Dinámica de La Cobertura Glaciar Del Nevado Huascarán y de Las Lagunas

 

IMDQC_MO OA FGEAGFA\FM ATDQACM ^\JIATFJGMC OA FGEAGFA\FM MHLFAG_MC Ofgíhfdm Ofgíhf dm oa cm djlarturm dj larturm eeccmdfmr oac gavmoj Bumsd Bumsdmríg mríg y oa cms cmeugms cmeugms ecmdfmras moymdagtas agtra =66> y ac =5 haofmgta cm tacaoataddfôg _ATFT ^M\M JL_AG J L_AGA\ A\ AC _ _È_QCJ È_QCJ ^\J ^\JIATFJ IATFJGM GMC CO OA; A; Fgeagfarj Mhlfagtmc MQ_J\ Mcaxmgoar Ofjsas Dmroagms MTATJ\ He. \ftm K. Dmlaccj _jrras

CÈGAM OA FGYAT_FEMDFÔG Eastfôg oa rfasejs y momptmdfôg momptmd fôg mc m c dmhlfj dcfh dcfhítfdj ít fdj

CFHM - ^A\Q  Mýjj =5 - FF Mý

 

 

Ac Kurmoj agdmremoj o oa a av mcumr cm tasfs prasagtmom pjr ojg (m) Ofjsas Dmroagm Dmroagmss Ofgíhfdm hfdm oa cm djlarturm dj larturm ecmdfmr oac gavmoj Bumsdmrí Bumsdmríg g Mcaxmgoar Mcaxmgo ar d duyj uyj tètucj as; Ofgí y oa o a cms cmeugms ecmdfmras ecmdf mras moymda moymdagtas gtas agtra =66> =66> y a acc =5 =5 haofm haofmgta gta cm

tacaoataddfôg  \augfoj ag cm iadbm, asdudbô cm sustagtmdfôg y cm rrasjcudfôg asjcudfôg oa p praeugtms raeugtms pjr ac astuofmgta, jtjreígojca ac dmcfifdmtf dmcfifdmtfvj vj oa; =2( =2(gûh gûharj) arj) ofadfjd ofadfjdbj bj (catrms).

Cfhm, Tmg Kumg oa Curfemgdbj Curfemgd bj >6 oa ofdf ofdfahl ahlra ra oac =6

……………………………………………..  

……………………………………… 

H e. Iargmgo Iargmgoj j Mgtjgfj Targmqua Muddmbumsf 

H e. Hmrdj Mgtjgfj Barra Barrarm rm Ofmz 

^\ATFOAG_A

TAD\A_M\FJ

………………………………………………………   H e. \ftm Dml Dmlaccj accj _jrras  

YJDMC

 

 

 

Oaofdmtjrfm.

Oaofdj astm tasfs m Ofjs, O fjs, qu quaa sf sfahpra ahpra as y sarí fgdjg fgdjgofdfjgmc ofdfjgmc djg djghfej, hfej, m hf ^mora ^aorj ^msdumc Ofjsas Mtjdba qufag sfahpra bm sfoj hf fgspfrmdfôg m hakjr parsjgm, qufag ha ofj cm vfom, aoudmdfôg, mpjyj y djgsakjs, m hf Hmora Gjrhm Dmroagms Tamgdms qufag oasoa ac dfacj dufomo oa hè. M hfs djhpmýarjs oa astuofj, m hfs hmastrjs y mhfejs, mhfe js, qufagas sf sfgg su myu myuom om gu gugdm gdm bu bulfa lfarm rm pjof pjofoj oj bmdar ccaemr bmst bmstmm asta ppug ugtj. tj. M tjojs accjs sa cjs mermoazdj oasoa ac ijgoj ooaa hf mchm.

f 

 

 

 Mermoadf  Mermoa dfhfag hfagtj tj

Mermoadar m Ofjs pjr omrha dmom oèm hís iuarzm pmrm saeufr moacmgta. Mermoadar m hf hmora Gjrhm Dmroagms Tamgdms y hf pmora ^aorj ^msdumc Ofjsas Mtjdba, pjrqua sfg accjs gj bulfarm djgsaeufoj ccaemr m hfs jlkatfvjs. Mermoadar Mermoa dar m tjojs ccjs js ojdagtas pjr sus agsaý agsaýmgz mgzms, ms, djgsakjs, axparfagdfms a xparfagdfms y cjs ígfhjs oa saeufr fgvastfemgoj y prjpjgar sjcudfjgas. M cm Qg Qgfvarsfomo fvarsfomo Dæsm Dæsmrr Ymccak Ymccakj, j, pjr ml mlrfrha rfrha sus pu puartms artms y qu quaa ou ourmgt rmgtaa dfgdj mý mýjs js ha bm omoj cm jpjrtugfomo oa astuofmr ag astm dmsm oa astuofj, cm dmrrarm oa Fgeag geagfarèm farèm Mhlf Mhlfagt agtmc, mc, dj djgg tjoj ac mpjyj ggadasmrf adasmrfjj djg ac qua ha mcagt mcagtôô m bbmdar mdar oa hè hfshj ug prjiasfjgmc. Mermoadar m mc Fge. @avfg Tígdbaz, Fge. Hmrdj Barrarm y m cm He. \ftm K. Dmlaccj _jrras ojdagt ojda gtas as oa cm Qg Qgfvarsfomo fvarsfomo Dæsm Dæsmrr Ymccakj, pjr lrfgomrha su mpjy mpjyj, j, pmdfa pmdfagdfm gdfm y djgjdfhfagtjs tmhlfæg tmhlf æg mermoazdj m hfs mhfstmoas qua ijrhmrjg pmrta oa hf vfom ugfvarsftmrfm.

ff 

 

 

fff 

 

 

^\ATAG_MDFÔG

Taýjras hfahlrjs oac Kurmoj; Ag duhpcfhfa duhpcfhfagt gtj j oac \aecmhag \aecmhagtj tj oa E Ermojs rmojs y _è _ètu tucjs cjs oa cm Qgfvarsfomo Dæsm Dæsmrr Ymccakj prasagtj mgta ustaoas cm _asfs tftucmom ‘  Cm tacaoataddfô tacaoataddfôgg y su racmdfôg djg cm ofgíhfdm oa cm djlarturm ecmdfmr oac gavmoj Bumsdmríg y oa cms cmeugms ecmdfmras moymdagtas agtra =66> y ac =5 ‘, cm hfshm qua sjhatj m vuastrm djgsfoarmdfôg y asparj qua duhpcm djg cjs raqufsftjs oa mprjlmdfôg pmrm jltagar jlta gar ac tètuc tètucj j ^rj ^rjiasf iasfjgmc jgmc oa –Fgeagfarj Mhlfagtmc‘ 

 Mutj  Mu tjr; r; Ofj sas Dmr Dmro o ag agms ms Mc Mcaxmg axmg oar

Tmg Kumg oa Curfemgdb Cur femgdb j, ^ ^arû. arû. Ofdfahlra o ac = =5 5

fv 

 

  ÈGOFDA

Oaofdmtjrfm. .............................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................. f  Mermoadfhfagtj ............. .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .................. ........... ...... ff Oadcmrmdfôg oa Mutagtfdfomo ................................................................................... ................................................................................... fff ^rasagtmdfôg .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... fv \ATQHAG ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................... ... xfff  MLT_\MD_ ............ .......................... .......................... .......................... ........................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ............... ... xfv F.  FG_\JOQDDFÔG ............................................................... ............................. ................................................................. ...................................... ......... .... =1 =.=.  \AMCFOMO ^\JLCAHÍ_FDM ...........................................................................  ............................................................................... .... =5 =. djhlf djhlfgmdfôg gmdfôg oa lmgoms \ \EL EL (?, 4,< 4,? >?-=9-=5 -=9-=5 djhlf djhlfgmdfôg gmdfôg oa lmgoms \ \EL EL (?, 4,< 4,. Dm Dmhlfjs hlfjs oa ccmm tahparmtu tahparmturm rm oa su suparifdf parifdfaa oa =66 =66>> ag ac Gavmoj Bumsdm ríg ríg.. ................................... ........................................................ .............................................. .................................................. ........................................52 ...............52 Ifeur Ife urmm ?=. Dm Dmhlfjs hlfjs oa ccmm tahparmtu tahparmturm rm oa su suparifdf parifdfaa oa =66 =66>> ag ac Gavmoj Bumsdm ríg ríg.. ................................... ........................................................ .............................................. .................................................. ........................................56 ...............56 Ifeur Ife urmm ?> ag ac Gavmoj Bumsdm ríg ríg.. ................................... ........................................................ .............................................. .................................................. ........................................2> ...............2>

vff 

 

 

FGOFDA OA DQMO\JT

Dumorj =. Fgijrhmdf Fgijrhmdfôg ôg eaj eajeríif eríifdm dm ......... .............. .......... .......... .......... ........... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .........?> ....?> Dumorj Dumorj ?. Fgi Fgijrhmdfôg jrhmdfôg tædgfdm rasuhfom —  Cmgosmt 5 ................................................1> Dumorj 1. Fgi Fgijrhmdfôg jrhmdfôg tædgfdm rasuhfom — Cmgosmt 5 ...............................................1= Dumorj 9. Eríifdm oa raerasfôg raerasf ôg oa cm djlarturm ecmdfmr oac ga vmoj Bumsdmríg Bumsdmríg.. .... ...95 .95 Dumorj 5. Fgtarpjcmdfôg djg pjcfgjhfjs oa CmErmgea ...............................................95 Dumorj 2. ^raofddfôg ^raof ddfôg oa iutu iuturms rms írams y oasmpmrfdfôg oac ga vmoj Bumsdmr Bumsdmríí g .. .... .... ..96 96 Dumorj 6. Cmeugms Cmeugms ecmdfmras f gvagtmrfmoms gvagtmrfmoms pjr ac MGM oa =66>  — =5 = 5 ...... ........... .......... .....5> 5> Dumorj =>. Cmeugms Cmeugms ecmdfmras fgvagtmrfmoms pjr ac MGM oa =66> — =5..............5= Dumorj ==. Ermifdm Ermifdm oa tagoagdfm oa djlarturm eecmdfmr cmdfmr vs tahparmturms pr prjhaofj jhaofj 59

vfff 

 

 

FGOFDA OA E\MIFDJT

Ermifdj =. Ofmermhm oac dícducj oa cm ofgíhfdm oa cm djlarturm ecmdfmr oac Gavmoj Bumsdmríg y mgícfsfs oac vjcuhag oa cms cmeugms ecmdfmras......................................?9 Ermifdj .6> Mgaxj 4 atmpms, raiarfoms m cm sacaddfôg oa fhíeagas smtacftmcas axtrmèoms oa cm lmsa oa omtjs oac Tarvfdfj Eajcôefdj oa cjs Astmojs Qgfojs (Amrtb Axpcjrar) dmpturmoms haofmgta sagsjras _bahmtfd Hmppar _H, Agbmgdao _bahmtfd Hmppar (A_H+), Jparmtfjgmc Cmgo Fhmear (JCF) partagadfagtas mc smtæcfta Cmgosmt varsfjgas 1, 5 y 2 pmrm cms astmdfjgas astmdfj gas oa jtjýj jtjýj oa cjs cjs mýjs =66>, =66> , >>, => y =5. Ta dmcduc dmcducôô cjs ègofda ègofdass oa GOTF GOTF y GOUF haofmgt haof mgtaa ac sjitwmra sjitwmra A\OM A\OMT T varsf varsfôg ôg =? y cjs arrjras racmdfjgmojs djg cms sjhlrms tuvfarjg tuvfarjg qua sar djrraefojs djrraef ojs haofmgta ac sjitw sjitwmra mra MrdHmp =>.4, oalfoj m qua ac dícducj oa GOTF cms djgsfoarmlm djhj djlarturm ofiaragta m cm oac ecmdfmr. Cjs rasuctmojs fgofdmrjg ugm pærofom oa =»D0 >> agtra -=6»D  — ?>»D, => agtra -=9»D  — 45»D y =5 agtra -=4 gu guavjs avjs duarpjs oa meum meum mug gj gj fgvagtmrfmojs pjr ac Ejlfargj qua suhmrjg ug íram oa >,>>> cjdmtao fg tba Oapmrthagt ji Mgdmsb fg ^aru, gjhfgmtao fg =651 ijr QGATDJ (Qgftao Gmtfjgs Jremgfzmtfjg Jremgfzmtfjg ijr Aoudmtfjg, Tdfagda Tdf agda mgo mgo Ductura) Ductura) fgdcu fgdcuoas oas tb tbaa hjra trjpfdmc trjpf dmc wbfta hjugtmfg rmgeas eramt tbmt tbara fs fg tba amrtb. Oua tj tba imdt tbmt mg mddfoagt bms laag jlsarvao fg radagt oadmoas mgo tba ecmdfmc ratramt bms mddacarmtao oua tj tba tba aiiadts ji dcfhmta dbmgea, dbmgea, tb tbaa hmtbahmtfdmc hjoac lmsao jg tba spadtrmc fgoaxas, sudb ms tba GOT GOTFF (Gjrhmcf (Gjrhmcfzao zao Ofiiara O fiiaragda gda Tgjw Fgoax), Fgoax), bms laagg usao. GOUF (Gjrhmcf laa (Gjrhmcfzao zao Umtar U mtar Ofiiaragda Ofiiara gda Fgoax) wftb tba tba jlkadtf jl kadtfva va ji foagtfiyfge fo agtfiyfge tba tba icudtumtfj icudtumtfjgs gs ji tba tba ecmdfar ecmdf ar djvar mgo ji tba ecmdf ecmdfmc mc cmej cmejjgs jgs mokmdagt mokmd agt tj tba tba sgjw pam` ourfge tba tba parfj parfjoo irjh =66> tj =5. _ba hatbjojcjey hatbjojcjey fgdcu fgdcuoas oas 4 stmeas, raiarrao tj tba sacadtfjg ji axtrmdtao smtaccfta fhmeas ji tba omtmlmsa ji tba Qgftao Ttmtas Eajcjefdmc Turvay (Amrtb Axpcjrar) dmpturao ly _bahmtfd Hmppar _H sagsjrs, Agbmgdao _bahmtfd Hmppar (A_H +), Jparmtfjgmc Cmgo Fhmear (JCF) lacjgefge tj tba Cmgosmt smtaccfta varsfjgs 1, 5 mgo 2 ijr tba stmtfjgs ji tba =66>s, >>s, =>s mgo =5s. _ba GOTF mgo GOUF fgofdas wara dmcducmtao usfge tba A\OMT sjitwmra varsfjg =? mgo tba arrjrs racmtao tj twj wftb tba sbmojws bmo tj la djrradtao ly hamgs ji tba sjitwmra MrdHmp =>.4, ladmusa tba dmcducmtfjg ji GOTF djgsfoarao tbah ms ofiiaragt djvarmeas irjh tba ecmdfar. _ba _b a rasuc rasucts ts fgofdmtao m cjss cjss ji j i =»D0 >> latwaag -=6»D - ?>»D, => latwaag -=9»D - 45»D mgo =5 latwaag -=>-=>5) >5) axfsta ug mctj mctj gfvac gfvac oa djgifmgzm djgifmgzm agt agtra ra ac a c ratrjdasj ecmdfmr suomharfdmgj y ac muhagtj oa tahparmturm, axprasmoj ag ac oasbfacj ag cms duhlras duhlras gav gavmoms moms qua miadtmg cm ofstrfludfôg oac meum ag cms pmrtas lmkms lm kms (F^D (F^DD, D, =?). Astm sftumdfôg, raprasagtm ug rfasej oa oasljroas sf cms cmeugms suparmg su dmpmdf omo djhj rasarvjrfjs dmpmdfomo rasarvjrfjs gmt gmturmc urmcas as cj dumc dumc bm sfoj fgijrhmoj ag cjs ûc ûctfhjs tfhjs 1> mýjs ag ofstfgtms pmrtas oac o ac hugoj hugoj (Fvas, (Fvas, K. ^rmoaap, L. y Hjjc, @. =>. p. =-19). Taeûg Tdbmuwad`ar, T. at. mc. (>2) ag ac ^arû, agtra cms oædmoms oac 5> bmdfm =665 sa fgijrhô oa ugm raouddfôg oac % oa djlarturm ecmdfmr y ac fgdrahagtj oa cms dradfoms ag cms cmeugms ecmdfmras djg mrrmstra oa cjojs a fgugomdfjgas rapagtfgms ag cms cjdmcfomoas moymdagtas, oasaqufcflrmgoj ac dfdcj gjrhmc cjdmc oa cm djlarturm ecmdfmc y oac dfdcj oac meum (p. 21 —65). Taeûg Hjrmcas L. y Hmrtac, Hmrtac, M. (=5), ag ac ^arû, ^ arû, agtra agtra cjs mýjs =699 y =9 sa bm prjoudfoj ag cm saddfôg gjrta oa cjs ecmdfmras ojgoa sa fgsartm ac gavmoj Bumsdmríg ugm Bumsdmríg ugm ofs ofshfgu hfgudfôg dfôg oa 4?.=9 4 ?.=9 @h¼ oa djlartu djl arturm rm ecmdfmr ecmdf mr qua vfaga mrrfasemgoj cm prjvfsfôg oa meum ahpcamom ag cm eagarmdfôg oa agareèm y ag cjs ductfvjs merèdjcms oac pmès (p.=?). As fhpjrtmgta vfefcmr cm ofgíhfdm oa astm djlarturm pmrm mirjgtmr sus dmhlfjs y pravagfr sus fhpmdtjs oa hmgarm qua su momptmdfôg raprasagta ugm jpjrtugfomo ag djgtrmsta djg cjs fhpmdtjs gmturmcas qua sa asparmg, sftumdfôg oasdrftm aspadfmchagta pmrm djhugfomoas gmtfvms (@jofra``mc, \. =5, p.=  — =?). Ourmgta cjs ûctfhjs mýjs cm tacaoataddfôg bm djlrmoj aspadfmc fhpjrtmgdfm ag ac saeufhfagtj oa cm ofgíhfdm oa ecmdfmras m cj cmrej oac tfahpj y oac aspmdfj

=1 

 

 

parhftfagoj djhpragoar cm fgicuagdfm oac dmhlfj dcfhítfdj aspadfmchagta sjlra mquaccjs ofstrflufojs ag zjgms rahjtms (Hmc T. y Tdbfd`bjii Q. =9, p. 12). Cjs fhpmdtjs pjr ratrjdasj iuarjg jlsarvmojs tmhlfæg tmhlfæ g ag cms cms hjgtmý hjgtmýms ms msfí msfítfdms tfdms y iuarjg iuarjg haofo haofoms ms pjr smtæcfta Cmgosmt ag cjs ûctfhjs ûctfhjs ?> mýjs djg ugm ugm parofo p arofomm prjhaofj oa 4>% oa djlarturm oa bfacj (]fmj C., Tbfyfg C. y Umgqfg, G. =1, p. 441 —4??) Cms barrmhfagtms TFE y cjs sagsjras rahjtjs vfagag imdfcftmoj ac saeufhfagtj oac djhpjrtmhfagtj ecmdfmc m gfvac hugofmc (Lmjkumg, T., Vatmge U. y [bjgeqfg [b jgeqfg C. =5, p. y =5 (p. ), ugm jremgfzmdfôg fgtargmdfj fgtargmdfjgmc gmc sjlra aoudmdfôg y dfagdfm, hag hagdfjgm dfjgm aagg ac => qua –Cjs ecmdfmras sa astíg parofagoj oa ugm ijrhm axmearmom y mcmrhmgta, astj

jdmsfjgm jdmsf jgm qu quaa cjs jdæmgjs fgdrahagtag su ggfvac, fvac, ppjr jr jtrj cmoj, cms sacv sacvms ms aastíg stíg sfagoj mzjtmoms pjr fgtagsms jcms oa dmcjr y cm icjrm y imugm cudbm ag ac fgtagtj oa mpmrtmrsa m cjs guavjs guavjs tfahpjs. Gj sæ pu puaoa aoa gaemr qqua ua ac bjhlra as ug ugjj oa cjs prfgdfpmcas mutjras oac dmhlfj dcfhítfdj, oasoa bmda mceugms oædmoms, ugj oa cjs prjlcahms qua hís rapardutag ag ac haofj mhlfagta sjg cjs emsas oa aiadtj fgvargmoarj fgv argmoarj cj qua dmusm ug mu muhagt hagtj j sfegfif sfegfifdmtfvj dmtfvj oa cm tahparmtu tahparmturm rm ag cjs ûctfhj ûctfhjss 91.>>> mýjs‘ (p. =-19).  =-19).  Taeûg ac Hfgfstarfj oa merfductu merfducturm rm y rfa rfaej ej ((>6) >6) ac ^arû duag duagtm tm djg ugm ugm ermg dfirm

mc =5:0 ag cjs ûc ûctfhjs tfhjs mýjs cm ttadgjcjeè adgjcjeèm m bm foj dradfagoj y axpmg axpmgofæ ofægojsa gojsa ag ofiaragtas dmhpjs oa cm dfagdfm, y djg cm myuom oa cm hfshm bjy ag oèm sa puaoa bmdar ac astuofj oa cjs ecmdfmras haofmgta ac ahpcaj oa cm tacaoataddfôg ac dumc parhfta ramcfzmr astuofjs djhj ac dícducj oa ratrjdasj ecmdfmr, cm ofgíhfdm oa cmeugms ecmdfmras agtra jjtrjs0 agtra trjs0 mpjyíg mpjyígojsa ojsa ag ac hmg hmgakj akj oa mceûg sjitw sjitwmra mra qqua ua parhftmg ac a stu stuofj ofj oa astjs, sfg astmr prasagta ac íram oa astuofj.

=5 

 

 

=.>10 pmrm cjermr asta jlkatfvj ac mutjr jptj pjr ac ahpcaj oa fhíeagas smtacftmcas ym qua ca parhftfô jltagar fgijrhmdfôg sjlra cm djlarturm djlarturm eecmdfmr cmdfmr pmrm cjs mýjs oa mg mgícfsf ícfsfs, s, pjr djg djgdcu dcusfjgas sfjgas Bu Bumymg mymgay, ay, H. om qua cm hatjojcjeè hatjojcjeèm m oa ahpcamr fhíea fhíeagas gas smtacftmcas, parhftfô bmccmr bmccmr cms vmrfmdf vmrfmdfjgas jgas ag dumgt dumgtjj m djlartu djlarturm rm ecmdfmr, ax axtag tagsfôg sfôg oa cms cag cageums eums eecmdfmras cmdfmras ofs ofstrflufoms trflufoms ag tjom cm Djrofccarm Lcmgdm oasoa ac prfharj mýj oa mgícfsfs bmstm ac >1. _mhlfæg axpcfdm qua astms vmrfmd vmrfmdfjgas fjgas aagg du dumgtj mgtj cm djlarturm ecmdfmr puaoa sar prj prjoudt oudtjj ooac ac dmcagtmhfagtj ecjlmc, iagôhagj oac gfýj y oa cm gfým. _mrmzjgm, V. (= oac íram ecmdfmr parofom. ^mrm su astuofj y mgícfsfs utfcfzô cm _acaoataddfôg j sagsjras rahjtjs ac qua hagdfjgm qua parhftag jltagar fgijrhmdfôg fgofradtm mpcfdmgoj cm tædgfdm oa cjs ûctfhjs tfahpjs qua as cm tacaoataddfôg, qua parhftfô astuofmr ac íram oa oasecmdfmdfô oasecmdf mdfôg g oac gavmoj, msè djhj cm cjg cjgeftuo eftuo oa rratrjdasj. atrjdasj. _mrmzjg _mrmzjgm, m, V. ag sus djgdcusfjgas hagdfjgj qua cm hakjr avfoagdfm bm sfoj djhprjlmom y qua djgifrhm qua ag cm mdtumcfomo mdtumcfomo aaxxfstag hmyjras gfvac gfvacas as oa meum qu quaa ofsd ofsdur urrag rag meums mlmkj, prjoudtj oa cm pærofom oa hmsm ecmdfmr oac gavmoj ^mstjrurf, qua pmrm mýjs iutu iuturjs rjs pjorèm jdmsf jdmsfjgmr jgmr fgtariarag fgtariaragdfms dfms ag cjs sarvfdfjs llísfdj ísfdj,, fgirmastrudtu fgirmastrudturm rm y oahís, msè djhj tmhlfæg mctarmgoj ac bílftmt bílf tmt oa cm icjrm y imug imugmm oac cu cuemr. emr. Moahís, ac ratrjdasj ecmdfmr oac gavmoj ^mstjrurf prjlmlcahagta jdmsfjgmrí sftumdfjgas oa rfasejj prjoudt rfase prjoudtjj ooaa mv mvmcmgdb mcmgdbms. ms. Oa jtr jtrjj cmoj cms cmeugms ecmdfm ecmdfmras ras saríg hís =2 

 

 

djhugas m cmrej pcmzj, jlcfemgoj m hjofifdmr cms prídtfdms y tædgfdms merèdjcms ag msagtmhfagtjs buhmgjs.  Mrævmcj,  Mræv mcj, M. (=1) ag su tasfs pmrm tftu tftucmom cmom – Mgícfsfs  Mgícf sfs huc huctftahpjrmc tftahpjrmc oa ec ecmdfmras mdfmras y cmeugms ecmdfmras ag cm Djrofccarm Djrofc carm Lcmgdm a foagtfifdmdfôg f oagtfifdmdfôg oa pjtagd pjtagdfmca fmcas s mhagmzms ECJIs‘ lusdj foagtfifdmr cjs dmhlfjs ag dumgtj mc íram ag cmeugms ecmdfmras y

ecmdfmras raprasagtm ugm pjtagdfmc sftumdfôg oa rfasej pjr avagtjs oa mvagfoms rapagtfgms pjr oasljromhfagtj oa cmeugms ecmdfmras, pmrm cms cjdmcfomoas qua sa agduagt agdu agtrmg rmg ulfdmoms me meums ums mlmkj y puaomg astmr ag vu vucg cgarmlf armlfcfomo, cfomo, cjs parfjoj parfjojss oa mgícfsfs iuarjg >?, >6 y =?, ahpcamgoj ugm hatjojcôefdm lmsmom ag prjdasmhfagtjs prjdasmhf agtjs oa fhíea fhíeagas gas smtacftmcas qua parhftmg bbmccmr mccmr cjs dmhlfj dmhlfjss ccmeug meugmra mrass y cm ofgíhfdm oa ecmdf ecmdfmras, mras, haofmgta bbarrmhfagtms arrmhfagtms oa tacaoataddfôg y EF EFT. T. ^mrm cm djgdcusfôg oa su fgvastfemdfôg prasagtj qua axfsta ugm fgdcfgmdfôg mc muhagtj oa cms suparifdfas y gûharj oa cmeugms ofstrflufoms pjr cm Djrofccarm Lcmgdm oalfoj oarratfhfagtj mlruptj oa cjs ecmdfmras, eagarmoj pjr ac dmhlfj dcfhítfdj. Ag ac parfjoj oa mgícfsfs (>?-=?), cm suparifdfa suirfô ugm raouddfôg oa 1=1.? `h¼ m ?2?.? `h¼, cj qua raprasagtm ug 9% oac tjtmc, astj djgifrhmr cm tagoagdfm eagarmc oa raouddfô raouddfôgg oa cjs ecmdfmras m gfv gfvac ac ecjlmc. Eôhaz,, U. y Eôhaz

[mhjrm, G G.. (>2) oa ccmm Imdu Imductmo ctmo Oa Fgeag geagfarèm farèm Eajeríifdm,

Mhlfagtmc V Adjturfshj oa cm QGIY, ramcfzmrjg ug trmlmkj oa fgvastfemdfôg tftucmoj –Avmcumdfôg oa cm djlarturm djlarturm ecmdf ecmdfmr mr utfcfzmgoj tædgfdms oa tacaoataddfôg aspmdfmc ag cm sulduagdm oac rfj ]uaccdmybumgdm  — \fj  — \fj Tmgtm‘0 qua tuvj pjr djhj prfgdfpmc

jlkatfvj oatarhfgmr ac íram oa ratrjdasj ecmdfmr djg cm mpcfdmdfôg oa tædgfdms oa fgijrhmdfôg eajeríifdm djhj cm tacaoataddfôg, tmhlfæg haofmgta tædgfdms oa bforjhætrfdms, djg ac prjpôsf prjpôsftj tj oa bmccmr cm fgicu fgicuagdfm agdfm ag ac ragofhfagtj bè bèorfdj orfdj oa cm sulduagdm oac rfj ]u ]uaccdmybu accdmybumm gdm,

djg uugm gm hatjoj hatjojcjeèm cjeèm lmsm lmsmom om ag cm

tacaoataddfôg y prjdasmhfagtj oa fhíeagas smtacftmcas0 pmrm sus djgdcusfjgas oac astuofj hagdfjgj qua ac ratrjdasj ecmdfmr bm fgicufoj ag cms ûctfhms oædmoms ag cjs dmuomcas, haofmgt haof mgtaa ac djhpjrtmhfagtj ooaa cjs dmudas ag cm su sulduag lduagdm dm oac rfj ]uaccdmy ]u accdmybu bumm gdm, ulfdmoj ag ccmm duag duagdm dm oac rfj Tmgtm, oapmrtmhagtj oa Mgdmsb.

=6 

 

 

Djcjgfm, O. y _jrras, K. (>5) ag su trmlmkj oa tasfs tftucmoj – Oatarhfgmdfôg oac ratrjdasj ecmdfmr ag cm hfdrjduagdm oa Ccmgemgudj, m trmvæs oac mgícfsfs huctftahpjrmc ag ac parfjoj =625- >5‘, ac astuofj oatarhfgô cm parofom oa

djlarturm ecmdfmr ecmdfm r ag cm h hfdrjduagdm fdrjduagdm oa ccmm cmeug cmeugmm oa Ccmgemg Ccmgemgudj, udj, ahpcamgoj fhíeagas smtacftmcas oac smtæcfta Cmgosmt 1, moahís cm mpcfdmdfôg oa astm barrmhfagtm oa fgijrhmdfôg eajeríifdm rasuctm pariadtm, pmrm axtrmar fgijrhmdfôg sjlra cm ofgíhfdm oa cjs ecmdfmras ag ug parfjoj oa mýjs qua ahpfazm ag =625 bmstm ac >5, pmrm cms djgdcusfjgas sa oatarhfgô ac íram oa ratrjdasj ecmdfmr pmrm cjs mýjs oa astuofj astuofj qua sjg oa =625-=669 y =6 =669-> 69->5. 5. Ta astfhô ugm ugm pærof pærofom om oa =.1, p.=).

,? m >,5 uuh). h). Ta oag oagjhfgm jhfgm oa astm hmg hmgarm arm pjr trmtmrsa oa cm ûgfdm rmofmdfôg acadtrjhmegætfdm qua puaoa pardflfr guastrjs jkjs, oa ojgoa sa sulof vfoag tras lmgoms iu sulofvfoag iugomhagtmcas, gomhagtmcas, qua sa oagjhfgmg mzuc (>,? m >,1 uh)0 varoa (>,1 m >,9) y rjkj (>,9 m >,5 uh). l) Fgi Fgirmrrjkj rmrrjkj prôxfhj (> (>,5 ,5 m =,4 uh uh), ), rasuctm oa aspadf aspadfmc mc fhpjrtmgdfm pjr su dmpmdfomo dmpmdf omo pmrm of ofsdrfhf sdrfhfgmr gmr hmsms vaeatmcas y djgdagt djgdagtrmdfj rmdfjgas gas oa bbuhaomo. uhaomo. d) Fgi girmrrjkj rmrrjkj haofj (=,4 m 2 uuh), h), ag ojgoa sa agt agtrahazdc rahazdcmg mg cjs prjdasjs oa raicaxfôg oa cm cuz sjcmr y oa ahfsfôg oa cm suparifdfa tarrastra. o) Fgi girmrrjkj rmrrjkj tarhmc (2 m =? uh) uh),, qua fgdc fgdcuy uyaa cm pjrdfôg ahfsf ahfsfvm vm oac aspadtrj tarrastra. Ifeurm