Dificultades Terminológicas en Informatica

 

MFHF@SN]KMCP ]CUDFOANÐBF@KP CO CN ZUA@CPA MC ]UKMS@@FÐO MC SO ]CW]A MC PCBSUFMKM FOHAUDË]F@K Dkräk Lasæ Zfofnnk Dk`gkma (Sofvcrsfmkm mc @ðrmaek) dlpd222Jgatdkfn.`ad  dlpd222Jgatdkfn.`ad  

UCPSDCO Mkmk nk hucrtc prcsco`fk mc tcrdfoanabäk co nas tcxtas mc scburfmkm fohardëtf`k, cn trkmu`tar cspc`fknfzkma cspc`fknfzkma oc`csftk uo `aoa`fdfcota kmc`ukma mc nk dfsdk. Cstc krtä`una sc `cotrk co cn cstumfa mc nk cstrc`gk rcnk`fðo quc cxfstc cotrc tcrdfoanabäk y trkmu``fðo trkmu``f ðo `ao cn c n prapðsfta mc rcskntkr nk fdpartko`fk quc tfcoco nks gcrrkdfcotks y nk k`tfvfmkm tcrdfoanðbf`k pkrk cn trkmu`tar cspc`fknfzkma. Zkrk cnna, sc koknfzko mfstfotks cstrktcbfks mc trkmu``fðo (præstkda, ocanabfsda, pkrëhrksfs) cxtrkämas mcn dkoukn mc scburfmkm fohardëtf`k @adp]FK Pc`urfty +, ksä `ada nks mfvcrsks pasturks rcnk`faokmks `ao nas pra`csas mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks. @ada rcsuntkma, surbc nk fmck mc `rckr uok eksc mc mktas tcrdfoanðbf`k `cotrkmk co nk scburfmkm fohardëtf`k k pkrtfr mc hf`gks tcrdfoanðbf`k tcrdfoanðbf`ks. s. Zknkerks `nkvc ]crdfoanabäk9 ]rkmu``fðo9 Pcburfmkm fohardëtf`k9 Xa`keunkrfa9 Dætamas mc trkmu``fðo KEP]UK@] Ppc`fknfzcm trkosnktars occm ko kmcquktc ioawncmbc ah tcrdfoanaby, muc ta tgc keuomko`c keuomko `c ah tcrds fo spc`fknfzcm tcxts, su`g ks tgasc mcknfob wftg `adputcr sc`urfty. ]gc kfd ah tgfs krtf`nc fs ta cxkdfoc tgc `nasc rcnktfaosgfp ectwcco tcrdfoanaby kom trkosnktfao, trkosnktf ao, fo armcr ta gfbgnfbgt tgc fdpartko`c ah usfob tcrdfoanaby taans. ]a k`gfcvc tgfs bakn, wc ha`us ao scvcrkn trkosnktfao strktcbfcs (nako, ocanabfsd, pkrkpgrksc) cxtrk`tcm hrad tgc trkosnktcm vcrsfao fota Ppkofsg ah tgc dkoukn ao `adputcr sc`urfty @adp]FK Pc`urfty +, ks wcnn ks ao mfhhcrcot pra`csscs hannawcm fo praencd sanvfob. Ks k rcsunt, wc prapasc tgc `rcktfao ah k tcrdfoanaby mktkeksc ah `adputcr sc`urfty tcrds. ;

 

Icywarms ]crdfoanaby9 ]crdfoanab y9 ]rkosnktfao9 @adputcr Pc`urfty9 Xa`keunkry9 ]rkosnktfao Dctgams

;.  FO]UAMS@@FÐO Mkmk nk hucrtc prcsco`fk mc tcrdfoanabäk co nas tcxtas mcn ëdefta mc nk scburfmkm fohardëtf`k, cn trkmu`tar cspc`fknfzkma oc`csftk mc uo `aoa`fdfcota kmc`ukma mc nk tcrdfoanabäk. Cstc krtä`una prctcomc mcstk`kr nk cstrc`gk rcnk`fðo cxfstcotc cotrc tcrdfoanabäk y trkmu``fðo `ao cn prapðsfta mc rcskntkr nk fdpartko`fk quc tfcoco nks gcrrkdfcotks y nk k`tfvfmkm tcrdfoanðbf`k pkrk cn trkmu`tar cspc`fknfzkma. Kmcdës mc hk`fnftkr nas pra`csas mc `aduof`k`fðo cotrc mfstfotas brupas mc cspc`fknfstks, cspc`fknf stks, nk tcrdfoanabäk sc co`krbk mc arbkofzkr cn `aoa`fdfcota. Zar cstk rkzðo, tkdefæo cstë rcnk`faokmk `ao nas pra`csas mc ma`udcotk`fðo (co nas quc sc vc fovanu`rkma cn trkmu`tar co dkyar a dcoar dcmfmk), ksä `ada `ao nk nfobþästf`k `adputk`faokn co nk quc sc cstumfko nas pra`cmfdfcotas mc kndk`cokdfcota y rc`upcrk`fðo rc`upcrk`f ðo mc fohardk`fðo fohardk`fðo.. Pfo cdekrba, co cstc `ksa oas `cotrkdas co nk cstrc`gk rcnk`fðo cxfstcotc cotrc nk tcrdfoanabäk y nk trkmu``fðo cspc`fknfzkmk. Mf`gk rcnk`fðo pkrtc mc nk oc`csfmkm mc cstkenc`cr pra`csas mc `aduof`k`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk. Cn `aoa`fdfcota sc dktcrfknfzk co tærdfoas, par na quc mcec cxfstfr uok `arrcspaomco`fk tkota mc huo`faoknfmkm `ada mc prc`fsfðo co nk trkmu``fðo, na `ukn pcrdftc quc ccnn tcxta kn`ko`c uo scotfma mc okturknfmkm (FSNK, 5::3). Cn trkmu`tar mcec scr cxtrcdkmkdcotc rfburasa kn dkoclkr cn næxf`a `ao cn prapðsfta mc quc nas cspc`fknfstks quc ncko cn tcxta dctk tcobko nk scosk`fðo mc quc na gk rcmk`tkma uo `ancbk. Nk üof`k hardk quc tfcoc cn trkmu`tar mc `aoscbufr cstc rcsuntkma cs mcskrrannkr knbuoks `adpctco`fks quc nc pcrdftko utfnfzkr nk tcrdfoanabäk `ao prc`fsfðo. Æstks sao nks sfbufcotcs<   @adpctco`fk `aboftfvk< `aboftfvk< @aoa`fdfcota mcn ëdefta cspc`fknfzk cspc`fknfzkma ma quc vk scr

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aelcta mc trkekla.   @adpctco`fk nfobþästf`k< @aoa`fdfcota saerc nk ncobuk a nks ncobuks saerc nks quc sc trkeklk.   @adpctco`fk sa`fahuo`faokn< @krk`tcrästf`ks quc mcec tcocr uo trkekla tcrdfoanðbf`a a nk rcsanu`fðo puotukn mc uo tærdfoa pkrk scr chf`fcotc pkrk nas hfocs quc pcrsfbuc y kmc`ukma kn tcxta a nas mcstfoktkrfas k nas

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quc sc mfrfbc. 5

 

  @adpctco`fk dctamanðbf`k< Nk gkefnfmkm (…) pkrk rcknfzkr uo pra`csa mc

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trkekla armcokma y sfstcdëtf`a, y prcscotkr nas mktas mc dkocrk kmc`ukmk y chf`fcotc. (@keræ, ;666) Co cstc scotfma, cn trkmu`tar `ao hardk`fðo co tcrdfoanabäk cs `kpkz mc fmcotfhf`kr cn tfpa mc praencdk mc `krë`tcr næxf`a quc cohrcotk, paomcrkr cn brkma mc kmc`uk`fðo co cn `ksa mc nk cxfstco`fk mc vkrfkotcs pkrk uo dfsda tærdfoa, ksä `ada eus`kr sanu`faocs kmc`ukmks pkrk csas praencdks `ao cn næxf`a cspc`fknfzkma (FSNK, 5::3). Mcpcomfcoma mc su hardk`fðo y mcn tcxta co `ucstfðo, cn trkmu`tar pucmc trkeklkr `ao nk tcrdfoanabäk k vkrfas ofvcncs. Nk `aduof`k`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk sc mfstfobuc mc hardk eësf`k par nk cspc`fhf`fmkm mcn tcdk y mc su pcrspc`tfvk `aboftfvk. Csta fohnuyc co nk tcrdfoanabäk quc na `adpaoc. Nks uofmkmcs tcrdfoanðbf`ks sao nks quc `aomcosko cn `aoa`fdfcota cspc`fknfzkma. Zar na tkota, nk mcosfmkm `aboftfvk cs mfrc`tkdcotc prapar`faokn k nk `kotfmkm mc tærdfoas quc `aotfcoc uo tcxta y cn brkma mc `adprcosfðo. Co pknkerks mc @keræ (5:::)< Cn trkmu`tar, dcmfkmar cotrc mas fotcrna`utarcs gkenkotcs mc mfstfotks ncobuks, clcr`c su huo`fðo paofæomasc co nk pfcn mcn quc cdftc cn dcosklc y ksudfcoma sus dfsdks `adpctco`fks. Pf oa na gk`c, mfhä`fndcotc gkrë uok eucok trkmu``fðo. Ksudfr nks `adpctco`fks mc uo pramu`tar mc tcxta cspc`fknfzkma `adpartk `aoa`cr nk dktcrfk cspc`ähf`k, `aotrankr su `aotcofma y dkoclkr nk tcrdfoanabäk quc na cxprcsk. V pkrk `aoscbufr quc cn tcxta mc trkmu``fðo sck, co rcnk`fðo kn arfbfokn, nftcrkn co `ukota k `aotcofma, brkdktf`kn co su cxprcsfðo, kmc`ukma co sus damknfmkmcs y klustkma cstfnästf`kdcotc, mcec k`cr`krsc na dëxfda pasfenc k nas usas næxf`as quc gkeräk scnc``faokma cn pramu`tar mcn tcxta sf sc guefcrk cxprcskma okturkndcotc co nk ncobuk mc nk trkmu``fðo. Mcec scrvfrsc par tkota mc nas tærdfoas. Zkrk `aoscbufr uok trkmu``fðo cspc`fknfzkmk mc `knfmkm cs oc`cskrfa rc`urrfr mc hardk gkeftukn k uok tcrdfoanabäk quc sc kmc`üc kn brkma mc cspc`fknfzk`fðo mcn tcxta mc trkekla y quc sck rckn, cs mc`fr, quc cqufvknbk kn usa chc`tfva quc gk`co mc cnnk nas cspc`fknfstks. Zar na tkota, nk tcrdfoanabäk cs fdpartkotc pkrk nk trkmu``fðo cspc`fknfzkmk y cn trkmu`tar oa pucmc mclkr mc utfnfzkrnk co sus tcxtas (co mfstfota brkma scbüo cn ofvcn mc cspc`fknfzk`fðo mcn tcxta). Pfo cdekrba, cn trkmu`tar oa sfcdprc tfcoc k su mfspasf`fðo tcrdfoanabäk mc rchcrco`fk, of `amfhf`kmk co bnaskrfas a eko`as mc mktas na ekstkotc k`tuknfzkmk `ada pkrk kekr`kr nks oc`csfmkmcs mc nas tcdks k`tukncs. Cs par cstk rkzðo quc sc mceco kearmkr cstas praencdks tcrdfoanðbf`as quc oa rcsucnvco nks aerks mc `aosuntk y, sf 0

 

na gk`co, nk fohardk`fðo oa ekstk pkrk pamcr rcknfzkr nk scnc``fðo mc uok uofmkm mc cqufvknco`fk `ao tatkn scburfmkm. Mc cstc dama, cs cn trkmu`tar cn co`krbkma mc bcstfaokr nk tcrdfoanabäk co cn pra`csa mc trkmu``fðo pkrk `aoscbufr uo tcxta mc `knfmkm. Co `uknqufcr `ksa (`ao fomcpcomco`fk fomcpcomco`fk mcn brkma mc cspc`fknf cspc`fknfzk`fðo), zk`fðo), cn trkmu`tar oc`csftkrë tcocr `aoa`fdfcotas tcrdfoanðbf`as< quæ cs, `ðda sc rc`aoa`c, co quæ `aosfstc uo praencdk tcrdfoanðbf`a pkrk nk trkmu``fðo, `ðda sc rcsucnvc, a quæ pkutks gky quc scbufr. Nks `kusks par nks quc du`gas mc nas bnaskrfas mfspaofencs oa rcsucnvco nas praencdks tcrdfoanðbf`as mcn trkmu`tar sao duy mfvcrsks, par clcdpna, oa cstëo k`tuknfzkmas, hkntk fohardk`fðo a `rftcrfas mc cvknuk`fðo pkrk su `knfmkm y hfkefnfmkm. Zkrk quc uo bnaskrfa pucmk rcsanvcr cstc tfpa mc praencdks mcec pkrtfr mc uo koënfsfs mc nks oc`csfmkmcs mcn trkmu`tar y kmkptkrsc k nks cspc`fhf`fmkmcs mcn tcxta co `ucstfðo. Zkrk `rckr uo bnaskrfa mc `knfmkm quc `uerk nks oc`csfmkmcs tcrdfoanðbf`ks, quc sck hë`fn mc dkoclkr y tcobk uok prcscotk`fðo kmc`ukmk cs fdprcs`fomfenc tcocr uoks oa`faocs eësf`ks mc tcrdfoanabäk. 5. ]UKMS@@FÐO V ]CUDFOANABÄK @ada gcdas pamfma aescrvkr, trkmu``fðo y tcrdfoanabäk dkotfcoco uok rcnk`fðo duy cstrc`gk quc k vc`cs rcsuntk fdpasfenc mc scpkrkr. Co tama `ksa, cn trkmu`tar cspc`fknfzkma oa sðna mcec `aoa`cr cn pra`csa mc k`tfvfmkm mc trkmu``fðo, tkdefæo cs oc`cskrfa quc tcobk hardk`fðo tcrdfoanðbf`k, yk quc utfnfzkrë cstk mfs`fpnfok co su trkekla mfkrfa y nc scrë mc cxtrcdk utfnfmkm. Mcsmc uo cohaquc dës tcðrf`a, cn aelctfva huomkdcotkn mc nk ]crdfoanabäk, co cn quc `afo`fmco tamks nks Cs`ucnks y @arrfcotcs ;, cs cn mc kscburkr y dclarkr nk `aduof`k`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk. Csta mclk `nkra sfo nubkr k mumks par quæ cstk mfs`fpnfok cs tko fdpartkotc pkrk cn prahcsfaokn mc nk trkmu``fðo cspc`fknfzkmk. Nk fdpartko`fk mc nk ]crdfoanabäk co Cspkûk cs duy rc`fcotc. Oa aestkotc, yk k dcmfkmas mcn s. WFW nk Uckn K`kmcdfk mc @fco`fks `rcð uo Mf``faokrfa mc tærdfoas tæ`of`as. Zkrk oucstrk sarprcsk, co cn mfkrfa mcn panätf`a y cs`rftar Dkoucn Kzkûk ; Xæksc

tkdefæo< @ KEUÆ, D.].< Cn trkmu`tar y nk tcrdfoanabäk< oc`csfmkm y `adpradfsa. Co< Zkok`cJ, van. ;, oüd. 5, 5:::, pp. 5-=. (K). y `aduof`k`fðo @ KEUÆ . Ekr`cnaok< FSNK, 5::3. Nk tcrdfoanabäk< tcrdfoanabäk. Ucprcscotk`fðo ]caräk, dctamanabäk, kpnf`k`faocs  KEUÆ, D. ].< Nk . Ekr`cnaok< Cmftarfkn Kotërtfmk/Cdpürfcs, ;660.  =

 

(;77:-;6=:), yk sc `adcotk quc co ;658 fdpkrtco uok ksfbokturk mc tcrdfoanabäk co ek`gfnncrkta. ]rks knbuoas k`cr`kdfcotas k cstk mfs`fpnfok, co ;62: cn @aoscla Pupcrfar mc Fovcstfbk`faocs @fcotähf`ks (@PF@), co `ankeark`fðo `ao atrks fostftu`faocs, mc`fmc `aapcrkr co uo prayc`ta pkrk cstkenc`cr mc uo haoma tcrdfoanðbf`a mc ncobuks ocanktfoks. K pcskr mc su fotcræs, trks vkrfks rcuofaocs, nk fof`fktfvk mc`kc y cn prayc`ta oa sfbuc kmcnkotc. Ksä co ;622, `ao datfva mc uoks Larokmks Fotcrok`faokncs mc Fovcstfbk`fðo Gudkoästf`k, cn @PF@ `rck uo `cotra mc tcrdfoanabäk `fcotähf`k y tæ`of`k pkrk cn `kstcnnkoa, GFPZKOA]CUD. Co ;627 fof`fk uo Zrabrkdk pkrk nk @aarmfok`fðo mc nk Ncobuk @fcotähf`k Cspkûank, brk`fks kn `ukn sc `cncerk cn Zrfdcr Pcdfokrfa mc ]crdfoanabäk co Cspkûk fdpunskma par Dkoucn @rfkma mc Xkn. Co cstc scdfokrfa pkrtf`fpko Hcnecr y Zf`gt. Pfo cdekrba, oa tuva du`ga æxfta. Ksfdfsda, co ;67; y ;673, cn @PF@ kprucek uoas prayc`tas mc fovcstfbk`fðo co tcrdfoanabäk. Zcra cn pksa huomkdcotkn sc pramu`c `ukoma co ;673 sc fostftuyc ]crdcsp. Mcsmc cotao`cs, cstc brupa trkeklk co tcrdfoanabäk y rcprcscotk fotcrok`faokndcotc nk ]crdfoanabäk cspkûank co ncobuk `kstcnnkok. Mcn dfsda dama, nk Ksa`fk`fðo Cspkûank mc Oardknfzk`fðo y Uk`faoknfzk`fðo (KCOAU), quc sc huomð co ;678, trkeklk `ao nk tcrdfoanabäk. Co ;66;, trks cn Pcdfokrfa saerc „Zrabrkdk mc nas `ursas mc ]crdfoanabäk co nk Nf`co`fkturk mc ]rkmu``fðo c Fotcrprctk`fðo co Cspkûk— (Bknnkrma y Pëo`gcz, ;665), sc fmck uo prabrkdk pkrk cstk dktcrfk quc sc cdpfczk k fdpkrtfr, mcsmc ;660, `ada ksfbokturk trao`kn (Dfofstcrfa mc Cmu`k`fðo y @fco`fk, EAC 50=/6;) co nks Hk`untkmcs mc ]rkmu``fðo c Fotcrprctk`fðo mc Cspkûk. @ao cnna, cstk `fco`fk cxpcrfdcotk uo oucva fdpunsa. Zar üntfda, rcprcscotkotcs mc nk tcrdfoanabäk cspkûank co mfstfotas ëdeftas (cdprcsks prfvkmks, Hk`untkmcs mc ]rkmu``fðo c Fotcrprctk`fðo, `cotras ahf`fkncs quc sc fotcrcsko par nk tcrdfoanabäk, ct`.), `aova`kmas par cn @PF@, `aostftuyco co mf`fcderc mc ;662 nk Ksa`fk`fðo Cspkûank mc ]crdfoanabäk (KC]),quc sfbofhf`k uo oucva pksa co nk cxpkosfðo mc cstk `fco`fk co Cspkûk. 0. ]UKMS@@FÐO MC SO ]CW]A MC PCBSUFMKM FOHAUDË]F@K

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Cn koënfsfs mc nk dcdarfk mc trkmu``fðo5  mcn tcxta mc scburfmkm fohardëtf`k @adp]FK Pc`urfty +, pcrdftc cotcomcr mc hardk prë`tf`k nas huomkdcotas tcðrf`as quc kpkrc`co `ao kotcrfarfmkm. Cn tcxta cncbfma `aosfstc co mas `kpätunas mc uo dkoukn mc scburfmkm fohardëtf`k puenf`kma co nk cmftarfkn Kokyk Duntfdcmfk quc trkmulc co cn kûa 5:;; murkotc cn pcräama trkos`urrfma mcsmc cn ;: luofa gkstk cn 2 mc kbasta. Pu tätuna cs Pcburfmkm fohardëtf`k @adp]FK Pcburfty +, y nas `kpätunas cncbfmas sao< @kpätuna ;:. „Pcburfmkm häsf`k y ekskmk co gkrmwkrc (Dkotrkp)— y @kpätuna ;5. „Pcburfmkm mc rcm foknëderf`k—.

0.;. Mfhf`untkmcs prfo`fpkncs mcn pra`csa mc trkmu``fðo

Soa mc nas prfdcras rctas `aosfstc co cn nabra mcn cqufnferfa oc`cskrfa co nk trkmu``fðo mc uo tcxta mc `krë`tcr gäerfma. Cn tcxta aelcta mc cstk dcdarfk rcüoc nks `krk`tcrästf`ks mc nas tcxtas tæ`of`as y mfvunbktfvas. Zar cstc datfva, sc tfcoco co `ucotk nks pc`unfkrfmkmcs mc kdeks tfpanabäks tcxtukncs. Uc`armcdas ercvcdcotc nks `krk`tcrästf`ks `krk`tcrä stf`ks mc kdeas tfpas mc tcxtas<   ]cxtas mc mfvunbk`fðo< mfvunbk`fðo< sc trktk mc kqucnnas tcxtas quc mfhuomco y

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prada`faoko mctcrdfokmas pramu`tas `fcotähf`as y tæ`of`as ksä `ada cn usa mc nas dfsdas. Pao clcdpnas mc cstc tfpa nas tcxtas fohardktfvas, nas tcxtas puenf`ftkrfas, puenf`ftkrf as, nas dkoukncs y buäks mc usukrfa, ct`.   ]cxtas tæ`of`as< tæ`of`as< sao kqucnnas quc trktko tcdks rcnk`faokmas `ao nks dktcdëtf`ks, oucvks tc`oanabäks, fobcofcräks, fohardëtf`k, krquftc`turk ct`. Clcdpnas mc cstk tfpanabäk pucmco scr nas krtä`unas a dkoukncs uofvcrsftkrfas quc vcrsko saerc cstks dktcrfks, fohardcs mc krquftc`turk, ct`.   ]cxtas tc`oa-`fcotähf`as a gäerfmas< gäerfmas< `aosfstc co uo tfpa tcxtukn quc fotcbrk, `ao mfhcrcotcs brkmas mc cspc`fknfzk`fðo, ma`udcotas rcnk`faokmas `ao `fco`fks gäerfmks, cs mc`fr< efacstkmästf`k, df`raefanabäk, efanabäk danc`unkr, ct`.

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Sok scbuomk mfhf`untkm `aosfstc co kbfnfzkr na dës pasfenc cn pra`csa mc ma`udcotk`fðo, yk quc mcefma k nks klustkmks hc`gks mc cotrcbk oa sfcdprc sc `ucotk `ao uo pnkza pkrk nncvkr k `kea uo pra`csa cxgkustfva mc ma`udcotk`fðo. Nk ma`udcotk`fðo ma`udcotk`f ðo sfrvc sfduntëock sfduntëockdcotc dcotc k trcs prapðsftas< kmqufrfr `aoa`fdfcotas saerc cn `kdpa tcdëtf`a, nabrkr cn madfofa mc nk tcrdfoanabäk prapfk mcn dfsda, y aetcocr fohardk`fðo saerc nks oardks mc huo`faokdfcota mcn bæocra. Nas trcs hk`tarcs gk`co oc`cskrfa quc cn trkmu`tar sc ma`udcotc kotcs mc rcknfzkr su trkekla, y quc na gkbk mc uok hardk kdpnfk y suhf`fcotc, co huo`fðo mc sus `aoa`fdfcotas y mc nk mfhf`untkm 5  Co

cn prcscotc trkekla utfnfzkdas nk cxprcsfðo ‗dcdarfk mc trkmu``fðo‖ pkrk rchcrfroas kn rcpksa mcn pra`csa mc

trkmu``fðo, trkmu`fma.  ksä `ada mc sus mfhf`untkmcs, y oa k nk k`cp`fðo mc `arpus nfobþästf`a pkrkncna mc tcxta arfbfokn y tcxta 8

 

mcn tcxta, c fotcbrkoma nas trcs aelctfvas `ukoma sck pasfenc, `ao cn hfo mc rcotkefnfzkr cn pra`csa. Sok tcr`crk mfhf`untkm cstrfek co tcocr co `ucotk nas pra`cmfdfcotas mc kmkptk`fðo. Co prfdcr nubkr, gky quc mcstk`kr nk vcrtfbfoask vcna`fmkm k nk quc kvkozko nks oucvks tc`oanabäks y, par `aosfbufcotc, nk oucvk tcrdfoanabäk. @ada `aosc`uco`fk fodcmfktk, cn cspkûan sc vc aenfbkma k fdpartkr cstk oucvk tcrdfoanabäk mcn fobnæs. Sok mc nks pasturks dës `ðdamks par pkrtc mcn trkmu`tar cs dkotcocr cn tærdfoa co fobnæs, kuoquc cnna oa qufcrk mc`fr quc sck nk ap`fðo dës `arrc`tk. Co prfdcr nubkr, gkeräk quc mctcrdfokr sf uo ocanabfsda yk sc gk fotcbrkma y gk mclkma mc scrna. Zar na tkota, cn prfdcr pra`cmfdf pra`cmfdfcota cota mc kmkptk`fðo mc nas tcxtas tæ`of`as cs cn usa mc kobnf`fsdas, quc oa sfcdprc cs rcspaoskefnfmkm mcn trkmu`tar, sfoa mc nas rcmk`tarcs tæ`of`as, nks fostftu`faocs a nks cdprcsks. Oa aestkotc, co knbuoks a`ksfaocs, cn trkmu`tar sc co`ucotrk `ao quc knbuoas mc nas tærdfoas quc mcec trkmu`fr yk sc gko fotcbrkma co nk ncobuk mc mcstfoa k pcskr mc quc oa sck nk dclar ap`fðo mc trkmu``fðo. Co csas `ksas, æstc mcec kmkptkrsc k nk tcrdfoanabäk quc sc cdpnck ksfmukdcotc co cn `kdpa cspc`fknfzkma. Cn brkma mc cspc`fknfzk`fðo co nk dktcrfk tkdefæo rcsuntk fdpartkotc, yk quc `ao nk prë`tf`k prahcsfaokn cn trkmu`tar vk kmqufrfcoma uo `adpncta ekbklc `unturkn rcnk`faokma `ao nas ëdeftas mc nks trkmu``faocs quc rcknfzk. Zar csa, k nk nkrbk k`kek cspc`fknfzëomasc co uoas tcdks `ao`rctas. Zcra, mkmk nk sftuk`fðo c`aoðdf`k k`tukn, sfcdprc mcec cstkr kefcrta k oucvks tcdëtf`ks y, par na tkota, k ma`udcotkrsc y k cstkr kn mäk na dës pasfenc. Zar cstas datfvas, cn trkmu`tar mcec pasccr uok brko `unturk bcocrkn quc nc pcrdftk kmkptkrsc y ma`udcotkrsc k oucvks tfpanabäks tcxtukncs. Nk Nc`turk „Padc Dfs`ao`cptfaos— 0  rcsuntk mc brko kyumk k nk gark mc cs`nkrc`cr knbuoks khfrdk`faocs crrðocks quc, gkstk nk hc`gk, sc gko rcknfzkma co taroa k nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k y, par comc, co taroa k nk trkmu``fðo mc tcxtas pcrtcoc`fcotcs kn sc`tar mc nks `aduof`k`faocs. Co prfdcr nubkr, sc mcstk`k nk fdpartko`fk mc nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k, quc supaoc cn 6:% mc nks trkmu``faocs quc sc nncvko k `kea `kmk kûa k ofvcn duomfkn. K pcskr mc 0 Cxtrk`ta

mcn dkoukn mc L. Eyroc (5::8), oa mfspaofenc co rcm.  

2

 

su kerudkmark mcdkomk, cxfstco duntftum mc dftas krrkfbkmas saerc nk fdpartko`fk, nk okturknczk y cn pkpcn mc nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k tkota co cn cotaroa prahcsfaokn, `ada cn k`kmædf`a. ;. Nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k fo`nuyc c`aoadäk, mcrc`ga, ocba`fas, ct`. ct`. Zcra co rcknfmkm, „tæ`of`k— sfbofhf`k prc`fskdcotc csa, knba rcnk`faokma `ao nk tc`oanabäk y nas tcxtas tc`oanðbf`as. 5. Nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k sðna tfcoc quc vcr `ao nk tcrdfoanabäk. tcrdfoanabäk. Cstk khfrdk`fðo crrðock cstë cxtcomfmk fo`nusa cotrc pcrsaoks quc cstëo fovanu`rkmks co cn duoma mc nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k, par clcdpna, Zfo`gu`i (;622), qufco khfrdk quc cn va`keunkrfa cs na dës fdpartkotc. Pfo cdekrba, dës fdpartkotc quc nk tcrdfoanabäk cs co rcknfmkm skecr `ðda cs`rfefr uo tcxta. Pcbüo Ncc-Lkgoic (;667< 70-7=), gky trcs `asks csco`fkncs pkrk trktkr `ao nas tcxtas `fcotähf`as y tæ`of`as< `aoa`cr nk cstru`turk tcxtukn co mfhcrcotcs fmfadks, fmfadks, `aoa`cr nk tcrdfoanabäk y `aoa`cr cn tcdk. 0. Cn cstfna oa cs fdpartkotc pkrk nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k tæ`of`k.. Zkrk cn kutar, cn cstfna, quc sc gk `aosfmcrkma nk dclar dkocrk mc bkrkotfzkr cn `udpnfdfcota mc nks oardks mcn fmfadk dctk, pucmc tcocr co rcknfmkm chc`tas du`ga dës prahuomas co nk `knfmkm mc nks trkmu``faocs tæ`of`ks. =. Nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k oa cs `rcktfvk, cs sfdpncdcotc uo pra`csa rcpramu`tfva mc trkoshcrco`fk. trkoshcrco`fk. Oa aestkotc, pkrk `aoscbufr fohardk`fðo mc hardk kprapfkmk y chc`tfvk, nas trkmu`tarcs tæ`of`as tfcoco quc co`aotrkr sanu`faocs nfobþästf`ks oavcmasks y `rcktfvks pkrk kscburkr cn æxfta mc nk `aduof`k`fðo. 3. Gky quc scr uo cxpcrta co uo tcdk kntkdcotc cspc`fknfzkma. cspc`fknfzkma . Oa aestkotc, cstë mcdastrkma quc uo trkmu`tar tæ`of`a quc aetcobk uo `nkra cotcomfdfcota mc nks ekscs mc nk `fco`fk y nk tc`oanabäk pucmc prapar`faokr uo euco huomkdcota pkrk mfvcrsks kpnf`k`faocs mcotra mc nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k. 8. Nk trkmu``fðo tæ`of`k sðna `aosfstc co `aoscbufr fohardk`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk.. Cn trkmu`tar tæ`of`a oa sðna tfcoc quc ma`udcotkrsc pkrk cspc`fknfzkmk aetcocr fohardk`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk, kmcdës mcec `aoa`cr co mctknncs nks `unturks mc nas fmfadks arfbco y dctk, nks `aovco`faocs tcxtukncs mcn fmfadk mc mcstfoa, nks `krk`tcrästf`ks mcn bæocra y cn tfpa mc tcxta, cn rcbfstra, cn cstfna, uo mctknnkma `aoa`fdfcota mc nas rc`cptarcs, y, `ao fomcpcomco`fk mc quc cn trkmu`tar sck `aos`fcotc mc cnna a oa, uo cotcomfdfcota mc `ðda nks pcrsaoks kprcomco y utfnfzko nk fohardk`fðo. 0.5 Eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn Nk eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn tfcoc cspc`fkn fdpartko`fk pkrk cn trkmu`tar parquc æstk rcsucnvc sus `krco`fks co cn ëdefta tcdëtf`a, tcrdfoanðbf`a y mc bæocras. Cstk `adpctco`fk cs `ao tamk praekefnfmkm uok mc nks dës fdpartkotcs. Cn pra`csa mc ma`udcotk`fðo tfcoc trcs prapðsftas prfo`fpkncs<   Kmqufrfr `aoa`fdfcotas saerc cn `kdpa tcdëtf`a.

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7

 

  Nabrkr cn madfofa mc nk tcrdfoanabäk prapfk mcn dfsda.

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  Aetcocr fohardk`fðo saerc nks oardks mc huo`faokdfcot huo`faokdfcota a mcn bæocra.

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Zkrk `udpnfr cstas prapðsftas cs oc`cskrfa quc cn trkmu`tar nncvc k `kea uok eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn kotcs mc rcknfzkr su trkekla mc hardk kdpnfk y suhf`fcotc mc k`ucrma `ao su prapfa ekbklc y `ao nk mfhf`untkm mcn tcxta. Na fmckn cs fotcbrkr cstas trcs aelctfvas sfcdprc quc sck pasfenc `ao cn prapðsfta mc sk`kr cn dëxfda pkrtfma kn pra`csa. Cn madfofa mc nk ma`udcotk`fðo `ada gcrrkdfcotk mc trkekla fdpnf`k, par uo nkma, `aoa`cr nks aerks mc rchcrco`fk mfspaofencs y skecr utfnfzkrnks y, par cn atra, scr `kpkz mc kpnf`kr uok dctamanabäk kmc`ukmk pkrk na`knfzkr rëpfmkdcotc, cvknukr y k``cmcr k nks hucotcs mc fohardk`fðo dës kprapfkmks co `kmk `ksa, ksä `ada pkrk cxtrkcr nas mktas oc`cskrfas mc cnnks co cn c n däofda tfcdpa oc`cskrfa. Nk eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn cs mc cspc`fkn fdpartko`fk pkrk na`knfzkr nks `aovco`faocs mc nas bæocras tcxtukncs, tkota co ncobuk mc pkrtfmk `ada mc nncbkmk. Zar clcdpna, co cn `ksa mc nk trkmu``fðo mc uok pktcotc tæ`of`k erftëof`k, cn tcxta mc nncbkmk tcomrë quc ktcocrsc k nks oardks dkr`kmks par nk ncbfsnk`fðo cspkûank pkrk nk prcscotk`fðo mc sanf`ftumcs, quc sao duy cstrf`tks. @ao nk ma`udcotk`fðo, aetcomrcdas fohardk`fðo saerc cn huo`faokdfcota mcn bæocra, yk quc cn tcxta `aosuntkma co ncobuk mc nncbkmk gk mc pcrtcoc`cr kn dfsda bæocra quc cn tcxta mc pkrtfmk. Co cstc `ksa, nk gkefnfmkm `aosfstc co scr `kpkz mc fmcotfhf`kr y na`knfzkr nas tcxtas pkrkncnas mcotra mc nk ma`udcotk`fðo cspc`fknfzkmk, y skecr cxtrkcr nas rksbas täpf`as. Co nk k`tuknfmkm, oa pamcdas mclkr mc dco`faokr nk `rc`fcotc utfnfmkm mc Fotcroct, quc paoc k mfspasf`fðo mcn trkmu`tar tkota hucotcs ma`udcotkncs, `ada efenfabrëhf`ks y tcrdfoanðbf`ks. Æstc gk mc skecr utfnfzkr nks gcrrkdfcotks mc eüsqucmk kmc`ukmks y `aoa`cr nas dætamas mc cvknuk`fðo mc nk fohardk`fðo ahrc`fmk, quc sc rfbc par uoas `rftcrfas cspc`ähf`as, `ada sao nk kutaräk, `aotcofma, k``csa y mfscûa (Zknadkrcs, ;666< ;26). 0.0. Zraencdks tcrdfoanðbf`as y ma`udcotkncs Cn trkmu`tar mcec sanu`faokr nas praencdks mc äomanc tcrdfoanðbf`k =  y ma`udcotkn, mc dama quc pucmk cotrcbkr uo tcxta dctk kmc`ukma. Oa sc trktk mc =

 Mc brko fotcræs y utfnfmkm rcsuntk nk  aerk mc P.  Z KXCN V M. OANC]< Gkomeaai ah ]crdfoanaby. Attkwk< Zuenf` Raris kom Bavcrodcot Pcrvf`cs @kokmk, 5::;. 6

 

quc uok tfpanabäk sck dës `adpnf`kmk quc atrk, yk quc nk `adpnclfmkm mcpcomcrë mcn `ksa `ao`rcta quc oas a`upc. K `aotfouk`fðo, koknfzkrcdas knbuoas clcdpnas mc praencdks mc äomanc ma`udcotkn y tcrdfoanðbf`k cxtrkämas mc @adp]FK Pc`urfty +.

0.0.; @aotcxtuknfzk`fðo @aotcxtuknfzk`fðo mc nk tcdëtf`k Co cn `ksa mcn dkoma aelcta mc cstumfa gcdas mc rcscûkr quc nk fotramu``fðo mcn nfera huc huomkdcotkn k nk gark mc `aotcxtuknfzkr su tcdëtf`k< Fotramu``fðo Pf sc cstë prcpkrkoma pkrk prcscotkrsc kn cxkdco Pc`urfty+, oa `kec ofobuok mumk mc quc cstë fotcrcskma co co`aotrkr cn dëxfda mc fohardk`fðo pasfenc rcnk`faokmk `ao nk fohardëtf`k y nk scburfmkm häsf`k. @ukotas dës mktas tcobk k su mfspasf`fðo y dkyar cxpcrfco`fk kmqufcrk, dclar prcpkrkma cstkrë pkrk cohrcotkrsc kn cxkdco. Cstk buäk mc cstumfa cstë rcmk`tkmk `ao csk fmck. Cn aelctfva cs prapar`faokr suhf`fcotc dktcrfk pkrk `uerfr cn tcdkrfa mcn cxkdco, pcra mcdksfkmk y saerc`krbkrnc `ao fohardk`fðo quc cstæ hucrk mcn ëdefta mc nk oa prucek. Cstc nfera prcscotk cn dktcrfkn co uo ofvcn tæ`of`a fotcrdcmfa. ]amas nas `aoa`fdfcotas y cxpcrfco`fk quc tcobk rcnk`fðo `ao `ao`cptas mc scburfmkm, sfstcdks apcrktfvas y mc kpnf`k`fðo nc scrëo ütfncs pkrk scr tatkndcotc `aos`fcotc mc nas rctas k nas quc sc cohrcotkrë `ada prahcsfaokn mc nk scburfmkm. Pc gko fo`nufma `ucstfaocs mc rcpksa kn hfokn mc `kmk `kpätuna pkrk quc tcobk uok fmck mc nks prcbuotks mcn cxkdco. Pf yk gk trkeklkma co cn `kdpa mc nk scburfmkm, cs rc`adcomkenc quc `adprucec prfdcra nks prcbuotks `ao cn hfo mc mctcrdfokr cn ofvcn mc sus `adpctco`fks. K `aotfouk`fðo, utfnf`c cn nfera pkrk `uerfr nks nkbuoks mc su hardk`fðo k`tukn. Cstk buäk mc cstumfa nc kyumkrë k `adpnctkr su eksc mc `aoa`fdfcota kotcs mc prcscotkrsc kn cxkdco. Pf pucmc rcspaomcr kn 6: par `fcota a dës mc nks prcbuotks mc rcpksa co uo `kpätuna, mumc co pkskry vucnvk k atra. kPf,fotcotkrna. par cn `aotrkrfa, oa pucmc rcspaomcrnks mc hardk oa `arrc`tk, rcnækna Pu puotuk`fðo mcecräk dclarkr. Zkrk kearmkr uo prayc`ta mc trkmu``fðo mc cstc tfpa, cn trkmu`tar mcec tcocr uoks `nkrks oa`faocs mc fohardëtf`k co bcocrkn. Mc na `aotrkrfa, nc scrë rckndcotc mfhä`fn cotcomcr nk tcdëtf`k mcn tcxta y tamas nas tærdfoas y `ao`cptas quc æstc fo`nuyc. Kuoquc pucmk rc`urrfr k uok eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn, sfo uo ekbklc prcvfa par pkrtc mcn trkmu`tar, æstk scräk rckndcotc cxtcosk y `adpnclk.

0.0.5 Na`knfzk`fðo Na`knfzk`fðo mc nk tfpanabäk mc uo `kdpa `ao`rcta ;:

 

So clcdpna mc praencdk ma`udcotkn cs na`knfzkr tamk nk tfpanabäk mc uo `kdpa `ao`rcta9 par clcdpna, uoa mc nas `kdpas quc tuvfdas quc fovcstfbkr huc cn mc nas tfpas mc vfrus fohardëtf`as< Xfrus< Zrabrkdk quc prctcomc `kuskr mkûas co uo armcokmar. Nas vfrus dës sahfstf`kmas cstëo `fhrkmas y sc a`untko co uo armcokmar. Zucmc quc oa kpkrcz`ko gkstk quc cn usukrfa nncvc k `kea knbuok k``fðo a gkstk uok hc`gk cspc`ähf`k. Xæksc tkdefæo Kotfvfrus Kotfvfrus.. Xfrus k`adpkûkotc< Xfrus quc `rck uo oucva prabrkdk quc sc clc`utk co nubkr mcn prabrkdk cspcrkma `ao cn dfsda oaderc. Xfrus enfomkma< So vfrus enfomkma cstë mfscûkma pkrk quc sck mfhä`fn mctc`tkrna a koknfzkrna. Nk mfhf`untkm rc`kc co quc æstc pucmc cstkr cs`rfta mc tkn dama quc knbuoas prabrkdks tcobko praencdks pkrk k``cmcr y cotcomcr su `ðmfba. Xfrus mc dk`ra< Xfrus mc cxpnatk`fðo mc sahtwkrc quc huo`faok utfnfzkoma nk `krk`tcrästf`k dk`ra quc fo`nuyco du`gks kpnf`k`faocs. Xfrus hkba`fta< Xfrus quc damfhf`k y kntcrk atras prabrkdks y ekscs mc mktas. Xfrus fovfsfenc< Xfrus quc fotcotk cvftkr nk mctc``fðo codks`krëomasc mcsmc nks kpnf`k`faocs. Xfrus düntfpnc< Xfrus quc ktkquc k uo sfstcdk mc vkrfks dkocrks. Zkrk rcsanvcr cstc praencdk cn trkmu`tar mcec rcknfzkr uok eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn co hucotcs hfkencs y trkmu`fr mc hardk kmc`ukmk `kmk tfpa mc vfrus scbüo nks `aovco`faocs mc utfnfzk`fðo co nk ncobuk dctk. 0.0.0 Nk trkmu``fðo mc sfbnks Nk trkmu``fðo mc sfbnks cs, co cstc `ksa, uo praencdk mc äomanc `ao`cptukn y tcrdfoanðbf`k quc tkdefæo rcqufcrc mc uok eüsqucmk ma`udcotkn. Kmcdës, cn trkmu`tar mcec kmkptkr su prcscotk`fðo k nks cspc`fhf`k`faocs mc nk cmftarfkn quc puenf`krë cn nfera co ncobuk dctk. Ahrc`cdas knbuoas clcdpnas mc sfbnks quc kpkrc`co co oucstra dkoukn< K@I ( K`ioawncmbd  K`ioawncmbdcot  cot , rc`aoa`fdfcota)< Dcosklc quc `aohfrdk quc sc gk rc`fefma uo pkquctc mc mktas. Cn rc`aoa`fdfcota cs uok huo`fðo mc ]@Z quc sc pramu`c co nk `kpk ]rkospartc mc nas damcnas APF (Apco Pystcds Fotcr`aooc`tfao, Fotcr`aocxfðo mc sfstcdks kefcrtas) y ]@Z/FZ. K@N ( K``css @aotran Nfst , Nfstk mc `aotran mc k``csa)< ]kenk a kr`gfva mc mktas quc cspc`fhf`k sf uo usukrfa a brupa mc cnnas tfcoc k``csa k uo rc`ursa cspc`ähf`a mcn armcokmar a mc nk rcm. KM-FMP ( Koadkny-mctc`tfao FMP , FMP mc mctc``fðo mc koadknäks)< Huo`faok eus`koma koadknäks co nas pktraocs mc trëhf`a mc rcm gkeftukn. KCP ( Kmvko`cm Co`ryptfao Ptkomkrm , Cstëomkr mc `fhrkma kvkozkma)< Zuenf`k`fðo mc HFZP quc cspc`fhf`k cn knbarftda `rfptabrëhf`a quc utfnfzk cn ;;

 

baefcroa mc nas CC.SS. Xæksc tkdefæo HFZP ( Hcmcrkn Fohardktfao Zra`cssfob Ptkomkrm , Cstëomkrcs Hcmcrkncs mc Zra`cskdfcota mc nk Fohardk`fðo). KCP538< Fdpncdcotk`fðo mcn Cstëomkr mc `fhrkma kvkozkma (KCP) quc utfnfzk uo `fhrkma mc 538-efts. KG ( Kutgcotf`ktfao Gckmcr , Co`keczkma mc kutcotf`k`fðo)< Co`keczkma quc sc utfnfzk pkrk prapar`faokr fotcbrfmkm sfo `aocxfðo y kutcotf`k`fðo mcn arfbco mc nas mktas pkrk nas mktkbrkdks FZ y pkrk ahrc`cr pratc``fðo hrcotc k rcpramu``faocs. KNC ( Koouknfzcm Nass Cxpc`tko`y , Cxpc`tktfvk mc pærmfmk kouknfzkmk)< @ën`una quc sc utfnfzk pkrk fmcotfhf`kr nas rfcsbas y `kn`unkr nks pærmfmks cspcrkmks pkrk `kmk kûa. 0.= Cstrktcbfks mc trkmu``fðo Cn trkmu`tar mfspaoc mc mfstfotks tæ`of`ks `ukoma nk eüsqucmk tcrdfoanðbf`k rcsuntk fohru`tuask. Co nks eüsqucmks tcrdfoanðbf`ks mc tfpa puotukn, cn trkmu`tar rcqufcrc cn cqufvkncotc mc uo tærdfoa `ao`rcta co ncobuk mc nncbkmk. Cn dætama `aosfstc co `aosuntkr uok aerk mc rchcrco`fk mc tfpa tcrdfoanðbf`a9 co cstc `ksa, cn trkmu`tar clcr`c mc usukrfa mc nk tcrdfoanabäk. Zar atrk pkrtc, co nks eüsqucmks mc tfpa sc`tarfkn, sc `cotrk co uo `aoluota mc tærdfoas co uo ëdefta tæ`of`a `ao`rcta. Pu pkpcn cs dës k`tfva y rc`urrc k nk ma`udcotk`fðo par dcmfa mc tcxtas cspc`fknfzkmas, na quc nc pcrdftc aetcocr uok nfstk mc tærdfoas rcnktfvas kn `kdpa `ao`rcta `ao cn quc cstë trkeklkoma. Atrk väk quc pucmc rcsuntkr huomkdcotkn cs nk `aosuntk k cspc`fknfstks, sfcdprc quc sc kpnfquc nk cstrktcbfk kmc`ukmk, rcknfzkoma prcbuotks `ao`rctks y sftuëomanks co uo madfofa mctcrdfokma. Gucnbk mc`fr quc cn prapfa trkmu`tar mcec fr kmqufrfcoma uo ekbklc tcrdfoanðbf`a k trkvæs mc nk nc`turk ksfmuk mc tcxtas tæ`of`as quc kpkrc`co co nk prcosk bcocrkn a cspc`fknf cspc`fknfzkmk zkmk y co nas kouo`fas tæ`of`as. Oa aestkotc, sf cstk eüsqucmk tcrdfoanðbf`k rcsuntk fohru`tuask, parquc nk cqufvknco`fkk cotrc ncobuks cs pkr`fkn a ounk, cn trkmu`tar mfspaoc mc trcs tæ`of`ks pkrk cqufvknco`f sanu`faokr cn praencdk<  præstkda, ocanabfsda a  pkrëhrksfs (`ada scûknëekdas co cn kpkrtkma =.5.=). @ukoma sc mc`fmc par knbuok mc nks mas prfdcrks, fmckndcotc mcec `aosuntkr k uo cspc`fknfstk co tcrdfoanabäk, yk quc nk kpkrf`fðo mc præstkdas y ocanabfsdas oa `aotrankmas supaoc uo pcnfbra pkrk nk krdaofzk`fðo fotcrok`faokn mc nas tærdfoas, y kn dfsda tfcdpa hkvarc`c nk cx`csfvk pranfhcrk`fðo mc sfoðofdas.

0.3 Zasturks rcnk`faokmks `ao nas pra`csas mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks ;5

 

Zar atrk pkrtc, `kec mcstk`kr ercvcdcotc knbuoks pasturks rcnk`faokmks `ao nas pra`csas mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks. So puota `nkvc co nas cstumfas saerc nas pra`csas mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks cs cn `krë`tcr cstrktæbf`a quc mceco pasccr `ao cn hfo mc `aoscbufr uok dkyar chc`tfvfmkm. Mc k`ucrma `ao Zaza ct kn. (;66=< 02), „nk sanu`fðo mc praencdks rcqufcrc quc cn cotrcokdfcota tæ`of`a sc `adpncdcotc `ao uo `aoa`fdfcota cstrktæbf`a quc pcrdftk utfnfzkr csks tæ`of`ks mc dama mcnfecrkma co cn `aotcxta mc tkrcks a sftuk`faocs kefcrtks, quc kmdftco sanu`faocs mfvcrsks, k nks quc nnkdkdas praencdks—. Co cstc scotfma, nas dfsdas kutarcs khfrdko quc oudcrasas cstumfas rcnk`faokmas `ao nas pra`csas mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks gko mcdastrkma quc „nas cxpcrtas oa sðna sao dës rëpfmas y `adctco dcoas crrarcs co nk sanu`fðo mc praencdks sfoa quc, saerc tama, kmaptko cstrktcbfks mfhcrcotcs k nks cdpnckmks par nas oavktas— (;66=< 06). K pkrtfr mc cstks fovcstfbk`faocs, rcknfzkmks co su dkyar pkrtc `ao praencdks efco mchfofmas, sc mcsprcomc quc nas cxpcrtas sucnco fovcrtfr dcoas tfcdpa co nk rcsanu`fðo mc uo praencdk mc su `kdpa mc `aoa`fdfcota parquc rc`aoa`co `ao dës hk`fnfmkm cn praencdk `ada uok sftuk`fðo `aoa`fmk, `ao na quc, mc dama dës a dcoas kutadëtf`a, cstkenc`co, sfbufcoma nk tcrdfoanabäk mc Zanyk (;6=3), cn pnko mc k``fðo kmc`ukma quc clc`utko `ao rkpfmcz y chf`k`fk. Co rcnk`fðo `ao nk kmqufsf`fðo mc mcstrczks cspc`ähf`ks co uok mctcrdfokmk dktcrfk, Komcrsao (;670) khfrdk quc nk sanu`fðo cxpcrtk mc uo praencdk fdpnf`k nk `aovcrsfðo mc uo `aoa`fdfcota vcrekn a mc`nkrktfva, `aosfstcotc co fostru``faocs a rcbnks, co uok sc`uco`fk mc pra`cmfdfcotas clc`utkmas mc hardk rëpfmk y kutadktfzkmk, a mf`ga mc atra dama, fdpnf`k nncbkr k `aovcrtfr uo tfpa mc `aoa`fdfcota mc`nkrktfva mc`nkrktfva co uo `aoa`fdfcota mc tfpa apcrktfva. Csta cs vftkn pkrk oucstrk prahcsfðo, yk quc na quc sc prctcomc kn cstumfkr cstas pra`csas cstrktæbf`as y mc nas apcrkmarcs quc nas `aostftuyco cs prc`fskdcotc nncbkr k gk`cr mc`nkrktfva uo pra`csa cdfocotcdcotc apcrktfva. Pfo cdekrba, cn `kdfoa gk`fk uok mchfof`fðo prc`fsk mc na quc `aostftuyc csc `aoa`fdfcota apcrktfva oa cstë cxcota mc aestë`unas (mcefmas prfo`fpkndcotc k nk mfhf`untkm quc supaoc k``cmcr k nas pra`csas quc tfcoco nubkr co nk dcotc gudkok), mc kgä cn quc du`gas fotcotas mc vcreknfzkr cstas pra`csas kutadëtf`as y oa vcrekncs oa gkyko nabrkma su prapðsfta. Kn rctadkr nk mfstfo`fðo mc Zanyk (;6=3) cotrc pra`csas gcurästf`as y pra`csas knbarätdf`as mc rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks, Zaza ct kn. (;66=< =:) mc`nkrko quc „nk ;0

 

sanu`fðo cxpcrtk mc praencdks sc eksk co brko dcmfmk co nk kpnf`k`fðo mc pra`cmfdfcotas tæ`of`as, dës quc co cn usa mcnfecrkma c fotco`faokn mc cstrktcbfks—. Pfo cdekrba, cstk kutadktfzk`fðo mc tæ`of`ks, pramu`ta mc nk prë`tf`k, mf`co, pcrdftc nfecrkr rc`ursas `aboftfvas quc gk`co quc nk `aomu`tk cxpcrtk sck tkdefæo dës chf`kz `ukoma sc cohrcotk k „vcrmkmcras praencdks—, cs mc`fr, k sftuk`faocs quc oa pucmco scr hë`fndcotc rcmu`fmks k `ktcbaräks yk `aoa`fmks. Nk vcotklk mc nas cxpcrtas co csc pra`csa cstrktæbf`a cstrktæbf`a (cs mc`fr, oa kutadktfzkma) pkrc`c rcsfmfr rcsfmfr co cn dkyar `aotran quc clcr`co saerc sus pra`csas mc sanu`fðo. Cstk mfstfo`fðo cotrc pra`cmfdfcotas tæ`of`as y cstrktcbfks oas nncvk k uok mc nks `ucstfaocs `cotrkncs co nas cstumfas saerc nas apcrkmarcs mcn pra`csa trkmu`tar. ]æ`of`ks, pra`cmfdfcotas, pra`cmfdfcotas tæ`of`as, cstrktcbfks sao tærdfoas quc a efco rc`feco uo dfsda trktkdfcota, a efco vfcoco k rchcrfrsc k `ao`cptas efco mfstfotas. Nk mfstfo`fðo mc Zaza ct kn. (;66=), co cstc scotfma, mcecrë scrvfroas mc puota mc pkrtfmk pkrk `adprcomcr dclar nk vcrmkmcrk tfpanabäk mc apcrkmarcs quc k`tüko murkotc cn pra`csa mc trkmu``fðo, sfo par cnna anvfmkr quc cstkdas gkenkoma mc uo dfsda tfpa mc `aoa`fdfcota. Co cstc scotfma, pamcdas mc`fr quc nas apcrkmarcs mcn pra`csa trkmu`tar, co nk hardk quc hucrc, sao huomkdcotkncs pkrk nk rcsanu`fðo mc praencdks y, co `aosc`uco`fk, huomkdcotkncs pkrk nk `adpctco`fk trkmu`tark. K `aotfouk`fðo ahrc`cdas knbuoas clcdpnas mc cstks tæ`of`ks a cstrktcbfks mc trkmu``fðo quc sc cdpncko `ukoma nk eüsqucmk tcrdfoanðbf`k rcsuntk fohru`tuask. Cstëo cxtrkämks mc nk `ftkmk trkmu``fðo prapfk rcknfzkmk co kbasta mc 5:;;, aelcta mc cstumfa co cn prcscotc trkekla< @adp]FK Pc`urfty +.   Zræstkda< Ekla præstkdas puras sc kbrupko knbuoks va`cs quc gko sfma

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kmaptkmks mfrc`tkdcotc mcn fobnæs. Kuoquc sc sucnco dkotcocr (par na dcoas co su hardk cs`rftk) hfcncs kn tærdfoa arfbfokn, pucmco tkdefæo kmkptkrsc k nks oardks haoadarhanðbf`ks mcn cspkûan y ducstrko, co dkyar a dcoar dcmfmk, uo rchncla mc nk praouo`fk`fðo arfbfokn (Daotcra Hnctk, 5::=). Co apfofðo mc Bkr`äk Vcerk (;676< 00=), cn præstkda trktk mc nncokr uok nkbuok co nk ncobuk rc`cptark, nkbuok bcocrkndcotc rcnk`faokmk `ao uok tæ`of`k oucvk, `ao uo `ao`cpta mcs`aoa`fma cotrc nas gkenkotcs mc cstk ncobuk. Nk ksfdfnk`fðo mcn va`kena fobnæs par pkrtc mcn cspkûan cs tatkn. Bcocrkndcotc sc trktk mc `ao`cptas oucvas quc tkdefæo co fobnæs gko sfma k`uûkmas a gko kdpnfkma su sfbofhf`kma pkrk mkr oadercs k `ao`cptas focxfstcotcs. Knbuoas clcdpnas mc præstkdas mcotra mc oucstra `arpus sao nas sfbufcotcs< ;=

 

"Zkrk quc huo`faoc, Cvko tcomräk quc gkecr k``cmfma rc`fcotcdcotc kn sftfa Rce mcn eko`a y tcocr uok `aaifc quc tamkväk oa gkyk cxpfrkma." @aaifc< Kr`gfva mc tcxta sfdpnc kndk`cokma co su dëqufok quc `aotfcoc @aaifc< fohardk`fðo fohardk`fð o saerc ustcm (y sus prchcrco`fks) y pucmc utfnfzkrna cn scrvfmar.   @kn`a< Cs uo kobnf`fsda scdëotf`a, yk quc khc`tk k uo sfbofhf`kma pcrhc`tkdcotc

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ktcomfma par uok pknkerk cspkûank arfbfokn (Daotcra Hnctk, 5::=)9 nk fohnuco`fk apcrk co cstc `ksa co na quc sc rchfcrc k nk scdëotf`k. @ada scûknkrk Bkr`äk Vcerk (;676< 0=0)< "Cn `kn`a tfcoc nk vcotklk mc gk`cr quc nas ncobuklcs tæ`of`as rcsuntco hë`fndcotc `adprcosfencs pkrk gkenkotcs oa cspc`fknfzkmas". (Pfo cdekrba, pcoskdas quc knbuoas oa rcspaomco dës quc k uok dknk a prc`fpftkmk trkmu``fðo (Daotcra ct kn, ;660). Xckdas knbuoas clcdpnas< Naap pratc`tfao fs k sfdfnkr hckturc tgkt waris fo nkycr 5 swft`gfob `aohfburktfaos kom fs fotcomcm ta prcvcot erakm`kst naaps. Rgco `aohfburfob ft fo dast systcds, yau `ko `gaasc ta mfskenc erakm`kst harwkrmfob kom pratc`t kbkfost mupnf`ktc KUZ rcqucsts (tgasc gkvfob tgc skdc tkrbct prata`an kmmrcss). Nk pratc``fðo mcn eu`nc cs uok `krk`tcrästf`k `krk`tcrästf`k sfdfnkr quc huo`faok co nk `kpk 5 mc nks `aohfburk`faocs mc `aodutk`fðo y cstë fmckmk pkrk cvftkr nas eu`ncs mc mfhusfðo. @ukoma sc `aohfburk co nk dkyaräk mc nas sfstcdks, pucmc prchcrfr mcsgkefnftkr mcsgkefnftkr nk trkoshcrco`f trkoshcrco`fkk mc mfhusfðo y cstkenc`cr uok pratc``fðo hrcotc k nks sanf`ftumcs KUZ mupnf`kmks (nks quc tfcoco nk dfsdk mfrc``fðo mc prata`ana mc mcstfoa). Ufsis Kssa`fktcm wftg @naum @adputfob

Ufcsbas ksa`fkmas k nk `adputk`fðo co ouec 3 

3

 Gk`c pa`asctfcdpa quck`ucrma nk papunkrfmkm `adputk`fðo co co ouec gk cdpczkma k `rc`cr, pcra duy pa`as paoco mc k nk garkmcn mc tærdfoa mctcrdfokr quæ sfbofhf`k rcknfmkm. ;3

 

  Ocanabfsda< Nas ocanabfsdas sao va`cs oucvks k pkrtfr mc cncdcotas

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prccxfstcotcs, dcmfkotc nk oc`cskrfk kmkptk`fðo scdëotf`k, a pucmco rcsuntkr `rck`faocs tatkndcotc oucvks y arfbfokncs (Daotcra Hnctk, 5::=< =8). Pu `rck`fðo pucmc rcspaomcr k uok oc`csfmkm rckn, yk quc sao tærdfoas quc gk`co rchcrco`fk k fovcotas, pra`csas a dëqufoks oucvks. Oa aestkotc, co a`ksfaocs, sao `nkrkdcotc folustfhf`kmas, yk quc kuoquc cxfstc uok pknkerk cqufvkncotc co nk ncobuk cspkûank, sc rc`urrc kn tærdfoa fobnæs, nncbkoma k kmkptkrna scbüo nks pkutks artabrëhf`ks, darhanðbf`ks y haoanðbf`ks mcn cspkûan. Nk tcrdfoanabäk cspc`ähf`k mcn duoma mc nk fohardëtf`k prcscotk uo `ucrpa keuomkotc mc ocanabfsdas (cl. fof`fknfzkr, arbkofbrkdk, ct`). Gky quc tcocr co `ucotk quc kn utfnfzkr uo ocanabfsda, mcecdas kscburkdas mc quc oas kpartk dës `nkrfmkm y prc`fsfðo quc `uknqufcr pknkerk yk `aoskbrkmk co oucstra næxf`a. Koknf`cdas knbuoas clcdpnas na`knfzkmas na`knfzkmas co oucstra `arpus< "Co uok NKO, nas gast pucmco `aduof`krsc cotrc sä utfnfzkoma nks mfhusfaocs y oa oc`csftko mfspasftfvas mc rccoväa, `ada corutkmarcs." Corutkmar