Direct and Indirect

 

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain lai n yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma. Contoh:  Reporting verb: Tono says, Reported words ”I’m very good at English” Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu: Direct Speech:  Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Simple Past Tense Simple Future Tense Future Continouos Tense

Conditional Indirect Speech: Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Future Tense/Conditional Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous) Conditional Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya. ada nya. Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the ( the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech

Indirect speech Past simple

Present simple She said, "It's cold."

› She said it was cold.

Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."

› She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since

perfect simple  › Past She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Past continuous

 

1999." Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

Past perfect continuous › She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."

› She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past perfect

Past continuous

Past perfect continuous

› She said she had been teaching earlier.

She said, "I was teaching earlier." Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

Past perfect CHANGE - She said the lesson had already › NO   started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous  She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

Past perfect continuous CHANGE - She said she'd already been › NO   teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speech

Indirect speech

will  She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."

would  › She said she would teach English online tomorrow.

can  She said, "I can teach English online."

› 

must  She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."

had to › She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.

shall  She said, "What shall we learn today?"

› 

should  She asked what we should learn le arn today.

may  She said, "May I open a new browser?"

› 

might  She asked if she might open a new browser.

could  She said she could teach English online.

Contoh :  He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.  east.  PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:  Direct : Indirect :   Now →  Then Today →  That day Tonight →  That night This week →  That week Yesterday →  The day before The day before yesterday →  Two days before Last night →  The night before Last week/year →  The previous week/year A year ago →  A year before/The previous year Three years ago →  Three years before

 

Tomorrow The day after tomorrow  Next week/year On Sunday Here This book This These Over there *etc.

→  →  →  →  →  →  →  →  → 

The next day/The following day In two day’s time/The following day  day  The following week/year On Sunday There The book That Those Over there

PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN DIPERHATIKAN:  Can →  Could May →  Might Might →  Might Must →  Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa) *etc. Contoh:  The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”  week”  

The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week. Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya. The girl said, said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”  eating”   The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating. Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan. *etc. Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:   1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunak an an “that”  He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”  tomorrow”   He said that they would go to Singapore the next day. Bob said, ” I’m a university student”  student”   Bob said that he was a university student. 2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat kal imat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.   He told me, “wait for me !”  !”   He told me to wait for him. She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”  !”   She told me not to cheat anymore. 3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.  Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”  me?”   Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her. Mixed type: Contoh:

Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”  pale”  Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

 

Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9. 

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :  “  D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “  I : She says to her friend that he has been reading D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “  “  ugly   I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly  D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “  “  I : Reza said that he was very sleepy D : He has told you, “ I am writing “  “  writi ng I : He has told you that he is writing D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “  “  I : Mothe advised her son to study hard D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “  “  football   I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football  campus  D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus  I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning  morning   “  D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “  I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies “  D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “  I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

“  10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “  I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much