Didáctica de Biologia II
February 20, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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[N@WKV]@HDHK MDXÝC@MD HK LIÊDLF@T[K Mkntri hk Kns`ni å H`stænm`d
Ldnudc hk mursi hk c`mknm`dturd kl Kns`ni hk F`icij`d H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F5586
H`rk`tis H`rk `tis hk dutir dutir (mipyr`jbt) (mipyr`jb t) Kstk ldnudc à pripr`khdhk hd [n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk, Mkntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d (MKH) k mintàl rkskrvdhis tihis is h`rk`tis. À pri`f`hd d hupc`mdêíi iu rkprihuêíi hkstk ldnudc, ni sku tihi iu kl pdrtks, sif qud`squkr girlds iu pir qud`squkr lk`is (kckmtrýn`mis, lkmæn`mi, jrdvdêíi, gitimýp`d iu iutris), skl pkrl`ssíi kxprkssd hk knt`hdhk kh`tird ([n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk-Mkntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d). I níi mulpr`lknti hkstd dhvkrtïnm`d à pdss`vkc d primkssis ouh`m`d`s.
Kcdfirdhi Uir? hr. ]àrj`i Hdn`kc Drtur C`mknm`dhi kl Kns`ni hk Tuìl`md pkcd [n`vkrs`hdhk Ukhdjýj`md-Hkckjdêíi hd Fk`rd. Miirhkndhir, Himkntk k Micdfirdhir hi Mkntri Mknt ri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d (MKH) hd [n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk-[ML, ni Mursis hk Tuìl`md k F`icij`d
[n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc` Mdtýc` md hk Liêdlf`quk Mk Mkntri ntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d-M H`stænm`d-MKH KH Vud Mirrk`rd hk Fr`ti Ni 74=-Uintd-Jïd Liêdlf`quk-Fk`rd Xkckgink? 6= =6 78 5; Mkc? 26 ;5 42 88 5 Gdx?6= =6 78 57 K-ld`c?mkhEuml.dm.lz Zkfs`tk? www..uml.dm.lz
Djrdhkm`lkntis D [n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk-Mkntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d k i dutir hi prkskntk ldnudc, hr.]àrj`i Hdn`kc Drtur, djrdhkmkl d micdfirdêíi his skju`ntks `nh`vìhuis k `nst`tu`êûks nd kckfirdêíi hkstk ldnudc.
Ukcd mintr`fu`êíi hi mintkÿhi.
hr. NdgtdckOisà Ndgtdc, C`mknm`dhi Kns`ni hk Tuìl`md F` icij`d F`icij`d pkcd [U-Fk`rd.kl Micdfirdhir hi Mkntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d H`st ænm`d (MKH) hd [n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk-[ML k hd [n`zdlfkzk-Fk`rd
@custrdêíi k ldqukt`zdêíi
hr. ]àrj`i H. Drtur ” Miirhkndhir k himkntk hk mursis hk F`icij`d k Tuìl`md hi MKH-[ML
Ukcd rkv`síi c`njuìst`md
hr. Kstïvíi D. C. Drdÿoi (Himkntk nd [MLMKH)1
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
`
Ình`mk W`síi jkrdc
4
Fknv`nhi d H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ .............................................................................. 4 Ifokmt`vis hd mdhk`rd .................................................................................................... 4 Tukl hkvkr`d kstuhdr kstd Mili kstä kstruturdhd kstk mdhk`rd mdhk`rd................................................................................. ................................................................................ 46 Ìminks hk dmt`v`hdhk ...................................................................................................... 6 Dmkrmd Dmkr md his ìmin ìminks ks................. ............................... ............................. ............................. ................................ ............................ ..........= Bdf`c`hdhks hk kstuhi .................................................................................................... = Urkm`sd Urkm` sd hk dpi`i9.................. ............................. ............................. ................................ ................................ ............................... ............................ ...............= Xdrkgds (dvdc`dêíi k duti-dvdc`dêíi) .............................................................................. 8 Dvdc`dêíi Dvdc` dêíi ........... ......................... ................................ ............................. ............................. ................................ ............................... ............................... ................ 8
[n`hdhks [n`h dhks hk Kstuhi -H -H`h. `h. hk F`ici F`icij` j`dd @@ (F5586) (F5586)-Mintkÿhis -Mintkÿhis Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`ic F`icij`d ij`d
:
[n`hdhk 4 Mintkÿhi hds Ducds hk F`icij`d ............ ...................... .................... ..................... ......................... ....................... ......... : [n`hdhk 6 Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`m H`hämt`mis is k d Ming`jurdêíi hk Kn Kns`ni. s`ni. ............... ............................. ..................... ....... 44 [n`hdhk = Dmt`v`hdhk M Mijn`t`vds ijn`t`vds his Dc Dcunis. unis. ............ ........................ .................... ................... ..................... ................. ....... 4; [n`hdhk Jkrd` Jkrd`s hi Kn Kns`ni s`nihkhkF`icij` F`icij` F`icij`d. ......... ..................... ....................... ...................... .................. ....... 6; 40 [n`hdhk 8; Mintkÿhis Urijrdldêíi hi sMintkÿhi F`icij`d. d. d. .......... ...................... ...................... .................... ..................... ........... [n`hdhk 7 Urimkssi hk Girldêíi hk Minmk Minmk`tis. `tis. .............. ........................... ....................... ..................... .................... ......... 60
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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W`síi jkrdc Fknv`nhi d H`hämt`m H`hämt`mdd hk F`icij`d F`ic ij`d @@
D mdhk`rd hk H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ kstuhd is minmk`tis mkntrd`s trdtdhis ni kns`ni hk F`icij`d d nìvkc hi 4¿ k 6¿ m`mci rkspkmt`vdlkntk. Hkfruêd-sk tdlfàl dmkrmd hd girld hk trdtdlknti hk h`gkrkntks minmk`tis gunhdlkntd`s, quk girldl fdsk sýc`hds pdrd d ckmm`indêíi hd prkskntk h`sm`pc`nd. D dmt`v`hdhk hk himkntk knvicvkl kl pr`lk`ri cujdr d pcdn`g`mdêíi k his`g`mdêíi his mintkÿhis hk uld girld å h`rkmm`indr tihi ul minounti hk dmt`v`hdhk, à hk jrdnhk `lpirtænm`d pi`s mr`dl uld ldtr`z hk ir`kntdêíi dis himkntks/prigkssirks hk F`icij`d.
Ifokmt`vis hd mdhk`rd Tudnhi tkrl`ndr i kstuhi hd H`hämt`md H`hämt` md hk F`icij`d @@. I kstuhdntk (mursdntk) skrä mdpdz hk?
Minbkmkr is minmk`tis mbdvks hi Kns`ni hk F`icij`d mili
milpinkntk gunhdlkntdc nd ärkd hk himïnm`d. H`st`nju`r is h`gkrkntks nìvk`s hk trdtdlknti his minmk`tis ksmicb`his
ni kns`ni hk F`icij`d. Kstdfkckmkr uld c`jdêíi hk `ntkrh`sm`pc`ndr`hdhk hds ldtàr`ds
Ifokmt`vis
skckmm`indhds. Dpc`mdr is làtihis hk dprknh`his kl h`vkrsds s`tudêíi hd
ckmm`indêíi hd h`sm`pc`nd.
Tukl hkvkr`d kstuhdr kstd Tukl mdhk`rd Kstk ldnudc hd mdhk`rd hk H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@, gi` minmkf`hi pdrd tihis dqukcks quk quk grkqukntdl grkqukntdl i 8¿ dni hi mursi mursi hk c`mknm`dturd kl kns`ni hk F`icij`d hi prijrdld hk girldêíi hk prigkssirks kl kxkrmìm`i, l`n`strdhi pkci MKH hd [ML, k pdrd dqukcks quk hkskodl minsic`hdr skus minbkm`lkntis kl H`hämt`md Jkrdc, H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @, pir girld quk skodl mdpdzks hk milprkknhkrkl lkcbir ds gkrrdlkntds kssknm`d`s ni kns`ni hk F`icij`d.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Mili kstä kstruturdhi kstrut urdhi kstk lýhuci Xihis is ldnud`s hds mdhk`rds his mursis igkrkm`his pkcd [n`vkrs`hdhk Mdtýc`md hk Liêdlf`quk-Mkntri hk Kns`ni ed H`stænm`d ([ML-MKH) knmintrdl-sk kstruturdhis hd skju`ntk ldnk`rd? Uäj`nds Uäj`nds `ntrihutýr`ds [l ình`mk milpckti.
[ld v`síi jkrdc hktdcbdhd hd mdhk`rd, rksul`nhi is dspkmtis-mbdvk
quk vimï prkm`sd minbkmkr pdrd milpcktdr i kstuhi. V Vkmilk kmilknhdlis nhdlis v`vdlkntk quk ck`d kstd skmêíi mil dtknêíi dntks dnt ks hk milkêdr i sku kstuhi.
Mintkÿhi hd mdhk`rd D mdhk`rd kstä kstruturdhd kl un`hdhks hk dprknh`zdjkl. Mdhd un`hdhk `nmcu`rä, i tkld, uld `ntrihuêíi , ifokmt`vis hd un`hdhk, mintkÿhi hd un`hdhk `nmcu`nhi dmt`v`hdhks hk dprknh` zdjkl, ul sulär`i hd un`hdhk k uld iu ld`s dmt`v`hdhks pdrd duti-dvdc`dêíi. Iutris rkmursis Udrd qukl kstkod `ntkrkssdhi kl dprknhkr ld`s, dprkskntdlis uld c`std hk rkmursis dh`m`ind`s pdrd vimï v imï kxpcirdr. Kstks rkmursis pihkl `nmcu`r c`vris, drt`jis iu s`tks nd `ntkrnkt. Xdrkgds h k dvdc`dêíi k/iu Duti -dvdc`dêíi Xdrkgds -dvdc`dêíi Xdrkgds hk dvdc`dêíi pdrd kstd mdhk`rd, knmintrdl-sk ni g`ndc hk mdhd un`hdhk. ]klprk quk nkmkssär`i, híi-sk gicbds `nh`v`hud`s pdrd hksknvicvkr ds tdrkgds, dss`l mili `nstruêûks pdrd ds milpcktdr. Kstks kcklkntis knmintrdl-sk ni g`ndc hi ldnudc. Milkntär`is k sujkstûks Kstd àdd kstruturd sud ipirtun`hdhk pdrd hd nismdhk`rd. hdr sujkstûks gdzkr milkntär`is sifrk k i mintkÿhi Is skuskmilkntär`is skríi ÿtk`s pdrd nis douhdr d dvdc`dr k lkcbirdr kstk kstk ldnudc.
Ìminks hk dmt`v`hdhk dmt`v `hdhk Di cinji hkstk ldnudc `rä knmintrdr uld sàr`k hk ìminks nds ldrjkns hds gicbds. Kstks `minks skrvkl pdrd `hknt`g`mdr h`gkrkntks pdrtks hi primkssi hk dprknh`zdjkl. Uihkl `nh`mdr uld pdrmkcd kspkmìg`md hk tkxti, uld nivd dmt`v`hdhk iu tdrkgd, uld luhdnêd hk dmt`v`hdhk, ktm.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=
Dmkrmd his ìminks Is ìminks usdhis nkstk ldnudc síi sìlficis dgr`mdnis, minbkm`his pir dhr`nad. Kstks sìlficis tïl ir`jkl ni pivi Dsbdntk hk h k Ägr`md Im`hkntdc, hdtdl hi sàmuci 4: k d`nhd d`n hd sk usdl biok kl h`d.
Bdf`c`hdhks hk kstuhi Mdri kstuhdntk, primurk icbdr pdrd vimï kl trïs h`lknsûks nilkdhdlkntk? I cdhi sim`dc, prigkss`indc k kstuhdntk, hd` skr `lpirtdntk pcdn`g`mdr lu`ti fkl i sku tklpi. Urimurk rkskrvdr ni lìn`li 6(huds) birds hk kstuhi pir h`d k usk di läx`li i tklpi h`spinìvkc nis g`nd`s hk skldnd. Cklfrk-sk quk à nkmkssär`i kcdfirdr ul pcdni hk kstuhi `nh`v`hudc, quk `nmcu`, d hdtd, i h`d, d bird, i quk kstuhdr, mili kstuhdr k mil qukl kstuhdr (siz`nbi, mil mickjds, iutris). Kv`tk i kstuhi fdskdhi kl lklir`zdêíi, pi`s à mdnsdt`vi k níi prihuz fins rksuctdhis, usk làtihis ld`s ld`s dmt`vis, primurk hksknvicvkr suds milpktïnm`ds lkh`dntk d rksicuêíi hk prifcklds kspkmìg`mis, kstuhis hk mdsi, rkgckxíi, ktm. Is ldnud`s mintïl lu`td `ngirldêíi, dcjulds mbdvks, iutrds milpcklkntdrks, hd` skr `lpirtdntk sdfkr g`ctrdr k dprkskntdr d `ngirldêíi ld`s rkckvdntk. [sk kstds `ngirldêûks pdrd d rksicuêíi hds kxkrmìm`is, prifcklds k hksknvicv`lknti hk dmt`v`hdhks. D tildhd hk nitds hksknpknbd ul pdpkc lu`ti `lpirtdntk. [l dspkmti `lpirtdntk d tkr kl mintd à d kcdfirdêíi hk ul pcdni hk hksknvicv`lknti pkssidc (UHU), inhk vimï rkgckmtk sifrk is skus pintis grdmis k girtks k pkrspkmt`vds i sku hksknvicv`lknti. Cklfrk-sk quk i tku sumkssi hkpknhk hd sud kntrkjd, vimï à i rkspinsävkc pkcd sud prýpr`d dprknh`zdjkl k mdfk d t` pcdn`g`mdr, irjdn`zdr, jkr`r, mintricdr k dvdc`dr i sku prýpr`i prijrkssi.
Urkm`sd hk dpi`i9 Mdri kstuhdntk, tklis d mkrtkzd hk quk pir uld iu pir iutrd s`tudêíi, i ldtkr`dc `lprkssi, cbk pihk susm`tdr dcjuld hÿv`hd (gdctd hk mcdrkzd, dcjuns krris hk ndturkzd gräs`md, privävk`s krris irtijräg`mis, gdctd hk mcdrkzd mintkuhìst`md, ktm). Nkstks mdsis, mintdmtk i tutir, v`d tkckgink, ksmrkvd uld mdrtd pdrt`m`pdnhi d s`tudêíi k sk kst`vkr prýx`li hi tutir, mintdmtk-i pkssidclkntk. Is tutirks tïl pir ifr`jdêíi, lin`tirdr d sud dprknh`zdjkl, hd` i kstuhdntk tkr d ipirtun`hdhk hk `ntkrdj`r ifokmt`vdlkntk mil i tutir, usdnhi pdrd i kgk`ti is lkmdn`slis dprkskntdhis dm`ld. Xihis is tutirks tïl kck pirhkvk ifr`jdêíi gdm`c`tdrd skr d `ntkrdêíi, klnuld mdsigdsk hk prifcklds kspkmìg`mis skr i pr`lk`ri mintdmtdhi,
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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pistkr`ir mintdmtk i miirhkndhir hi mursi k sk i prifckld gir hd ndturkzd jkrdc, mintdmtk d h`rkmêíi hi MKH, pkci nÿlkri 26;542885. Is mintdmtis si sk pihkl kgkmtudr, nis h`ds ÿtk`s k nds birds nirld`s hk kxpkh`kntk. Ds skssûks prksknm`d`s síi ul lilknti kl quk vimï mdri kstuhdntk, tkl d ipirtun`hdhk hk `ntkrdj`r mil tihi i stdgg hi MKH, nkstk pkrìihi pihk dprkskntdr hÿv`hds, trdtdr qukstûks dhl`n`strdt`vds, kntrk iutrds. I kstuhi kl jrupi, mil is mickjds à uld girld d tkr kl mintd, fusquk dpi`i mil is mickjds, h`smutdl ountis, dpi`kl-lk lutudlntk, rkgc`mtdl sifrk kstrdtàj`ds hk supkrdêíi, lds prihuzd hk girld `nhkpknhkntk i sku prýpr`i sdfkr k hksknvicvd suds milpktïnm`ds. milpktïnm`ds. Ountis nd Khumdêíi ed H`stænm`d, vknmkhi d h`stænm`d..
Xdrkgds (dvdc`dêíi k dutiXdrkgds duti dvdc`dêíi) I kstuhdntk hkvk rkdc`zdr tihds ds tdrkgds (kxkrmìm`is, dmt`v`hdhks k dutidvdc`dêíi), mintuhi nkl tihds hkvkríi skr kntrkjuks, lds à `lpirtdntk quk skokl rkdc`zdhds.Ds tdrkgds hkvkl skr kntrkjuks dntks hi pkrìihi prksknm`dc. Udrd mdhd tdrkgd skríi kstdfkckm`his prdzdis hk kntrjd, k i níi mulpr`lknti his prdzis hk kntrkjd , `lpc`md d níi mcdss`g`mdêíi hi kstuhdntk. Ds trdfdcbis hkvkl skr kntrkjuks di MKH k is lkslis hkvkl skr h`r`j`his di tutir/himkntks. Uihkl skr ut`c`zdhds h`gkrkntks gintks k ldtkr`d`s hk pksqu`sd, mintuhi is lkslis hkvkl skr hkv`hdlkntk rkgkrknm`dhis, rkspk`tdnhi is h`rk`tis hi dutir. I pcdj`dr`sli hkvk skr kv`tdhi, d trdnsmr`êíi g`kc hk ld`s hk 2 (i`ti) pdcdvrds hk h k ul dutir, d utir, skl i m`tdr à mins`hkrdhi pcäj`i. p cäj`i. D binkst`hdhk , bul`chdhk m`kntìg`md k i rkspk`ti pkcis h`rk`tis dutird`s hkvkl ldrmdr d rkdc`zdêíi his trdfdcbis.
Dvdc`dêíi Wimà skrä dvdc`dhi hurdntk i kstuhi `nhkpknhkntk (25% hi mursi) k i pkrìihi prksknm`dc (65%). D dvdc`dêíi hi kstuhdntk à rkjucdlkntdhd mil fdsk ni mbdldhi rkjucdlknti hk dvdc`dêíi. Is trdfdcbis hk mdlpi pir t` hksknvicv`his , hurdntk i kstuhi `nh`v`hudc, minmirrkl pdrd is 6;% hi mäcmuci hd làh`d hk grkquïnm`d hd mdhk`rd. Is tkstks síi rkdc`zdhis hurdntk ds skssûks prksknm`d`s k minmirrkl pdrd is :;% hi mäcmuci mäcmuci hd làh`d hk grkquïnm`d grkquïnm`d hd mdhk`rd. Is kxdlks síi rkdc`zdhis ni g`ndc hd mdhk`rd k hurdntk ds skssûks prksknm`d`s, kcks rkprkskntdl 75% , i qquk uk dh`m`indhi dh`m`i ndhi dis 85% hd làh`d
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkn Mkntrd`s trd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
;
hk grkquïnm`d, hktkrl`ndl d nitd g`ndc mil d qudc i kstuhdntk minmcu` d mdhk`rd. D nitd hk 45 (hkz) vdcirks à d nitd lìn`ld hk minmcusíi hd mdhk`rd. Nkstd mdhk`rd i kstuhdntk hkvkrä h kvkrä rkdc`zdr? 6 (hi`s) trdfdcbis1 4 (ul) tkstk k 4 (kxdlk). Níi kstíi prkv`stds qud`squkr dvdc`dêíi irdc. irdc. Dcjulds dmt`v`hdhks dmt`v`hdhks prät`mds, girldt`vd. rkcdtýr`is rkcdtýr`is k rkgckxûks skríi ut`c`zdhds mili gkrrdlkntds hk dvdc`dêíi Hurdntk d rkdc`zdêíi hds dvdc`dêûks , is kstuhdntks hkvkl tkr kl mins`hkrdêíi? d dprkskntdêíi1 d mikrïnm`d tkxtudc1 i jrdu hk m`knt`g`m`hdhk1 d girld hk minmcusíi his dssuntis, ds rkmilknhdêûks, d `nh`mdêíi hds rkgkrïnm`ds ut`c`zdhds, i rkspk`ti pkcis h`rk`tis hi dutir, kntrk iutris. Is ifokmt`vis k mr`tàr`is hk dvdc`dêíi kstíi `nh`mdhis ni ldnudc. Minsuctk-is. Dcjuns
gkkhfdmas
`lkh`dtis
kstíi
dprkskntdhis
ni
ldnud
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F55 F5586 86 ”Mintkÿhis Mk Mkntrd`s ntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
:
[n` [n`hdhk hdhk ni. n i. 54-F 54-F 55 5586 86 Xkld? Xk ld? Mintkÿhi hds Ducds hk F`icij`d @ntrihuêíi Mdri kstuhdntk, skod fkl v`nhi di kstuhi hi Mintkÿhi hds Ducds hk F`icij`d, nkstd un`hdhk `rklis hk girld rksul`hd dprkskntdr dcjulds `hk`ds sifrk is mintkÿhis gunhdlkntd`s (Minmk`tis Mkntrd`s) hd ducd hk F`icij`d, mili uld uld h`sm`pc`nd, rkcdm`indhd rkcdm`indhd mil i nissi h`d-h`d. h`d-h`d. ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktdr kstd un`hdhk vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
Minbkmkr i Mintkÿhis hds ducds hk F`icij`d kl h`gkrkntks h` gkrkntks m`mcis.
Hkst`nju`r is pr`nm`pd`s minmk`tis mbdvks .
Vkminbkmkr d `lpirtænm`d hi kstuhi his mintkÿhis hds ducds hk
Ifokmt`vis
F`icij`ds.
Mintkÿhi hds hds DDucds ucds hk F`icij` F`ic ij`dd @ntrihuêíi Minmk`ti hk Mintkÿhi? à i vkìmuci dtrdvàs hi qudc sk víi dt`nj`r is
ifokmt`vis. I mintkÿhi tdlfàl, pihk skr hkg`n`hi mili sknhi d ksmicbd minskqukntk hi rksuctdhi hd m`ïnm`d. Uirtdnti, pdrd d ksmicbd hi mintkÿhi i himkntk hkvk sk qukst`indr mili pir kxklpci? skrä quk is lkus mintkÿhis `ríi dt`nj`r is ifokmt`vis9 Mili ksmicbkr làtihis quk pissdl gdm`c`tdr d milprkknsíi hkstks mintkÿhis pir pdrtk his kstuhdntks iu dcunis9
Kstds qukstûks k tdntds iutrds quk pihkl skr ckvdntdhds, douhdl kl jrdnhk lkh`hd di himkntk nd skckmêíi k kstruturdêíi his mintkÿhis tknhi
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F55 F5586 86 ”Mintkÿhis Mk Mkntrd`s ntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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kl mintd i nìvkc his kstuhdntks fkl mili d mdpdm`hdhk hk pkrmkpêíi his lkslis. Mdrdmtkrìst`mds his Mintkÿhis hk F`icij`d?
Is mintkÿhis hk F`icij`d hkvkl jdrdnt`r quk is ifokmt`vis pkcis qud`s girdl trdêdhis skodl dcmdnêdhis?
4. ]krä quk is mintkÿhis ksmicb`his síi `lpirtdntks nd dmtudc`hdhk hk dmirhi mil is gknýlknis1 6. Hkvkl tkr `lpirtænm`d dmtudc`zdhd hk dmirhi mil is gdmtirks iu gknýlknis quk imirrkl1 =. ]íi iu níi kxtkrnis hk dmirhi mil is ifokmt`vis trdêdhis1 8. Hkvkl tkr nìvkc hk prigunh`hdhk, kxtknsíi hk dmirhi mil is ifokmt`vis1 ;. Is mintkÿhis hkvkl mirrkspinhkr mil is ifokmt`vis1 7. Hkvkl mirrkspinhkr ds kxpkr`ïnm`ds k minbkm`lkntis quk is dcunis pissukl1 :. Is mintkÿhis hkvkl hkspkrtdr i `ntkrkssk nis nis dcunis k lit`vd-cis d jistdr d ldtkr`dc d hdr.
Mcdss`g`mdêíi his Mintkÿhis?
Mintkÿhis Urijrdlät`mis?
4. Mintkÿhis hk `ntrihuêíi? knmintrdl-sk nuld un`hdhk tklät`md, h`sm`pc`nd iu ducd1 6. Mintkÿhis hk ldtàr`d nivd1 =. Mintkÿhis hk minsic`hdêíi1 8. Mintkÿhis hk mintrick1 ;. Mintkÿhis hk dvdc`dêíi. Mintkÿhis hk Dqu`s`êíi Mijn`t`vd?
4. @ldjkl sknsir`dc? qudnhi i kstuhdntk iu dcuni pihk pkrmkfkr dtrdvàs
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F55 F5586 86 ”Mintkÿhis Mk Mkntrd`s ntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
hi
0
cdfirdtýr`i, kxmursíi, kxmursíi, cujdr inhk inhk i primkssi quk sk hä à
rkprkskntdhi dtrdvàs hk rkprkskntdêíi (pkrmkpêíi, rkprkskntdêíi). 6. @ldjkl vkrfdc? qudnhi i dcuni dndc`sd minmk`ti, tkir`d, ck`s.
Minmk`ti k Kstruturdêíi?
D kstruturd `nmcu` gunhdlkntdclkntk qukstûks hk irjdn`zdêíi his s`stklds ksmicdrks. D irjdn`zdêíi hi trdfdcbi pkhdjýj`mi k hds dmt`v`hdhks himkntk-h`smkntk, irjdn`zdêíi hi pcdni k prijrdld hk kns`ni. D kstruturdêíi hk uld ducd à d irjdn`zdêíi, skquïnm`d k `ntkr-rkcdêíi his lilkntis hi primkssi hk kns`ni. I trdfdcbi himkntk à uld dmt`v`hdhk `ntknm`indc pcdnkodhd hk girld minsm`kntk v`sdnhi dt`nj`r ifokmt`vis hk dprknh`zdjkl, pir `ssi, i trdfdcbi prkm`sd hk skr kstruturdhi k irhkndhi. D kstruturdêíi pihk skr gk`td hk huds girlds? girldc k `ngirldc. D kstruturdêíi hi primkssi pkhdjýj`mi, listrd uld sàr`k hk kcklkntis quk imupdl uld mkrtd pis`êíi hi prýpr`i primkssi hk kns`ni k dprknh`zdjkl, mulprk uld mkrtd gunêíi k g`mdl nuld mirrkcdêíi h`dcàmt`md? d) khumdhir1 f) khumdnhi1 m) ifokmti hk khumdêíi1 khumdêíi1 h) is mintkÿhis mintkÿhis å dhqu`r`r1 k) is làtihis k d irjdn`zdêíi hd khumdêíi1 khumdêíi1 g) is lk`is khumdt`vis1 khumdt`vis1 j)
rksuctdhis hd khumdêíi mili mili kgk`tis kxtkr`ir k `ntkr`ir hi
hksknvicv`lknti k mickmt`vi.
Uirtdnti, i prigkssir hkvk hkm`h`r, i quk ni lilknti, hkvk g`mdr kl pr`lk`ri cujdr k i quk pihk skr tklpirdclkntk. tklpirdclkntk.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F55 F5586 86 ”Mintkÿhis Mk Mkntrd`s ntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Kxkrmìm`is 4. Mili ul kstuhdntk kxklpcdr k mil d douhd hi prijrdld hk kns`ni hk F`icij`d hi 4¿ M`mci. Gdêd ul ckvdntdlknti hk pissìvk`s minmk`tis mkntrd`s usdhis ni kns`ni hk f`icij`d. 6. Dprkskntk ds h`gkrkntks girlds hk trdtdlknti t rdtdlknti his lkslis minmk`tis kl h`gkrkntks mcdssks ni 4¿ M`mci. 4. H`jd i quk kntknhks knt knhks pir Mintkÿhis hds ducds hk F`icij`d. V? I] Mintkÿhis hds ducds hk F`icij`d à i vkìmuci dtrdvàs hi qudc sk víi dt`nj`r is ifokmt`vis, pihk skr hkg`n`hi mili sknhi d ksmicbd
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
minskqukntk hi rksuctdhi hd m`ïnm`d
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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[n`hh dh k ni 6. F558 F5586 [n` Xkld? Xk ld? Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`mis? D ming`jurdêí ming` jurdêíii hi kns`ni kns`n i nd ksmic ksmicdd @ntrihuêíi
Mdri kstuhdntk, skod fkl v`nhi d kstd un`hdhk. Is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis à ul minounti hk h`rkmtr`zks gunhdlkntd`s, quk ir`kntdl d pcdn`g`mdêíi, ming`jurdêíi k dnäc`sk hi primkssi hi kns`ni-dprknh`zdjkl. K d`nhd hktkrl`ndl i milpirtdlknti k dmêíi hi prigkssir nd sdcd hk ducds. ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktdr kstd un`hdhk , vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
Minbkmkr tihis is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis quk rkjkl ni primkssi p rimkssi hk kns`ni k dprknh`zdjkl .
Dpc`mdr is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis ni Kns`ni k ckmm`indêíi c kmm`indêíi hds ducds hk F`icijd.
Ifokmt`vis
Kstdfkckmkr d rkcdêíi his h`gkrkntks h` gkrkntks pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis nds ducds.
Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`mi H`hämt`mis? s? D ming`jurdêí ming` jurdêíii hi Ur`nmìp`is kns`ni kns`n iH`hämt`mis? nd ksmic ksmicd d d ming`jurdêíi hi kns`ni nd ksmicd? Ni primkssi hk kns`ni mil is skus dmintkm`lkntis pkhdjýj`mis milpc`mdhis k vdstis sifrkpûkl-sk di lksli tklpi h`vkrsds rkjucdr`hdhks
(rkjucdr`hdhk
pkhdjýj`md,
ps`micýj`md,
tkir`d
hk
minbkm`lknti). I prigkssir tkl quk minbkmkr k dpc`mdr nd sud milpckx`hdhk his pr`nmìp`is pkhdjýj`mis hdnhi pir `ssi d ir`kntdêíi nkmkssär`d. Kstks pr`nmìp`is síi? d) pr`nmìp`is jkrd`s hd ming`jurdêíi irjdn`zdm`indc1 irjdn`zdm`indc1
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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f) pr`nmìp`is lktýh`mis1 m) pr`nmìp`is hk mintkÿhi hk kns`ni.
Xihis iutris pr`nmìp`is hk kns`ni quk dmtudl ifokmt`vdlkntk fkl mili hds prät`mds iu hds kxpkr`ïnm`ds prät`mds hi pkhdjiji.
Vkminbkm`lknti Vkminbkm`lknt i M`kntìg`mi sifrk i Kns`ni?
À mili ul primkssi sim`dc, uld girld kspkmìg`md hi primkssi pkhdjýj`mi k à mili hi rkminbkm`lknti? D girld kspkmìg`md hi primkssi pkhdjýj`mi mili kxpkr`ïnm`d k rkjucdr`hdhk rkminbkm`hd. Nkstd kxpkr`ïnm`d hkr`vdl is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis mili ir`kntdêíi hd dmêíi pdrd prigkssir. Nkstks pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis knmintrdl-sk ds rkjrds quk síi lkh`hd hk rkdc`zdêíi quk sk trdnsgirldl nd prät`md is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis. Mili
Urimkssi
Girld kspkmìg`md hi
Kxpkr`ïnm`d/rkjucdr`hdhk
Hkr`vdhis h`ssi
Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`mis mil Ir`kntdêíi hi
Vkjrds (lkh`hd hk rkdc`zdêíi) trdnsgirldêíi prät`md his pr`nmìp`is
Urimkssi hk
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Kssïnm`d k Gunêíi his Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`mis?
4. Mins`stkl nd sud ir`kntdêíi gunhdlkntdclkntk pdrd d pcdn`g`mdêíi, ming`jurdêíi k dnäc`sk hi primkssi hk kns`ni1
6. Hktkrl`ndl i milpirtdlknti h`hämt`mi hd dmêíi hi prigkssir1 =. ]íi hksknvicv`his pdrd mirrkspinhkr ds kx`jïnm`ds sim`d`s dis rkminbkm`lkntis m`kntìg`mis k níi síi ldrmdhis pkcds skju`ntks mdrdmtkrìst`mds? pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis? pr`nmìp`is jkrd`s pdrd pcdn`g`mdêíi k d h`rkmêíi hi kns`ni, hktkrl`ndl kssknm`dclkntk d dmêíi pkhdjýj`md k síi nkmkssär`is pdrd tihis prigkssirks1 8. ]íi pr`nmìp`is sýc`his pdrd tihds h`sm`pc`nds k tihds t ihds `hdhks1 ;. ]íi hktkrl`ndhis sim`dclkntk k mirrkspinhkl d kx`jïnm`d fäs`md pdrd girldêíi hd khumdêíi hd sim`khdhk1 7. ]klprk síi hk mdrämtkr hk mcdssk.
Ur`nmìp`is H`hämt`mis Jkrd`s?
4. Ur`nmìp`i hk un`hdhk? kntrk i làtihi m`kntìg`mi k d khumdêíi hi Bilkl1 6. Ur`nmìp`i kntrk tkir`d k prät`md1 =. Ur`nmìp`i hi minmrkti k i dfstrdmti1 8. Ur`nmìp`i hi làtihi k hk s`stkldt`zdêíi s` stkldt`zdêíi hi kns`ni1 ;. Ur`nmìp`i hk dmt`v`hdhk hi dcuni1 7. Ur`nmìp`i hi pdpkc h`r`jkntk hi prigkssir k d duti-dmt`v`hdhk hi dcuni1 :. Ur`nmìp`i hk milprkkns`f`c`hdhk1 2. Ur`nmìp`i hk jdrdnt`d pkrldnkntk hi rksuctdhi1 0. Ur`nmìp`i hk mkntrdc`zdêíi hi Bilkl1 45. Ur`nmìp`i kxklpcdr. I pr`nmìp`i kxklpcdr à kstuhdhi dis nìvk`s nìv k`s hd ksmicd pr`lär`i k his c`mkus. Nd ksmicd pr`lär`d tkl kl v`std uld u ld girldêíi s`lpcks, pipucdr c`l`tdhd nd ksmicbd hi mintkÿhi mi ntkÿhi k tdlfàl nd
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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h`rkmêíi hi kns`ni. Nis c`mkus, c `mkus, tkl uld ir`kntdêíi kssknm`dc dis pr`nmìp`is hk rkminbkm`lknti k hksknvicv`lknti his primkh`lkntis `ntkckmtud`s jkrd`s. I pr`nmìp`i hk `ntkrh`sm`pc`ndr`hdhk?
Hi pinti hk v`std hk h k uld s`lpcks milun`hdhk hk minbkm`lknti gk`ti hk uld girld irjdn`zdhd k s`stkldt`zdhd dtà di pinti hk hk v`std, `ntkrdêíi his minmk`tis, pr`nmìp`is kp`stklicýj`mis, làtihis k tkrl`nicij`d. D pr`nm`pdc mdrdmtkrìst`md hd `ntkrh`sm`pc`ndr`hdhk à d `ntkjrdêíi ` ntkjrdêíi (pkjd-sk ul mintkÿhi k tkntd kxpc`mdr hi pinti p inti hk v`std hk h`gkrkntks m`ïnm`ds) D `ntkrh`sm`pc`ndr`hdhk tkl mili ifokmt`vi pkrl`t`r p krl`t`r quk i dcuni `ntkrprktkl, rkcdm`inkl gdmtis k gknýlknis.
Kxkrmìm`is 4. Tudc à d kssïnm`d k gunêíi his pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis9 6. Ksmicbd uld tkld hd ducd hk f`icij`d k mirrkcdm`ink-i mil i pr`nmìp`i h`hämt`mi hi minmkrti k dfstrdmti.. dfstrdmti..
4. H`jd kl quk à quk mins`stk is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis. V? Is pr`nmìp`is h`hämt`mis mins`stk hd dmêíik hi milpirtdlknti hi prigkssir, nd ir`kntdêíi, pcdn`g`mdêíi k dnäc`sk hi primkssi hk kns`ni. .
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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[n`hdhk ni.=-F5586 Xk Xkld? ld? Dmt`v Mijn`t Mijn`t`vds Dcunis Dcun isDmt`v`hdhks pdrd p drd`hdhks Iftknêíi Iftknêíi hk `vds his Minbkm`lkntis @ntrihuêíi Mdri kstuhdntk, skod fkl v`nhi d ld`s uld un`hdhk u n`hdhk rkcdt`vd di kstuhi hds dmt`v`hdhks minjn`t`vds his dcunis. Kntknhk-sk pir Dmt`v`hdhks Mijn`t`vds his dcunis d gdmuchdhk hk dqu`s`êåi hk minbkm`lkntis rkgkrkntk pdrd d ul hktkrn`ndhi tkld iu minmk`ti d kstuhdr. ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktdr kstd un`hdhk , vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
]dfkr hkg`n`r qud`s is mintkÿhis, minmk`tis h`spin`vk`s pdrd d ducds hk F`icij`d.
Ifokmt`vis
Dpc`mdr is minbkm`lkntis ift`his kl h`vkrsds s`tudêûks hi h`dh`d hi dcuni.
Hktkrl`ndr is nìvk`s hds dmt`v`hdhks mijn`t`vds dh`qu`r`hds nds ducds hk f`icij`d.
Dmt` v`hdhks Mijn`t`vds Dmt`v`hdhks Mijn`t`v ds his Dcunis Dcu nis pdrd p drd Iftknêíi Iftknêíi hk Minbkm`lkntis? Minmk`ti hk Dmt`v`hdhk Dmt`v` hdhk D gdmuchdhk hk kxkrmkr uld dmêíi iu lihi hk kx`stïnm`d, trdnsgirldêíi k hksknvicv`lknti hd rkdc`hdhk sim`dc. D dmt`v`hdhk tdlfàl, pihk skr kntknh`hd mili sknhi d rkcdêíi kntrk i suok`ti k
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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ifokmti ifkhkmknhi hktkrl`ndhds ck`s ifokmt`vds
Dmt`v`hdhk Mijn`t`vd
D dmt`v`hdhk h`r`j`hd di primkssi hk dqu`s`êíi hk minbkm`lkntis k d sud dpc`mdêíi mr`dhird nd prät`md sim`dc.
Gunêíi hd Dmt`v`hdhk
À prkpdrdr i dcuni pdrd trdnsgirldr d ndturkzd, girldêíi hd sim`khdhk k hi dcuni dtrdvàs hd dmt`v`hdhk.
Dmt`v`hdhk Himkntk
Dmt`v`hdhk mijn`t`vd his kstuhdntks h`r`j`his lkh`dntk i primkssi hk kns`ni nd ksmicKxkrmìm`is. Milpinkntks hd Dmt`v`hdhk Mijn`t`vd?
d) Nkmkss`hdhks (tkr girldêíi pdrd hksknvicvkr trdfdcbi)1 f) Lit`vis (mdusds)1 (mdusds)1 m) Minh`êûks hk hksknvicv`lknti (mdrdmtkrìst`mds hi dcuni, hd ksmicd)1 h) Lk`is (minh`êûks hd ksmicd)1 k) Dmêûks1 g) Ipkrdêûks1 j) Milpinkntks `ntkckmtud`s (lit`vdm`ind`s)
ir`kntdêíi
mintrici
kxkmusíi
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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4. Ir`kntdêíi?
Jdrdntk quk is dcunis minbkêdl dntkm`pdhdlkntk d kxkmuêíi hd dmt`v`hdhk, i quk dprknhkríi, mili primkhkríi k kl quk irhkl k lk`is `ríi rkdc`zdr ds dmt`v`hdhks 6. Kxkmussíi? Kxkmussíi?
I dcuni skjuk d ir`kntdêíi hi prigkssir, i prigkssir ir`kntd k i dcuni kxkmutd dtrdvàs hk lk`is hksmr`tis nd ir`kntdêíi. I kstuhdntk usd lk`is ndturd`s iu suds rkprkskntdêûks, rkdc`zdl kxkrmìm`is vdr`dhis k sug`m`kntks mil nìvk`s hk milpckx`f`c`hdhk jrdhudc =. Mintrici?
Ukrl`tk di prigkssir milprivdr sk is dcunis hil`ndl i quk gdríi k dvdc`dr d qudc`hdhk hi quk gdzkl. I prigkssir hkvk mintricdr s`stkldt`mdllkntk d dmt`v`hdhk quk is dcunis rkdc`zdl. Hurdntk i primkssi hk dmt`v`hdhk d mt`v`hdhk mijn`t`vd i prigkssir hkvk? hkv k? kst`lucdr d girldêíi hk minmk`tis k hksknvicvkr bdf`c`hdhks k girldr vdcirks nis dcunis dtrdvàs hk ul pknsdlknti tkýr`mi.
Uirtdnti, i pknsdlknti tkýr`mi à ul primkh`lknti kspkm`dc hk inhk i Bilkl, knvimd d milprkknsíi hds mi`sds pir v`d hk dnäc`sks k rkgckxíi. Udrd i dcuni hksknvicvkr i pknsdlknti tkýr`mi i prigkssir hkvk usdr làtihis iu dmêûks dmt`vds, kst`lucdr minstdntklkntk, fusmdr ds ck`s, ir`jkl, kstuhdr, hksknvicvkr dnäc`sk, nkxûks k mintrdh`êûks. I prigkssir hkvk kv`tdr i hksknvicv`lknti hi pknsdlknti klpìr`mi nis dcunis pirquk kstk t`pi hk pknsdlknti douhd di dcuni d mcdss`g`mdr ifokmtis, gknýlknis tknhi kl mintd is dspkmtis kxtkrnis
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Kxkrm`m`is? 4. Tud`s is Minmk`tis Jkrd`s ni kns`ni hk h k f`icij`d hkvkl skr `ntkjrdhis nd dhmt`v`hdhk mijn`t`vd his dcunis9 6. Gdêd uld knulkrdêíi hds dmt`v`hdhks mijn`t`vds h`r`j`hds dis dcunis, hkntri hd 8ª un`hdhk hd 2ª mcdssk. 4. I quk kntknhks pir milpinkntks hd Dmt`v`hdhk Mijn`t`vd.
V? Ds Ds milpinkntks hd dmt`v`hdhk minjn`t`vd síi? Nkmkss`hdhks, Lit`vis, Minh`êûks hk hksknvicv`lknti, Lk`is, Dmêûks, Ipkrdêûks, Milpinkntks
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
`ntkckmtud`s.. `ntkckmtud`s
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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[n` h dhk ni. [n`h n i. 88-T5 T557 5777 Xkld? Mintkÿhis Xkld? Mintkÿh is Jkrd`s Jkrd`s hhii Kns`ni hk F`icij`d @ntrihuêíi @ntrihuêíi Mdri kstuhdntk, nkstd un`hdhk `rklis trdtdr hk dcjuns mintkÿhis jkrd`s hin kns`ni hk f`icij`d, gunhdlkn gunhdlkntdclkntk tdclkntk is hd 2ª d 45ª mcdssk. Hk girld d kstdfkckmkr uld rkcdêíi kntrk ds un`hdhks tklät`mds k is n`vk`s hk trdtdlknti his mintkÿhis mkntrd`s. Kstd un`hdhk `rä douhdr i prkzdhi kstuhdnttk d milprkknhkr lkcbir is mintkÿhis d kstuhdr nis h`vkrsis m`mcis hk kns`ni, d`nhd quk níi skod i ifokmt`vi kssknm`dc hd nissd h`smussíi. ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktkr kstd un`hdhk vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
Minbkmkr is mintkÿhis tklät`mis hds h`vkrsds un`hdhks quk girldl is mintkÿhis jkrd`s hi 4¿ m`mci.
Ifokmt`vis
Dpc`mdr is pr`nmìp`is hk ksp`rdc`hdhk his mintkÿhis hk kns`ni hk f`icij`d kl h`vkrsds h`vkrsds mcdssks.
Mintkÿhis Jkrd`s hi Kns`ni hk F`icij`d Is Mintkÿhis Jkrd`s hi Kns`ni hk F`icij`d pihkl skr kntknh`hds mili sknhi is ds c`nbds ir`kntdhirds hk minmk`tis mbdvks k mintkÿhis hk mdhd un`hdhk tklät`md d skr h`smut`hd nuld ducd hk f`icij`d.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Vkv`síi hi Urijrdlds hk Kns`ni hk F`icij`d pdrd i 4¿M`mci) 2ªMcdssk
4¿ [n`hdhk? F`icij`d mili M`ïnm`d1 6¿ [n`hdhk? Uis`êíi hi Bilkl ni Vk`ni Dn`ldc =¿ [n`hdhk? I s`stkld ýsski-lusmucdr ni Bilkl 8¿ [n`hdhk? Lktdficìsli k iutris s`stklds hi mirpi1 ;¿ [n`hdhk? ]kns`f`c`hdhk k rkjucdêíi1 7¿ [n`hdhk? D pkck. :¿[n`hdhk? Vkprihuêíi k intijkn`i
Udrd quk sk hksknvicvd i primkssi hk girldêíi hk bdf`c`hdhk mijn`t`vds nis dcunis à nkmkssär`i d hkg`n`êíi hk ifokmt`vis ps`militirks kl rkcdêíi dis mintkÿhis dm`ld rkgkr`his dtrdvàs hds dmt`v`hdhks mijn`t`vds mili pir kxklpci? 4¿ [n`hdhk? Dmt`v`hdhk mijn`t`vd
Milpdrdr, Kxpc`mdr, Hksmrkvkr.
Milpdrk? i Bilkl k iutris ldnìgkris tknhi kl mintd rdmìimìn`i k gdcd drt`mucdhd1 Kxpc`quk? i primkssi hk gkmunhdêíi ni Bilkl1 Hksmrkvd? i mirpi buldni mil fdsk nds suds mdrdmtkrìst`mds kxtkrnds. 6¿ [n`hdhk? Dmt`v`hdhk Mijn`t`vd
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Hkg`n`r, Hksmrkvkr, Kxpc`mdr k Ifskrvdr.
Hkg`nd? is`stkld ýsski lusmucdr1 Hksmrkvd? d kstruturd k gunêíi hi s`stkld ýsski-lusmucdr (usdnhi lihkcis)1 Kxpc`quk? i gunm`indlknti hi ksqukckti buldni1 Ifskrvd? d girld hd micund vkrtkfrdc hi Bilkl hk dmirhi mil d g`jurd.
0ª Mcdssk
4¿ [n`hdhk?@ntrihuêíi di Kstuhi hds pcdntds p cdntds 6¿ [n`hdhk? D v`hd hds pcdntd =¿ [n`hdhk? Lktdfic`sli hds Ucdntds 8¿ [n`hdhk? Vkprihuêíi hds Ucdntds ;¿[n`hdhk? Mrksm`lkn Mrksm`lknti, ti, hksknvicv`lknti hksknvicv`lknti k Vkjucdêíi 7¿[n`hdhk? I sici 4¿ [n`hdhk? Dmt`v`hdhk Mijn`t`vd
Hksmrkvkr, kxpc`mdr.
I vkrfi hksmrkvkr rkspinhk d pkrjuntd? Mili à9 I vkrfi kxpc`mdr rkspinhk ds pkrjuntds? pirquï9 Udrd quk9 Mili9 I prigkssir listrdnhi mdrtdzks, gicbds, lihkcis hds kstruturds pr`lär`d k skmunhär`d hd rdìz, i dcuni pihk hksmrkvkr k kxpc`mdr i quk ifskrvd. Ni kntdnti, i prigkssir pihk girlucdr qukstûks mili, pir kxklpci? kxklpci? mil fdsk ni ...hksmrkvk d kstruturd pr`lär`d hd rdìz1
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
66
Mil fdsk ...kxpc`quk d kstruturd skmunhär`d hd rdìz.
45ª Mcdssk
4¿ [n`hdhk? Jknàt`md1 6¿ [n`hdhk? Kvicuêíi1 =¿ [n`hdhk? Kmicij`d.
4¿ [n`hdhk? Dmt`v`hdhk mijn`t`vd? h`st`nju`r, milpdrdr k ifskrvdr?
d) H`jd ds h`gkrknêds k sklkcbdnêds kntrk d rkprihuêíi skxudhd k dsskxudhd1 f) Ifskrvdr ds mdrdmtkrìst`mds hk uld pcdntd mil rkprihuêíi dsskxudhd tknhi kl mintd i t`pi hk irjdnìsli quk imirrk1 m) Milpdrdr ds pcdntds mil i lksli ldtkr`dc jknàt`mi lds d mrksmkrkl kl h`gkrkntks sicis skl iu mil lu`td äjud1 h) Ifskrvdr k milpdrdr d kstruturd hi lihkci hk HND hk Zdtsin k Mr`ma mil VND. Udrd ds bdf`c`hdhks ifskrvdr k milpdrdr i prigkssir hkvk kstdfkckmkr mr`tàr`is hk milpdrdêíi. Kxklpci? kl tkrlis hk…1 qudnti å…1 hk dmirhi mil
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
6=
Kxkrmìm`is 4. Mil douhd hi prijrdld hk kns`ni hi 4¿ m`mci hi kns`ni hk f`icij`d gdêd d pcdn`g`êíi hk uld ducd hk uld un`hdhk tklät`md di tku mr`tàr`i hk ksmicbd. ksmicbd. 6. H`jd i quk síi mintkÿhis jkrd`s hi kns`ni hk f`icij`d9
4. I quk à nkmkssär`i pdrd sk hksknvicvkr i primkssi hk girldêíi hk bdf`c`hdhk mijn`t`vds nis dcunis9 V? Udrd quk sk hksknvicvd i primkssi hk girldêíi hk bdf`c`hdhk
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
mijn`t`vds nis dcunis à nkmkssär`i d hkg`n`êíi hk ifokmt`vis ps`militirks kl rkcdêíi dis mintkÿhis
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
6;
[n`hdhk [n` hdhk ni ni.; .;-T -T55 5577 77 Xkld? Uri Urijrdldêíi jrdldêíi hi Mintkÿhi Mintkÿh i hk F`icij`d F`icij` d @ntrihuêíi Mdri kstuhdntk, mili à hi sku minbkm`lknti, quk pdrd rkdc`zdêíi hk qudcqukr dmt`v`hdhk kx`jk pr`lk`rdlkntk uld prijrdldêåi dhkqudhd his mintkÿhis pdrd quk d sud rkdc`zdêíi skod kgkmt`vd. kgkmt`vd. Ni kstuhi hd f`icij`d kstd prijrdldêíi níi pihk skr hk`xd hk cdhi, hdhi quk kcd douhd-nis d hkg`n`r qud`s is `lpirtdntks mintkÿhis hkvkl skr skckmm`indhis ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktkr kstd un`hdhk / c`êíi, vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
kgkmt`vd k skquïnm`dhd skq uïnm`dhd is mintkÿhis d ckmm`indr. Urijrdldr hk girld kgkmt`vd
Hktkrl`ndr qud`s is mintkÿhis gunhdlkntd`s pdrd i Kns`ni hk
F`icijd.
Ifokmt`vis
Kstdfkckmkr is pdrdlàtris pdrd sk mulpr`r mil d prijrdldêíi
rkdc`zdhd.
Urijrdldêíi hi Mintkÿhi hk F`icij`d I mintkÿhi hk F`icij`d prijrdld-sk hk dmirhi mil i k`xi k`x i quk sk skjuk? Intijkn`d
Bkrdnêd
Uic`tkmn`zdêíi (knjknbdr`d
G`cijkn`d Kstruturd-gunêûks ni mdl i hk hk rkcd rkcd ûk ûkss
]`stklät`md
@ntkrdêíi? irjdnìsli k lk`i-dlf`kntk
Uriliêíi hd sdÿhk buldnd (`nh`v`hudc k mickmt`vd
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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Ksqukld 4 Ds @hà`ds Vkmtirds síi i Ksqukckti hd Girldêíi hd Minmkpêíi M`kntìg`md ni Lunhi his Dcunis?
4. Is irjdnìsli kstíi minst`tuìhis pir màcucds, un`hdhks kstruturd`s k gunm`ind`s quk sk knmintrdl kl minstdntk liv`lknti k suok`tis d uld `ntkrdêíi minstdntk mil i lk`i-dlf`kntk (minmk`tis m`ticýj`mis)1
6. Is irjdnìslis dprkskntdl kstruturds h`gkrknm`dhds quk sk mirrkspinhkl mil sku jrdu hk milpckx`f`c`hdhk mil d gunêíi quk rkdc`zdl k mil i lk`i-dlf`kntk inhkl v`vkl (minmk`tis dndtýl`mis)1
=. Nis irjdnìslis sk rkdc`zdl primkssis quk dsskjurdl d v`hd k d mint`nu`hdhk hds kspàm`ks (minmk`tis g`s`icýj`mis)1 8. Kl mdhd irjdnìsli sk prihuzkl uld sumkssíi hk mælf`is, hkshk sud ir`jkl dtà d lirtk (minmk`tis intijàn`mis)1 ;. Is irjdnìslis, ds pipucdêûks k ds milun`hdhks `ntkrmdlf`dl sufstænm`ds k knkrj`d mil i lk`i dlf`kntk, i quk cbks pkrl`tk ldntkr-sk kl kqu`cìfr`i nd f`isgkrd (minmk`tis kmicýj`mis)1 7. Nis nìvk`s hk irjdn`zdêíi hkshk d màcucd dtà d pipucdêíi is jknks minst`tukl d un`hdhk hk bkrdnêd (minmk`tis jknàt`mi)1Xdlfàl tkl jrdnhk `ntkrkssk pdrd d dnäc`sk pdrd dckl hd skns`f`c`hdhk hds rkdmêûks, d sud kspkm`g`m`hdhk.
:. Is jrupis hk irjdnìslis síi irhkndhis pkci Bilkl skjunhi suds mdrdmtkrìst`mds, pdrd hktkrl`ndr sud s`tudêíi hkntri hk ul s`stkld ndturdc, quk mins`hkrd d kspàm`k mili un`hdhk gunhdlkntdc (minmk`tis s`stklät`mis)1 2. Is irjdnìslis síi uld minskquïnm`d hi hksknvicv`lknti hd ldtàr`d, nd qudc sk dprkskntd uld girld hk liv`lknti qudnt`tdt`vdlkntk supkr`ir
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
6:
mili rksuctdhi hi mælf`i jrdhudc imirr`his nd ndturkzd f`ýt`md k minh`m`indhis pkci prýpr`i hksknvicv`lknti b`stýr`mi hd ldtàr`d1 ldtàr`d1
0. I Bilkl di minbkmkr ds lkh`hds b`j`àn`mds pihk prkvkn`r k jdrdnt`r hk ldnk`rd minsm`kntk ul ýpt`li kstdhi hk sdÿhk gìs`md k lkntdc tdnti hi sku irjdnìsli mili hi mickmt`vi1
45. I Bilkl di `ntkrdj`r k minbkmkr ds ck`s, ifokmt`vis hi hksknvicv`lknti hd ndturkzd, trdnsgirld-d gdzknhi ul usi rdm`indc hk skus rkmursis di lksli tklpi is pritkjk1
44. Ir`kntdr i pkrg`c prig`ss`indc k sud `lpirtænm`d gdvirkm`hi pkci rkminbkm`lknti hk irjdnìslis v`vis hk `ntkrkssk kminýl`mi.
Girldnhi pdrtk hi s`stkld hk minmk`tis k bdf`c`hdhks hi mintkÿhi F`icýj`mi sk kstdfkckmkl `hà`ds rkmtirds quk kstíi kl mirrkspinhïnm`d mil is k`xis hk prijrdldêíi hd F`icij`d (Ksqukld 4). Ds `hà`ds rkmtirds minst`tukl ul nÿmcki tkýr`mi mil ifokmt`vi gunhdlkntdc d dss`l`cdr
pir
h`sm`pc`nds
F`icýj`mis,
minst`tukl
ds
läx`lds
jknkrdc`zdêûks hi mintkÿhi hk kns`ni k kxprkssdl i s`stkld hk minmk`tis, làtihis k tàmn`mds hk trdfdcbi hds m`ïnm`ds F`icýj`mds rkcdm`indhds mil kcds, rkgcktkl ds rkcdêûks ld`s `lpirtdntk kntrk gknýlknis, primkssis k ifokmtis hk kstuhi quk ni s`stkld minst`tukl i ksqukckti hd minmkpêíi m`kntìg`md hi lunhi hd F`icij`d.
I minbkm`lknti hds `hà`ds rkmtirds pir pdrtk hi prigkssir prip`m`d kc`l`ndr i níi kssknm`dc mkntrdnhi d dtknêíi k pihknhi rdm`indc`zdr
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62
dmt`v`hdhk himkntk fkl mili i viculk hk minbkm`lkntis d dss`l`cdr pir pdrtk his dcunis. Udrd dss`l`cdr mdhd `hk`d rkmtird à `lprksm`nhìvkc i hilìn`i his minmk`tis, sud v`nmucdêíi kntrk s` k ds bdf`c`hdhks. Udrd dss`l`cdr ds `hk`ds rkmtirds hkvk hil`ndr is minmk`tis k sud rkcdêíi mil is iutris. Kcklkntis hi Mintkÿhi hk F`icij`d?
Niêûks Ck`s Xkir`ds Minmk`tis Bdf`c`hdhks Ur`nmìp`is Wdcirks
Kxkrmìm`is 4. girldêíi Kstdfkckêdhkdsminmkpêíi pr`nm`pd`s m`knt`g`md h`gkrknêdshis kntrk ` hk`dshdrkmtirds `hk`ds hk dcunis, prijrdldêíi his mintkÿhis9 6. Gdêd uld dc`stdjkl his mintkÿhis gunhdlkntd`s gunhdlkntd`s prkv`stis nd prijrdldêíi his mintkÿhis hk F`icij`d
4. I quk kntknhks kntknhks pir Urijrdldêíi his his mintkÿhis hk F`icij`d9 V? Urijrdldêíi his mintkÿhis hk F`icij`d F`ici j`d síi tihds c`nbds k h`rkmtr`zks quk hkg`nkl d skckmêíi his mintkÿhis gunhdlkntd`s ni kns`ni hk
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
F`icij`d.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
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[n`hh dh k ni.7-T [n` n i.7-T55 5577 77 Xkld? Urimkss Urimkssii hk Girldêíi hk Minmk`tis Minmk`t is @ntrihuêíi Mdri kstuhdntk, mili oucjdlis skr hi tku minbkm`lknti, i primkssi hk girldêíi his minmk`tis gunhkl-sk hd jknkrdc`zdêíi hk mdhd `hk`d quk kstdfkckmklis kl mintdmti h`rk`ti mil hktkrl`ndhi ifokmti iu mil s`tudêíi kl quk nis knmintrdlis pkrdntk uld hktkrl`ndhd imds`íi.kl quk primurdlis gdzkr ou`zi hk dcji hksminbkm`hi hksminbkm`hi.. ]kod fkl v`nhi! Di milpcktdr kstd un`hdhk vimï skrä mdpdz hk?
@hknt`g`mdr is pr`nm`pd`s primkssis hk girldêíi hk Minmk`tis.
H`gkrknm`dr is vär`is primkssis hk girldêíi hk Minmk`tis
Ifokmt`vis
h`st`nju`r h`gkrkntks kcklkntis prkskntks nul hktkrl`ndhi primkssi
hk girldêíi hk minmk`tis.
Urimkssi hk Girldêíi hk Minmk`tis ]`stkld hk Minmk`tis
4.Minmk`tis Ur`nmìpd`s (gunhdlkntd`s)
6.Minmk`tis ]kmunhär`is
=. Minmk`ti Minmk`tiss Dntkmkhkntk Dntkmkhkntkss
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=5
4. Minmk`tis Ur`nmìpd`s (gunhdlkntd`s)? knmintrdl-sk
di lksli nìvkc hk jknkrdc`zdêíi hkntri hk mdhd `hk`d rkmtird. Kxklpci? Nds `hà`ds rkmtirds = k 6, knmintrdl-sk is minmk`tis pr`nm`pd`s? ýrjíi, ýrjíi, tkm`hi k màcucd1
6. Minmk`tis ]kmunhär`is? ]íi dqukcks quk knmintrdl-sk di
lksli nìvkc hk jknkrdc`zdêíi hkntri hk mdhd minmk`ti pr`nm`pdc. Kxklpci? Xkm`hi à ul minmk`ti pr`nm`pdc lds quk dpdrt`r hi qudc pihklis tkr minmk`tis skmunhär`is? tkm`hi pdrïnqu`ld mcirig`c`ni,, pritkmêíi k rkvkst`lkn mcirig`c`ni rkvkst`lknti1 ti1
=. Minmk`tis Dntkmkhkntks? Dqukcks quk sknhi minmk`tis
F`icýj`mis
lds quk mirrkspi mirrkspinhkl nhkl d iutrds hh`sm`pc`nds `sm`pc`nds níi
mirrkspinhkl mirrksp inhkl d kssd `hà`d rkmtird quk sk trdtd lds pkrl`tkl d girldêíi hk minmk`tis kspkmìg`mis iu pr`nm`pd`s hkntri hds `hà`ds rkmtirds, iutri kxklpci? rkcdêíi hi lk`i dlf`kntk, ldtkr`dc, sufstænm`d-knkrj`d, ldssd, viculk, síi minmk`tis hk iutrds h`sm`pc`nds. Mdrdmtkrìst`mds his Minmk`tis Klpìr`mis k Xkýr`mis?
Minmk`tis Klpìr`mis
Minmk`tis Xkýr`mis
4. Udrtk hd ifskrvdêíi hd pdrtk kxtkrnd hi 4. Udrtk hds rkcdêûks k nkxis `ntkrnis quk ifokmti, gknýlkni k sud rkprkskntdêíi. milpûkl i gknýlkni. 6. Lkh`dntk d milpdrdêíi his ifokmtis 6. ]k minsic`hd d rkcdêíi kntrk i jkrdc k i ifskrvdhis mil suds rkprkskntdêûks hksmi- pdrt`mucdr, qudnhi sk dndc`sdl is nivis gdmtis frk-sk d pripr`khdhk jkrdc rkcdm`indhds mil iu mdrdmtkrìst`mds his ifokmtis quk jdrdntk i ds pdrt`mucdr`hdhks hi ifokmti k gknýlkni.
rkgckxi rkprihuzkl hd prksknêdi s`stkld `ntkrnd,hkisrkcdêûks minmk`tis tkýr`mis quk
H`hämt`md hk F`icij` d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=4
minst`tukl d kssïnm`d hi hksknvicv`lknti hd rkdc`hdhk ifokmt`vd k níi ds pripr`khdhks kxtkrnds k ds `sicdhds quk sk kxprkssdl nis minbkm`lkntis klpìr`mis. =. ]k girldl minmk`tis klpìr`mis quk =. Milkêdl d skr hksknvicv`his hk uld prkm`sdl hk uld jknkrdc`zdêíi dfstrdtd quk ldnk`rd s`lpcks kns`ni pr`lär`i k dcinjd-sk pihk skr dpc`mdhd d ifokmtis gknýlknis milpckxis ni kns`ni skmunh skmunhär`i. är`i. pdrt`mucdrks (minmk`tis lu`ti k usdhis ni pdrd ld`s milpckxis kns`ni pr`lär`i)
Ktdpdss pdrd Girldêíi his Minm Ktdpd Minmk`tis k`tis I U. Jdcpr`l k N.G Xdc`z`nd? Kcks pripûk is pdssis pdrd girldêíi hk minmk`tis tknhi kl mintd quk is lkslis sk girldl pir ktdpds hk dmêûks lkntd`s? 4. Ktdpd? ldtkr`dc iu ldtkr`dc`zdhd? is dcunis trdfdcbdl mil ifokmtis ndturd`s iu is skus rkprkskntdntks. À uld ktdpd vkrfdc h`r`j`hd rdm`indclkntk. 6. Ktdpd? lkntdc? kstd ktdpd à `ntkrkssdhd nd sìntksk hk rdsjis kssknm`d`s his minmk`tis mbkjdnhi dtà jknkrdc`zdêûks. Udssis nd Girldêíi hk Minmk`tis?
4¿ ]knsdêíi? pr`lk`ri mintdmti
mil is ifokmtis iu gknýlknis dtrdvàs his ýrjíis hk sknt`hi
=¿ Vkprkskntdêíi? `ldjkl lkntdc hi ifokmti iu gknýlkni
6¿ Ukrmkpêíi? sk kstdfkckmk i rkgckxi kl milpinkntks his ifokmtis iu gknýlknis
8¿ Minmk`ti? sk prihuz d rkprksknttdêíi jknkrdc`zdhd jknkrdc`zdhd hk ifokmtis iu gknýlknis
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
==
Minstruêíi hk U`ræl`hk
@hà`ds Vkmtirds? 4. Is irjdnìsli kstíi minst`tuìhis pir màcucds, un`hdhks kstruturd`s k gunm`ind`s quk sk knmintrdl kl minstdntk liv`lknti k suok`tis suo k`tis d uld `ntkrdêíi minstdntk mil i lk`i-dlf`kntk (minmk`tis m`ticýj`mis). Kxklpci? 2ª Mcdssk?
d) Minmk`ti Ur`nm`pdc (gunhdlkntdc)? Màcucd1 f) Minmk`tis ]kmunhär`is? màcucd mili un`hdhk kstruturdc (tkm`his, ýrjíis, s`stkld hk ýrjíis)1 - Màcucd mili uld un`hdhk gunm`indc (gunêûks hk h k h`gkrkntks irjdnkcis mkcucdrks)1 mkcucdrks)1 - Màcucds? pdhrûks mkcucdrks k skrks un` un` k pcur`mkcucdrks1 m) Dntkmkhkntks? hksmrkvkr d kstruturd hk uld màcucd1 hkg`n`r i minmk`ti hk irjdnkci mkcucdr1 milpdrdr is h`gkrkntks pdhrûks mkcucdrks1 h) Bdf`c`hdhks? ldn`pucdr is `nstrulkntis ýpt`mis1 ifskrvdr d kstruturd hd màcucd dn`ldc1 hksmrkvkr d kstruturd hk uld màcucd dn`ldc1 kxpc`mdr i pdpkc hds màcucds nd rkprihuêíi.
6. Is irjdnìslis dprkskntdl kstruturds h`gkrknm`dhds quk sk mirrkspinhkl mil sku jrdu hk milpckx`f`c`hdhk mil d gunêíi quk rkdc`zdl k mil i lk`i-dlf`kntk inhkl v`vkl (minmk`tis dndtýl`mis). Kxklpci? 2ª Mcdssk?
d) Minmk`tis Ur`nm`pd`s? màcucd, tkm`hi, ýrjíi, s`stkld hk ýrjíis1
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=8
f) Minmk`tis ]kmunhär`is? s`stklds ýsski-lusmucdr, m`rmucdtýr`i, kxmrkmtir, nkrvisi, birlindc, - Mcdss`g`mdêíi his tkm`his hi mirpi buldni? kp`tkc`dc, minount`vi, lusmucdr, ýsski k nkrvisi1 - Kstruturd k gunêíi his tkm`his k ýrjíis hi mirpi buldni1 m) Dntkmkhkntks?
s`stklds
h`jkst`vi,
rksp`rdtýr`i,
kxmrkmtir,
h`gkrknm`dêíi mkcucdr, mirdêíi k puclûks1 h) Bdf`c`hdhks? hkg`n`r is minmk`tis hk tkm`hi, ýrjíis k s`stkld hk ýrjíis1 ifskrvdr mil fdsk ni l`mrismýp`i d kstruturd hk uld màcucd, tkm`hi dtrdvàs hi l`mrismýp`i k kstkr`ismýp`i pdrd ifskrvdr ýrjíis1 hkg`n`r i minmk`ti hk h`gkrknm`dêíi mkcucdr1 kxpc`mdr i gunm`indlknti hi mirdêíi, hksmrkvkr d kstruturd k gunêíi hi màrkfri.
Kxkrmìm`is 4. Hksknbk i ksqukld quk `custrk is pdssis pdrd d girldêíi hk minmk`tis9 6. Tud`s síi is pr`nm`pd`s mintkÿhis usdhis ni primkssi hk girldêíi hk minmk`tis nd 2ª mcdssk9
4. H`jd síi ds ktdpds hk girldêíi hk minmk`tis9 V? Ktdpd 4? ldtkr`dc iu ldtkr`dc`zdhd? is dcunis trdfdcbdl mil ifokmtis
Duti-dvdc`dêíi
ndturd`s iu is skus rkprkskntdntks. À uld ktdpd vkrfdc h`r`j`hd rdm`indclkntk. Ktdpd 6? lkntdc? kstd ktdpd à `ntkrkssdhd nd sìntksk hk rdsjis kssknm`d`s his minmk`tis mbkjdnhi dtà jknkrdc`zdêûks. j knkrdc`zdêûks.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=;
Kxkrm`m`i Kxkrm`m `i hk H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d F`ici j`d @@ @ ” ]ifrk i Minmk`ti hk Mkcucd
4. Dprkskntk i trdtdlknti hkstk minmk`ti kl h`vkrsds nd 2ª k 0ª mcdssk 6. Uirquk d `ntrihuêíi hi kstuhi hd F`icij`d mili m`ïnm`d hd v`hd, `n`m`d nd 2ª mcdssk mil d m`ticij`d9 =. Tudc à d `lpirtænm`d hk kstuhi hul lksli minmk`ti kl h`gkrkntks mcdssks9 8. Kl quk iutrds ärkds sk pihkl dpc`mdr is minbkm`lkntis hi kstuhis hd kcucd9 ;. Tud`s síi ds pr`nm`pd`s h`gkrknêds kntrk d Dndc`sk Tudc`tdt`vd k d Tudnt`tdt`vd.9
@@ ” ]ifrk is mintkÿhis jkrd`s hi kns`ni hk f`icij`d. Hkg`nd is minmk`tis hk?
4. Mkcucd1 6. Irjdn`sli1 =. Lktdfic`sli mkcucdr1 8. Irjíis ;. Xkm`his1 7. ]krks un`mkcucdrks1 :. W`rus1 2. Fdmtàr`ds1 0. Kmiss`stkld k kmicij`d1 45. Vksp`rdêíi.
H`hämt`md hk F`icij`d @@ F558 F55866 ”M ”Mintkÿhis intkÿhis Mkntrd`s Mkntrd`s ni Kns`ni hk F`icij` d
=7
@nstruêûks pdrd i kstuhi his mintkÿhis hi ldnudc
Mili puhkrd nitdr is mintkÿhis dprkskntdhis ni ldnudc, igkrkmkl d t` mdri kstuhdntk, ul kntknh`lknti fäs`mi k gunhdlkntdc pdrd i hksknv hksknvicv`lknti icv`lknti hk hktkrl`ndhds milpktïnm`ds kspkmìg`mds, lkh`dntk d rksicuêíi his kxkrmìm`is k tdrkgds hk duti-dvdc`dêíi
]ujkr`lis quk gdêd ul dprigunhdlknti his mintkÿhis dprkskntdhis ni ldnudc, rkmirrknhi-sk hd skju`ntk rkgkrïnm`d f`fc`ijräg`md pdrd i kgk`ti?
Lkrmïs Viqu Viqu k k iut ris? F` icij` d 46¿ 46¿ dni. Uirti kh`tir d. Udj.=78 ed 860
Urijr dls hk Kns`ni hk F`i cij`d hi 4¿ M`mci - LKM
Kstd i ifrd frd kstä h`spinìvkc nd F`fc`itkmd h hi i MKH, pihknhi t`rdr mýp`ds iu minsuctdr.
D rk rkgkr`hd gkr`hd ifrd tdlfàl mintàl kxkrmìm`is, sujkr`lis quk rksicvd kssks kxkrmìm`is, d`nhd quk níi skod pdrd kntrkjdr, mintuhi pihkl minst`tu`r ldtàr`d hk dvdc`dêíi pdrd tkstks k iutris.
Mr`tàr`is hk dvdc`d dvdc`dêíi êíi hds t drkgd drkgds s h i ldnudc.
Wimà hkvkrä kntrkjdr tihis kxkrmìm`is `nh`mdhis pdrd skrkl kntrkjuks, d níi kntrkjd `lpc`md h`l`nu`êíi nd nitd.
D qud qudnt`g`mdêíi nt`g`mdêíi titdc titdc his kxkrmìm`is mirrkmtis à d hk 65 vdcirks.
Is kxkrmìm`is quk kx`jkl ld`ir rkgckxíi k trdfdcbi h hk k mdlpi pir pdrtk hi kstuhdntk síi is hk ld`ir mitdêíi.
Hkvk skr kv`tdhi i pcäj`i hk rkspistds rkspistds..
Urimurk skr ld`s mr`dt`vi nd dprkskntdê dprkskntdêíi íi hds rkspistds, pr`ir`zk i kstdfkckm`lknti hd rkcdêíi kntrk d tkir`d k d prät`md, fkl mili d rksicuêíi hk s`tudêûks minmrktds.
D dprk dprkskntdêíi skntdêíi tàmn`md k mikrïnm`d tkxtudc hkvk skr dcji d tkr kl mintd.
I jrdu hk m m`knt`g`m`hdhk `knt`g`m`hdhk hds rkspistds mil rkmurs rkmursi i d tkrlis hk ndturkzd m`kntìg`md k tàmn`md t àmn`md hkvk mins minst`tu`r t`tu`r dspkmti d mins`hkrdr.
D dprkskntdêíi hk minmcusûks k rkmilkn rkmilknhdêíi hdêíi hk girld mcdrd k ifokmt`vd hkvkrä skr pitknm`dhd.
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