Diktat Kuliah Komunikasi Satelit
June 7, 2019 | Author: erico septiahari | Category: N/A
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Parameter Umum Sistem Komunikasi Satelit Dalam menjalankan sistem komunikasi dalam sebuah komunikasi satelit ada
dua elemen dasar yang ikut berperan di dalamnya mereka adalah Stasion Bumi ( Ground Segment ) dan Satelit ( Space Segment ). Stasion Bumi akan mengirimkan sinyal informasi ke arah satelit dengan menggunakan frekuensi yang dinamakan Frekuensi Up Link dan sebaliknya satelit sebagai repeater tunggal di luar angkasa akan meneruskan sinyal informasi ke arah tujuan dengan menggunakan Frekuensi Down Link. Link. Masing-masing besaran frekuensi up link dan down link tersebut mengikuti aturan yang distandarisasi oleh ITU-T dengan mengkategorikan besarnya frekuensi sesuai dengan Band nya seperti di bawah ini: TABLE 1 BAND UPLINK (GHz) DOWNLINK (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz) C
5.9 - 6.4
3.7 - 4.2
500
X
7.9 - 8.4
7.25 - 7.75
500
Ku
14 - 14.5
11.7 - 12.2
500
Ka
27 - 30
17 - 20
Not fixed
30 - 31
20 - 21
Not Fixed
Tabel di atas memperlihatkan susunan Band frekuensi untuk up link dan down link dari komunikasi satelit yang berlaku secara seragam di seluruh dunia.
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tersebut maka
luas wilayah yang dapat dijangkau akan semakin lebar.
Jangkauan wilayah satelit tersebut sering dikenal dengan istilah foot print.
Gambar: Foot Print sebuah satelit
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Jawaban Soal: 1. Sistem komunikasi satelit adalah sistem komunikasi yang menggunakkan satelit sebagai repeater 2. Latar belakang penggunaan SISKOMSAT
Jarak hubungan antara stasiun cukup jauh (tidak terjangkau oleh sistem transmisi lainnya)
Medan geografis cukup sulit (tidak memungkinkan untuk dibangun sistem,transmisi lain)
Untuk keperluan back up
Untuk keperluan HANKAM
Efesiensi penggunaan band frekuensi
Dll.
3. Keuntungan Dan Kerugian Komunikasi satelit . Keuntungan dari satelit komunikasi diantaranya adalah:
Satelit dengan GSO dapat mencakup daerah yang sangat luas untuk
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Satelit dengan mudah melayani telekomunikasi tetap dan telekomunikasi bergerak seperti pesaswat telepon, kapal laut, dan kendaraan bergerak lainnya.
4. Adapun kerugiannya adalah:
Biaya permulaan sangat tinggi
Untuk luas angkasa harus tersedia peralatan-peralatan: a. Satelit b. launcher (kendaran peluncur) c. Asuransi peluncuran. d. Stasiun
pengendali,
baik
untuk
peluncuran
maupun
saat
beroperasi.
Untuk luas bumi : a. Stasiun bumi b. Hubungan ekor
Jarak satelit GSO cukup jauh, hal ini mengakibatkan delay time yang
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BAB II ORBIT SATELIT
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM: Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tentang penempatan satelit dalam orbit, jenis orbit satelit, jenis satelit berdasarkan layananya dan da n tentang pengendalian satelit.
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS : 1.
Memahami jenis orbit satelit beserta karakteristiknya
2.
Memahami konsep tentang pergerakan satelit, penempatan satelit di orbit.
3.
Mengetahui karakteristik satelit berdasarkan jenis layananya
4.
Memahami sistem pengendalian satelit
JENIS ORBIT SATELIT Jenis-jenis tempat beredarnya satelit mengelilingi permukaan bumi dinamkan
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komunikasi selular. Karena jarak yang tidak terlalu jauh dan biaya yang murah, satelit LEO sangat banyak diluncurkan untuk berbagai macam aplikasi. Akibatnya bahwa jumlah satelit LEO sudah sangat padat, tercatat sekarang ada 8000 lebih satelit yang mengitari bumi pada orbit LEO seperti pada gambar di bawah ini:
Gambar Jumlah Satelit LEO yang beredar di orbit
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Berikut adalah keuntungan dan kerugian satelit LEO:
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-
GEO ( Geostationery Earth Orbit) Satelit GEO merupakan sebuah satelit yang ditempatkan dalam orbit yang
posisinya tetap dengan posisi suatu titik di bumi. Karena mempunyai posisi yang tetap maka waktu edarnyapun sama dengan waktu rotasi bumi. Posisi orbit satelit GEO sejajar dengan garis khatulistiwa atau mempunyai titik lintang nol derajat.
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Gambar satelit GEO yang tidak bisa mencakup seluruh permukaan bumi Selengkapnya keuntungan dan kerugian satelit GEO adalah sebagai berikut:
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Gambar Orbit Sateli Jenis Polar
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Daya pada satelit DBS ini berkisar sampai dengan 10 kali lipat daya pada satelit FSS. Dengan daya yang besar maka user yang ada di Ground Segment dapat menggunakan antena dengan diameter yang kecil untuk menangkap siaranya.
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Merupakan bagian yang akan mengontrol pergerakan satelit dari arah barat dan timur (east – west station keeping) dan simpangan utara- selatan (north – west station keeping)
Spin Rate Control System
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yang mengarah ke bumi. Atau dengan kata lain bahwa pada posisi sun outage ini jarak satelit dengan matahari mencapai jarak terdekat. Dengan jarak yang sangat dekat antara satelit dengan matahari menyebabkan perangkat yang ada di space segment juga akan mengalami panas yang meningkat drastis, akibatnya akan
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AKADEMI TEKNIK TELEKOMUNIKASI SANDHY PUTRA PURWOKERTO JL. D.I. PANJAITAN 128 PURWOKERTO
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN DIKTAT KULIAH MATA KULIAH :
Sistem Komunikasi Satelit Diketahui dan disahkan pada tanggal 31 Agustus 2006 Oleh
Direktur AKATEL Sandhy Putra Purwokerto
Ketua Program Studi D-III Teknik Telekomunikasi
Rachmat Effendi, BSc.
Wahyu Pamungkas, ST. 1
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................ ................................................. .................................................. ..................................... ............ LEMBAR PENGESAHA PENGESAHAN N ...................... ................................................ ................................................... ............................ ...
1
DAFTAR ISI ....................... ................................................ .................................................. ................................................. ........................
2
KATA PENGANTA PENGANTAR.................................... R............................................................. ................................................. ........................
3
BAB I PENGANTA PENGANTAR R SISKOMSA SISKOMSAT T ...................... ............................................... ......................................... ................
4
Siskomsat ...................... ............................................... ............................ ... − Dasar dan Pengertian Siskomsat
4
− Milestone Satelit System ....................... ................................................ ......................................... ................
6
Menentukan n Ketinggi Ketinggian an Satelit .......................... ................................................... ............................ ... − Menentuka
7
− Pengena Pengenalan lan Parameter Umum Siskomsat ......................... ..................................... ............
9
................................................. ................................................. ........................ − Soal dan Jawaban ........................
12
BAB II ORBIT SATEL SATELIT................................... IT............................................................ ............................................. ....................
15
.................................................. ................................................. ........................ − Jenis Orbit Satelit .........................
15
− Jenis Satelit Berdasa Berdasarkan rkan layanany layananya a ......................... ............................................. ....................
22
Pergerakan an dan Pengendalian Satelit ....................... ........................................... .................... − Pergerak
24
BAB III GROUND SEGMENT DAN DAN SPACE SEGMENT ...................... .............................. ........
27
− Pengena Pengenalan lan Ground Segment ...................... ............................................... ................................. ........
27
− Pengena Pengenalan lan Space Segment ........................ ................................................. ................................. ........
28
− Sub Sistem pada Space Segment ......................... ................................................. ........................
30
− Pembagia Pembagian n Transpo Transponder nder Satelit ........................ ................................................. ............................ ...
33
BAB IV PENGHITUNGAN PARAMETER PARAMETER SATELIT ....................... ................................... ............
34
− Pointing Antena ....................... ................................................. ................................................... ............................ ...
34
Perhitungan gan paramete parameterr Satelit ...................... ............................................... ................................. ........ − Perhitun
36
− Satuan Pengukuran Pengukuran Transmisi Transmisi Satelit ....................... ........................................... ....................
41
Satelit dilihat dari Stasion Stasion Bumi ...................... .................................. ............ − Jarak Pisah Satelit
43
− Slant Range.............................. Range........................................................ ................................................... ............................ ...
45 47
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KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillah, Penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan
rahmat
dan
hidayah-Nya
sehingga
Penulis
dapat
menyelesaikan Diktat Kuliah Sistem Komunikasi Satelit ini. Isi dari Diktat Kuliah Sistem Komunikasi Satelit ini sebagian dari materi yang seharusnya ada dalam Kurikulum D3 Teknik Telekomunikasi Akatel SP, diantaranya adalah Pengenalan Siskomsat, Orbit Satelit, Parameter yang sering digunakan, Ground Segment dan Space Segment , Manajemen Transponder serta perhitungan tentang ASI ( Adjacent Satellite Interference ). Penyusunan Diktat ini dimaksudkan untuk mempermudah mahasiswa dalam mempelajari materi Siskomsat dan mempermudah Dosen dalam menyampaikan materi dalam perkuliahan. Meskipun isi dari Diktat kuliah ini belum mencakup semua materi namun diharapkan mahasiswa dapat meningkatkan nilai dengan mempelajari isi dari diktat kuliah ini. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya, bahwa buku ini masih jauh dari yang diharapkan. Oleh karena itu, tanggapan dan kritik yang sehat dan membangun dari para pembaca demi perbaikan Diktat ini sangat penulis harapkan.
Penulis,
Wahyu Pamungkas, ST
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BAB I PENGANTAR SISKOMSAT TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM: Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tentang konsep penggunaan satelit, sejarah penggunaan satelit, serta pengenalan parameter.
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL KHUSUS : 1. Memahami pengertian satelit 2. Memahami konsep tentang pergerakan satelit, penempatan satelit di orbit. 3. Menghitung ketinggian satelit GEO 4. Memahami blok diagram sistem komunikasi satelit
a Dasar Komsat •
Pengertian Satelit Satelit pada awalnya merupakan sebuah ungkapan yang mewakili semua
obyek yang mengitari bumi. Planet bumi yang kita tempati sekarang ini mempunyai obyek-obyek yang mengitari dirinya. Diantara obyek-obyek tersebut adalah bulan, meteor dan benda angkasa lainya. Masing-masing planet mempunyai jumlah satelit (bulan) yang berbeda-beda, contoh : bumi hanya satu, venus minimal ada 4, merkurius ada 8 dll. Planet bumi itu sendiri merupakan satelit bagi benda angkasa yang lebih besar, matahari contohnya, karena bumi mengelilingi matarahari. Ingat bahwa selain berputar pada porosnya ( rotasi yang memakan waktu 24 jam) bumi juga berevolusi yang memakan waktu 365 ¼ hari. Gambar di bawah ini akan memperjelas uraian di atas:
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Keterangan: •
Lingkaran kuning
: Matahari
•
Lingkaran hijau
: Planet Bumi sebagai satelit matahari
•
Lingkaran abu2
: Bulan sebagai satelit bumi
•
Hubungan Satelit dengan Sistem Komunikasi
Sistem Telekomunikasi yang berkembang pasca PD II masih menggunakan sistem
komunikasi
hamburan
troposfier
sebagai
media
transmisi
untuk
menghubungkan dua daerah yang terpisah cukup jauh. Perkembangan selanjutnya ditemukan teknologi gelombang mikro yang memungkinkan transmisi dilakukan secara terestrial (tidak melalui atmosfer ). Selanjutnya serat optis menjadi teknologi yang diharapkan dapat menjawab solusi untuk menyatukan dunia dalam satu sistem Telekomunikasi. Pertanyaan yang mendasar adalah : Efektifkah kedua sistem transmisi di atas untuk menyatukan seluruh dunia dalam sebuah sistem telekomunikasi ? THINK
GLOBALLY
Gagasan tentang komunikasi satelit pertama kali dicetuskan Arthur C Clark, seorang penulis fiksi ilmiah dari Inggris, yang terkenal dalam tulisannya yang berjudul “EXTRA TERRESTRIAL RELAY” pada tahun 1945. Dia berpendapat bahwa dengan menempatkan satelit pada orbit equator dengan ketinggian sedemikian rupa sehingga satelit mempunyai waktu periodik 24 jam, maka posisi satelit akan selalu tetap terhadap setiap titik di permukaan bumi, sehingga satelit demikian disebut Satelit Sinkron atau disebut pula
“GEOSTATIONARY
SATTELITE”.
Lebih jauh dikembangkan dalam khayalan Arthur C Clarke bahwa satelit tersebut dapat dipergunakan sebagai repeater (pengulang) untuk keperluan komunikasi, yaitu dengan menggunakan tiga buah satelit dengan orbit seperti diatas tetapi terpisah 120 derajat maka komunikasi antara dua tempat dari hampir seluruh dunia dapat dilakukan, hanya sebagian kecil dari bumi yaitu daerah kutub utara dan selatan yang tidak tercakup oleh sistem demikian
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Gambar Ilustrasi Khayalan Arthur C Clarke
MILESTONE SATELIT SYSTEM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
1945 Arthur C. Clarke Article: "Extra-Terrestrial Relays" 1955 John R. Pierce Article: "Orbital Radio Relays" 1956 First Trans-Atlantic Telephone Cable: TAT-1 1957 Sputnik: Russia launches the first earth satellite. 1960 1st Successful DELTA Launch Vehicle 1960 AT&T applies to FCC for experimental satellite communications license 1961 Formal start of TELSTAR, RELAY, and SYNCOM Programs 1962 TELSTAR and RELAY launched 1962 Communications Satellite Act (U.S.) 1963 SYNCOM launched 1964 INTELSAT formed 1965 COMSAT's EARLY BIRD: 1st commercial communications satellite 1969 INTELSAT-III series provides global coverage 1972 ANIK: 1st Domestic Communications Satellite (Canada) 1974 WESTAR: 1st U.S. Domestic Communications Satellite 1975 INTELSAT-IVA: 1st use of dual-polarization 1975 RCA SATCOM: 1st operational body-stabilized comm. satellite 1976 MARISAT: 1st mobile communications satellite 1976 PALAPA: 3rd country (Indonesia) to launch domestic comm. satellite 1979 INMARSAT formed. 1988 TAT-8: 1st Fiber-Optic Trans-Atlantic telephone cable
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Tabel Satelit TELKOM yang sudah dan akan diluncurkan
•
Bagaimana Menentukan Ketinggian Satelit Pada khayalan Arthur C Clarke bahwa sebuah satelit yang mengorbit pada
ketinggian tertentu yang mempunyai periode sama dengan periode bumi berputar akan sangat efektif dalam sistem komunikasi karena antena tidak perlu untuk mengikuti pergerakan satelit ( lihat ilustrasi video). Untuk bisa menentukan ketinggian orbit satelit yang dipakai maka diperoleh perhitungan sebagai berikut. Ketinggian yang diperlukan untuk orbit geostasioner dapat diturunkan dari
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MV2 Fs = a+h
MV2 Mg’ = a+h Dimana g’ adalah percepatan gravitasi pada ketinggian satelit dan akhirnya dihubungkan dengan percepaan gravitasi g = 9,8 m/s pada permukaan bumi oleh persamaan;
a2 g’ =g
…………………………………………………………(1.1) …………………………………… ……………………(1.1) a+h
Dengan Mensubsitasi persamaan (1.1) ke dalam persamaan (1.2) diperoleh
a Mg
2
MV2 =
a+h
Karena itu diperoleh
………………………………………….(1.2) ………………………………… ……….(1.2) a+h
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Parameter Umum Sistem Komunikasi Satelit Dalam menjalankan sistem komunikasi dalam sebuah komunikasi satelit ada
dua elemen dasar yang ikut berperan di dalamnya mereka adalah Stasion Bumi ( Ground Segment ) dan Satelit ( Space Segment ). Stasion Bumi akan mengirimkan sinyal informasi ke arah satelit dengan menggunakan frekuensi yang dinamakan Frekuensi Up Link dan sebaliknya satelit sebagai repeater tunggal di luar angkasa akan meneruskan sinyal informasi ke arah tujuan dengan menggunakan Frekuensi Down Link. Link. Masing-masing besaran frekuensi up link dan down link tersebut mengikuti aturan yang distandarisasi oleh ITU-T dengan mengkategorikan besarnya frekuensi sesuai dengan Band nya seperti di bawah ini: TABLE 1 BAND UPLINK (GHz) DOWNLINK (GHz) Bandwidth (MHz) C
5.9 - 6.4
3.7 - 4.2
500
X
7.9 - 8.4
7.25 - 7.75
500
Ku
14 - 14.5
11.7 - 12.2
500
Ka
27 - 30
17 - 20
Not fixed
30 - 31
20 - 21
Not Fixed
Tabel di atas memperlihatkan susunan Band frekuensi untuk up link dan down link dari komunikasi satelit yang berlaku secara seragam di seluruh dunia.
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