Discontinuidades y Defectos en La Soldadura

 

Safshe Fûpnz [^TNPW Tnrfmzm . ]M/] ] M/]K K AE[T. EBR RNEK. KHERPHF BN KMFABMB RNK. [HFBMB^PM RPMYMBH Q KHPRN BN LMRNPAMFN[

=

 

BA[KHERAE^ABMBN[ Q BNGNKRH[ NE FM[ ^EAHEN[ [HFBMBM[

0

 

RATH[ BN BA[KHERA BA[KHERAE^ABMBN[ E^ABMBN[ Q BNGNKRH[ • CPANRM[ (Krmkos) • G^[AÛE AEKHLTFNRM (Aekhlpfntn gusahe) • TNENRPMKAÛE AEKHLTFNRM (Aekhlpfntn

pnentrmtahe)

• AEKF^[AHEN[ BN N[KHPAM

(sfmc aekfusahe) ;

 

RATH[ BN BA[KHERAE^ABMBN[ BA[KHERAE^ABMBN[ Q BNGNKRH[ • THPH[ABMB (Thrhsaty) • RPHYMLANERH[ H [HKMWMBH[ (^ebnrkut) • FMLAEMKAÛE (Fmlaemtahe) • PM[CMBH FMLAEMP

(Fmlnffmr tnmr)

2

 

Crantms [n punbne kfmsagkmr cnenrmflnetn khlh crantms ne kmfan kmfanet etn n h ne r rìh. ìh.

>

 

Hranetmkaûe bn fms crantms Raphs bn crantms9 phbrìme snr bnskratms khlh fhecatubaemfns h trmesvnrsmfns, bnpnebanebh bn su hranetmkaûe.

Crantm fhecatubaemf y phrhsabmb faenmf

7

 

MCPANRMLANERH

3

 

Crantm trmesvnrsmf :

 

Crantms bn krítnr •

Hkurrne krítnr bn uem shfbmburm kumebh prhknsh ne sn nfaetnrrulpn aemprhpambmlnetn. [henf mfcuems vnkns ffmlmbms crantms nstrnffm, muequn punbne tnenr htrms khegacurmkahens.

Crantm bn krítnr

 

1

 

CPANRM[ NE NF LNRMF BN [HFBMB^PM

=4

 

MCPANRMLANERH

==

 

Crantms bn `hrbn • [he cnenrmflnetn crantms ne grìh. Aeakame y sn prhpmcme bnsbn nf `hrbn bn fm shfbmburm bhebn nstíe mkulufmbhs fhs nsgunrzhs bn khetrmkkaûe. Aeakame ehrlmf m fm uftmbh bn nsgunrzhs supnrgakan bnf lntmf `msn, rns tárlakhs qun mktùme sh`rn uem zhem mgnktmbm phr nf kmfhr. Mfcuems hkurrne bn`abh m qun fm buktafabmb bnf lntmf `msn eh sn punbn mkhlhb mr m fhs nsgunrzhs bn khetrmkkaûe qun she alpunsths mf shfbmr.

Crantm bn `hrbn =0

 

Crantms bn Cmrcmetm • [he crantms fhecatubaemfns hranetmbms m fh fmrch bn fm cmrcmetm bn fms shfbmburms crantms ne kmfanetn.ne gafntn. [he cnenrmflnetn, pnrh eh sanlprn,

Crantms bn cmrcmetm

Crantms bn rmìz 

[he

crantms fhecatubaemfns ne fm rmìz

fm shfbmburm,

=;

 

bn

unbne snr rantms ne kmfanetn h ne

Crantms `mih nf bnpûsath y ne fm YMK 

[n punbne bnehlaemr bn uem u htrm ghrlm. [he usumflnetn



crantms ne grìh qun sn ghrlme ne fm zhem mgnktmbm phr nf kmfhr ne nf lntmf `msn. Nstms hkurrne kumebh trns nstíe nfnlneths saluftíenmlnetn prnsnetns9

  

Jabrûcneh ^em lakrhnstrukturm bn rnfmtavmlnetn rnfmtavmlnetn `mim buktafabmb Mfths nsgunrzhs rnsabumfns

Tunbne snr tmeth fhecatubaemfns khlh trmesvnrsmfns. [n nekunetrme ne fm zhem mgnktmbm phrlnbametn nf kmfhr y eh she sanlprn bntnktm`fns aespnkkaûe vasumf, praekapmflnetn ne fms shfbmburms bn gafntn, muequn punbne hkurrar tml`aáe ne fms shfbmburms m thpn .

Crantms `mih nf bnpûsath

Crantms `mih nf bnpûsath

=2

 

GA[^PMKAÛE NE GPÌH

=>

 

[hfu`afabmb bnf Jabrûcneh ne nf Janrrh

=7

 

MCPANR MCPANRMLANE MLANERH RH NE KMFANE KMFANERN RN

=3

 

Lnkmeaslh bnf Mcrantmlaneth ne Kmfanetn

=:

 

MCPANRMLANERH NE KMFANERN

=1

 

Bntnkkaûe bn bn Gasurms phr Tmrtìkufms Lmceátakms

04

04

 

GMFRM BN G^[AÛE

0=

 

GMFRM BN G^[AÛE

00

 

G^[AHE AEKHL AEKHLTFNRM TFNRM

0;

 

G^[AHE AEKHL AEKHLTFNRM TFNRM

02

 

G^[AHE AEKHL AEKHLTFNRM TFNRM

0>

 

G^[AHE AEKHLTFNRM

07

 

GMFRM BN TNENRPMKAÛE/GMFRM BN G^[AÛE

03

 

Gusaûe aekhlpfntm netrn khrbhens

Gusaûe ûe aekhlpfntm netrn netrn lntmf lntmf bn shfbmburm y lntmf `msn

0:

 

Tnentrmkaûe mkaûe aekhlpfntm aekhlpfntm ne fm iuetm Tnentr

•

Ns uem khebakaûe bn fm rmìz ne fm kumf nf lntmf bn shfbmburm eh sn nxtanebn m trmvás bn thbh nf nspnshr bn fm iuetm.

 

pnentrmkaûe aekhlpfntm

pnentrmkaûe aekhlpfntm

^eahen ^eah ens s khe khe pn pnen entr trmk mkaû aûe e aekhl aekhlpf pfnt ntm m

01

 

I^ERM KHE TNENRPMKAÛE AEKHLTFNRM

;4

 

GMFRM BN TNENRPMKAÛE

;=

 

Tnentrmkaûe Aesugakanetn phr Bnsmfaenmlaneth

;0

 

Tnentrmkaûe aekhlpfntm khe aesnr aesnrth th khesula`fn.

Tnentrmkaûe ûe

aekhlpfntm  

‖]unlhens“

 

;;

;2

 

Aekfusahens bn nskhram prhbukths eh lntífakhs rnsuftmetns • [he bn fm bashfukaûe bnf gux n alpurnzms eh lntífakms ne mfcuehs prhknshs shfbmburm y bn shfbmburm unrtn.

Aekfusahens bn

bn

nskhram

 

 

AEKF^[AHEN[ BN N[KHPAM MFAENMBM[

;>

;7

 

Aekfusahens bn Nskhram Mfaenmbms

;3

 

Aekfusaûe bn Nskhram Masfmbm

;:

 

Aekfusahens bn Ruecstneh

;1

 

‖Hihs bn Tnskmbh“

24

 

THPH[ABM B

2=

 

Lnkmeaslh bn Ghrlmkaûe bn Thrhs

20

 

KHEBAKAHEN[ [^TNPGAKAMFN[ BN FM [HFBMB^PM THPH[ABMB

=. Thrhsabm sabmb b ba baspnr pnrsm9 nstí ueaghrlnlnetn

bastra`uabmm trmvás bnf lntmf bn shfbmburm.

Gac. = Thrhsabmb

baspnrsm

 

 

0. Thrhsabmb

THPH[ABM B mcrupmbm9 ns ue ue

mrrncfh fhkmfazmbh

qun nen uem bastra`ukaûe bastra`ukaûe cnhlátrakm mf mzmr mzmr. ;. Thrh Thrhsab sabmb mb mfmrc mfmrcmbm mbm99 phrhsa phrhsabmb bmb kuym kuym fhecatub fhecatub ns lmyhr m su mekjh y sn u`akme mprhxalmbmlnetn pmrmfnfms mf nin bn fm shfbmburm. [n punbn hrlmr ne nf aetnrahr h ne fm supnrgkan bnf lntmf bn shfbmburm.

2;

22

 

Thrhsabm b Mcrupmbm

2>

 

THPH[ABM B 2. Thrhsabmb tu`ufmr9 fhecatub ns lmyhr qun su Ghrlm mekjhkuym y sn u`akme

mprhxalmbmlnetn pnrpnebakufmr m fm kmrm bn fm shfbmburm. Tunbne snr tml`aáe rngnrabms khlh kmvabmbns vnrlakufmrns

Gac. 0. Thrhsabmb

tu`ufmr

 

 

Thrhs bn Cusmeh

27

23

 

THPH[ABMB >. hranetmbm Thrhsab sabmb mne faen aenuem mbm9 bm9 fìenm. Jmkn rngnrnekam Tunbne snrm fm

nsgára khs h mfmrcmbhs. Rml`aáe nsgárakhs ml`aáe khehkabm khlh phrhsabmb faenmf.

Gac. ; Thrhsabmb

mfaenmbm. 2:

 

THPH[ABM B

21

 

•

THPH[ABM • B

TH[A@FN[ KM^[M[

MKKAHEN[ KHPPNKRAWM[

•

AEMBNK^MBM MKKAHE TPHRNKRHPM BNF CM[

•

HTRALAYMP NF GF^IH BN CM[

•

KHERMLAEMKAÛE BNF CM[

•

^RAFAYMPBH ^ET CM[ TPHRNKKAHE  MBNK^M  MBNK^MBH TMP MPM M BN [HFBMB^PM [HFBMB ^PM

•

KHERMLAEMKAÛE BNF MFML@PN

•

•

KHERMLAEMKAÛE BN FM TANYM BN RPM@MIH

•

^RAFAKN ÙEAKMLNERN MFML@PN FALTAH Q [NKH PNL^NWM RHBM FM CPM[M, MKNARN,

•

J^LNBMB,KM[MKMPAFFM,TAER^PM Q THFWH. THF WH. NLTFNMP NFNKRPHBH[ LÍ[  MFR  MF RML MLNER NERN N BN[HZA BN[HZABMERN[ BMERN[ PNB^KAP NF WHFRMIN

•

BA[LAE^AP NF [RAKO H^R

•

 WHFRMIN BN MPKH L^Q MFRH

•

BA[RMEKAM NZKN[AWM NERPN FM @H]^AFFM BN KHERMKRH Q FM TANYM BN RPM@MIH

>4

 

Ngnkth bnf Ûxabh ne fm Thrhsabmb

>=

 

Thrhsabmb [upnrgakamf

>0

 

Thrh ne nf Krítnr 

>;

 

Falatns Mblasa`fns bn Aebakmkahens Pnbhebnmbms

>2

 

[HKMWMBH Ns uem lunskm eh guebabm bnetrh bnf lntmf `msn mbymknetn mf `hrbn bn fm kmrm h fm rmìz bn fm shfbmburm y bnim uem kmvabmb ne nf lntmf bn `msn, krnmebh uem netmffm lnkíeakm qun ns ue kheknetrmbhr bn nsgunrzhs

shkmvmbh

 

shkmvmbh

>>

 

nf fìlatn bn uem shfbmburm ne [hkmvmbh ne nf gafntn

>7

 

[HKMWMB H

>3

 

[HKMWMB H

>:

 

Bnsmfaenmkaûe (jacj-fhw)

>1

 

RPM[FMTMB^P M Ns fm prhtu`nrmekam bn lntmf eh guebabh mf fmbh h `hrbn bn fm shfbmburm. Ns uem baskhetaeuabmb bn fm supnrgakan qun ghrlm uem netmffm lnkíeakm y kmsa sanlprn rnkjmzm`fn. Bhs kmusms khluens phbrìme snr9 vnfhkabmb aesugakanetn bn rnkhrrabh y prnpmrmkaûe aembnkumbm bnf lntmf `msn.

Rrmsfmpmbur m

74

 

Rrmsfmpn bn fm [hfbmburm

7=

 

Rrmsfmpmbu

rm 70

 

KHEKMWABM B ne qun fm kmrm h supnrgakan • Ns uem khebakaûe bn fm rmìz bn uem shfbmburm m thpn sn nxtanebne bn`mih bn fm supnrgakan mbymknetn bnf lntmf `msn. Pnsuftm bn fm gmftm bnf shfbmbhr pmrm khlpfntmr fm iuetm.

Khekmvabmb Khekmvabmb

7;

 

Khekmvabmb vabmb Aetnrem Aetnrem Khekm

72

 

Khekmvabmb vabmb Aetnrem Aetnrem Khekm

7>

 

Khekmvabmb vabmb Aetnrem Aetnrem Khekm

77

 

Pmbahcrmgìm Khekmvabmbbn Aetnrem

73

 

Khekm Khekmvabm vabmb b usme usmebh bh GKMS GKMS ne mknrh.

7:

 

Nxknsavm vm sh`rnlhetm sh`rnlhetm Nxknsa Ne shfbmburm m thpn, ns nf lntmf bn mphrtn ne nxknsh bn fm kmetabmb rnqunrabm pmrm ffnemr uem  iuetm. Tunbn nstmr nstmr fhkmfazmbm fhkmfazmbm ym snm ne fm kmrm h ne fm supnrgakan bn fm rmìz, y ns ffmlmbm [h`rnlhetm bn rmìz h sh`rnlhetm bn kmrm.



71

 

Nxknsh bn Pngunrzh h [h`rnnspnshr 

34

 

Nxknsh bn pnentrmkaûe



Nstm ns uem sh`rnlhetm ne fm rmìz ne prhbukabm uem iuetm shfbmbm bnsbn ue fmbh.

3=

 

Nxknsh bn Tnentrmkaûe

30

 

Nxknsh bn Tnentrmkaûe

3;

 

Kjhqun Mkkabnetmf bn Mrkh 

Û qunlûe bn mrkh ns uem baskhetaeuabmb qun khesastn bn kumfquanr lntmf guebabh fhkmfazmbh mgnktmbh phr nf kmfhr ne kumfquanr pmrtn bn uem

smrkh. hfbmburm h bnf l ln ntmf `msn m kmusm bn ue  Mpmrnkn kumebh nf mrkh ns jae jaekmbh kmbh sh`rn fm supnrgakan bnf lntmf `msn, ym snm aetnekahemf h mkkabnetmflnetn. mkkabnetmflne tn. Fm supnrgakan bnf lntmf `msn ns guebabm y negrambm bn`abh m ue kmfhr lmsavh rípabmlnetn basapmbh phr nf lntmf `msn karkuebmetn.  ^e kjhqun bn mrkh eh ns bnsnm`fn y she aemknptm`fns, ym qun nffhs cnenrme gasurms.

32

 

‖CHFTN[ BN MPKH“

3>

 

Nxknsavm [mfpakmburm

37

 

Hxabmkaûe bn fm [upnrgakan 

Ne fhs mknrhs aehxabm`fns y mfnmkahens bn eìqunf hkurrne kumebh nsms mfnmkahens sn nxphene m fm mtlûsgnrm phr nekalm bn fhs =444  G (>24   K) 



Hxabmkaûe ne fm supnrkan 33

 

FMLAEMKAHEN[ Raph bn baskhetaeuabmb bnf lntmf `msn khe snpmrmkaûe h bn`afabmb cnenrmflnetn mfaenmbm pmrmfnfm m fm supnrgakan trm`mimbm bn ue lntmf. [he ghrlmbms kumebh aekfusahens bn cms, kmvabmbns phr khetrmkkaûe, h aekfusahens eh lntífakms ne nf faechtn hracaemf, pfmekjms, h `mrrms she rhfmbms û fmlaembms. Tunbne nstmr khlpfntmlnetn aetnrems y she bntnktmbms phr uem aespnkkaûe bn uftrmsheabh, sn punbne nxtnebnr m ue `hrbn y punbne snr bntnktmbms phr aespnkkaûe vasumf, fìquabhs pnentrmetns h pmrtìkufms lmceátakms.

Gac. =1. Fmlaemkaûe

EHRM9 ^em bnfmlaemkaûe ns fm snpmrmkaûe bn uem fmlaem fmlaemkaûe kaûe `mih `mih nsgunrzhs.

3:

 

^eahens ne Kjmpm khe ‖Fmlaemkaûe“

31

 

BN[CMPPN FMLAEMP

:4

 

BN[CMPPN FMLAEMP

:=

 

Khsturms y Tfancuns •

[he baskhetaeuabmbns bnf lntmf `msn qun sn nekunetrme ne fhs prhbukths ne rhfmbhs, ghrimbhs. Baganrne nrne bn bnf fms fmlaemkahens qun trngafmbhs mpmrnkne y sh`rn fm Baga supnrgakan prhbukth. Fm kratakabmb bn fms khsturms y pfancuns bnpnebn bn su hranetmkaûe, tmlmýh y fm mpfakmkaûe bn fm shfbmburm. Mùe kumebh she supnrgakamfns, pun punbne bne sn snrr bntnktmbms bntnktmbms bnspuás bn fms hpnrmkahe bn gm`rakmkaûe tmfns khlh bh`fmbh, bh`fmbh , rhfmbh smebhpnrmkahens `fmstaec.ns [hfbmr sh`rn fms khsturms y fhs pfancuns punbnh kmusmr mcrantmlaneth, phrhsabmb, h ml`ms.

:0

 

BNGNKRHFHCAM NEKHER NEKHERPMBM PMBM Gmftm bn gusaûe y mtmqun phr bn khrrhsaûe ne khsturm tu`nrìm bn cmshbukth.

Khrbûe bn shfbmburm mtmkmbh phr

khrrhsaûe. :;

 

Gmftm bn gusaûe  y pnentrmkaûe

:2

 

Crantm ne khrbûe bn shfbmburm

Thrhsabmb ne khrbûe bn shfbmburm