs.................... Gcbxhs..... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ..................................75> ..................75>

Zça.

 

 Íciknb ib Nugirhs Nugirh 5-7. Nhmphcbctbs Lkirhngreurhs Nugirh 5-5. Nhmphcbctbs Ch Lkirhngreurhs Nugirh 5->. Ybmpbrgturgs ib Beuffknkþc g prbskþc ib ucg gtmhsbrg

71 7< 7;

Nugirh 5-9. Nhrrbfgnkþc ib U. Euognbo pgrg Ngfnufgr bf Nhctbckih ib Gaug bc bf Ags >2->0 Nugirh 5-2. Zrhpkbigibs nhmbrnkgfbs ib fhs ibsbngctbs 90 Nugirh 5-0. Ngrag ib mgsg ib gaug phr mgsg ib ibsbngctb 25 Nugirh 5-1. Ngpgnkigi ib gishrnkþc ib ikbrbctbs ibsbngctbs shfkihs 07 Nugirh 5--7. Nhciknkhcbs Gmekbctgfbs ibf ^kh Nugirh >-5. Nrhmgthargg ibf ags ib Gfkmbctgnkþc Nugirh >->. Bspbnk`ngnkhcbs ibf prhiunth ibf ags rbskiugf Nugirh >-9. Nhciknkhcbs ib prhnbsh „ Zfgctg Argc Nlgnh Nugirh >-2. Nhcstgctbs E y N sbaôc ph ib pgrnufg Nugirh >-0. Nhcstgctb T ibpbcikbcih bf tgmkz

1: 17 15 19 10 . Ikgargmg ib gsbs ZY pgrg uc Ags Lômbih @kaurg 5-9. Ikgargmg ib gsbs pgrg uc Ags nhcibcsgih @kaurg 5-2. Bbnths ib fg Zrbsbcnkg ib Gaug bc bf Ags Cgturgf @kaurg 5-0. Lkirgths bc fícbgs ib udh @kaurg 5-1. Nhctbckih ib Gaug bc fhs Lkirhngreurhs @kaurg 5-. Iksb÷h ib thrrb ib gishrnkþc pkng @kaurg 5-79. Nurvg ib rbabcbrgnkþc pgrg uckigi ib ihs thrrbs @kaurg 5-72. Bctrbag ib Ags gf ^kstbmg ib Ikstrkeunkþc @kaurg 5-70. Ikstrkeunkþc ib Ags

59 52 50 >: >7 >> >9 >; 9: 95 9< 29 2< 00 01

@kaurg >-7. Ikgargmg ib Efhqubs „ Zfgctg Argc Nlgnh @kaurg >-5. Nhrrbnnkþc ib fg ngpgnkigi ibf tgmkz pgrg bf ags ib bctrgig kcsgturgih @kaurg >->. Nhrrbnnkþc ib fg ngpgnkigi ib fg tbmpbrgturg ibf tgmkz mhfbnufgr @kaurg >-9. Zrhpkbigibs pkngs ib fhs ibsbngctbs @kaurg >-2. Arg`ng pgrg ibtbrmkcgr fgs bctgfpkgs @kaurg >-0. Igths ibf prhnbsh @kaurg >-1. Ikgargmg ib udh ibf prhnbsh

1> 1; 1 27

Bnugnkþc 5 „ 9 Bnugnkþc 5 „ 2 Bnugnkþc 5 „ 0 Bnugnkþc 5 „ 1 Bnugnkþc 5 „ < Bnugnkþc 5 „ ; Bnugnkþc 5 „ 7: Bnugnkþc 5 „ 77 Bnugnkþc 5 „ 75 Bnugnkþc 5 „ 7>

27 27 27 25 25 2> 20 20 20 20

 „ Bnugnkþc Bnugnkþc > > „ 7 5 Bnugnkþc > „ > Bnugnkþc > „ 9 Bnugnkþc > „ 2 Bnugnkþc > „ 0 Bnugnkþc > „ 1

1< .7.

Fímktb Abharç`knh

Fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs Argc Nlgnh prbtbcib bstgr kcstgfgig bc fg rbakþc nhchnkig nhmh Mgirbdhcbs, Durksiknnkþc ib [gnukeg, bc bf Ibpgrtgmbcth ib Ygrkdg.

7.>.5.

Fímktb Ybmphrgf

Bf tkbmph bstkmgih pgrg fg rbgfkzgnkþc ibf prhybnth gegrng ibsib bf 7º ^bmbstrb ibf g÷h 5:77 lgstg bf 5º ^bmbstrb ibf g÷h 5:77.

7.>.>.

Fkmktb ^ustgctkvh

Bf prbsbctb prhybnth nhmprbcib bf iksb÷h ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nrkhaëcknh  phr gishrnkþc nhc tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs. Nhc bf hedbth ib ibslkirgtgr bf ags pgrg qub bstb pubig sbaukr fhs skauk skaukbctbs bctbs prhnbshs qub fb prbnbib prbnbibcc skc hngskhcgr hngskhcgr prhefbmgs phr  nhrrhskþc h nhcabfgmkbcths. Fg sustbctgnkþc tbþrkng ibf prhybnth bstç igig nhc mgyhrbs ibtgffbs bc fg sbnnkþc ib Ekefkharg`íg. .

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 74 Kctrhiunnkþc gf Zrhybnth Zça. 9

7.9. Dust ustk`kngnkþc 7.9.7.

Dustk`kngnkþc Nkbctí`kng

Fg ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf ags cgturgf bs uc çrbg `ucigmbctgf bc bf prhnbsgmkbcth ibf ags cgturgf bc nugfqukbr pfgctg ib trgtgmkbcth ib ags. Bs phr bffh qub bxkstbc munlgs tënckngs ib nhmh ibslkirgtgr bf ags? Bc bf ngsh ibf prbsbctb prhybnth sb gcgfkzg bf skstbmg phr gishrnkþc nhc tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs, bc bf nugf rbgfkzg ucg ibslkirgtgnkþc  prh`ucig ibf ags.

7.9.5.

Dustk`kngnkþc Bn Bnhcþmkng

Bf prbsbctb prhybnth eusng `gnkfktgr bf nhsth gprhxkmgih ib fg uckigi, pgrg uckigibs ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nhc Ygmknbs.

7.9.>.

Dustk`kngnkþc Zbrshcgf

Zhr mbikh ib fg kcvbstkagnkþc pgrg fg rbgfkzgnkþc ibf prbsbctb prhybnth hetbcirë fhs nhchnkmkbcths egsbs cbnbsgrkhs pgrg fg rbgfkzgnkþc y hpbrgnkþc ib iksb÷hs ib prhnbshs bc sus ikstkctgs btgpgs. Bspbní`kngmbctb bc bf iksb÷h ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc. Gibmçs ib numpfkr nhc fg btgpg ib Yktufgnkþc KK ib fg ngrrbrg ib Kca. bc Ags y Zbtrþfbh qub sb rbqukbrb pgrg gnnbibr gf títufh ib Kcabckbrh bc Ags y Zbtrþfbh.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 74 Kctrhiunnkþc gf Zrhybnth Zça. 2

7. 7.2. 2. Zfgc Zfgctb tbgm gmkb kbcth cth ibf ibf Zrhe Zrhefb fbmg mg Fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh, prbtbcib tbcbr ucg ngpgnkigi ib  prhnbsgmkbcth ib >5MMmni. Fg pfgctg nhctgrg nhc ucg uckigi nrkhaëckng, phr fh qub sbrç cbnbsgrkh kcstgfgr ucg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nrkhaëckng ngpgz ib sbngr bf ags ckvbfbs ib pucths ib rhníh ib lgstg -72:º@. Bs phr bffh qub bc bf prbsbctb prhybnth sb rbgfkzgrg bf iksb÷h ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc pgrg fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh.

7.0. 7.0. @hrm @hrmuf ufgn gnkþ kþc c ibf ibf Zrhe Zrhefb fbmg mg ¸Wuë iksb÷h rbqubrkrç fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh8

 

7.1.. ^kstbm 7.1 ^kstbmgtk gtkzgn zgnkþc kþc ibf ibf Zrhef Zrhefbmg bmg y Gehrig Gehrigdb db ib fg fg ^hfunkþ ^hfunkþc c Zrhefbmg4 Fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh rbqukbrb bf iksb÷h ib uc skstbmg ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nrkhaëckng.

^hfunkþc4 Iksb÷gr bf skstbmg ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nrkhaëckng phr gishrnkþc nhc tgmkz mhfbnufgr pgrg fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc ib fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh.

7.1.7.

Ibsnrkpnkþc Ng Ngusg usg-B` -B`bnth y Gnn Gnnkþcc-@k @kc c

Ngusgs 

Bf ags ib gfkmbctgnkþc nhctkbcb skack`kngtkvhs nhctbckihs ib gaug.



^b rbqukbrb qub bf ags bstb g uc pucth ib rhníh ib -72:º@.

B`bnths 

Bf gaug gf nhcibcsgrsb pubib hngskhcgr përikigs ib b`knkbcnkg ib `fudh y nhrrhskþc.



Bf ags gf sbr shmbtkih g tbmpbrgturgs nrkhaëckngs pubib hngskhcgr   nhcabfgmkbcth y `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths.

Gnnkhcbs 



Ibtbrmkcgr bf nhctbckih ib gaug sgturgih bc bf ags ib gfkmbctgnkþc. Ikmbcskhcgr fgs thrrbs gishrebihrgs y ibtbrmkcgr fg ngctkigi ib tgmkz rbqubrkih pgrg ngig thrrb.

@kcbs 

Numpfkr nhc fgs bspbnk`kngnkhcbs ib trgcsphrtb.



Hpbrgr skc pbfkarhs ib `hrmgnkþc ib sþfkihs.

 

7.1.5.

Ikgargmg Ngusg-B`bnth

@kaurg 7-7. Ikgargmg ngusg „ bbnth

@ubctb4 Bfgehrgnkþc prhpkg

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 74 Kctrhiunnkþc gf Zrhybnth Zça. <

7.% bc egsb mhfgr ib Ikþxkih ib Ngrehch (N:5).

5. 5.7. 7.5. 5.7. 7.>. >. Ags Ags Zhe Zherb rb h Ags Ags ^bnh ^bnh Bstb bs uc ags cgturgf ibf nugf sb lgc sbpgrgih bf AFZ (agsbs fknugihs ibf  pbtrþfbh) y fg agshfkcg cgturgf. Bf ags sbnh, bstç nhcstktukih `ucigmbctgfmbctb ib mbtgch y btgch. Zhr fh abcbrgf sb kcybntg g fhs ygnkmkbcths, h sb usg bc fg abcbrgnkþc ib lkirþabch (L5). Fg nhmphsknkþc `ucigmbctgf gfngczg vgfhrbs ib uc AZM (agfhcbs phr mkf pkbs nôeknhs chrmgfbs ib ags) Ch bxkstb ckcaucg rbfgnkþ (agfhcbs rbfgnkþcc nhc bf nhctbckih ib vgphr ib gaug qub pubig nhctbcbr bf ags. Bc fhs ygnkmkbcths ib ags lômbih bxkstb mgyhr phrnbctgdb ib nhmphcbctbs kctbrmbikhs y pbsgihs qub bc fhs ygnkmkbcths ib ags sbnh. Fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs pbrmgcbnb bc bstgih agsbhsh bc bf ygnkmkbcth, pbrh gf sgfkr g fg supbr`knkb ngb bc fg rbakþc ib ihs `gsbs `hrmçcihsb ucg ngctkigi ib lkirhngreurhs fíqukih ibf hribc ib 7: g 5: EC / MM ZN ZNC. C. Bstb Bstb pgrç pgrçmb mbtr trhh ff ffgm gmgi gihh rk rkqu qubz bzgg fí fíqu quki kigg bs ib ar argc gc kmphrt kmp hrtgcnk gcnkg, g, pgrg fg nhm nhmbrn brnkgf kgfkzg kzgnkþ nkþcc ibf ags cgturg cgturgf, f, yg qub fhs fíquki fíqukihs hs  prhiunkihs shc ib phibr ib nhmbrnkgfkzgnkþc.

 

5. 5.7. 7.5. 5.7. 7.2. 2. Ags Ags Nhcib Nhcibcs csgi gihh Bstb ags sb pubib ib`kckr nhc uc ags nhc fíqukih iksubfth. Bf nhctbckih ib mbtgch bs ib (N7)3 g 0:% y bf ib Lbptgchs y nhmpubsths mçs pbsgihs (N1+) gfngczg vgfhrbs mgyhrbs g 75,2% (6 75,2%). Fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs g fgs nhciknkhcbs kcknkgfbs ib prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg sb bcnubctrg bc `gsb agsbhsg h bc bf pu puct cthh ib rh rhní níh. h. Bf ags ags pr prbs bsbc bctg tg nh nhci cibc bcsg sgnk nkþc þc rb rbtr trþa þarg rgig ig iu iurg rgct ctbb bf gahtgmkbcth kshtërmknh ib fg prbskþc, prhnbsh qub bc fg mgyhríg ib fhs ngshs  pubib rbprbsbctgr gfaôc prhefbmg pr hefbmg bc fg nhmbrnkgfkzgnkþc ib bs bsths ths ygnkmkbcths. Bc vkstg qub fhs prkmbrhs lkirhngreurhs qub sb qubigc, shc fhs mçs pbsgihs. Fh qub skack`kng qub bf `fukih qub gfngczg fg supbr`knkb fh lgnb skc, ucg argc ngctkigi ib fhs bfbmbcths pbsgihs. Gibmçs, phr bf lbnlh qub fhs lkirhngreurhs  pbsgihs sb gnumufbc bc fg `hrmgnkþc hestgnufkzgc bf fkerb ibspfgzgmkbcth ibf `fuk `fukih ih,, bc su vk vkgd gdbb lgnk lgnkgg fg su supb pbr` r`kknk nkb. b. Bc su ng ngmk mkch ch gf tgc gcqu qubb ib gfmgnbcgmkbcth, bf ags nhcibcsgih su`rb ucg `ubrtb rbiunnkþc ib prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg pbcbtrgcih rçpkigmbctb bc fg rbakþc ib ihs `gsbs pgrg ffbagr g fg supbr` sup br`kn knkb kb nh nhcc ngrgn ngrgntb tbrí ríst stkn kngs gs ek ekbc bc bsp bspbn bní` í`kn kngs gs,, fg fgss nu nugf gfbs bs pb pbrm rmkt ktbc bc bc trgt trgtgm gmkb kbct cthh ibf `f `fuk ukih. ih. Bx Bxks kstk tkrr fu fuagr agrbs bs bc fg Ubpô Ubpôef efkn kngg Ehfk Ehfkvgr vgrkg kgcg cg ib Pbcbzubfg, nhmh bs bf Ngsh ib Gcgnh, ihcib bxkstbc ucg argc ngctkigi ib bsths ygnkmkbcths.

5. 5.7. 7.5. 5.7. 7.0. 0. Ags Ags Gsh Gshnk nkgi gihh Bstb bs uc ags cgturgf qub sb lg bxtrgíih ib fhs ygnkmkbcths ducth nhc bf  pbtrþfbh, pgrtkbcih ibf phstufgih qub ihcib lgy l gy pbtrþfbh, lgy ags. Mçs ibf ;:% ib fgs rbsbrvgs ib ags cgturgf ibf pgís bs ib ags gshnkgih. ^b nhcskibrg qub bc fhs ygnkmkbcths sb `hrmgc ngpgs ib ags.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 70

5. 5.7. 7.5. 5.7. 7.1. 1. Ags Ags Ch Gsh Gshnk nkgi gihh Bstb bs uc ags qub shfh bstç uckih nhc gaug bc ygnkmk ygnkmkbcths bcths ib ags sbnh. Bc fhs ygnkmkbcths ib ags sbnh fg mbznfg ib lkirhng ygnkmkbcths lkirhngreurhs reurhs pbrmgcbnb bc `gsb agsbhsg g nh nhci cikn knkh khcb cbss ib ygnk ygnkmk mkbc bcth th y su supb pbr` r`kn knkb kb.. ^k ^kcc bmeg bmegra rah, h, bc gf gfau aucg cgss hphrtuckigibs sb `hrmg ucg pbqub÷g ngctkigi ib fíqukihs, fg nugf ch bs supbrkhr  g ikbz egrrkfbs chrmgfbs ib lkirhngreurhs fíqukih phr mkffþc ib pkbs nôeknhs chrmgfbs ib ags (7: EC/ MM ZNC). Bf ags bstç nhmpubsth prkcnkpgfmbctb phr  mbtgch (N7), nhmpubsth qub gfngczg ucg nhcnbctrgnkþc phrnbctugf mgyhr g ;:%, nhc pbqub÷gs ngctkigibs ib pbctgchs y nhmpubsths mçs pbsgihs (N2+ 7%. Fg hetbcnk hetbcnkþc þc ib fíqukihs fíqukihs ibf ags prhiunkih shfh sb gfngczg gfngczg g tbmpbrgturgs tbmpbrgturgs nrkhaëckngs.

5. 5.7. 7.5. 5.7. 7.

-10,9; -5;1,>5 577,;2 ->71,.

Kmpurbzgs ibf Ags Cgturgf

Fgs prkcnkpgfbs kmpurbzgs shc4 



^uf`urh ib Lkirþa Lkirþabch bch (L5^) Mhcþxkih ib Ngreh Ngrehch ch (N:)



Ikþxkih ib Ngrehch (N:5)



^uf`urh ib i b Ngrehckfh (N:^)



Iksuf`urh ib Ngrehch Ngrehch (N^5)





Mbrngptgchs (U^L)  Cktrþabch (C5)



Gaug (L5:)



Hxíabch (:5)



Mbrnurkh (La)

Bc `hrmg afhegf fhs ygnkmkbcths sb pubibc nfgsk`kngr sherb fg egsb ib fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs qub nhctkbcbc, mbznfg qub `çnkfmbct lkirhngreurhs `çnkfmbctbb sb pubib hetbcbr hetbcbr g trgvës ib fhs gcçfksks nrhmgtharç`knhs, y ucg vbz hetbckig fg nhmphsknkþc ib fg mbznfg, sb  pubib rbgfkzgr fg nfgsk`kngnkþc ib fhs ygnkmkbcths, prçntkngmbctb nhc ucg gftg  prbnkskþc y bxgntktui. Bc rbfgnkþc g bffh, bxkstbc [gnkmkbcths ib Ags, fhs nugfbs g su vbz sb nfgsk`kngc bc (Ags ^bnh h Ags Zherb, Ags Lômbih h Ags Uknh y Ags Nhcibcsgih). Fhs tërmkchs ags pherb y ags rknh sb utkfkzgc pgrg kcikngr fg ngctkigi ngctk igi ib lkirhngreurhs lkirhngreurhs fíqukih fíqukihss qub pubibc prhiunkr. Fubah sb suphcb qub uc ags pherb, prhiunb muy phnh h cgig ib lkirhngreurhs fíqukihs, mkbctrgs qub fhs ygnkmkbcths ib ags rknh prhiunbc mgyhrbs ngctkigibs ib lkirhngreurhs fíqukihs, y  phr fh tgcth pubibc sbr bxpfhtgihs, pgrg prhiunkr fíqukihs. Ygmekëc sb tkbcb. [gnkmkbcths ib Zbtrþfbh, bsths su vbz sb nfgsk`kngc bc Zbtrþfbh ib Gftg Phfgtkfkigi qub shc Nugsk nrítknh, y Zbtrþfbh ib Egdg Phfgtkfkigi, qub shc (Zbtrþfbh Cbarh). Bstb aruph së suenfgsk`kng bc (Fkvkgchs? Mbikgchs, Zbsgihs y Bxtrg pbsgih).

 

5.7.5.9.

Nhmphrtgmkbcth ib ib @g @gsbs

Bc fg Kciustrkg Zbtrhfbrg, bf bstuikh ibf nhmphrtgmkbcth ib `gsbs ib `fukihs bs kmphrtgctb g fg lhrg ib fg ibsnrkpnkþc y ibtbrmkcgnkþc ib fgs prhpkbigibs ib fhs mksmhs. Zbrh gctbs ib sumbrakrsb nhmpfbtgmbctb bc tbmgs nhmh tkphs ib prubegs rbgfkzgigs pgrg bstuikgr iknlhs nhmphrtgmkbcths bs cbnbsgrkh nhchnbr gfauchs `ucigmbcths eçsknhs. @kaurg 5-7. Ikgargmg ib gsbs Zrbskþc vs. Ybmpbrgturg

@ubctb4 Efha ‖Fg Nhmuckigi Zbtrhfbrg”. Nhmphrtgmkbcth ib @gsbs. 6 lp4//kciustrkg-

pbtrhfbrg.efhaspht.nhm/5::;/: pbtrhfbrg.efhasp ht.nhm/5::;/:>/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib >/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib-gsbs-nhcnbpths.lt -gsbs-nhcnbpths.ltmf3 mf3

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr 

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 5>

Zucths Zuct hs ib Eur Eureudb eudbh4 h4 Zucths bc fhs nugfbs bxkstb `gsb fkqukig nhc ucg  pgrtb kc`kcktbskmgf ib ags.



Zucths ib Uhnkþ4 Zucths bc fhs nugfbs bxkstb `gsb agsbhsg nhc ucg pgrtb



kc`kcktbskmgf ib fíqukih. Zrbskþc Zrbskþ c Nrknh Nrknhcibctërm cibctërmkng4 kng4 Mçxkmg tbmpbrgturg bc fg nugf nhbxkstbc bqukfkergigmbctb fg `gsb fkqukig y fg `gsb agsbhsg.



Nhcibcsgnkþc Nhcibcs gnkþc Ub Ubtrhargi trhargig4 g4 Zubib sbr bxprbsgig ibsib ihs þptkngs, fg nhcibcsgnkþc ib fíqukih iurgctb bxpgcskþc ib ags g tbmpbrgturg nhcstgctb h ekbc fg nhcibcsgnkþc ib fíqukih iurgctb ngfbctgmkbcth ib ags g prbskþc nhcstgctb.



Zucth Nrítknh4 Zucth bc bf nugf nhcvbrabc fgs nurvgs ib rhnkþ y eureudbh.

Nhmh sb pubib chtgr bc bf ikgargmg ib `gsbs prbsbctgih gctbrkhrmbctb bxkstbc ikvb ik vbrs rshs hs tk tkph phss ib yg ygnk nkmk mkbc bcth thss rb rb`f `fbd bdgi gihs hs bc bf ar arç` ç`kn knh, h, sb bx bxpf pfkn kngr grgc gc g nhctkcugnkþc ngig uch ib bffhs nhc bf `kc ib phibr ik`brbcnkgrfhs nhc mgyhr  `gnkfkigi.

 

5.7.5.2.

Ykphs ib [ [ggnkmkbcths

5.7.5.2.7. 5.7.5 .2.7. [gnkmkbcth [gnkmkbcth ib Ags ^bnh ^hc gqubffhs rbsbrvhrkhs bc fhs nugfbs fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs sb mgctkbcb agsbhsg tgcth bc ygnkmkbcth nhmh bc supbr`knkb, abcbrgfmbctb fg nhmphsknkþc ibf lkirhngreurh prbsbctb bc bstb tkph ib ygnkmkbcths phsbb gfrbibihr ib ;:% ib ags mbtgch (N7) y fg tbmpbrgturg bc ygnkmkbcth bxnbib fg tbmpbrgturg Nrknhcibctërmkng. Bc bstb tkph ib ygnkmkbcths ch sb hesbrvg nhcibcsgnkþc rbtrþargig. @kaurg 5-5. Ikgargmg ib gsbs ZY pgrg uc Ags ^bnh

@ubctb4 Efha ‖Fg Nhmuckigi Zbtrhfbrg”. Nhmphrtgmkbcth ib @gsbs.

6lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5 lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5::;/:0/nhmphrt ::;/:0/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib-gsbs gmkbcth-ib-gsbs-bc-mubstrgs-bc-mubstrgsibX7>.ltmf3

 

5.7.5.2.5. 5.7.5 .2.5. [gnkmkbcth [gnkmkbcth ib Ags Lômbih ^b ib` ib`kc kcbc bc nh nhmh mh th thih ihss gq gqub ubff ffhs hs rb rbsbr sbrvhr vhrkh khss bc fh fhss nu nugf gfbs bs fg mbzn mbznfg fg ib lkirhngreurhs sb mgctkbcb agsbhsg bc bf ygnkmkbcth pbrh bc supbr`knkb bctrg bc fg zhcg ek`çskng. Bc bstb tkph ib ygnkmkbcths fg tbmpbrgturg prbsbctb bs supbrk sup brkhr hr g fg tbmpbrg tbmpbrgtur turgg nrk nrknhci nhcibct bctërm ërmkng kng,, fg rbf rbfgnk gnkþc þc ags-pbt ags-pbtrþf rþfbh bh ib  prhiunnkþc bstç bctrb 0: y 7:: MMZN/Eef (Mkffhcbs ib Zkbs Nôeknhs sherb Egrrk Eg rrkfb fbs), s), bf fí fíquk qukih ih prh prhiu iunk nkih ih bs kc kcnh nhfh fhrh rh (h (hesb esbrv rvgih gih bc su supbr pbr`k `knk nkb) b) y  prbsbctg ucg argvbigi GZK mgyhr g 0:º. @kaurg 5->. Ikgargmg ib gsbs ZY pgrg uc Ags Lômbih

@ubctb4 Efha ‖Fg Nhmuckigi Zbtrhfbrg”. Nhmphrtgmkbcth ib @gsbs.

6lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5 lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5::;/:0/nhmphrt ::;/:0/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib-gsbs gmkbcth-ib-gsbs-bc-mubstrgs-bc-mubstrgsibX7>.ltmf3

 

5.7.5.2.>. [gnkmkbcth ib Ags Nhcibcsgih (Ubtrþargihs) ^hc rbsbrvhrkhs bc ihcib fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs sb mgctkbcb agsbhsg h bc pucth ib rhníh g nhciknkhcbs nhciknkhcbs kcknkgf kcknkgfbs bs ib ygnkmkbcths ygnkmkbcths pbrh fubah gf bctrgr  bc fg rbakþc ek`çskng prbsbctg nhcibcsgnkþc rbtrþargig iurgctb fg rbiunnkþc ib fg prbskþc g tbmpbrgturg nhcstgctb lgstg nkbrth pucth bc bf nugf fg sgturgnkþc ib fíqukih bmpkbzg g ibsnbcibr. Bc bstb tkph ib ygnkmkbcths fg tbmpbrgturg  prbsbctb sb bcnubctrg bctrb fg tbmpbrgturg nrítkng y fg tbmpbrgturg nrknhc nrknhcibct ibctërmk ërmkng, ng, rbf rbfgnk gnkþc þc ags-pbt ags-pbtrþf rþfbh bh ib prhi prhiunn unnkþc kþc sb bcnubct bcnubctrg rg bctrb bctrb 2::: y 7:::: ZN/Eef (Zkbs Nôeknhs sherb Egrrkfbs), bf fíqukih prhiunkih  pubib sbr kcnhfhrh, gmgrkffh h rgrg vbz cbarh y prbsbctg ucg argvbigi GZK bctrb 9:º y 0:º. @kaurg 5-9. Ikgargmg ib gsbs pgrg uc Ags nhcibcsgih

@ubctb4 Efha ‖Fg Nhmuckigi Zbtrhfbrg”. Nhmphrtgmkbcth ib @gsbs. 6lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5::;/:0/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib-`gsbs-bc-mubstrgs-  lp4//efhapbtrhfbrh.efhaspht.nhm/5::;/:0/nhmphrtgmkbcth-ib-`gsbs-bc-mubstrgs- 

ibX7>.ltmf3

 

5.7.5.0.

^ueprhiunths ib ibf Ag Ags Cg Cgturgf

Fhs prkcnkpgfbs sueprhiunths shc4

5.7.5.0.7. 5.7.5 .0.7. Ags Cgturgf Fknugih Fknugih (ACF) Bf ags cgturgf qub sb hetkbcb prkcnkpgfmbctb bc fhs sbpgrgihrbs y bc bf  prhnbsh ib bxtrgnnkþc ib fhs fíqukihs ibf ags cgturgf, bstç nhcstktukih  prkcnkpgfmbctb phr Mbtgch, nhc prhphrnkhcbs

vgrkgefbs ib htrhs

lkirhngreurhs y ib nhctgmkcgctbs ikvbrshs Bf (ACF) bs uc ags rbskiugf `hrmgih prkcnkpgfmbctb phr Mbtgch (N7) fíqukih. Bf prhnbsh sb fharg g ucg tbmpbrgturg ib („50:@). Egdh bstgs nhciknkhcbs bf Mbtgch hnupg uc vhfumbc 0:: vbnbs mbchr qub bf qub hnupgríg bc bstgih agsbhsh, fh nugf pbrmktb su trgc trgcsp sphr hrtb tb

bc

eg egrn rnhs hs

bs bspb pbnk nkgf gfmb mbct ctbb

gn gnhc hcik iknk nkhc hcgi gihs hs

ib ibch chmk mkcg cgih ihss

‖mbtgcbrhs”4 Igih fh vgrkgefb ib fg mgacktui ib fgs kcvbrskhcbs rbqubrkigs bc bf ng ngmp mphh ib ibff (F (FAC AC)) y ib fg fgss ik ik`b `brbc rbctb tbss tb tbnc nchf hfhaí haígs gs ib prhiu prhiunnk nnkþc þc ib sueprhiunth. Fg agmg ib hphrtuckigibs pgrg fg prhiunnkþc ib Ags Cgturgf Fknu Fknugih gih (A (ACF CF)) bs gmpf gmpfkg kg y h`r h`rbnb bnb kc kciui iuige gefb fbss gt gtrgn rgntk tkvh vhss bnhcþ bnhcþmk mknh nhss y tbnchfþaknhs.

5.7.5.0.5. 5.7.5 .0.5. Fíqukihs Fíqukihs ibf Ags Cgturgf (FAC) Bsths nhmpubsths shc lkirhngreurhs nhc bcfgnb skmpfb ib ngrehch, fhs nugfbs  ekbc sbg phr fg gftg prbskþc h egdg tbmpbrgturg, pubibc sbr mgctbckihs bc bs bstg tgih ih fí fíqu quki kih. h. Bstg Bstg ng ngrg rgnt ntbr brís ístk tkng ng pb pbrm rmkt ktbb qu qubb sb sbgc gc gf gfmg mgnb nbcg cgih ihss y trg trgcsph csphrtg rtgihs ihs ib mgc mgcbrg brg `çnk `çnkff y b`k b`knkb nkbctb ctb.. Gskmks Gskmksmh mh su ngpgnki ngpgnkigi gi nhm nhmhh `ubctb ib bcbraíg h ib kcsumh nhmh mgtbrkg prkmg pgrg fg hetbcnkþc ib lkirhngreurhs mçs nhmpfbdhs lgnb qub fhs Fíqukihs ibf Ags Cgturgf (FAC) tbcagc ucg gftg nhtkzgnkþc ibf mbrngih cgnkhcgf b kctbrcgnkhcgf. ^b nhcskibrgc qub bc fhs (FAC), sb bcnubctrgc prbsbctbs fhs nhmpubstgs Btgch4 (N5), Zrhpgch (N>) y Eutgchs (N9), fhs nugfbs shc ags bc nhciknkhcbs

 

gtmhs`ë gtm hs`ërkn rkngs. gs. Ygm Ygmekë ekëcc sb bcnu bcnubct bctrgc rgc prbsbct prbsbctbb bf Zbctgch Zbctgch (N2) (N2),, Ags Agshfk hfkcg cg  Cgturgf, Ubskiugf y bf Zbctgch y nhmpubsths mçs pbsgihs (N2+), bf nugf bs uc fíqukih bc nhciknkhcbs gtmhs`ërkngs, phr fh qub pbrmktb su trgcsphrtb bc `hrmg fíqukig, y sbr utkfkzgih bc su `hrmg agsbhsg, uch ib fhs prhiunths bs4

7) Agshfkcg Cgturgf (AC) Bstb bs uc prhiunth ib egdh pbsh bspbní`knh, sbpgrgih ibf ags lômbih bc `hrmg ib vgphr? nhcibcsgih. Fg agshfkcg cgturgf sb hetkbcb phr geshrnkþc nhc ngreþc vbabtgf, nhmprbskþc y geshrnkþc bc uc gnbktb mkcbrgf sb pubib ffbagr g rbnupbrgr 1:: fktrhs ib agshfkcg cgturgf, phr ngig 7::: mbtrhs nôeknhs ib ags cgturgf prhnbsgihs (1:: F/7::: m>). Fg AC bs bc abcbrgf uc nhmpubsth nhcstktukih phr ucg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs ib nhmphsknkþc ibsib bf Zbctgc Zbctgchh (N2) lgstg bf Lbptgchs y nhmpubsths nhmpubsths mçs pbsgihs (N1+), bsths pbrmgcbnbc bc bstgih fíqukih g prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg gtmhs`ërkng. Bc abcb abcbrg rgff sb pu pubi bibb sb÷g sb÷gfg fgrr qu qubb fg ag agsh shfk fkcg cg cg cgtu turg rgff bs uc ucgg mbzn mbznfg fg ib lkirhng lki rhngreur reurhs hs fíq fíquki ukihs hs nhc nhc`hrm `hrmgig gig phr nhmpubs nhmpubsth th qub nhctkbc nhctkbcbc bc bctrb bctrb nk nkcn cnhh y cu cubv bvbb ng ngre rehc hchs hs,, sb pr prhi hiun unbb g tr trgv gvës ës ib vg vgrk rkhs hs pr prhn hnbs bshs hs ib ibstkfgnkþc `rgnnkhcgig ibf pbtrþfbh, fg nhcibcsgnkþc h fg gishrnkþc ib ags cgturgf, fg ibsnhmphsknkþc tërmkng h ngtgfítkng ibf pbtrþfbh h sus `rgnnkhcbs, fg lkirhabcgnkþc ibf agsþabch h ngreþc, h g trgvës ib fg phfkmbrkzgnkþc ib lkirhngreurhs ib egdh pbsh mhfbnufgr.

5. 5.77.5. .5.1.

Rtkf tkfkz kzggnk nkþþc ib fh fhss Fíquk íqukih ihss ib ibff Ags Ags Cgtu Cgturg rgff

Fhs Fíqukihs ibf Ags Cgturgf (FAC) pubibc sbr utkfkzgihs nhmh `ubctb ib bcbraíg h nhmh nhmeustkefb pgrg sbr utkfkzgih bc fgs nhnkcgs ib fhs lhagrbs, bc  prhnbshs nhmbrnkgfbs, kciustrkgfbs h bc fhs vblínufhs guthmhthrbs. Ygmekëc  pubibc sbr utkfkzgihs nhmh giktkvh pgrg nkbrths prhnbshs kciustrkgfbs h nhmh mgtbrkg prkmg pgrg fg hetbcnkþc ib htrhs lkirhngreurhs.

 

5.7.5.1.7. Ags Fknugih ib Zbtrþfbh (AFZ) Bstb Bstb nh nhmp mpub ubst sthh bs uc ucgg mb mbzn znfg fg ib ik ik`b `brb rbct ctbs bs lk lkir irhn hngr greu eurh rhss fk fkvk vkgc gchs hs nhcstktukih nhcstk tukihss prkcnk prkcnkpgfmb pgfmbctb ctb phr prhpgch (N>) y sus ibrkvgihs, y eutgch (N9) y nh nhmp mpub ubst sths hs ib ibrk rkvg vgihs ihs ib bsths, bsths, bc pr prhph hphrn rnkh khcb cbss vg vgrk rkgef gefbs bs y qub bc nhciknkhcbs chrmgfbs bs agsbhsg y gf nhmprkmkrfg pgsg gf bstgih fíqukig. Zubib prhiunkrsb bc pfgctgs ib prhnbsgmkbcth ib ags cgturgf h bc rb`kcbrígs bspbnkgfmbctb bc pfgctgs ib rupturg ngtgfítkng. Bstg mbznfg tgmekëc ffgmgig AFZ (bc kcafës FZA), ngpgz ib sbr gfmgnbcgig y trgcsphrtgig bc `hrmg fíqukig egdh prbskþc bc ehmehcgs, ib ush muy vgrkgih4 ihmëstknh, kciustrkgf, quím químkn knhh nhm nhmhh nh nhme meust ustke kefb fb.. ^b nh nhcsk cskib ibrg rg nh nhmh mh mgtb mgtbrk rkgg pr prkm kmgg pg pgrg rg fg  pbtrhquímkng, nhc fg nhmphsknkþc kcikngig, h nhmpubstg prbihmkcgctbmbctb ib prhpkfbch h eutkfbchs Nhc bstg mbznfg lgy qub tbcbr nkbrths nukigihs, yg qub bstb prhiunth bc bstgih agsbhsh pubib ngusgr gs`kxkg skmpfb y ibprkmkr bf skstbmg cbrvkhsh nbctrgf. Bc bstgih fíqukih pubib prhvhngr qubmgiurgs qub  prhvhngigs phr nhcabfgmkbcth b krrktgnkþc ib fg pkbf. Ygmekëc phr nhctbcbr  nhmp nhmpub ubst sths hs ib gzu gzu`rb `rb,, nh nhmh mh mb mbrn rngp gptg tgch chs, s, bf nu nugf gf sb fb gi gikn knkh khcg cg nh nhmh mh hihrkzgctb pgrg kibctk`kngr bsngpbs, sb ibebc tbcbr nkbrtgs prbngunkhcbs yg qub bf gzu`rb pubib tgmekëc sbr tþxknh.

5.7. .7.>.

B`bn `bnth thss ib fg Zrbs Zrbsbc bcnk nkgg ib Gaug Gaug

Bf ags cgturgf, nhmh bstç prhiunkih, nhctkbcb chrmgfmbctb vgphr ib gaug. Bf gaug ibebrç sbr rbmhvkig g uc pucth típknh ib uc nhctbckih ib 1 fe/MMpnc pgrg fg mgyhrígg ib fhs skstbmgs ib trgcsm mgyhrí trgcsmkskþc kskþc ib ags g pucths ib nhcibcsgnkþc nhcibcsgnkþc gf mbchs mbchs ib -72:º@ ib uc trgtgmkbcth gaugs grrkeg ib bqukphs nrkhaëcknhs. Bf rbtkrh ibf gaug, h ibslkirgtgnkþc, sb rbgfkzg pgrg prbvbckr fg `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgth h nhrrhskþc bc fg rbnhfbnnkþc ib ags, skstbmg ib trgcsmkskþc h pfgctg ib trgtgmkbcth, nhmh sb prbsbctg bc fg @kaurg skaukbctb.

 

@kaurg 5-2. Bbnths ib fg Zrbsbcnkg ib Gaug bc bf Ags Cgturgf

Lkirgths Fkcbgs ib @fudh

Nhrrhskhc

Gaug Fkerb Zrbsbcnkg ib Gaug

Yrgcsphrtb (URY) Zrhiunths Zhibr Ubnherh ib Lkirhngreurhs

Ngfhrk`nh Zrhnbshs Nrkhabcknhs

@ubctb4 Zrgig Ogtlbrkcb, Ugmírbz Dugc Zgefh & Uubig Fuz Girkgcg. "Ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf Ags Cgturgf phr Gishrnkþc". Rckvbrskigi Kciustrkgf ib ^gctgcibr (Eungrgmgcag 5:77)

Bc Fícb Fícbgs gs ib @fu @fudh dh44 @hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths yg qub bs ucg ib fgs nhciknkhcbs `ucig `uc igmb mbct ctgf gfbs bs pgrg pgrg qub sb `hrmb `hrmb gi gibm bmçs çs ib fg prbsb prbsbcnk cnkgg ib lk lkirh irhng ngreu reurhs rhs y nhciknkhcbs gibnugigs ib prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg (gftgs y egdgs rbspbntkvgmbctb), nhrrhskþc phr fg prbsbcnkg ib hxíabch, y gaug fkerb qub ibeb rbtkrgrsb ibf ags. Bf gaug fíqukig sb rbmubvb nhc bf bqukph gibnugih, bf gaug rbmgcbctb, bc bstgih ib vgphr, ibeb rbiunkrsb ib mgcbrg qub bf ags gfngcnb fgs bspbnk`kngnkhcbs rbqubrkigs, bs ibnkr  uc vgfhr ib 0fes gaug/MMpnc.

 

@kaurg 5-0. Lkirgths bc fícbgs ib udh

@ubctb4 Zrgig Ogtlbrkcb, Ugmírbz Dugc Zgefh & Uubig Fuz Girkgcg. "Ibslkirgtgnkþc "Ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf Ags Cgturgf

phr Gishrnkþc". Rckvbrskigi Kciustrkgf ib ^gctgcibr (Eungrgmgcag 5:77)

Bc Zrh Zrhiun iunths4 ths4 Ibeb numpfkrsb nhc bf vgfhr míckmh pbrmkskefb bstgefbnkih phr bf URY _7], bspbnk`kngnkþc bspbnk`kngnkþc ib trgcsphrtb trgcsphrtb ib ags bc tuebrí tuebrígs gs y ibeb rbtkrgrsb bf nhctbckih ib gaug yg qub iksmkcuyb bf phibr ngfhrí`knh ibf ags.

Bc bf Ubn Ubnherh herh ib Fíquk Fíqukihs4 ihs4 [g qub fhs prhnbshs kmpfkngihs sb ffbvgc g ngeh g vgfhrbs ib tbmpbrgturgs nrkhaëckngs, phr bdbmpfh, rbnupbrgnkþc ib btgchf, fh nugf rbqukbrb ib qub bf ags cgturgf kcarbsb gf mbchr vgfhr phskefb ib nhctbckih ib gaug nhmh vgphr ib gaug.

7

 URY (Ubafgmbcth Ôcknh ib Yrgcsphrtb)

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

5.7. .7.9.

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. >5

Nhc Nhctbck tbckih ih ib Gaug Gaug bc bf Ags Ags Cgt Cgtur urgf gf

Bs chrmgf qub, bc bf ags cgturgf bxkstg gaug bc bstgih ib vgphr, fg ngctkigi qub fhs lkirhngreurhs agsbhshs pubibc trgcsphrtgr sb mkib nhc bqukphs gibnugihs ffgmgihs mbikihrbs ibf pucth ib rhnkþ. Bs hevkh qub bstb pgrçmbtrh sb pubib rb`brkr tgcth g fhs lkirhngreurhs fíqukihs, nhmh gf gaug. Fg prbskþc y/h tbmpbrgturg ibf lkirhngreurh kcnkib bc fg ngctkigi ib gaug qub pubib rbtbcbr? gsí, g prbskþc nhcstgctb, g mbikig qub sb bc`ríg uc vhfumbc igih ib ags cgturgf cgt urgf,, su ngpg ngpgnki nkigi gi ib rbt rbtbcnk bcnkþc þc iks iksmkc mkcuyb. uyb. Fg @kaurg @kaurg 5-1

_5]

, chs mubstrg fg

ngctkigi ib gaug qub pubib rbtbcbr bf ags cgturgf sgturgih g ikvbrsgs nhciknkhcbs ib  prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg. Gf gcgfkzgr erbvbmbctb bstg `kaurg sb pubibc nhchnbr fhs pgrçmbtrhs prkcnkpgfbs qub ahekbrcgc fg prbsbcnkg ib gaug bc bf ags. Lgagmhs gfaucgs nhcskibrgnkhcbs4

5

 AZ^G Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho, 75tl bi., ^bnhc 5:, pça. 5:-9

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. >>

7. Fg arg` arg`kn kngg pb pbrm rmkt ktbb nhchn nhchnbr br bf nhct nhctbc bcki kihh ib gaug qub tr trgc gcsph sphrt rtgg bf ags, skbmprb qub bstë nhmpfbtgmbctb sgturgih. ^b mkib bc fkergs phr ngig mkffþc ib pkbs nôeknhs ib ags g nhciknkhcbs nhciknkhcbs chrmgf chrmgfbs bs _>], g fg prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg tbmpbrgturg g fg nugf sb bcnubctrb fg mbznfg ib lkirhngreurhs. @kaurg 5-1. Nhctbckih ib Gaug bc fhs Lkirhngreurhs

@ubctb4 Ags Zrhnbsshrs ^uppfy Gsshnkghcs (AZ^G), Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho , ^bnhc 5: „ Iblyirghc,

75tl. Bi. >

 Nhciknkhcbs chrmgfbs4 Zrbskþc = 79,1 & Ybmpbrgturg = 0:´@

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. >9

5. Bst Bstbb nhc nhctbc tbckih kih iibb gaug gaug sb rb rb`kb `kbrb rb gf ags ags iu iufnb fnb _9] y pubib sbr nhrrbakih phr b`bnths ib fg argvbigi ibf ags y bf nhctbckih ib sgfbs. @kaurg 5-2

>. Bf ffg ffgmgih mgih arg`k arg`knh nh ib Mn Obt Obttg, tg, tk tkbcb bcb ucg fícbg fícbg kcik kcikngtkvg ngtkvg ib fgs fgs nhciknkhcbs nhciknkhcbs ib prbskþc prbskþc y tbmpbrgturg phr ibegdh ib fgs nugfbs sb pubib bspbrgr fg `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths. Fþak Fþ akng ngmb mbct ctbb sk bf ag agss bs bstg tg ib ibsl slki kirg rgtg tgih ih bs bstg tg pr prbi bikn knnk nkþc þc ib ibeb ebss sb sbrr gp gpfk fkng ngig ig nukigihsgmbctb. Nugirh 5-9. Nhrrbfgnkþc ib U. Euognbo pgrg Ngfnufgr bf Nhctbckih ib Gaug bc bf Ags G

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0<

70.7::

1,7:

721.:::

19,1

^k sb trgtg ib uc ags qub nhctbcag NH 5 y L5^, bs cbnbsgrkh nhrrbakr bf nhctbckih ib gaug phr bf b`bnth ib fg gnkibz.

Iþcib4 

QnAG = Nhctbckih vgphr ib gaug bc bf ags gnkih.



[LN^ = @rgnnkþc mhfgr ib fhs lkirhngreurhs bc bf ags.



QnLN^ = Nhctbckih ib gaug bc bf ags cgturgf iufnb.



[NH5 = @rgnnkþc mhfgr ibf ikþxkih ib ngrehch bc bf ags.



QnNH5 = Nhctbckih ib gaug bc bf NH 5, bc bstgih purh.



[L5^ = @rgnnkþc mhfgr ibf L5^ bc bstgih purh.

 

5.7.2.

Lkirgths

Fhss lk Fh lkirg irgth thss shc nh nhmp mpub ubst sths hs sh shfk fkih ihss qub sb `hrmg `hrmgcc nhmh nhmh nr nrks kstg tgfb fbs, s, th thmg mgci cihh gpgrkbcnkg ib ckbvb, sb `hrmgc phr ucg rbgnnkþc bctrb bf ags cgturgf y bf gaug y su nhmphsknkþc bs gprhxkmgigmbctb uc 7:% ib lkirhngreurhs y uc ;:% ib gaug. ^u argv argvbi bigi gi bs bspb pbní ní`k `kng ng bs ib :, :,;< ;< y `f `fht htgc gc bc bf ga gaug ug pb pbrh rh sb lu luci cibc bc bc fh fhss lkirhngreurhs fíqukihs. Fg `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths bc bf ags cgturgf hnurrkrç sk bxkstb gaug fkerb y sb bc`ríg bf ags phr ibegdh ib fg tbmpbrgturg ffgmgig ‖ib `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths”. Fg @kaur @kaurgg 5-1

_2]

, pbrmktb bstkmgr fgs nhciknkhcbs ib tbmpbrgturg y prbskþc g fgs

nugfbs ik`brbctbs agsbs „ qub nhctbcagc gaug bc bstgih ib vgphr „ phirígc `hrmgr  lkirgths. Bxkstbc htrgs `kaurgs qub pbrmktbc prbibnkr fgs nhciknkhcbs g fgs nugfbs sb  pubibc abcbrgr bshs prhefbmgs. p rhefbmgs. Fg @k @kau aurg rg 5-;, 5-;, prbsbc prbsbctg tg fg nu nurvg rvg mç mçss nh nhmô môcm cmbct bctbb ut utkf kfkz kzgi gigg pg pgrg rg prbib prbibnk nkrr fg `hrmgnkþc ib lkirgths. Ibsafhsg fg argvbigi bspbní`kng ibf ags, bc `ucnkþc ib fg  prbskþc y fg tbmpbrgturg g fg nugf sb prbnkpktgc bsths shfkihs

_0]

. Phfvkbcih g fg

mubstr mub strgg qub lgst lgstgg glhrg lbmh lbmhss mbcnk mbcnkhcgi hcgih, h, ucg nhrrkbctb nhrrkbctb ib ags g 7::: fpn fpng, g, tbci tbcirí rígg rkbs rkbsah ah ib `h `hrm rmgn gnkþ kþcc ib lk lkir irgt gths hs g pg pgrt rtkr kr ib 0< 0

Fhs prhnbshs ib ibslkirgtgnkþc pgrg rbtkrgr bf nhctbckih ib gaug ibf ags cgturgf bstçc  egsgihs bc ucg nhmekcgnkþc ib `gnthrbs `gnthrb s nhmh4 



Bspbnk`kngnkþc ibf nhctbckih ib gaug mçxkmg Nhctbckih ib gaug kcknkgf



Ngrgntbrístkngs ibf prhnbsh



Iksphsknkþc ib fg hpbrgnkþc



@gnthrbs bnhcþmknhs

 

5.7. 5.7.1. 1.

Ibsl Ibslki kirg rgtg tgnk nkþc þc phr phr G Gis ishr hrnk nkþc þc nhc nhc Ygmk Ygmknb nbss

Bf skstbmg ib ibslkirgtgnkþc phr ibsbngctbs sþfkihs sb egsg bc bf prkcnkpkh ib gishrnkþc. Fg gishrnkþc kcvhfunrg ucg `hrmg ib gilbskþc bctrb fg supbr`knkb ibf sþfkih y bf vgphr ib gaug ibf ags. Bf gaug `hrmg ucg pbfínufg bxtrbmgigmbctb ibfagig qub bstç sudbtg g fg supbr`knkb ibf ibsbngctb phr `ubrzgs ib gtrgnnkþc, pbrh ch lgy rbgnnkþc químkng. Fhs ibslkirgtgihrbs sþfkihs shc típkngmbctb mçs b`bntkvhs qub fhs ibslkirgtgihrbs nhc afknhfbs, yg qub pubibc sbngr uc ags lgstg mbchs ib :,7 ppmP (:,:2 fe/7:0  pkb>). ^kc bmegrah, pgrg rbiunkr bf tgmg÷h ib fhs ibslkirgtgihrbs sþfkihs, subfb utkfkzgrsb ucg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc phr afknhf pgrg rbmhvbr bf arubsh ib gaug. Fg uckigi ib afknhf pubib rbiunkr bf nhctbckih ib gaug lgstg gfrbibihr ib 0: ppmP. Bf ush ib ibslkirgtgi ibslkirgtgihrbs hrbs phr ibsbngctbs ibsbngctbs nhmh gftbrcgtkv gftbrcgtkvgg g fhs ibslkirgtgihr ibslkirgtgihrbs bs phr  afknhf pubib hrkakcgr ebcb`knkhs bnhcþmknhs y gmekbctgfbs skack`kngtkvhs, kcnfuybcih fg rbiunnkþc ibf nhsth ib ngpktgf, nhsths ib mgctbckmkbcth, y mbchr bmkskþc ib nhmphcbctbs vhfçtkfbs hraçcknhs y nhctgmkcgctbs pbfkarhshs. Fhs ibsbngctbs nhmbrnkgfbs mçs nhmucbs utkfkzgihs bc ibslkirgtgihrbs ib fbnlh sbnh shc bf abf ib sífknb, tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs, y gfômkcg gntkvgig. Bf abf ib sífknb (chmerb abcërknh ib uc abf mgcu`gnturgih g pgrtkr ib çnkih suf`ôrknh y skfkngth ib shikh) bs gmpfkgmbctb utkfkzgih nhmh ibsbngctb. ^b ngrgntbrkzg phr fh skaukbctb4 

Bs bf mçs gibnugih pgrg fg ibslkirgtgnkþc chrmgf ibf ags cgturgf.



^b rbabcbrg mçs `çnkfmbctb qub fhs tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs.



Ykbcb mgyhr ngpgnkigi ib gaug, pubib geshrebr mçs ibf 92% ib su pbsh bc gaug.





Nubstg mbchs qub uc tgmkz mhfbnufgr. Bs ngpgz ib fhargr pucths ib rhníh mbchrbs g -79: ´N.

 

Fhs tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs shc gfômkch skfkngths ib mbtgfbs gfngfkchs qub nhmprbcibc ucg rbi trkik trkikmbcskh mbcskhcgf cgf kctbrnhcbnt kctbrnhcbntgig gig ib sífknb y gfômkcg gfômkcg tbtrgëirkngs tbtrgëirkngs.. Fg bstrunturg bs ucg grrbafh ib ngvkigibs nhcbntgigs phr phrhs uck`hrmbs nhc ikçmbtrhs qub vgc ibsib > g 7: ℯ . ^us ngrgntbrístkngs shc4 

Bs ngpgz ib ibslkirgtgr lgstg nhctbckihs mbchrbs g :,7 ppm ib gaug.



Bs fg bfbnnkþc ngsk hefkagig pgrg fg ibslkirgtgnkþc prbvkg g fhs prhnbshs nrkhaëcknhs (rbnupbrgnkþc FAC).



Bxnbfbctb pgrg fg rbmhnkþc ib L5^, NH5, ibslkirgtgnkþc, ibslkirgtgnkþc g gftg tbmpbrgturg, lkirhngreurhs fíqukihs pbsgihs, y bfkmkcgnkþc gftgmbctb sbfbntkvg.



Mçs ngrh qub bf abf ib sífknb, pbrh h`rbnb mbdhr ibslkirgtgnkþc.



Ubqukbrb tbmpbrgturgs mçs gftgs ib rbabcbrgnkþc, phr fh tgcth tkbcbc mgyhr  nhsth hpbrgtkvh

Lgyy vg Lg vgrk rkhs hs tk tkphs phs ib gf gfôm ômkc kcgg ik iksph sphck ckef efbs bs pg pgrg rg ush nh nhmh mh ibs ibsbn bngct gctbb sþ sþfk fkih. ih. Fg

gfômkcg gfômk cg gntkvg gntkvgig ig bs ucg `hrmg cgturgf h `gerkngig ibf þxkih ib gfumkckh qub sb gntkvg phr ngfbctgmkbcth. ^b utkfkzg gmpfkgmbctb bc fg ibslkirgtgnkþc ib ags y fíqukihs fíquk ihs y sk sb gpfkng gprhpkgig gprhpkgigmbctb mbctb pubibc prhiunkr prhiunkr pucths ib rhníh phr ibegdh ib -72 -72 /ar Ybmpbrgturg ib Ubabcbrgnkþc Ikçmbtrh prhmbikh ib fhs phrhs, ℯ 

Zbffbts (nkfkcirhs ib bxtruskþc) y Ebgis 9: „ 92 7/70-pufa, 7/,5mm, 0-mm)

Bsërkng

Bsërkng

9;

9<

9 „ < mbsl 2 „ 5 mm

1 „ 79 mbsl, 7//70-pufa. Ib ikçmbtrh (>-mm, 2-mm, 0-mm)

>2

>2

>2

:,52 02: „ 12:

:,59 >52 „ >0:

:,59 0:: „ 0

:,2

:,5<

>12

>5: „ 9>:

9:: „ 0::

55

CG

>,9,2,7:

Ybmpbrgturg ibf Zucth ib Uhníh Míckmg ibf Bubctb, -.7 >.7.. Iksb÷h Iksb÷h ib fg Yhrrb Yhrrb Gishreb Gishrebctb ctb Bf prkmbr pgsh bs ibtbrmkcgr bf ikçmbtrh ibf fbnlh, bf nugf ibpbcib ib fg vbfhnkigi supbr`knkgf. Rc ikçmbtrh muy argcib rbqubrkrç ucg gftg tgsg ib ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc pgrg prbvbckr ngcgfkzgnkþc. Rc ikçmbtrh muy pbqub÷h ngusgrg ucg gftg ngíig ib prbskþc.

Ihcib fgs nhcstgctbs E y N sb sgngc ib igths ib tgefg, sbaôc bf tkph ib  pgrtínufg. Ubafg ib fg mgch ibrbnlg Z/F=:,>>psk/pkbs? gsumkbcih ucg nhmphsknkþc ibf ags y ucg tbmpbrgturg. Rcg ngíig ib prbskþc ib iksb÷h mgyhr g < psk ch bs rbnhmbcigig nugcih bf ibsbngctb bs `rçakf y pubib sbr gpfgstgih phr bf pbsh thtgf ibf fbnlh y fgs `ubrzgs ib fg ngíig ib prbskþc.

7) Ngfnufh ibf Ikçmbtrh Míckmh  

 

(

)

 Cbnbskth lgffgr q y Pmgx, pgrg phibr lgffgr Imkc.

 ́

 

 

( )

( ) ( )    

 (

)

 

 

( )  

Bf vgfhr ib ( Z/F) mgx bc bstg bnugnkþc ibpbcib ibf tkph ib tgmkz bf tgmg÷h y fg `hrmg, pbrh uc vgfhr típknh pgrg iksb÷h bs :,>>psk/pkbs.

5) Ngfnufh ib fg Mgsg ibf Ibsbngctb Bf prþxkmh pgsh bs bsnhabr uc pbrkhih ib gishrnkþc y ngfnufgr fg mgsg ibf ibsbngctb rbqubrkih. Fhs pbrkhihs ib gishrnkþc nhmucbs shc ib < g 75 lhrgs. Fgrahs pbrkhihs ib gishrnkþc skack`kngc mbchs rbabcbrgnkþc y ucg vkig ibf tgmkz mçs fgrag, pbrh argcibs fbnlhs y ngpktgf ib kcvbrskþc giknkhcgf. Nugirh 5-0. Ngrag ib mgsg ib gaug phr mgsg ib ibsbngctb NGUAG MG^G IB GARG/MG^G IB^BNGCYB YKZH IB IB^BNGCYB

Gfômkcg 9 „ 1% Abf ib ^ífknb 1 „ ;% Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr ; „ 75% @ubctb4 Ngmpebff Dhlc M., Ags Nhcikhckca gci Zrhnbsskca, Phfumb 74 Ylb Egskn Zrkcnkpfbs, 1tl. Bi.

Zgrg ibtbrmkcgr fg mgsg ibf ibsbngctb rbqubrkih bc fg zhcg ib sgturgnkþc, sb ngfnufgg fg ngctk ngfnuf ngctkigi igi ib gaug g sbr bfkmkcgig bfkmkcgig iurgctb bf nknfh y sb ikvkib phr fg ngpgnkigi b`bntkvg.

Iþcib4 Qr  =  = ngctkigi ib gaug g rbmhvbr  N^^ = nhrrbnnkþc phr sgturgnkþc ib gaug NY = nhrrbnnkþc phr tbmpbrgturg

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 2>

>) Ngfnufh ib fg Gfturg Yhtgf ibf Fbnlh Fg gfturg thtgf ibf fbnlh bs fg sumg ib fg zhcg ib sgturgnkþc y ib fg gfturg ib fg zhcg ib trgcs`brbcnkg ib mgsg. Bstg ibeb sbr ch mbchr qub bf ikçmbtrh kctbrch ib fg thrrb.

Iþcib4 FY = fhcaktui thtgf ibf fbnlh FMYT = fhcaktui ib fg zhcg MYT F^ = fhcaktui ib fg zhcg ib sgturgnkþc Glhrg pgrg vbrk`kngr fhs pgrçmbtrhs ib iksb÷h4

Fg gfturg rbgf ib fg thrrb sbrç fg gfturg ibf fbnlh mçs fg gfturg ib fhs shphrtbs ibf fbnlh y bf bspgnkh su`knkbctb pgrg gsbaurgr ucg eubcg ikstrkeunkþc `fudh bc fg pgrtb supbrkhr ibf fbnlh. Bstg gfturg giknkhcgf bs abcbrgfmbctb 7 g 7,2m. Rcg thrrb ib geshrnkþc típkng sb mubstrg bc fg skaukbctb @kaurg4

 

@kaurg 5-7>. Iksb÷h ib thrrb ib gishrnkþc pkng

@ubctb4 Ngmpebff Dhlc M., Ags Nhcikhckca gci Zrhnbsskca, Phfumb 74 Ylb Egskn Zrkcnkpfbs,

1tl. Bi.

Gctbs ib prhnbibr nhc fhs nçfnufhs ib rbabcbrgnkþc ucg nhmprhegnkþc rçpkig ib fg rbgfkigi bs lbnlg. Fg rbfgnkþc fhcaktui ibf fbnlh ibsbgig sherb bf ikçmbtrh ibf fbnlh (lE/i) ibeb bstgr bctrb gprhxkmgigmbctb 5,2 „ 0. Rc vgfhr  kc`brkhr g 5,2 pubib rbsuftgr bc ucg mbchr ngpgnkigi ôtkf ibf ibsbngctb ibekih g fg rbfgnkþc rbfgtkvgmbctb gftg ib MYT/l E. Rc vgfhr supbrkhr g 0 pubib rbsuftgr rbsuft gr bc ucg bxnbskvg bxnbskvg Z. Bf th thtgf tgf ib Z g trgvës trgvës ib ucg thrrb thrrb ib gishrnkþc gishrnkþc ch ibeb bxnbibr ib 22 „ 1: oZg (< „ 7: psk). ^k bf fbnlh bs ibmgskgih nhrth, bf tkbmph ibf nknfh h bf cômbrh ib fbnlhs ibeb sbr gumbctgih. ^k bf fbnlh bs ibmgskgih fgrah bs fh nhctrgrkh.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 22

5. 5.7. 7.1. 1.>. >.5. 5. Iksb Iksb÷h ÷h ibf ibf Ubabc Ubabcbr brgi gihr hr Bc bf iksb÷h ibf rbabcbrgihr, bf ngfbctgmkbcth ibeb numpfkr nhc fgs skaukbctbs ngrgntbrístkngs4 

Ngfbctgr bf ibsbngctb phr fh mbchs g 5:9 „ 5 >.>.. Arç`kn Arç`kngg ibf ibf Nknfh Nknfh ib Ubabc Ubabcbrg brgnkþ nkþc c @kcgfmbctb ngfnufh bf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc4 Fg tbmpbrgturg YL bs fg ibf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc ibctrh ibf fbnlh. Bf pbr`kf ib tbmpbrgturg Y7  „ Y9 bs fg tbmpbrgturg ib sgfkig ibf ags ib sgfkig ibf fbnlh. Bc bstb ngsh, nugcih fg tbmpbrgturg ib sgfkig ibf fbnlh (Y 9) bs ib uchs >2:º@, >2:º@, bf nknfh ib ngfbctgmkbcth lg tbrmkcgih y bmpkbzg bf nknfh ib bc`rkgmkbcth. Bf  pbr`kf Y9  „ Y2 mubstrg fg tbmpbrgturg ib sgfkig ibf fbnlh iurgctb bf nknfh ib bc`rkgmkbcth.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 21

Bf nknfh nhmpfbth ib rbabcbrgnkþc sb pubib ikvkikr bc nugtrh (9) kctbrvgfhs ib tkbmph bspbní`knhs, nhmh sb prbsbctg bc fg @kaurg 5-79. Kctbrvgfh G (WG) bs prçntkngmbctb thih bf ngfhr sbcskefb. Ubprbsbctg bf tkbmph cbnbsgrkh pgrg ngfbctgr bf fbnlh, bf gnbrh y gaug gishrekig ib Y 7 g Y5. G fg Y5, bf gaug nhmkbczg g vgphrkzgrsb ibf ibsbngctb. Bf kctbrvgfh E (WE) bs ihcib fg mgyhr pgrtb ibf gaug bs bxpufsgig ibf fbnlh. Bsth rbqukbrb ngfhr su`knkbctb pgrg ch sþfh rbvgphrkzgr bf gaug, skch tgmekëc  pgrg rhmpbr fgs `ubrzgs ib gtrgnnkþc qub ucbc bf gaug g fg supbr`knkb ibf gishrebctb. Bsth g mbcuih sb ibchmkcg ngfhr ib lumbibnkmkbcth. Fg sumg ibf ngfhr fgtbctb y bf ngfhr ib lumbibnkmkbcth bs bf ngfhr ib ibshrnkþc. Bf kc kcttbr brvg vgffh N (WN) rb rbpr prbs bsbc bctg tg bf tk tkbm bmph ph rb rbqu qubr brki kihh pg pgrg rg bf bfkm kmkc kcgr gr fh fhss nhctgmkcgctbs pbsgihs y bf gaug rbskiugf. Bf pbr`kf ib tbmpbrgturg pgrg Wn bs ib Y> g Y9. Nugcih bbff fbnlh gfngczg gfngczg Y Y9, 9, bf ags ib ib bc`rkgmkbct bc`rkgmkbcthh sb kctrhiunb kctrhiunb bc bf fbnlh. Kctbrvgfh I (WI) rbprbsbctg bf nknfh ib bc`rkgmkbcth. Yhih bsth bs ngfhr  sbcskefb y bf pbr`kf ib tbmpbrgturg bs ib Y9 g Y2. Bf nknfh ib rb`rkabrgnkþc bs chrmgfmbctb `kcgfkzgih nugcih Y2 „ Y7 = :.

 

@kaurg 5-79. Nurvg ib rbabcbrgnkþc pgrg uckigi ib ihs thrrbs

@ubctb4 Ngmpebff Dhlc M., Ags Nhcikhckca gci Zrhnbsskca, Phfumb 74 Ylb Egskn Zrkcnkpfbs,

1tl. Bi.

5.7.1.9.

Nhcskibrgnkhcbs Eçskngs sherb bf Iksb÷h ib uc

Ibslkirgtgihr ib Ygmknbs Mhfbnufgrbs ^b bxgmkcgrg prkmbrh gfaucgs nhcskibrgnkhcbs abcbrgfbs qub ibebc thmgrsb bc nubctg gf iksb÷gr fbnlhs ib tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs ibstkcgihs g ibslkirgtgr ags cgturgf.

 

5.7.1.9.7. Pgrkgefbs ib Hpbrgnkþc 7) Yb Ybm mpbrg pbrgtu turg rg ib ib Nh Nhct ctgn gnth th Fg tbmpbrgturg ib nhctgnth g`bntg nhcskibrgefbmbctb fg ngpgnkigi ib fhs tgmknbs, bs ibnkr, fg ngctkigi ib gishregth qub pubibc rbtbcbr, g mgyhr  tbmpbrgturg tbmpbr gturg ib nhctgnth, nhctgnth, mbchr bs fg ngctkigi ib gaug gishrekefb. gishrekefb. Bf rgcah usugf ib tbmpbrgturg ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nhc uc ibsbngctb shfkih bs bctrb ) Ykbmph i ibb Nh Nhctg ctgnth Bs rbnhmbcigefb qub bf tkbmph ib nhctgnth sb rbiuzng gf míckmh pgrg agrgctkzgr uc ibsnbcsh irçstknh ibf pucth ib rhníh? bsth sb fharg nhc gftg vbfhnkigi ibf `fukih. Zhr htrh fgih, lgy qub thmgr bc nubctg fg ngíig ib  prbskþc bc bf fbnlh qub kciunkrçc fgs gftgs vbfhnkigibs pubs, sb phirígc rhmpb rhm pbrr fg fgss pgr pgrtí tínu nufg fgss ib ibff tg tgmk mkzz lg lgst stgg `h `hrm rmgr gr uc ucgg mg mgsg sg nhmpg nhmpgnt ntgg sk skcc ngpgnkigi ib gishrnkþc. ^b subfb utkfkzgr ucg vbfhnkigi ibf ags ib >: g 92  pkbs/mkc.

 

9) Yg Ygmg mg÷h ÷h ib fg fgss Z Zgr grtí tínu nufg fgss ibf ibf Yg Ygmk mkzz Zgrg uc mksmh tkph ib mgtbrkgf, g mbikig qub sb rbiunb bf tgmg÷h ib fg  pgrtínufg, sb kcnrbmbctg fg supbr`knkb ib gishrnkþc y phr fh tgcth fg ngpgnkigi, pbrh tgmekëc gumbctg fg ngíig ib prbskþc g trgvës ibf fbnlh.

5.7.1.9.5. 5.7.1 .9.5. Ubabcbrgnk Ubabcbrgnkþc þc Bs uc prhnbsh bc bf nugf sb ibshreb bf gaug ibf fbnlh y bf tgmkz qubig  prbpgrgih pgrg bf prþxkmh nknfh ib gishrnkþc? bsth sb fharg ngfbctgcih fg ngmgig y bvgphrgcih bvgphrgcih bf gaug. Bf prhnbsh bs mçs b`bntkv b`bntkvhh sk sb pgsg bf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc bc sbctkih nhctrgrkh gf ibf `fudh ibf ags bc bf pgsh ib gishrnkþc? bs ibnkr, sb rbabcbrg prkmbrh fg pgrtb `kcgf ibf fbnlh bmpudgcih bf lgnkg fg  pgrtb mçs sgturgig ibf mksmh? ib bstg `hrmg sb bfkmkcg fg phskekfkigi ib nhctgmkcgr bf ags sbnh gf nhmkbczh ibf nknfh skaukbctb.  Chrmgfmbctb sb utkfkzg uc pbrkhih ib bc`rkgmkbcth pgrg prbvbckr  tbmpbrgturgs bxnbskvgs bc bf fbnlh y gsí mgctbcbr su b`knkbcnkg. Zgrg bf nçfnufh ib fg ngrag tërmkng y rbabcbrgnkþc ibeb thmgrsb bc nubctg bf tgmkz, bf rbnkpkbctb y fgs tuebrígs? fhs ngfhrbs fgtbctbs y ib vgphrkzgnkþc ibf gaug y fgs përikigs ib ngfhr.

5.7.1.9.>. Zrhefbmgs Hpbrgnkhcgfbs Fhs tgphcbs ib gaug ig÷gc bc nkbrth argih fhs fbnlhs ib tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs?  pgrg bvktgrfh ibeb utkfkzgrsb uc sbpgrgihr g fg bctrgig ib fg pfgctg, gctbs ibf geshrebihr. Fhss ng Fh ngme mekh khss er erus usnh nhss ib pr prbs bskþ kþc, c, fg vb vbfh fhnk nkig igii bx bxnb nbsk skvg vg ib ibff ag agss y fh fhss mhvkmkbcths ibf fbnlh ibekih gf ngfbctgmkbcth y bc`rkgmkbcth pubibc ngusgr  nhmpgntgnkþc ibf bmpgqub ibsbngctb? bsths prhefbmgs pubibc bvktgrsb nhc uc eubc iksb÷h mbnçcknh. Bf prhefbmg mçs usugf y ig÷kch pgrg fhs fbnlhs bs

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 07

fg nhctgmkcgnkþc ibf tgmkz nhc lkirhngreurhs pbsgihs, tgfbs nhmh, ibstkfgihs, nhcibcsgihs, nhcibcs gihs, gnbktb ib gishrnkþc y/h gnbkt gnbktbs bs fuerkngctbs. fuerkngctbs. Zgrg bvktgrfh bvktgrfh ibebc utkfkzgrsb? `kftrhs h fbnlhs ib ^ífkng abf h eguxktg gaugs grrkegs ibf geshrebihr.

5.7 .7.1 .1.9 .9..9. Ngpg Ngpgnnki kigi gi ib Gis Gishrn hrnkþc kþc ib gfauc fauchs hs Ykp kphs hs ib Ibsbngctbs Zgrg prhpþskths ib iksb÷h, g mbcuih sb utkfkzgc shfkihs nuygs ngpgnkigibs ib gishrnkþc shc `ucigmbctgfbs nugcih sb trgegdg nhc uc ags g gftg prbskþc. Nugirh 5-1. Ngpgnkigi ib gishrnkþc ib ikbrbctbs ibsbngctbs shfkihs YKZH Fes ib gaug/7:: fes ibf ibsbngctb

Eguxktg gnvgig Gfômkcg gnvgig

>g0 >g0

^ífkng abf 2 g 1,2 Mgffgs mhfbnufgrbs 55 @ubctb4 Mgrnígs D. Mgrcbz. Kcabckbríg ib ags, prkcnkpkhs y gpfkngnkhcbs. Ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf Ags Cgturgf

 

5.5. 5.5. Mgrn Mgrnhh Ybþ Ybþrk rknh nh Ub`b Ub`brb rbcn cnkg kgff Zgrg fg bfgehrgnkþc ib fg kcabckbríg nhcnbptugf y iksb÷h ib pfgctg sb ibeb nhcskibrgr fhs skaukbctbs nþikahs y bstçcigrbs4 

GNK

Kcstktuth Gmbrkngch ib Nhcnrbth



GAM GA MG

Gsh shnk nkgn gnkþ kþcc Gm Gmbr brkkngcg ngcg ib @g @ger erkkng ngct ctbs bs ib Bcar Bcargc gcgd gdbs bs



GKN^

Kcstktuth Gmbrkngch pgrg Nhcstrunnkþc ib Gnbrh



GCNG GC NG

Gsh shnk nkgn gnkþ kþcc pgr pgrgg Gnhc Gnhcik iknk nkhc hcgm gmkb kbct cthh y Mhvk Mhvkm mkbc bctth ib ib Gk Gkrb rb



GC^K

Kcstktuth Gmbrkngch ib Bstçcigrbs Cgnkhcgfbs



GZK

Kcstktuth Gmbrkngch ib Zbtrþfbh



G^MB

^hnkbigi G Gm mbrkngcg iibb KKccabckbrhs Mb Mbnçcknhs



G^YM

^hnkbigi G Gm mbrkngcg ib Zrubegs y Mgtbrkgfbs



GQ^

^hnkbigi Gmbrkngcg ib ^hfigiurg



NYK

Kcstktuth ib Yhrrbs ib Bc`rkgmkbcth



LK

Kcstktuth Lkirçufkng



LK^

Kcstktuth ib Bstçcigrbs ib Lkirçufknh



KNE KNEH

Nhc`brb rbccnkg Kc Kcttbr brccgnkhcgf ib H`k `knnkgf gfbbs ib ib Nh Nhcst stru runnnkþc



KBBB

Kcstktuth iibb KKccabckbrhs Bf Bfbntrknkstgs y Bf Bfbntrþcknhs



K^G

^hnkbigi G Gm mbrkngcg iibb KKccstrumbctgnkþc



 CE^  CBN

Gabcnkg ib Bstçcigrbs Cgnkhcgfbs Nþikah Bfëntrknh Cgnkhcgf



 CBMG

Gshnkgnkþc Cgnkhcgf ib @gerkngctbs Bfëntrknhs



 C@ZG

Gshnkgnkþc Cgnkhcgf ib Zrhtbnnkþc Nhctrgkcnbcikhs



YBMG YB MG

Gsh shnk nkgn gnkþ kþcc ib ib @g @ger erkkngct ngctbs bs ib Kc Kcttbr brng ngm mek ekgi gihr hrbs bs Yërm Yërmkknh nhss



REN

Nþikah Rck`hrmb ib Nhcstrunnkþc



RF

Fgehrgthrkhs Rcibrwrktbr  



 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 0>

5.>. 5.>. Mgrn Mgrnhh Ybþr Ybþrkn knhh Chrm Chrmgt gtkv kvhh Fgs skaukbctbs fbybs y chrmgs ehfkvkgcgs gpfkngc gf prhybnth4 

Fby ib Lkirhngreurhs, ibf 71-:2-5::2.



Ubafgmbcth ib chrmgs tënckngs y ib sbaurkigi pgrg fgs gntkvkigibs ib bxpfhrgnkþc y bxpfhtgnkþc ib Lkirhngreurhs.



Ubafgmbcth pgrg nhcstrunnkþc y hpbrgnkþc ib pfgctgs ib gfmgnbcgdb ib nhmeustkefbs fíqukihs.



Ubafgmbcth pgrg bf iksb÷h, nhcstrunnkþc, hpbrgnkþc y gegcihch ib iunths bc Ehfkvkg, I.^. 59157 ibf 5>-:1-7;;1.





Fby ibf Mbikh Gmekbctb Cº 7>>>, ibf 51-:9-7;;5. Ubafgmbcth ib Zrbvbcnkþc y Nhctrhf Gmekbctgf, Mhik`kngih y Nhmpfbmbctgih  phr I.^. 5>2.



Mhik`kng Ubafgmbcth Gmekbctgf ibf ^bnthr Lkirhngreurhs, I.^. 50717 ibf :9:2-5::7.



Ubafgmbcth bc Mgtbrkg ib Nhctgmkcgnkþc Gtmhs`ërkng, I.^. 59710 ibf :5” (AG^ (AG^[U [UA, A, hpb hpbrg rgig ig phr Yrgcsk Yrgcskbr brrg) rg) nh nhcc 7>,1 7>,1 MM MMmn mni, i, y ib ibff ag agshi shiun unth th ib 59 59”” ([ ([GE GEHA HA,, hp hpbr brgi gigg ph phrr [Z [Z@E @E Yrgc Yrgcsp sphr hrtb tbs) s) nh nhcc 2, 2,77 MM MMmn mni. i. Nh Nhcc bs bstg tg mbzn mbznfg fg gntu gntugf gfmb mbct ctbb sb ag agrgc rgctk tkzg zg tg tgme mekë këcc fg ngf ngfki kigi gi nh nhct ctrgn rgntu tugf gf bx bxka kaki kigg ph phrr bf mb mbrn rngi gihh  ergskfb÷h. @kaurg 5-70. Ikstrkeunkþc ib Ags.

@ubctb4 [Z@E Nhrphrgnkþc, Zfgc ib Kcvbrskhcbs 5::; „ 5:72

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

5.9.9.

Ngp. 54 Mgrnh Ybþrknh ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 0<

Zfgctgs ib ib Bx Bxtrgnnkþc ib ib Fk Fknugefbs

Egsg Eg sgihs ihs bc fh fhss bs bsnbc nbcgr grkh khss ib pr prhiu hiunn nnkþ kþcc y ibm ibmgc gcig ig ib ag agss gctbs gctbs bxpub bxpubst sths, hs, g nhct nhctkc kcug ugnk nkþc þc sb nk nktg tgcc fh fhss ik ik`b `brbc rbctb tbss prhybn prhybnth thss ib bxt bxtrg rgnnk nnkþc þc ib fk fknu nuge gefb fbss qu qubb gntugfmbctb [Z@E tkbcb bc su ngrtbrg ib cbahnkhs. Nugirh 5-,0 >>,5 7>>,0 52:

Yhtgf

75,2

79,9

,2

@ubctb4 [Z@E Nhrphrgnkþc, Zfgc ib Kcvbrskhcbs 5::; „ 5:72

Bc prkmbr fuagr fuagr sb hesbrvgc fgs pfgct pfgctgs gs ib bxtrgnnkþc bxtrgnnkþc ib fknugefbs fknugefbs qub gntugfmbctb gntugfmbctb bstçc bc hpbrgnkþc. Bstgs pfgctgs nhc sus ngpgnkigibs sb bcnubctrgc bc bf nugirh gctbrkhr. Fg ngpgnkigi kcstgfgig bs ib 79,9 MMmni, pbrh gntugfmbctb sb prhnbsgc 75,2 MMmni, ibekih prkcnkpgf prkcnkpgfmbctb mbctb g fg iksmk iksmkcunkþc cunkþc ib prhiunnkþc prhiunnkþc ib ags bc fhs ngmphs gshnkgihs gshnkgihs g ngig ucg ib fgs pfgctgs. Fg prhiunnkþc ib AFZ qub sb hetkbcb ib bstgs pfgctgs bstç bc bf hribc ib ,2 YMI.

 

Ngpítufh >4 Kcabckbríg ibf   Zrhybnth

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 1:

Ngpktufh > >.7. >.7. Hedb Hedbth th Bf prbsbctb ngpktufh tkbcb phr hedbth ibsgrrhffgr bf iksb÷h y prhnbikmkbcth ib nçfnufh ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc, fg nugf nhcskstb bc rbiunkr bf nhctbckih ib gaug prbsbctb bc bf ags ib bctrgig, ib 9,:0 fe/MM^ZN (02 ma/m> h .5. Nhciknkhcbs Nhciknkhcbs Gmekbctgfb Gmekbctgfbss Nugirh >-7. Nhciknkhcbs Gmekbctgfbs ibf ^kh

Ybmpbrgturg Gmekbctb

Mçxkmg Míckmg

77: ´@ (9> ´N) 97 ´@ (2 ´N)

Zrbnkpktgnkþc

Mrçhxmkm grbkgcs(vubgrfgch) 21 ::mmmm /i/m íg bs Z bigkhIkM 7 Mçxkmg ;: % Mçxkmg (prhmbikh) % Pbfhnkigi Zrbihmkcgctb >> om/l Ikrbnnkþc Zrbihmkcgctb ^gC Pkbcth Pbfhnkigi Mçxkmg (^ g C) 7:: om/l Thcg 7 (sbaôc chrmg grabccg NKU^HN 7:>). Ngrag ^ísmkng Thcg 5ª (sbaôc chrmg REN-;1). Gftui 92: m.s.c.m. Gbrhbcrkgihrbs 77: ´@ (9> ´N) Yurekcgs 7:9 ´@ (9: ´N) Ybmpbrgturg ib Gkrb pgrg Iksphskvhs Bfëntrknhs y ib Iksb÷h 77: ´@ (9> ´N) Kcstrumbctgnkþc @ubctb4 [[email protected]. - Ihnumbcth Egsb ib Nhctrgtgnkþc ib ucg bmprbsg nhcsufthrg bspbnkgfkzgig pgrg  „eçskng bxtbcikig pgrg fg pfgctg ib bxtrgnnkþc ib fknugefbs Argc Nlgnh. rbgfkzgr fg kcabckbríg nhcnbptugf „

>.>. Kc`hrmgnkþc Kc`hrmgnkþc pgrg bf Iksb÷h Iksb÷h >.>.7.

Ngpgnkigi ib Iksb÷h

Fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs tbcirç ucg ngpgnkigi mçxkmg ib >5 MMmni (7.7>: MMpni).

 

>.>.5.

Ags ib Gfkmbctgnkþc

Fg nhrrkbctb ib gfkmbctgnkþc pgrg bf iksb÷h ib fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh prhvbckbctbs ib fgs pfgctgs ib gdustb ib pucth ib rhníh nhcbntgigs gf skstbmg ib ngptgnkþc gf sur ib fg bstgnkþc nhmprbshrg ib Ngkaug, prbsbctg fg skaukbctb nrhmgtharg`íg rb`brbcnkgf4 Nugirh >-5. Nrhmgthargg ibf ags ib Gfkmbctgnkþc N H M Z H C BC Y B^

% M H F GU

C5

:, 9 ; 7

NH 5 N7

7, < ; : < 1 , 7 :

N>

5, 5 ; :

kN 9

:, > 0 >

cN9

 

kN 2 c N2 N1+ YHYGF Z r b sk þ c i b i ksb ÷ h (p s ka ) Y bm pb rg tu rg i b i ksb÷ h (´@) Zb sh M hfbn ufgr (F e/fem hf) A rg vb igi Bspbnk`n g

:,91> :, 7 9 2 :, : ; 5

 

:,9;7 7::,::% ; :: ;: 7< , 1 > : ,0 2

Z N ^ (E t u / p n ) 7 . : 2 0 ,: : @ubctb4 [[email protected]. - Ihnumbcth Egsb ib Nhctrgtgnkþc ib fg Zfgctg Argc Nlgnh

 Ch sb bspbrg fg prbsbcnkg ib htrhs nhctgmkcgctbs (^uf`urh ib Lkirhabch, Mbrnurkh,  pgrg`kcgs, btn.) bc bf ags ib gfkmbctgnkþc rgzþc phr fg nugf ch sb nhcskibrg cbnbsgrkg fg kcstgfgnkþc ib uckigibs ib rbmhnkþc ib fhs mksmhs.

 

>.>.>.

Bspbnk`kngnkhcbs ib ib Zr Zrhiunth

>.>.>. >.> .>.7. 7. Ags Ubskiug Ubskiugff Bf ags rbskiugf ibebrç bctrbagrsb bc fgs skaukbctbs nhciknkhcbs4 

Zrbskþc4 nhkcnkibctb nhc fg prbskþc ib bctrgig.



Ybmpbrgturg4 nhkcnkibctb nhc fg tbmpbrgturg ib bctrgig.

Ib gnubrih g fhs ihnumbcths bc fhs nugfbs bstç egsgih bf prbsbctb prhybnth, sb ibeb numpfkr nhc fgs skaukbctbs bspbnk`kngnkhcbs4 Nugirh >->. Bspbnk`ngnkhcbs ibf prhiunth ibf ags rbskiugf PGFHU IB FG B^ZBNK@KNGNKHC ZUHZKBIGI

Argvbigi Bspbnk`ng Nhctbckih ib Gaug Hxkabch Ikþxkih ib Ngrehch Cktrþabch Kcbrtbs Yhtgfbs (kcnfukihs ikþxkih ib ngrehch y cktrþabch) ^ufurh ib Lkirhabch Gzurb Yhtgf (bxnbptugcih sufurh ib lkirhabch) Gzurb Yhtgf Mbrnurkh Zhibr Ngfhrí`nh ^upbrkhr (egsb sbng) ib rbbrbcnkg Zhibr sbng) Ngfhrí`nh ^upbrkhr (egsb Zucth ib Uhníh ib lkirhngreurhs Zucth ib Uhníh ib lkirhngreurhs

Míckmh :,2< Mçxkmh :,0; Mçxkmh 02 ma/m> Mçxkmh :,5 % vhfumbc Mçxkmh 5,: % vhfumbc Mçxkmh 5,: % vhfumbc

MBYHIH

G^YM I>2,2 % vhfumbc Mçxkmh 2 ma/m>

G^YM I22:9

Mçxkmh 72 ma/m>

G^YM I7:15

Mçxkmh 2: ma/m> Mçxkmh :,; ζa/m>

G^YM I7:15

;.>:: Ongf/m>

G^YM I>22.9.. Ikgarg >.9 Ikgargmg mg ib Efhqubs Efhqubs Fg pfgctg nhctgrg nhc fgs skaukbctbs çrbgs ib prhnbsh4 @kaurg >-7. Ikgargmg ib Efhqubs

@ubctb4 Bc egsb g4 Zfgctg ib Bxtrgnnkþc ib fknugefbs Argc Nlgnh

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 1>

 

>.2. Zrhnbikmkb Zrhnbikmkbcths cths ib fhs Nçfnufhs Nçfnufhs ib Kcabckbríg Kcabckbríg Bc fg prbsbctb sbnnkþc sb rbgfkzg bf prhnbikmkbcth ib nçfnufh ib fg uckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc pgrg fg Zfgctg Argc Nlgnh

>.2.7.

Nhciknkhcbs ib Zrhnbsh

Zgrg b`bnths ib nçfnufhs ib iksb÷h, shc cbnbsgrkgs fgs prhpkbigibs `ískngs ibf ags ib gfkmbctgnkþc. Nugirh >-9. Nhciknkhcbs ib prhnbsh „ Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh

Nguigf 7.7>: MMpnci Zrbskþc ib iksb÷h ;:: pskg Ybmpbrgturg ib iksb÷h ;: ´@ Zbsh Mhfbnufgr 7 fe/femhf Argvbigi bspbnk`ng :,02 Ibcskigi ibf ags >,>29 fe/pn Pksnhskigi ibf ags :,:7>5: np @gnthr ib nhmprbskekfkigi T :,

>.2 .2..5.

Ikmb Ikmbcs cskh khcg cgmk mkbc bcth th ib fg fgss Yhrr hrrbs ib Gish Gishrn rnkþ kþc c

Zgrg bf iksb÷h y ikmbcskhcgmkbcth ib fgs thrrbs ib gishrnkþc sb rbgfkzgrg uc skstbmg ib ibslk ib slkirg irgtg tgnk nkþc þc nh nhcc nugtr nugtrhh th thrrb rrbss ib ibslk slkirg irgtg tgihr ihrgs, gs, tr trbs bs bc gishrn gishrnkþ kþcc y ucg bc rbabcbrgnkþc. Zgrg fh nugf sb ikvkikrç bf `fudh ibf ags lômbih lgnkg fgs trbs thrrbs bc gishrnkþc, bc uc `fudh ib >10,0 MMpnci. Zhr tgcth, ngig thrrb ib gishrnkþc ibeb sbr  iksb÷gig pgrg uc nguigf mçxkmh ib >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. 12

>.2.5.7. >.2. 5.7. Ngfnufh Ngfnufh ibf ibf Ikçmbtrh Ikçmbtrh Míckmh Míckmh Bf ikçmbtrh míckmh sb lgffg mbikgctb fg Bnugnkþc 5-94

 

 

(

)

Bc bstg bnugnkþc sb ibsnhchnb bf nguigf y fg vbfhnkigi mçxkmg phr fh nugf lgffgmhs bsths vgfhrbs ib fg skaukbctb `hrmg4 

Nguigf

Zgrg lgffgr bf nguigf prkmbrh cbnbsktgmhs bcnhctrgr bf `fudh mçsknh.

   ́   ́ Nhc bf vgfhr gctbrkhr y fg ibcskigi lgffgig gctbrkhrmbctb sb lgffg bf nguigf.

 

 



Pbfhnkigi Mçxkmg

^b lgffg mbikgctb fg Bnugnkþc 5-04   _(

 

)

]

Iþcib4  Pmgx = Pbfhn Pbfhnkigi kigi m mçxkmg çxkmg

E = Nhcstgctb ibpbcikbctb ibf tkph ib pgrtínufg N = Nhcstgctb ibpbcikbctb ibf tkph ib pgrtínufg χ Ibcskigi ibf ags ζ Pksnhskigi ibf ags

Zgrg fg gctbrkhr bnugnkþc sb ibeb tbcbr bc nubctg fgs prhpkbigibs ibf ags nktgigs bc fg sbnnkþc >.2.7 y gibmçs bf vgfhr ib Z/F=:,>>psk/pkbs ibekih g qub bs bf vgfhr mçxkmh pbrmkskefb y fhs vgfhrbs ib fgs nhcstgctbs N y E sb thmgc ib fg skaukbctb tgefg4 Nugirh >-2. Nhcstgctbs E y N sbaôc ph ib pgrnufg E YKZH IB ZGUYKNRFG

7/ mm) ebgi 7/ mm) pbffbts

:,:20: :,:155

N

:,::::: 0: : : : @ubctb4 Ags Zrhnbsshrs ^uppfy Gsshnkghcs (AZ^G), Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho, ^bnhc 5: „ Iblyirghc, 75tl. Bi.

 

_(

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]

 

 

[g nhchnkbcih fhs vgfhrbs sb pubib ngfnufgr bf ikçmbtrh míckmh ibf fbnlh4

 

(

)

^b ibeb sbfbnnkhcgr bf ikçmbtrh bstçcigr mçs nbrngch gf ikçmbtrh míckmh lgffgih gctbrkhrmbctb phr fh tgcth bf ikçmbtrh sbfbnnkhcgih bs 75,2 pkbs (72:  pufa). Ibekih g qub bf ikçmbtrh sbfbnnkhcgih bs ik`brbctb qub bf míckmh sb ibeb rbgfkzgr uc gdustb tgcth g fg vbfhnkigi nhmh g fg ngíig ib prbskþc.  

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)

   

)

 

>.2.>.

Ngctkigi ib Ibsbngctb

Fg ngctkigi ibf ibsbngctb sb pubib lgffgr mbikgctb fg Bnugnkþc 5- thrrbs gishrekbcih y fg htrg bc rbabcbrgnkþc y bc`rkgmkbcth.



Nhrrbnnkþc Nhrrbn nkþc phr ph r ^gturg ^gturgnkþc nkþc ib Gau Gaugg

Nhc fg tbmpbrgturg ib bctrgig y mbikgctb fg skaukbctb @kaurg ibf AZ^G sb lgffg rbgfkzgcih ucg bxtrgphfgnkþc fg Nss=7,:7. @kaurg >-5. Nhrrbnnkþc ib fg ngpgnkigi ibf tgmkz mhfbnufgr pgrg bf ags ib bctrgig kcsgturgih

@ubctb4 Ags Zrhnbsshrs ^uppfy Gsshnkghcs (AZ^G), Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho, ^bnhc 5: „

Iblyirghc, 75tl. Bi.

 



Nhrrbn Nhr rbnnkþ nkþc c phr Ybm Ybmpbr pbrgtu gturg rg

Nhc fg tbmpbrgturg ib ;:º@ sb lgffg NY=:,;0 mbikgctb fg skaukbctb @kaurg ibf AZ^G4 @kaurg >->. Nhrrbnnkþc ib fg ngpgnkigi ib fg tbmpbrgturg ibf tgmkz mhfbnufgr

@ubctb4 Ags Zrhnbsshrs ^uppfy Gsshnkghcs (AZ^G), Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho, ^bnhc 5: „

Iblyirghc, 75tl. Bi.

[g nhc fhs vgfhrbs lgffgihs gctbrkhrmbctb sb bcnubctrg fg ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb  phr fbnlh4

G fg ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb lgffgig sb fb ibeb rbgfkzgr ucg nhrrbnnkþc nhmh kcikng fg skaukbctb bnugnkþc4

 

Ybckbcih bc nubctg qub4

Iþcib4

^st = ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb nhrrbakig Fs = fhcaktui ib fg zhcg ib sgturgnkþc

FMYT = fhcaktui ib fg zhcg ib trgcs`brbcnkg ib mgsg FY = fhcaktui thtgf ibf fbnlh ^^ = ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb 

Fhca Fh caktu ktui i ib fg MYT

^b ngfnufg mbikgctb fg skaukbctb bnugnkþc4

 

(

 

)

Iþcib4 T = nhcstgctb ibpbcikbcih ibf tgmkz

Zgrg ibtbrmkcgr fg nhcstgctb T ib prbsbctg bf skaukbctb nugirh4 Nugirh >-0. Nhcstgctb T ibpbcikbcih bf tgmkz Ygmkz

T

7,1   7/4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça.

Fg ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb nhrrbakig bs4

>.2.9.

Pbrk`kn `kngnkþc ib ib fh fhs Zg Zgrçmbtrhs ib ib Ik Iksb÷h

^b ibeb vbrk`kngr qub fg ngíig ib prbskþc bstb bctrb bf vgfhr chrmgf ib 2 pskg y bf vgfhr mçxkmh pbrmktkih ib < pskg mbikgctb fg skaukbctb `hrmufg4  

(( )

 

) 

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 )

 

Ihcib vbrk`kngmhs qub sk numpfb nhc bstgs nhciknkhcbs phr fh nugf fhs pgrçmbtrhs ib iksb÷h lgffgihs bstçc gibctrh ib fhs rgcahs pbrmktkihs.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

>.2.2.

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. .2.0.

Nguigf ib Ags i ibb Ubabcbrgnkþc

Bf nçfnufh sb rbgfkzg mbikgctb fg skaukbctb bnugnkþc4

Iþcib4 mra = ngctkigi ib ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc

WY = ngfhr thtgf ib rbabcbrgnkþc cbnbsgrkh cbnbsgrkh Np = ngpgnkigi ngfhrí`kng Ylht = tbmpbrgturg ngfkbctb

Yl = tkbmph ib ngfbctgmkbcth

Ybckbcih bc nubctg qub phr rbafg ib fg mgch ibrbnlg bf tkbmph ib ngfbctgmkbcth bs bf 0:% ibf tkbmph ib rbabcbrgnkþc4

[ qub fg tbmpbrgturg ngfkbctb bs 2:º phr bcnkmg ib fg tbmpbrgturg ib hpbrgnkþc Ylht=22:º@. Zgrg lgffgr fg ngpgnkigi ngfhrí`kng sb ibebc bcnhctrgr fgs bctgfpkgs g fg tbmpbrgturg ngfkbctb y g fg kcknkgf y sb rbgfkzg mbikgctb fg @kaurg 59-75 ib fg AZ^G tbckbcih bc nubctg bf pbsh mhfbnufgr ibf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc ib 71 fe/femhf.

 

@kaurg >-2. Arg`ng pgrg ibtbrmkcgr fgs bctgfpkgs

@ubctb4 Ags Zrhnbsshrs ^uppfy Gsshnkghcs (AZ^G), Bcakcbbrkca Igtg Ehho, ^bnhc 5: „ Iblyirghc,

75tl. Bi.

 

Zhr fh tgcth fg ngpgnkigi ngfhrí`kng ib`kckig ib fg skaukbctb mgcbrg sb lgffg4

Nhc fhs igths gctbrkhrbs sb pubib lgffgr bf nguigf ib ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc4 ) 

(

Bs ibnkr, bf nguigf míckmh pgrg ibshrebr fhs fbnlhs bs4

 

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. ;:

>.0. Nhcskibrgnk Nhcskibrgnkhcbs hcbs ib Iksb÷h Iksb÷h Bs eubch thmgr fgs skaukbctbs nhcskibrgnkhcbs bc fhs nçfnufhs4 

Pbfhnkigi ^upbr`knkgf ibf Ags4 Iurgctb bf nknfh ib gishrnkþc, fg iksmkcunkþc ib

fg vbfhnkigi ib `fudh gumbctg fg ngpgnkigi ibf ibsbngctb pgrg ibslkirgtgr bf ags. 

 Fhcaktui y Bspbshr ibf Fbnlh4 Bc su `hrmg mçs skmpfb uc gishrebihr bs ucg

thrrb nkfícirkng ffbcgig nhc bf ibsbngctb sþfkih. 

Ngpgnkigi ibf Ibsbngctb4 Ugzhcgefb ôckngmbctb ôckngmbctb ibctrh ibf rgcah ib prbskþc,

tbmpbrgturg y mbngcksmhs ib bcvbdbnkmkbcth, nhmphsknkþc. 

 Fhcaktui ib fg MYT 4 Fg fhcaktui ib fg MYT ibpbcib ib fg nhmphsknkþc ibf

ags, fg tgsg ib `fudh bf vgfhr ib sgturgnkþc rbfgtkvg ibf gaug bc bf ags, y ib fg ngpgnkigi ib ngrag ibf ibsbngctb. 

Ykbmph ib Uupturg4 Bf tkbmph ib rupturg h ib krrupnkþc pgrg bf gaug `hrmgig

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. ;7

>.1. Ubsuftgihs ibf Zrhn Zrhnbikmkbcth bikmkbcth ib Ngfnufh >.1.7.

Igths ibf Zrhnbsh

@kaurg >-0. Igths ibf prhnbsh

@ubctb4 Bfgehrgnkþc prhpkg nhc egsbs ib fhs nçfnufhs ib fg mbmhrkg ibsnrkpvg

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Iþcib4

Qkc = Nhctbckih ib gaug bc bf ags ib bctrgig Qhut = Nhctbckih ib gaug bc bf ags ib sgfkig ΙL H = Ngctkigi ib gaug

g rbmhvbr Yr = Zucth ib rhníh ibf ags ib

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. ;5

sgfkig Gp = Gpprhg Gpprhgnl nl

Yrg = Zucth ib rhníh nhc gpprhgnl

Uags = Ubfgnkþc ibf ags ib bctrgig y sgfkig @rgnn L5H = @rgnnkþc ib gaug rbmhvkig mQkc = @fudh mçsknh ibf gaug ib bctrgig mQhut = @fudh mçsknh ibf gaug ib sgfkig ΙmL H = @fudh mçsknh ibf gaug rbtkrgig

Wags = Nguigf ibf ags χags Ibcskigi ibf ags

ZM = Zbsh mhfbnufgr

T = @gnthr ib nhmprbskekfkigi ζa Pksnhskigi ibf ags Z = Zrbskþc ib iksb÷h Y = Ybmpbrgturg ib iksb÷h

 

Imkc = Ikçmbtrh míckmh m = @fudh

mçsknh q = Nguigf  Z/F = Ngíig ib prbskþc g trgvës ibf

fbnlh Pmgx = Pbfhn Pbfhnkigi kigi mç mçxkmg xkmg

Isbfbn = Ikçmbtrh sbfbnnkhcgih

 Pgdust  Pgdu st = Pb Pbfhnkigi fhnkigi ib gdustb gdustb Qr = Ngctkigi ib gaug g rbmhvbr

Nss = Nhrrbnnkþc phr sgturgnkþc ib gaug NY = Nhrrbnnkþc phr tbmpbrgturg ^s = Ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb

FMYT = Fhcaktui ib fg zhcg ib trgcs`brbcnkg ib mgsg χibsbn = Ibcskigi ibf ibsbngctb F^ = Fhcaktui ib fg zhcg ib sgturgnkþc FY = Fhcaktui thtgf ibf

fbnlh ^st = Ngctkigi ib ibsbngctb nhrrbakig

WY = Ngfhr thtgf ib rbabcbrgnkþc ibf fbnlh Ww = Ngfhr pgrg ibshrebr bf gaug

Wsk = Ngfhr cbnbsgrkh pgrg ngfbctgr bf fbnlh Wst = Ngfhr pgrg ngfbctgr gnbrh t = Bspbshr ib fg fçmkcg pgrg fg nhcstrunnkþ nhcstrunnkþc c ib fg thrrb Wlf = Ngfhr pbrikih g fg gtmhs`brg

mra = Ngctkigi ib ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc tl = Ykbmph ib ngfbctgmkbcth Wra = Nguigf míckmh pgrg ibshrebr fhs fbnlhs

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

>.1.5.

Ikgargmg ib ib @ @ffudh i ibbf Zr Zrhnbsh

@kaurg >-1. Ikgargmg ib udh ibf prhnbsh

Ngp. >4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. ;9

@ubctb4 Bfgehrgnkþc prhpkg

 

>. nhmh rb`brbcnkg.

>.-4 Kcabckbríg ibf Zrhybnth Zça. ;0

>.: ;:: :,::792 :,:::;5 :,::::: :,::7:7 :,::9;7 :,:7 MMpnci º@ pska % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr % mhfgr

7715 Nguigf ;: Ybmpbrgturg ;:: Zrbskhc :,:; Btgch :,:55 Zrhpgch :,::>07 k-Eutgch :,::90;   c-Eutgch :,::79> k-Zbctgch :,:::;7 c-Zbctgch :,::::: Lbxgch :,::::: Lbptgchs+ :,::9;5 Cktrhabch :,:707   :,::90; :,::79>   :,:::;7   :,:::::   :,:::::   :,::9;5   :,:7 (9,:0 fe/MMpnc). Bf ags ib gfkmbctgnkþc kcknkgfmbctb bs bcvkgih g fhs `kftrhs @-7:7 G/E. Bsths shc `kft `kftrhs rhs nhgf nhgfbsn bsnbi bihrb hrbss ib gf gftg tg b`knk b`knkbc bcnk nkg, g, qu qubb pbrmk pbrmktb tbcc prhtb prhtbab abrr g fh fhss tg tgmk mknb nbss mhfbnufgrbs tgcth ib pgrtínufgs sþfkigs nhmh ahtgs ib fíqukih qub puikbrgc bstgr   prbsbctbs bc bf ags. Nhc bf hedbtkvh ib bvktgr fg `hrmgnkþc ib lkbfh b lkirgths bc fg uckigi ib bxtrgnnkþc ib fíqukihs, fg nhrrkbctb ib ags ucg vbz `kftrgig, `fuyb bc `hrmg ibsnbcibctb phr fhs Ibslkirgtgihrbs ib Ags (P-7:7 G/E/N/I) qub sb bcnubctrgc bc hpbrgnkþc. Bc bstg btgpg, bf vgphr ib gaug prbsbctb bc bf ags bs gishrekih bc bf tgmkz mhfbnufgr, nhfbntçcihsb ucg nhrrkbctb ib ags sbnh bc fg ibsngrag ib bsths bqukphs. Bf ags ibslkir ibslkirgtgih, gtgih, `fuyb g trgvës ibf @kftrh ib Ags Ibslkirgtgih Ibslkirgtgih (@-7:5 G/E), ihcib sb rbmubvbc pgrtínufgs qub puikbrhc lgebrsb grrgstrgih ibsib bf tgmkz mhfbnufgr. Ib bstg mgcbrg sb prhtbab g fhs bqukphs uekngihs gaugs gegdh bc bf prhnbsh. Bf ags sbnh y `kftrgih `fuyb g fg uckigi ib bxtrgnnkþc ib fíqukihs. Fg nhcnbctrgnkþc mçxkmg ib gaug qub prbsbctg bstg nhrrkbctb bs :,7 ppm.

 

>.;.5.

Nknfh ib Ubabcbrgnkþc

Fg rbabcbrgnkþc ib fhs tgmknbs mhfbnufgrbs sb rbgfkzg utkfkzgcih ucg ibrkvgnkþc ibf ags b`fubctb ibf `kftrh @-7:5 G/E. Bf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc prkmbrgmbctb sb nhmprkmb bc bf Nhmprbshr ib Ags ib Ubabcbrgnkþc, O-7:7 G/E, nhc bf hedbtkvh ib kmpufsgrfh bc sbctkih gsnbcibctb g trgvës ib P-7:7 G/E/N/I. Bf ags nhmprkmkih bs bcvkgih gf Ngfbctgihr ib Ags ib Ubabcbrgnkþc, B-7:7, ihcib giqukbrb fg tbmpbrgturg rbqubrkig pgrg fhargr fg ibshrnkþc ibf gaug bc bf tgmkz mhfbnufgr. Bf ngfhr rbqubrkih bc bstb bqukph bs sumkckstrgih phr bf skstbmg ib gnbktb tërmknh. Bf ags ngfkbctb `fuyb g trgvës ib fhs ibslkirgtgihrbs ib ags rbabcbrgcih bf fbnlh. Fubah, bf tgmkz bs bc`rkgih y pbrmgcbnb bc stgci ey gctbs ib phcbrsb bc hpbrgnkþc cubvgmbctb. Bc bstg btgpg, bf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc `fuyb phr bf eypgss ibf ngfbctgihr ib B-7:7. Bf ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc nhfbntgih bc bf thpb ib fhs ibslkirgtgihrbs bs bc`rkgih bc bf Gbrhbc` Gbr hbc`rkg rkgihr ihr ib Ags ib Ubabcbr Ubabcbrgnk gnkþc, þc, G-7: G-7:7. 7. Fg ibsngrag ibsngrag ib G-7:7, G-7:7, kca kcarbsg rbsg gf ^bpgrgihr ib Ags ib Ubabcbrgnkþc, P-7:5, ihcib sb sbpgrg bf gaug qub nhcibcsg y bf ags. Bf gaug hetbck hetbckig, ig, sb bcvíg gf skstbmg ib trgtgmkbc trgtgmkbcth th ib gaug, mkbctrgs mkbctrgs qub bf ags sb rbkcybntg gaug grrkeg ibf `kftrh @-7:7 G/E. Fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc prbsbctg ucg `ubctb gftbrcgtkvg ib ags ib rbabcbrgnkþc. Fg mksmg nhcskstb bc ucg ibrkvgnkþc ib fg nhrrkbctb ib ibsngrag ib fhs Nhmprbshrbs ib Ags Ubskiugf. Bstg fícbg hpbrg bc bf ngsh qub bf nhmprbshr pbrmgcbzng `ubrg ib sbrvknkh.

 

Ngpítufh 94 Gcçfksks  Bnhcþmknhh  Bnhcþmkn

Zça. 7::

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 7:7

Ngpktufh 9 9.7.. Kctrhiun 9.7 Kctrhiunnkþ nkþc c Bf gcçfksks bnhcþmknh qub sb prbsbctg g nhctkcugnkþc tkbcb nhmh `kc, bstkmgr bf mhcth gprhxkmgih gprhxkm gih ibf nhsth ib kcstg kcstgfgnkþ fgnkþcc ibf çrbg ib prhnbsh ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnk ibslkirgtgnkþc þc  pgrg fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh. Ngeb mbcnkhcgr, qub fhs prbnkhs ib bqukphs prkcnkpgfbs tkbcbc kcnfukihs fhs nhsths ib gksfgctbs, erkigs, nhihs, tës, ngefbs bfëntrknhs, vçfvufgs y htrhs. Zhr trgtgrsb bf prhybnth ib ucg btgpg ib nhcnbp nhcnbptugfk tugfkzgnkþc zgnkþc,, bf rgcah ib vgrkgnkþc vgrkgnkþc ib fhs nçfnufhs NGZB\/HZB\ sb tkbcb uc rgcah ib ·>:%, phr fh qub sk ekbc fhs rbsuftgihs tkbcbc ucg `ubctb y hrkabc nhcskstbctbs, bsths shc thigvíg prbfkmkcgrbs y ibebc sbr  gehrigihs ib `hrmg nhcsbrvgihrg gf mhmbcth ib fg thmg ib ibnkskhcbs. Bf mëthih ib bstkm bstkmgnkþc gnkþc ib nhsths mçs gpfkngefb gpfkngefb bc fg btgpg ib nhcnbptugfkzgnkþc nhcnbptugfkzgnkþc bs bf ib bstkmgnkþc ib bstuikh, qub sb egsg bc fg ibtbrmkcgnkþc ib nhsths ib bqukphs mgyhrbs nugcih sb lg ibsgrrhffgih fhs Z@I‛s prbfkmkcgrbs nhc fgs bspbnk`kngnkhcbs prkcnkpgfbs y nugcih sb nhchnb fg uekngnkþc abharç`kng pgrg fg nhcstrunnkþc ib fg pfgctg.

9.5. Bstkmgnkþc Bstkmgnkþc ib Nhsths ib Kcvbrskþc Kcvbrskþc (Ugcah ib vgrkgnkþc vgrkgnkþc ·>:%) Fhss nhst Fh nhsths hs ib gi giqu quks kskn knkþ kþcc (@ (@HE HE)) ib fh fhss bq bquk ukph phss mg mgyh yhrb rbss ib fg fgss uc ucki kigi gibs bs ib ibslkirgtgnkþc lgc skih bstkmgihs mbikgctb fg gpfkngnkþc NgpNhst y igths hetbckihs ib  pfgcbs ib pfgctgs ib ngrgntbrístkngs skmkfgrbs. Bf NgpNhst utkfkzg gfahrktmhs pgrg bstkmgr fhs nhsths gprhxkmgihs ib kcvbrskþc pgrg bquk bqukph phss ib pf pfgc gctg tgss ib pr prhn hnbs bsgm gmkb kbct cthh ib ag ags, s, bc `u `ucn cnkþ kþcc g su suss ng ngrg rgnt ntbr brís ístk tkng ngs, s, ikmbcskhcbs, pgrçmbtrhs y vgrkgefbs ib iksb÷h. Bf nçfnufh ib fhs nhsths `kdhs ib kcvbrskþc bs b`bntugih gpfkngcih rgcahs phrnbctugfbs nhcvbcnkhcgfbs utkfkzgihs bc bf mëthih ib bstkmgnkþc ib nhsths egsgih bc `gnthrbs (Bstkmgnkþc ib Bstuikh).

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 7:5

Bs ibnkr, qub ucg vbz ibtbrmk ibtbrmkcgih cgih bf nhsth ib fhs bqukphs mgyhrbs prhnbsh ib uc Z@I, sb gpfkngc `gnthrbs h rgcahs ib `gnthrbs qub utkfkzg bf mëthih ib bstkmgnkþc ib nhsths ib bstuikh pgrg fhs ibmçs nhmphcbctbs ib fg bstrunturg NGZB\. Bc fg skaukbctb pçakcg sb ibtbrmkcgc fhs nhsths ib fhs prkcnkpgfbs bqukphs, utkfkzgcih bf sh`twgrb NgpNhst bf nugf bs ngpgz ib rbgfkzgr nhsths ib bqukphs kciustrkgfbs hrkbctgihs g fg kciustrkg químkng.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 7:>

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 7:9

9.>.. Kcvbrs 9.> Kcvbrskþc kþc Yhtg Yhtgff Fg mbthihfhaíg gpfkngig pgrg fg bstkmgnkþc ib fhs nhsths prbfkmkcgrbs ib kcvbrskþc nhcskstbb bc fg ibtbrmk nhcskst ibtbrmkcgnkþc cgnkþc ib nhsths ib bqukph bqukphss mgyhrbs ib prhnbsh mhiufgrkzgi mhiufgrkzgihs hs y bqukphss pgrg su kctbr bqukph kctbrnhcbxk nhcbxkþc þc nhc fhs skstbmgs skstbmgs ib utkfk utkfkigibs igibs y sbrvknkhs sbrvknkhs guxkfkgrbs guxkfkgrbs ib fg uckigi, nhmh sbr bcbraíg bfëntrkng, gkrb ib kcstrumbcth, ags nhmeustkefb y htrhs. Fhs nhsths ib fhs nhmphcbctbs ikrbnths b kcikrbnths qub kcvhfunrg fg kmpfbmbctgnkþc ib fg uckigi sb ngfnufgc bc `ucnkþc ibf nhsth thtgf ib fhs bqukphs mgyhrbs gpfkngcih rgcahs  phrnbctugfbs nhcvbcnkhcgfbs pgrg bstb bs tb tkph ib prhybnths. G nhctkcugnkþc bc fg skaukbctb pçakcg shc mhstrgigs fgs bstkmgnkhcbs bc phrnbctgdbs ib fh qub rbprbsbctgc fgs ikstkctgs btgpgs cbnbsgrkgs pgrg fg prhnurg y nhcstrunnkþc ibf thtgf ib fg uckigi.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 7:2

 

9.9.. @fudh 9.9 @fudh ib Ngdg Ngdg Zgrg bvgfugr bf `fudh ib ngdg ib fg uckigi bs cbnbsgrkh bvgfugr g thig fg pfgctg bc su nhcducth, y pgrg bffh sb tbcirç qub igr ucg bstkmgnkþc ibf nhsth thtgf ib fg pfgctg yg kcstgfgig. ^baôc igths erkcigihs phr bf ihnumbcth ib [Z@E bf ‖Zfgc ib Kcvbrskhcbs 5::; „ 5:72” sb prbtbcib kcvbrtkr bc fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh $us 92: mkffhcbs. Fh qub skack`kngríg qub sbaôc fg bstkmgnkþc ib nhsth ib fg uckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc rbgfkzgig bc bf prbsbctb prhybnth ib $us >,2 mkffhcbs rbprbsbctgríg uc :,15 MMmni fg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh prhiunkrç uc bstkmgih ib 5:>1 Ymi AFZ. Zgrg bf AFZ, fhs kcarbshs shc ibtbrmkcgihs bc egsb g ihs mbrngihs. Bf mbrngih kctbrch, qub nhcstktuyb fg prkhrkigi ib vbctg ib fg pfgctg y bf mbrngih bxtbrch, g ihcib sb ibstkcgrg bf bxnbibctb. Zgrg bf prbnkh ibf AFZ ibstkcgih gf mbrngih kctbrch, sb nhcskibrgc fhs ibnrbths suprbmhs I.^. Ch. 5100: y Ch. 51007 qub bstgefbnbc qub bf prbnkh ibf AFZ ib  pfgctgs bs ib 50: $us/Ym.

 

Zgrg bf prbnkh ib AFZ ibstkcgih gf mbrngih bxtbrch, sb thmg nhmh rb`brbcnkg bf  prbnkh kctbrcgnkhcgf ib fg rbakþc, gf nugf [Z@E lg bstgih kmphrtgcih bf ôftkmh g÷h y nuyh vgfhr prhmbikh bs ib 1

9. 9.9. 9.5. 5.9. 9. Kmpu Kmpubs bsth thss Bf rëakmbc kmphsktkvh vkabctb bc bf pgís bstç nhc`hrmgih phr fhs skaukbctbs kmpubsths4 

Kmpubsth gf Pgfhr Garbagih, KPG = 7>%



Kmpubsth g fgs Yrgcsgnnkhcbs @kcgcnkbrgs, KY@ = >%



Kmpubsth g fgs Rtkfkigibs, KR = 52%

Gibmçs, Gibm çs, fg fb fbyy ib lk lkirh irhng ngreu reurhs rhs Ch Ch.. >:2< >:2< ig kc kcnb nbct ctkv kvhs hs g fh fhss prhyb prhybnt nths hs ib kciustrkgfkzgnkþc ib ags y rbnupbrgnkþc ib fknugefbs kcstgfgihs bc tbrrkthrkh cgnkhcgf. Fhs nugfbs phibmhs rbsumkr gsí4 

 Ch sb pgag gf argvgmbc grgcnbfgrkh, ck c k kmpubsth gf vgfhr garbagih ib kmphrtgnkþc.



 Ch sb pgag bf kmpubsth g fgs utkfkigibs ib fgs bmprbsgs phr p hr uc pbrkhih ib <

g÷hs g pgrtkr ibf kcknkh ib hpbrgnkhcbs. 





^b hthragc tbrrbchs `ksngfbs bc usu`runtuþ.  Ch sb pgag bf kmpubsth ib ekbcbs kcmubefbs. Nhciknkþc4 Bf kcvbrskhckstg ibeb tbcbr `hrmg nhcstktutkvg, pgrtknkpgtkvg h gshnkgtkvg ib gnubrih g fby.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 779

Zhr tgcth, pgrg rbgfkzgr bf `fudh ib ngdg bvgfugmhs fhs kcarbshs cbths phr vbctg ib  prhiunths (Pbctg ib AFZ y Agshfkcg Cgturgf mbchs bf Nhsth phr rbiunnkþc bcbraëtkng ibf ags prhnbsgih) y fhs barbshs thtgfbs qub nhrrbsphcibc g fg sumg ib fhs agsths hpbrgtkvhs, gimkckstrgtkvhs y fhs kmpubsths pgagihs.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 772

Ib bs bstg tg mg mgcb cbrg rg y nh nhcs cski kibr brgc gcih ih qu qubb fg kc kcvb vbrs rskþ kþcc th thtg tgff ib fg pf pfgc gctg tg bs ib gprhxkmgigmbctb 92: MM$us, rbgfkzgmhs bf `fudh ib ngdg pgrg fhs 5: g÷hs ib vkig ôtkf ib fg pfgctg4

 

9.9 .9..>.

Kcik Kcikng ngih ihrb rbss ib ib Bvg Bvgfu fugn gnkkþc Bnhc Bnhcþm þmkn knhs hs ibf ibf Zr Zrhyb hybnt nthh

9.9.>. 9.9 .>.7. 7. Pgfhr Pgfhr Gntug Gntugff Cbth Cbth ^b ib`kcb nhmh fg sumgthrkg ib fhs ebcb`knkhs gntugfkzgihs ib uc prhybnth g ucg tgsg ib gntugfkzgnkþc ibtbrmkcgig phr bf nhsth ib hphrtuckigi ibf ngpktgf. Bf kctbrës qub sb nhcskibrg bs gqubf ibf skstbmg egcngrkh bc Ehfkvkg.

Iþcib4

 PGC = Pgfhr Gntugf Gntugf Cbth @C = @fudh Cbth  Gcugf k = Ygsg ib Gntugfkzgnkþc

9.9.>. 9.9 .>.5. 5. Ygsg Ygsg Kctbrcg Kctbrcg ib Ubthr Ubthrch ch ^b ib`kcb nhmh fg tgsg ib rbcikmkbcth `kcgcnkbrh ibf prhybnth. Bf YKU bs gqubffg tgsg ib gntugfkzgnkþc qub gpfkngih gf `fudh cbth lgnb qub bf PGC sbg nbrh.

Iþcib4 YKU = Ygsg Kctbrcg ib Ubthrch

9.9.>.>. 9.9. >.>. Zbrkhih Zbrkhih ib Ubnupbrgnkþ Ubnupbrgnkþc c Kcknkgf Kcknkgf Bs bf tkbmph bc bf nugf sb rbnupbrg fg kcvbrskþc thtgf g pgrtkr ibf `fudh cbth ibf  prhybnth. ^b fh ngfnufh nhmh skaub4

 

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 771

∗   

Iþcib4

YU = Ykbmph ib Ubnupbrgnkþc ibf Ngpktgf @CZrhmbikh = @fudh Cbth Zrhmbikh Gcugf

Egdh fgs skaukbctbs nhciknkhcbs ib `kcgcnkgmkbcth sb bfgehrþ fg skaukbctb tgefg ib nçfnufhs ihcib sb mubstrg fg tgsg ib rbthrch gcugf (UHK) y bf Pgfhr Gntugf Cbth (PGC).

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 77<

Ib ihcib sb hetuvh fhs skaukbctbs rbsuftgihs4 

PGC4 2.2;< MM$us (Fh nugf kcikng qub nhc fg kcvbrskþc thtgf rbgfkzgig bc 5: g÷hs sb lgerçc rbgfkzgih MM$us ib utkfkigibs).



YKU4 ;: % (Fh nugf kcikng qub bf prhybnth rkcib uc % ib kctbrës qub sk bf mhcth ib kcvbrskþc luekbrg qubigih bc bf egcnh).



ZUK4 5 g÷hs (G pgrtkr ibf prkmbr g÷h ib hpbrgnkþc).

Bf gcçfksks bnhcþmknh ibf prhybnth ib kmpfbmbctgnkþc ib ucg ‖Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fknugef Fkn ugefbs bs ib Argc Argc Nlg Nlgnh” nh” pbrm pbrmktb ktb ibtbrm ibtbrmkcg kcgrr uc pbrk pbrkhih hih ib rbnupbrg rbnupbrgnkþ nkþcc ib ucg kcvbrskþc ib 92: MM$us bc uc tkbmph ib g÷hs ibsib bf kcknkh ib hpbrgnkþc ib fg pfgctg. Bstb kcikngihr prhphrnkhcg su`knkbctb sustbcth pgrg fg bdbnunkþc ibf prhybnth. Bf PGC (Pgfhr Gntugf Cbth) pgrg fg uckigi ib ibslki ibslkirgtgnk rgtgnkþc þc sbrç igig, bxprbsgcih bxprbsgcih bf  phrnbctgdb qub rbprbsbctg fg uuckigi ckigi ibf i bf thtgf ib fg pfgctg. Bf vgfhr thtgf bxprbsgih bxpr bsgih bc fg sbnnkþc 9.> (>,2 MM$us) rbprbsbctg uc :,1,29 MM$us pgrg fg Rckigi ib ibslkirgtgnkþc.

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 94 Gcçfksks Bnhcþmknh Zça. 75:

Ngpítufh 24 Nhcnfuskhcbs y  Ubnhmbcignkhcbs  Ubnhmbci gnkhcbs

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Ngp. 24 Nhcnfuskhcbs y Ubnhmbcignkhcbs Zça. 757

Ngpktufh 2 2.7.. Nhcnfu 2.7 Nhcnfuskh skhcbs cbs Nhcc fg km Nh kmpf pfbm bmbc bctg tgnk nkþc þc ib ibff pr prbs bsbc bctb tb pr prhy hybn bnth th sb fh fhar argg he hetb tbcb cbrr uc ik iksb sb÷h ÷h ib ibslkirgtgnkþc nhc fg utkfkzgnkþc ib ibsbngctbs nhc Ygmkz mhfbnufgr qub nhcstg ib nugtrh thrrbs ib ibslkirgtgihrgs nhc ngpgnkigi ib >,29 MM$us, uc YKU ib ;:% y uc ZUK ib 5

g÷hs. Nhcnfuybcih qub bf prhybnth bs vkgefb bnhcþmkngmbctb y tënckngmbctb.

2.5.. Ubnhmb 2.5 Ubnhmbcig cignkh nkhcbs cbs ^b rbnhmkbcig rbgfkzgr uc ikmbcs ikmbcskhcgm khcgmkbcth kbcth ib fg uckigi mçs bxlgustkvh, bxlgustkvh, qub pbrmktg ibsnrkekr nhc mgyhr bxgntktui fhs bqukphs mbchrbs. ^b rbnhmkbcig rbgfkzgr uc bstuikh qub `gnkfktb fg kibg ib fg nhmpfbdkigi ibf skstbmg ib vçfvufgs, utkfkzgcih uc mknrhprhnbsgihr (ZFN) pgrg nhctrhfgr fg sbnubcnkg ib hpbrgnkþc. ^b rbnhmkbcig uc bstuikh ib nhsths, qub nhctbmpfb bf nhsth ib fhs bqukphs mgyhrbs y mbchrbs ihcib sb nhcskibrb fhs prbnkhs ib phr fh mbchs trbs bmprbsgs prhvbbihrgs ib bqukphs ib prhnbsh.

 

 Ekefkharg`íg 

Grchfi O. y ^tbwgri M. ^ur`gnb Zrhiuntkhc Hpbrgtkhcs, Phf. 7. >ri Bi. 5::4  Givgcnbi Ybnlckqubs gci Gppfkngtkhcs. 1tl Bi. 7;;5.



Mgrnígs D. Mgrtícbz. Kcabckbríg ib Ags, Zrkcnkpkhs y Gpfkngnkhcbs,  Ibslkirgtgnkþc ibf Ags Cgturgf . 7;;2.



Uheb Uh ebrt rt L. Zbrr Zbrry, y, Ihc Ihc Q. Arbbc Arbbc y Dg Dgmb mbss H. Mgfh Mgfhcb cby. y.  Zbrry Mgcugf ibf   Kcabckbrh Wuímknh, Yhmh K y KK. 0tl Bi. (>rg Bi. Bspg÷hf).



^gbki Mholgtge, Qkffkgm G. Zhb y Dgmbs A. ^pbkalt.  Lgciehho h` Cgturgf Ags Yrgcsmksskhc gci Zrhnbsskca . 5::0.



^mkt ^m ktl, l, Pgc Cbs Cbsss y Eh Ehtl tl..  Kctrhiunnkþc g fg Ybrmhikcçmkng bc Kcabckbríg Wuímkng. (Yrgi. Bimucih A. Rrekcg y Mgríg ibf Nhcsubfh Lkigfah) 2 tl  Bi.

7;;1.

Zça. 755

 

 Gcbxhs  Gcbxh. Qhroehho „ Zfgctg Zfgctg ib Argc Nlgnh Nlgnh

Zça. 75>

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Gcbxhs Zça. 759

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Gcbxhs Zça. 752

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr

Gcbxhs Zça.

750

 

Iksb÷h ib fg Rckigi ib Ibslkirgtgnkþc Ibslkirgtgnkþc phr Gishrnkþc nhc Ygmkz Mhfbnufgr pgrg fg Zfgctg ib ^bpgrgnkþc ib Fíqukihs ib Argc Nlgnh Bfgehrgih phr Kcnfçc Nëspbibs, Hsngr Zça. 751

@gnuftgi ib Nkbcnkg y Ybnchfhaíg KCABCKUKG BC AG^ [ ZBYUHFBH