Dictionary of Metallurgy

A Coatings - Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting. A Elevation - The top level of the boiler firebox where four oil guns are located. The oil guns are used to produce steam and maintain pressure while the boiler is on oil fire. A.G.C. Systems - (Automatic Gauge Control) Hydraulic or electric system that supplies the force to the A.G.C. roll force cylinders. A Sheet Metal Screw - Sheet metal screws with (a) sharp-pointed ends; and (b) fewer threads per inch than type AB screws; and (c) deeper threads with bettere gripping power than type AB. The industrial Fasteners Institue incorrectly labes type A an “obsolete” thread though it is universally preferred in 18-8 stainless over type AB, especially by the marine industry. AB Srews - Sheet metal screws with pointed ends similar to type-A screws and thread dimensions similar to type-B. Type AB screws are seldom used in stainless. Abrasion - The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing solids, fluids or gases. The process of rubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction. Abrasion Resistance - Degree of resistance of a material to abrasion or wear Abrasion-Resistant Steels - A family of steel products developed for those applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion. Abrasive - Material for grinding, polishing, blasting, either in loose form or bonded to form wheels, bricks, or files, or applied to paper and cloth by glue or resin. Natural abrasives include emery, corundum, garnet, sand, flint, etc. Metallic shot and grit are also used as abrasives in cleaning castings. Abrasive - Natural – sandstone,emery,corundum,diamonds, or Artificial – silicon carbide,aluminum oxide – material used for making grinding wheels,andpaper,abrasive and lapping compunds. Abrasive Wheels - Wheels of a hard abrasive, such as Carborundum used for grinding. Abrasive Wear - The displacement and / or detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing fluids or gases. Ac1 - The temperature at which austenite begins to form on heating. Ac3 - In hypoeutectoid steel, the temperature at which transformation of ferrite into austenite is completed upon heating. Accelerator - A substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a catalyst; as used in sand additive resins.

Accm - In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite goes into complete solution with austenite. Accordion Reed Steel - Hardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow flat steel with dressed edges. Carbon content about 1.00. Material has to possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity. Accumulator - A device used to dampen pressure pulsations in the hydraulic and morgoil systems. Accurate - Conforms to a standard or tolerance. Acetyl Tributyl Citrate - One of the lubricating oils generally applied on tin Mill Products (tin plate, TFS-chrome/chrome oxide coated steel, and blackplate). Acid - 1) A solution or liquid with a pH less than 7, 2) term applied to slags, refractors, and minerals containing a high percentage of silica. Acid Brittleness (Pickling Brittleness) - Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness. Acid Embrittlement - Embrittlement during pickling due to absorption of hydrogen. Acid Process - A process of making steel, either Bessemer, open-hearth or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for which low phosphorus pig iron is required as this element is not removed. Acid Process - A steel making method using an acid refractory-lined (usually silica) furnace. Neither sulfur or phosphorus is removed. Acme Thread - A screw thread having a 29 degree included angel. Used largely for feed and adjusting screws on machine tools. Activation - The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a chemically active state. Contrast with passivation. Actual Weight - The customer buys by the actual (scale) weight of the steel. The theoretical weight is used in estimating, however, it is not to be used for billing. Acute Angle - An angle that is less than 90 degrees. Adapters - Steel segments that are bolted to the reel mandrel to increase their diameter so that large (24" ID) coils can be run. Adapti Investment Casting Process - A lost wax process employing one of three methods; centrifugal, vacuum or gravity-pouring casting. Addition Agent - 1) Any material added to a charge of molten metal in bath or ladle to bring alloy to specifications, 2) reagent added to plating bath.

Addendum - That portion of a gear tooth that extends from the pitch circle to the outside diameter. Adeline Steelmaking Process - Method of producing a precision casting of steel or steel alloys using aluminolthermic process and lost wax, followed by centrifugal action. Aecm, Ae1, and Ae3 - Equilibrium transformation temperatures in steel. Aeration - Making contact between air and a liquid by spraying liquid into the air or by agitating the liquid to promote absorption of air. Also act of fluffing molding sand. AFS Tests - A number of standard tests determined by American Foundrymen's Society to evaluate molding and core sands. Age Hardening - Hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. The term as applied to soft, or low carbon steels, relates to a wide variety of commercially important, slow, gradual changes that take place in properties of steels after the final treatment. These changes, which bring about a condition of increased hardness, elastic limit, and tensile strength with a consequent loss in ductility, occur during the period in which the steel is at normal temperatures. Agglomerating Processes - "Fine particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the powdery material usually is processed into larger pieces. The raw material's properties determine the technique that is used by mills. 1) SINTER Baked particles that stick together in roughly one-inch chunks. Normally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces. 2) PELLETS Iron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened by heat. 3) BRIQUETTES Small lumps are formed by pressing material together. Hot Iron Briquetting (HBI) is a concentrated iron ore substitute for scrap for use in electric furnaces. Aging - A change in the properties of certain metal and alloys (such as steel) that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after a hot working heat treatment or cold working operation. Typical properties impacted are hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, impact value, formability, magnetic properties, etc. See also Non-aging. Air Furnace - Reverbatory-type furnace in which metal is melted by heat from fuel burning at one end of the hearth, passing over the bath toward the stack at the other end. Heat also is reflected from the roof and side walls. Air Hardening Steel - A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. Such steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the quenching process. Additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. (51 mm) or more in diameter.

Air Heaters - Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwork which preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust gases passing through them to the incoming air passing around them. Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel requirements. Aircraft Quality - Denotes stock of sufficient quality to be forged into highly stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. Such materials are of extremely high quality, requiring closely controlled, restrictive practices in their manufacture in order that they may pass rigid requirements, such as magnetic particle inspection (Ref: Aerospace Material Specification 2301). Air-Lift Hammer - A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke can be controlled, ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the workpiece can be varied. Air Quenching - Accelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from temperatures above the Ac3 temperature. Air Scale - Scale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from heating in presence of air. Airblasting - A cleaning operation, as cleaning sand from molds. AISI Steels - Steels of the American Iron and Steel Institute. Common and alloy steels have been numbered in a system essentially the same as the SAE. The AISI system is more elaborate than the SAE in that all numbers are preceded by letters: A represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, B acid Bessemer carbon steel, C basic open-hearth carbon steel, CB either acid Bessemer ar basic open-hearth carbon steel, E electric furnace alloy steel. Alclad - Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive environment. Align - To adjust or set to a line or center. Alkaline Derusting - An electrical process for derusting steel, cast iron and other ferrous alloys without using heat. Alkyd - A type of resin made from a polyhydroxy alcohol combined chemically with the acids of various oils. They are particularly adapted for use where hardness and high gloss are required. Used largely for outside decoration. Allotropy - The property whereby certain elements may exist in more than one crystal structure. Allowance (Tolerance) - In a foundry, the clearance specified; difference in limiting sizes, as minimum clearance or maximum interference between mating parts, as computed arithmetically.

Alloy - A substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is metal. Usually possesses qualities different from those of the components. Alloy Steel - Steel with modified properties that is made by combining iron with one or more elements in addition to carbon. Alloys change the properties of the steel making it, for example, harder, more formable, etc., depending on the combination and amounts of alloys used. An iron-based mixture is considered to be an alloy steel when manganese is greater than 1.65%, silicon over 0.5%, copper above 0.6%, or other minimum quantities of alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or tungsten are present. An enormous variety of distinct properties can be created for the steel by substituting these elements in the recipe. Alloy Surcharge - The addition to the producer's selling price included in order to offset raw material cost increases caused by higher alloy prices. Alloying Element - Any metallic element added during the making of steel for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance, hardness, or strength. The metals used most commonly as alloying elements in stainless steel include chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. Alpha Bronze - A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy is used in coinage,springs,turbine,blades,etc, Alpha - ferrite - Body-centered cubic type of pure iron stable below 1670F (910C). Alpha Iron - The polymorphic form of iron, stable below 1670 (degrees) F. has a body centered cubic lattice, and is magnetic up to 1410 (degrees) F. Alpha Martensite - A form or stage of martensite of somewhat arbitrary distinction, probably representing the least developed and most distorted stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite at ordinary temperatures. Alpha Process - A shell molding and core-making method in which a thin resinbonded shell is baked with a less expensive, highly permeable material. Alternating Stress - Stress produced in a material by forces acting alternating in opposite directions. Alumina - Aluminum oxide produced fron bauxite by a complicated chemical process. It is a material that looks like granulated sugar. Alumina is an intermediate step in the production of aluminum from bauxite, and is also a valuable chemical on its own. Aluminum - A silver-white soft metal, noted for its lightness, high reflectivity, high thermal conductivity, non-toxicity, and corrosion resistance. It is the most abundant metallic element, comprising about 1/12th of the earth’s crust. It is never found in nature as an elemental metal, but only in combination with oxygen and other elements. In ordinary commercial and industrial use, the word “aluminum” is often understood to mean aluminum alloy, rather than the pure metal.

Aluminum oxide - A chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen, which forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air. Unlike iron oxide (the rust that forms on steel) aluminum oxide does not flake off, but forms a protective layer that blocks further oxidation and so protects the integrity of the metal. It is transparent and does not alter the appearance of the aluminum surface. Aluminum Killed Steel - (Special Killed) Steel deoxidized with aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. Ambient Temperature - Temperature of the surrounding air. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) - A non-profit association of North American producers, suppliers to and users of steel. Its mission is to promote steel as the material of choice and to enchance the competetiveness of its members and the North American Steel Industry. American Standard Beam - Common name for a S-shape steel beam. Ames Portable Hardness Tester - The Rockwell penetration method of testing hardness of metals can be made with this tester by applying pressure to the penetrator by screw action. Amorphous - Non-crystalline. Angle - Structural steel resembling L. May be Equal Leg Angle or Unequal Leg Angle. Used in trusses and built-up girders. Angle Iron - An iron or steel structural member that has been cast,rolled or bent (folded) so that its cross section is l-shaped. Angle Plate - A precision holding fisture made of cast iron,steel or granite. The two principal faces are at right angles and may be slotted for holding the work or clamping to a table. Anneal - To heat a metal to a temperature slightly below its melting point, then cool it gradually so as to soften it thoroughly. Fully annealed aluminum is said to be in the “O” temper. Anneal Cycle Code - Steel heat specification unique to the annealing base being charged. Annealing - "WHAT A heat or thermal treatment process by which a previously coldrolled steel coil is made more suitable for forming and bending. The steel sheet is heated to a designated temperature for a sufficient amount of time and then cooled. WHY The bonds between the grains of the metal are stretched when a coil is cold rolled, leaving the steel brittle and breakable. Annealing ""recrystallizes"" the grain structure of steel by allowing for new bonds to be formed at the high temperature. HOW There are two ways to anneal cold-rolled steel coils D1batch and continuous. (1) BATCH (BOX). Three to four coils are stacked on top of each other, and a cover is placed on top. For up to three days, the steel is heated in a non-oxygen atmosphere

(so it will not rust) and slowly cooled. (2) CONTINUOUS. Normally part of a coating line, the steel is uncoiled and run through a series of vertical loops within a heater: The temperature and cooling rates are controlled to obtain the desired mechanical properties for the steel." Arbor Press Annulus - A ring-like part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which extruded metal flows from the press. Anodes - Tin bars that are put in the plater cells and are important to the Anodized (And Painted) Aluminum - Aluminum coated with a thin film of oxide (applied by anodic treatment) resulting in a surface with extreme hardness. A wide variety of dye-colored coatings are made possible by impregnation in the anodizing process. Anodizing - Forming or thickening an oxide coating on aluminum by immersing it in an eletrolyte bath and passing a current through the bath, using the aluminum as the anode. The process may be used to increase the protective effect of aluminum’s transparent natural oxide surface; it may also be given a decorative coloration. plating process in the Tin Mill. ANSI - Stands for American National Standards Institute Antimony - Chemical symbol Sb. Silvery white and lusteous, it exhibits poor heat and electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in compunds such as anitmony trioxide for flame-retardents. Otheer applications include storage battery components. Anticarburizing Compounds - Compounds applied to metallic surfaces to prevent surface carbonization. Anvil - A heavy iron or steel block upon which metal is forged or hammered. Also the fixed jaw on a micrometer against which parts are measured. AOD - Argon Oxygen Decarburization API - American petroleum institute-issues stamdards for oil industry Aperture - In an extrusion die, the shaped opening through which the heat-softened metal is forced and which gives the extruded product its cross-sectional shape. Also called the “orifice”. Apparent Contraction - The net contraction of a casting dimension due to true metal contraction, mold wall movement and restraint during solidification and cooling. Apron - Device that the molten slag flows across on its way from the spout to the doughnut. It is cooled by water spray.

Arbor - A shaft or spindle for holding cutting tools; most usually on a milling machine. Arbor Press - NULL Arc Cutting - Using an electric arc to cut metal. Arc Furnace - A steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an arc between graphite electrodes and the metal. Both carbon and alloy steels are produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap,rather than molten metal,is used as the base material. Furnaces with capacities up to 200 tonnes are now in use. Arcair Torch - An electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to the electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from ferrous castings. Architectural finish - An architectural finish is a standard finish characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most often specified for “exposed” surfaces. Argon-Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) - "WHAT A process for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. WHY The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, AOD is an economical supplement, as operating time is shorter and temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using AOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the EAF into a separate vessel. A mixture of argon and oxygen is blown from the bottom of the vessel through the melted steel. Cleaning agents are added to the vessel along with these gases to eliminate impurities, while the oxygen combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The presence of argon enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus facilitates the removal of carbon. " Arnold's Fatigue Test - A test for fractures using 850 cyclic stress reverses per min., recording the number of cycles required to produce fracture. Named after John Arnold, British Metallurgist) As Cast (as-cast, u.m.) - Referring to metal which has not received finishing (beyond gate removal or sandblasting) or treatment of any kind including heat treatment after casting. Similarly, as drawn, as forged and as rolled. (See Finishing) ASD - Aluminum Standards and Data published by the Aluminum Association. Ash Box - Brick lined collection point for slag and ash. Ash Tank - Holding tank for ashes. The tank is located outside the boiler house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a week, depending on the ash accumulation.

Askania - 1.) A strip-centering device consisting of two electric eyes to ensure that the strip will stay centered during re-coiling. 2) Device with an electronic eye which is associated with tracking of strip going through the side trimmers. Assembly - A unit of fitted parts that naje yo a mechanism or machine, such as the headstock assemble of a lathe. Assembly fit - Refers to two parts designed for mating assembly and requiring exact dimensions and contours to assure a proper fit. ASTM - American Standard of Testing and Materials. A non-profit organization that parovides a forum for producers,users,ultinmate consumers, and those having a general interest (representatives of government and academia) to meet on common ground and write standards for materials,products,systems and services. ASTM Standards - A series of documents, approved and published by ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, practices, guides, test methods, etc., covering various materials, products, systems or services. In the steel industry, the steel related ASTM standards are used by both the producers and users to ensure that a steel product or service meets all intended requirements. See American Society for Testing and Materials. A53A, A53B, A53F, A106 - ASTM grades of carbon steel pipe. ATBC - Acetyl Tributyl Citrate. Atmosphere, Furnace - Gases with which metal is in contact during melting or heat treating. Atmosphere, Neutral - Furnace atmosphere which is neither oxidizing nor reducing can be made up of an inert gas e.g. argon, or the products of combustion. Atmosphere, Oxidizing - Furnace atmosphere which gives off oxygen under certain conditions or where there is an excess of oxygen in the product of combustion, or the products of combustion are oxidizing to the metal being heated. Atmosphere, Reducing - Furnace atmosphere which absorbs oxygen under suitable conditions or in which there is insufficient air to completely burn the fuel, or the product of combustion is reducing to the metal being heated. Atmosphere Valve - A valve that is located in the exhaust line of a turbine and is designed to open and get a positive pressure in the exhaust line. Atomic-Hydrogen Weld, - Arc welding with heat from an arc between two tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The use of pressure and filler metal is optional. Atomizing Steam - Low pressure steam which is introduced to the oil gun to help atomize the oil, to assist the burning process, and to keep the oil gun from plugging.

Attemperator - Header connecting the primary and finishing superheaters into which feed water is sprayed to control the final temperature of the steam leaving the boiler. Attrition - A natural redcution in work force as a result of resignations, retirements or death. Most unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce their employment levels to cut costs, so management must rely on attrition to provide openings that they, in turn, do not fill. Because the median ages of work forces at the integrated mills may be more than 50, an increasing number of retirments may provide these companies with added flexibility to improve their competitiveness. Austenite - Phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually of carbon or iron carbide, in the hamma form of iron. Such steels are known as austenitic. Austenite is stable only above 1333 (degrees) F. in a plain carbon steel, but the presence of certain alloying elements, such as nickel and manganese, stabilizes the austenitec form, even at normal temperatures. Austenite Steel - Any steel containing sufficient alloy to produce a stable austenitic (gamma iron) crystalline structure at ambient temperatures. Austenitic - Steel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese,nickel,chromium,etc., shows stability of Austenite at normal temperatures Auto Stamping Plant - A facility that presses a steel blank into the desired form of a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die (pattern). The steel used must be ductile (malleable) enough to bend into shape without breaking. Automatic - Describes the status of the operation when the O2 pulpit has control and the boiler logic has control. Automatic Gauge Control - Using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet's gauge (thickness) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill. Using feedback or feed-forward systems, a computer's gap sensor adjusts the distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50-60 times per second. These adjustments prevent the processing of any off-gauge steel sheet. Automatic Stop - A device which may be attached to any of several parts of a machine tool to stop the operation of the machine at any predetermined point. Autoradiograph - A radiograph recorded photgraphically by radiation spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in or added to the material. This technique identifies the location of the radioisotopes. Auxiliary Air - A controller for auxiliary air dampers on boilers. For proper combustion on oil fire. Auxiliary Hydraulic System - Hydraulic system that supplies the force to run the various hydraulic cylinders associated with the finishing mill which are not taken care of by the A.G.C. or C.V.C hydraulic system.

Auxiliary Oil Pump - A steam or electric pump that maintains oil pressure on the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it is not up to maximum speed. Auxilliary Operations - Additional processing steps performed on forgings to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the regular processing operation. Auxiliary Pump - Pump on the auxiliary system which supplies the pressure for the system. AW-100 - The hydraulic oil used in all the hydraulic systems located in the finishing mill oil cellar and the furnace hydraulic system. AWG (American Wire Gauge) - A system of conventional designations of standard wire diameters. For example, “10 gauge” denotes wire of 0.135-inch diameter. In the AWG system, higher numbers designate smaller diameters and lower numbers designate larger diameters. Axil Rolls - In ring rolling, vertically displaceable frame opposite from but on the same centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls control the ring height during the rolling process. Axis - The line,real or imaginery,passing through the center of an object about which it could rotate; a point of reference. Abrasion - The process of rubbing, grinding, or wearing away by friction. Abrasive - A substance capable of grinding away another material. Acid Steel - Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica. Acid-Brittleness - Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen, formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the metal, causing acid brittleness. Acid-Process - A process of making steel, either Bessemer, open-hearth or electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for which low phosphorus pig iron is required as this element is not removed. Aging - A change in properties that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after hot working or a heat treating operation (quench aging in ferrous alloys), or after a cold working operation (strain aging). The change in properties is often, but not always, due to a phase change (precipitation), but does not involve a change in chemical composition. In a metal or alloy, a change in properties that generally occurs slowly at room temperature and more rapidly at higher temperatures. Air Cooling - Cooling of the heated metal, intermediate in rapidity between slow furnace cooling and quenching, in which the metal is permitted to stand in the open air.

Air-Hardening Steel - A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from a temperature above its transformation range. Such steels attain their martensitic structure without going through the quenching process. Additions of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and manganese are effective toward this end. The term should be restricted to steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large sections, about 2 in. or more in diameter. Allotriomorph - A particle of a phase that has no regular external shape. Alloy - A substance having metallic properties and composed of two or more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Alloy Steel - Steel containing substantial quantities of elements other than carbon and the commonly-accepted limited amounts of manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus. Addition of such alloying elements is usually for the purpose of increased hardness, strength or chemical resistance. The metals most commonly used for forming alloy steels are: nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium, Low Alloy steels are usually considered to be those containing a total of less than 5% of such added constituents. Alloying Element - An element added to a metal, and remaining in the metal, that effects changes in structure and properties. Alpha Brass - A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc. Used mainly for cold working. Alpha Bronze - A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy is used in coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc. Aluminizing - Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion. Aluminum (Chemical symbol Al) - Element No. 13 of the periodic system; Atomic weight 26.97; silvery white metal of valence 3; melting point 1220 (degrees) F; boiling point approximately 4118 (degrees) F.; ductile and malleable; stable against normal atmospheric corrosion, but attacked by both acids and alkalis. Aluminum is used extensively in articles requiring lightness, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, etc. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) Deoxidizes efficiently. (2) Restricts grain growth (by forming dispersed oxides or nitrides) (3) Alloying element in nitriding steel. Aluminum Killed Steel - A steel where aluminum has been used as a deoxidizing agent. Angstrom Unit - (A) A unit of linear measure equal to 10(-10)m, or 0.1 nm; not an accepted Si unit, but still sometimes used for small distances such as interatomic distances and some wavelengths.

Anisotropy - The characteristics of exhibiting different values of a property in different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material. Annealing - Heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: black annealing, blue annealing, box annealing, bright annealing, flame annealing, graphitizing, intermediate annealing, isothermal annealing, malleablizing, process annealing, quench annealing, recrystallization annealing, and spheroidizing. When applied to ferrous alloys, the term annealing, without qualification, implies full annealing. When applied to nonferrous alloys, the term annealing implies a heat treatment designed to soften an age-hardened alloy by causing a nearly complete precipitation of the second phase in relatively coarse form. Any process of annealing will usually reduce stresses, but if the treatment is applied for the sole purpose of such relief, it should be designated stress relieving. Annealing Twin - A twin formed in a metal during an annealing heat treatment. Anodizing (Aluminum A dic Oxide Coating) - A process of coating aluminum by anodic treatment resulting in a thin film of aluminum oxide of extreme hardness. A wide variety of dye colored coatings are possible by impregnation in process. Arc Welding - A group of welding processes wherein the metal or metals being joined are coalesced by heating with an arc, with or without the application of pressure and with or without the use of filler metal. Artifact - In microscopy, a false structure introduced during preparation of a specimen. Artificial Aging - An aging treatment above room temperature. ASTM - Abbreviation for American Society For Testing Material. An organization for issuing standard specifications on materials, including metals and alloys. Atomic-Hydrogen Weld - Arc welding with heat from an arc between two tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The use of pressure and filler metal is optional. Attenuation - The fractional decrease of the intensity of an energy flux, including the reduction of intensity resulting from geometrical spreading, absorption, and scattering. Ausenitic Grain Size - The size of the grains in steel heated into the austenitic region. Austempering - Quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a medium having a rate of heat abstraction high enough to prevent the formation of high-temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation.

Austenitic Steel - Steel which, because of the presence of alloying elements, such as manganese, nickel, chromium, etc., shows stability of Austenite at normal temperatures. Austenitizing - Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). Austentite - A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron. Autofrettage - Pre-stressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of momentary internal pressure exceeding the yield strength. Autoradiograph - A radiograph recorded photographically by radiation spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in, or added to, the material. This technique identifies the locations of the radioisotopes. B Elevation - The bottom level of the boiler firebox where two oil guns are located. The oil guns are used if the boiler needs extra steam while on oil fire. BA - Batch Anneal Babbitt - An antifriction metal alloy used for bearing inserts;made of tin,antimony,lead and copper. Back Draft - Reverse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern from a mold or a core from a corebox. Back End - 1) Usually refers to the entry end of process lines. 2) The outside lap 2) of the produced coil, or the inside lap of the consumed coil. Back Gears - Gears fitted to a machine to increase the number of spindle speeds obtainable with a cone or step pulley belt drive. Back Rake - The angular surface ground back from the cutting edge of cutting tools. On lathe cutting tools. The rake is positive if the face slopws down from the cutting edge toward the shank, and negative if the face sloopes upward toward the shank. Backlash - The lost motion or looseness (play) between the faces of meshing gears or threads. Back-up Balance - Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the back-up rolls up in place. Back-up Roll - 1) Roll used as a support roll mainly for plater rolls. 2) Two rolls, one on top and one on bottom of the two work rolls which apply pressure and reduce the flexing of the work rolls. Backer (back-up plate) - A “tool” or reinforcing part, which presses against the outer surface of an extrusion die, supporting it against the pressure of the extruding

metal. The backer has an opening larger than the die aperture, allowing the extruded product to emerge without marring its soft surface. Backing Board (Backing Plate) - A second bottom board on which molds are opened. Backing Sand - The bulk of the sand in the flask. The sand compacted on top of the facing sand that covers the pattern. Backoff - Removal of part of coil from entry end of unit; may be necessitated by a defect in coil or by a wreck in the mill, etc. Backoff weight is the part of the coil that is removed and not finished/produced. Backward Extrusion - Forcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the motion of a punch or die. Backwardation - Market condition where the spot, or current price for a metal is higher than the three-month delivery price. This usually indicates immediate demand is perceived to be stronger than long-term demand. Not considered to be a "normal" market state (See Contango). Bainite - A eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and a fine dispersion of carbide, generally formed at temperatures below 840 to 930 F (450 to 500 C): upper bainite is an aggregate containing parallel lath-shape units of ferrite, produces the so-called feathery appearance in optical microscopy, and is formed at temperatures above about 660 F (350 C); lower bainite consists of individual plate-shape units and is formed at temperatures below about 660 F (350 C). Also, a slender, needle-like (acicular) microstructure appearing in spring steel strip characterized by toughness and greater ductility than tempered Martensite. Bainite is a decomposition product of Austenite best developed at interrupted holding temperatures below those forming fine pearlite and above those giving Martensite. Bake - Heat in an oven to a low controlled temperature to remove gases or to harden a binder. Bake Hardenable Steel - A cold-rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive body panel applications. Because of the steel’s special processing, it has good stamping and strength characteristics and after paint is baked on, improved dent resistance. Baked Core - A core which has been heated through sufficient time and temperature to produce the desired physical properties attainable from its oxidizing or thermal-setting binders. Baked Strength - Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength of a mold sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 231 B0F (111 B0C) and then cooled to room temperature. Balanced Steel - Steels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce an intermediate structure between a rimmed and killed steel, Sometimes referred to as

semi-killed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot and amongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections. Ball Burnishing - A method of obtaining a high luster on small parts by rotating them in a wooden-lined barrel with water, burnishing soap, and stainless steel shot. Baller Stick - Octagon-shaped wooden stick approximately 5' long. This stick is used in the baller area, to change burr mashers, to start a coil with a large ID, etc. Balling Drum - A rotating drum that is used for adding moisture to the sinter mix in the Blast Furnace. Also, it enhances a balling action where the smaller sized materials adhere to larger materials. Band - Refers to metal strap Signode band that is one half inch wide. This band is used to thread and pull the strip through the line. Band Dispenser - Device that holds that roll of steel banding. Band Saw Steel (Wood) - A hardened tempered bright polished high carbon cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics. Usually carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value of approximately C40/45. Band Wareroom - A storage area in Strip Steel used for storing hot bands (coil made from slab). Band, Inside - A loose steel frame placed inside a removable flask to reinforce the sand at the parting line after the flask has been removed. Bander - Machine located at each delivery reel to automatically place circumference bands around completed coils. Banding Tool - Tool used to tighten a steel band around a coil. Bandsaw - A power saw, the blade of which is a continuous,narrow,steel band having teeth on one edge and passing over two large pulley wheels. Bar - Long steel products that are rolled from billets. Merchant bar and reinforcing bar (rebar) are two common categories of bars, where merchants include rounds, flats, angles, squares, and channels that are used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products such as furniture, stair railings, and farm equipment. Rebar is used to strengthen concrete in highways, bridges and buildings (see Sheet Steel). Bar, Flask - A rib in the cope of a tight flask to help support the sand. Bare Spot - A location on the strip where coating did not adhere. Bark - Surface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting from heating in an oxidizing environment. In the case of steel, such bark always suffers from decarburization.

Bars - A relatively long straight, rigid piece pf metal; long steel products rolled from billets into such shapes as squares,rectangles, rounds,angles,channels,hexagons,and tees. In steel, “merchant bars” include rounds,flats,angles,squares,and channels that are used by fabricators to manufacture a wide variety of products such as furniture,stair railings and farm equipment. Concrete reinforcing bar (rebar) is used to strengthen concrete in highways,bridges and buildings. Base - The steel or concrete pedestal on which the coils are stacked during the batch annealing process. Base Box - Unit of area of 112 sheets of tin mil products (tin plate, tin free steel or black plate) 14 by 20 inches, or 31,360 square inches. Tin Plate is sold, and carried in finished inventory, on a weight per unit area rather than on a thickness basis. Base Metal - (1) The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy; (2) the metal to be brazed, cut or welded; (3) after welding the part of the metal that was not melted during the process. Base Metal Contamination - Dirt or other impurities in the steel strip. Base Plate - A plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached and to which a flask is subsequently attached to form the mold container. Base Type - Tin Mill term; Thickness divided by .00011. Also weight in pounds of one Base Box of Tin plate. In finished inventory base weight is specified instead of decimal thickness. Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) - "WHAT A pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory bricks, that refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel. Up to 30% of the charge into the BOF can be scrap, with hot metal accounting for the rest. WHY BOFs, which can refine a heat (batch) of steel in less than 45 minutes, replaced open-hearth furnaces in the 1950s; the latter required five to six hours to process the metal. The BOF's rapid operation, lower cost and ease of control give it a distinct advantage over previous methods. HOW Scrap is dumped into the furnace vessel, followed by the hot metal from the blast furnace. A lance is lowered from above, through which blows a high-pressure stream of oxygen to cause chemical reactions that separate impurities as fumes or slag. Once refined, the liquid steel and slag are poured into separate containers. " Basic Oxygen Process - (BOP) A process in which molten steel is produced in a furnace by blowing oxygen into molten iron, scrap and flux materials. The furnace is known as Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). Basket Screen - A first stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the New Blowing Room Pump Room to the Blast Furnace. The strainer contains an electricdriven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system. Bastard - Threads,parts,tools and sizes that are not standard, such as, “Bastard Nuts”, “Bastard Plus”, “bastaard fittings and so forth. The term also refers to a standard coarse cut file.

Batch - Amount or quantity of core or mold sand or other material prepared at one time. Batch Anneal - The process by which a large, stationary stack of steel coils (4 coils high) is subjected to a long heat-treating cycle. This process enables the cold-rolled sheet to fully recrystallize into the softest possible product conforming to customer specifications. Controlling the recrystallization process makes a fine-grained microstructure easy to obtain, and minimizes the tendencies for retention of directional properties of the rolled steel which could produce undesirable shapes in the stamping of a cylindrical part such as a can. Also see Anneal and Continuous Anneal. Batch Oven - Oven use to bake a number of cores at one time. Bath - Molten metal on the hearth of a furnace, in a crucible, or in a ladle. Batten - A wooden bar or strip fastened to bottom or follow board for rigidity or to prevent distortion during ramming of the mold. Bazooka - Performs functions of Galvanneal Furnace; set of torches on wheels used to shoot flames onto a strip to further heat it. BE - Chemical symbol for Beryllium Bead - 1)Half-round cavity in a mold, or half-round projection or molding on a casting, 2) a single deposit of weld metal produced by fusion. Beam - The principal horizontal load-bearing member of a structure. Beam and Sling - Tackle used in conjunction with a crane for turning over the cope or drag of a mold prior to assembly. Bearing - Rollers and balls placed between moving parts to reduce friction and wear.Bearing Strength - The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the iffective area is calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the thickness of the bearing member. Bed - One of the principal parts of a machine tool having accurately machined ways or bearing surfaces for supporting and aligning other parts of the machine. Stationary platen of a press to which the lower die assembly is attached. Bed-In - Method whereby drag may be rammed in the pit or flask without necessity of rolling over. Process used in production of heavy castings. Bedding - Sinking a pattern down into the sand to the desired position and ramming the sand around it. Bedding a Core - Resting an irregularly shaped core on a bed of sand for drying.

Bell Mouth - The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made at the entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting tool. Belly Roll - Roll used on the line to steady plate. Belt Wrapper - Line equipment used in the Tin Mill for starting coils on prime or reject reels. The belt wrapper ensures a proper start. Bench Rammer - A short rammer used by bench molders. Bench-Blower - A small core-blowing machine, utilizing a removable sand magazine and blow heat. Bench Grinder - A small grinding machine for shaping and sharpening the cutting edges of tools. Bench Lathe - A small lathe mounted on a bench or table. Bench Work - Work done primarily at a bench with hand tools. Occasionlly suplemented by small power-driven tools. Bend Test - Various tests which is used to ascertain the toughness and ductility of a metal product, in which the material is bent around its axis and/ or around an outside radius. A complete test might specify such a bend to be both with and against the direction of grain. For testing, samples should be edge filed to remove burrs and any edgewise cracks resulting from slitting or shearing. If a vice is to be employed, then you must line the jaws with some soft metal, to permit a flow of the metal in the piece being tested. Bending - A preliminary forging operation to give the piece approximately the correct shape for subsequent forming. Bending Angle - A 'V-shaped' piece of angle iron attached to the rear of the coil car in the Strip Steel, which is used to help the operator put bends into the front end of a coil. Bending Strength - Upper limit of normal stress of a beam at which fracture or excessive plastic deformation occurs. Bentonite - A colloidal clay derived from volcanic ash and employed as a binder in connection with synthetic sands, or added to ordinary natural (clay-bonded) sands where extra strength is required. Beryllium Copper - An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with optionally fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this series show remarkable age-hardening properties and an ultimate hardness of about 400 Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such hardness and good electrical conductivity, beryllium-copper is used in electrical switches, springs, etc. Bevel - Angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of tube and a plane perpendicular to the surface. Standard pipe bevel is 30 degrees.

BHN - Brinell Hardness Number BI - Chemical symbol for Bismuth Bi-Coil - Also BY-COIL. Tin Mill term. Customers buy "by coil" or "bi-coil" rather than cut sheets. Bifluoride Feeder - A machine in the Tin Mill that automatically puts bifluoride into the plater bath. Big Winch - The tool used to spot (or position) the rail cars for unloading. It is located on the north end of the unloading area. Billet - (1) A semi-finished section hot rolled from a metal ingot, with a rectangular cross section usually ranging from 16 to 36 in., the width being less than twice the thickness. Where the cross section exceeds 36 in., the term “bloom” is properly but not universally used. Sizes smaller than 16 in. are usually termed “bars”; a solid semi-finished round or square product which has been hot worked by forging, rolling, or extrusion. (2) A semi-finished, cogged, hot rolled or continuous-cast metal product of uniform section, usually rectangular with radiused corners. Billets are relatively larger than bars. Billet container - The part of the extrusion press into which the billet to be extruded is placed. Bimetal - Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different metals, fused together. Binder - The bonding agent used as an additie to mold or core sand to impart strength of plasticity in a dry state. Bismuth - Chemical symbol Bi. A soft, course cystalline heavy metal with a silvery white color and pinkish tinge; usually produced as a by-product of copper,leaad and other metals. Has a thermal conductivity lower than all other metals except mercury. Used as alloying agent but leading use is in pharmaceuticals. Bit, Tool (cutter) - A hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped accordidng to the operation to be performed and the material to be machined. Black Pipe Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized) Black Iron - Uncoated steel product. Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel Strip (Scaleless Blue) - A flat cold rolled usually .70/.80 medium high carbon steel strip, blue-black in color, which has been quenched in oil and drawn to desired hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue tempered spring steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less exacting requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs, hold down springs, trap springs, etc. It will take a more severe bend before fracture than will clock spring, but it does not have the same degree of spring-back.

Black Plate - A light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called because of its dark oxide coloring prior to pickling. It is manufactured by two different processes. (1) Form sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheet mills in tandem. This method is now almost obsolete. (2) On modern, high speed continuous tandem cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pickled wide strip into ribbon wound coils to finished gage. Sizes range from 12 to 32 in width, and in thicknesses from 55 lbs. to 275 lbs. base box weight. It is used either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or terne coated. Black Pipe Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized) NULL Blackening Scab - A form of casting defect related to an improper coating rather than to the sand. Blacking Hole - Irregular-shaped surface cavities in a casting containing carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blacking from the mold surface. Blank - Solid metal disk or plate inserted into a line to prevent the flow of gases or liquids through the line. Blank - A piece of stock (also call a “slug” or “multiple”) from which a forging is to be made. Blanking - An early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use by an end user. A blank is a section of sheet that has the same outer dimensions as a specified part (such as a car door or hood) but that has not yet been stamped. Steel processors may offer blanking for their customers to reduce their labor and transportation costs; excess steel can be trimmed prior to shipment. Blast Cleaning (blasting) - A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects by use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive particles (grit, sand, or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at high velocity. Blast Furnace - 1) A furnace in which solid fuel (limestone, coke, iron ore) is combined with high-pressure, hot air blast (120,000 psi) to smelt ore in a continuous process (They are never stopped. They can be slowed down or idled). A Blast Furnace in the iron and steel industry is used to produce liquid iron. Blast Furnace Gas - By-product gas created by the iron making process which is used as fuel for the boilers. Blasting (Blast Cleaning) - A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects by use of an air blast or centrifugal wheel that throws abrasive particles against the surface of the work pieces. Small, irregular particles of steel or iron are used as the abrasive in grit blasting, and steel or iron balls in shot blasting. Bleeder - A defect wherein a casting lacks completeness due to moltn metal draining or leaking out of some part of the mold cavity after pouraing has stopped. Blind Bole - A hole made in a workpiece that does not pass through it.

Blister - 1) Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in a coating, which appear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are hollow, and are usually caused by entrapped air or solvent. 2) A raised spot on the surface on the surface of metal due to expansion of gas which causes a subsurface metal separation such as inclusions and small laminations. Blister Steel - High-carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron. The bar, originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when removed from the cementation (carburizing) furnace. Block - The forging operation in which metal is progressively formed to general desired shape and contour by means an impression die (used when only one block operation is scheduled). Block, Jo - Shop name for a Johnnson gage block, a very accurate measuring device. Block Off - 1) Wooden separators which are used at both the bottom of a lift and between IPM's (bundles) of a lift. 2) The act of placing 4x4s between the lifts in the piler's box. Blocking - A coating defect consisting of the adhesion of two adjoining coatings or materials. Usually this term refers to the coating on one side of coated plate being tacky or sticky and adhering to the adjacent sheet. Blocker - Preform die or impression, used when part cannot be made in a single operation. Bloom - (1) Ancient Definition: iron produced in a solid condition directly by the reduction of ore in a primitive furnace. The carbon content is variable but usually low. Also known as bloomery iron. The earliest iron making process, but still used in underdeveloped countries. (2) Modern Definition: a semi-finished hot rolled steel product, rectangular in section, usually produced on a blooming mill but sometimes made by forging. Blow - The impact or force delivered by one workstroke of the forging equipment. Blow Back - A coating defect consisting of a lower coating film weight on the bottom of the coated sheet caused by high velocity air in the oven. Blow back usually occurs with high solids coatings which have little solvent to evaporate and "set" the film. Blow Down - Process that rids boiler feed water of solids and maintains the proper chemical balance of the feed water. Blow down can also be used to rid drum(s) of excess water. Blowhole - A defect in a casting caused by trapped steam or gas. Blue Annealing - Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is incidental.

Blue Brittleness - Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated to some temperature within the range of 300 (degrees) to 650 (degrees) F, and more especially if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually free of this kind of brittleness. Blue Print - A pen or ink line drawing reproduced (printed) on sensitized paper by direct exposure. Blue Vitriol Copper sulfate - A layout solution which turns a copper color when applied to a clean,polished metal surface. Bluing - Subjecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of air, steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the appearance and resistance to corrosion. NOTE: This term is ordinarily applied to sheet, strip, or finished parts, It is used also to denote the heating of springs after fabrication in order to improve their properties. Blush - A coating defect consisting of the whitening of a cured film which results in a translucent or opaque appearance with accompanying loss of gloss. Blushing usually occurs during the pasteurization or steam processing of films which are undercured or water sensitive. Boil - Agitation of a bath of metal caused by the liberation of a gas beneath its surface. May be deliberately induced by the addition of oxidizing material to a bath containing excess carbon. In the later case it is called a carbon boil and CO or CO2 are liberated. Boiler - A closed vessel in which water, is transformed into steam at a given pressure and temperature under controlled conditions. Bolster (die block) - A “tool” or reinforcing part which supports the backer-which, in turn, supports an extruding die against the pressure of extrusion. Bond - The material that holds the abrasive grains together to form a grinding wheel. Bonderized Coating - A thin film of phosphate pretreatment applied to a steel surface (bare or zinc coated) to enhance paintability. Bonding Clay (Bonderise) - Any clay suitable for use as a bonding material. Bore - To enlarge and finish the surface of a cylindrical hole by the action of a rotating boring bar (cutting tool) or by the action of a stationary tool pressed (fed) against the surface as the part is rotated. Boring Bar (cuffer bar) - A combination tool holder and shank. Boring Tool - A cutting tool in which the tool bit,the boring bar and in some cases the tool holder are incorporated.

Boron ( chemical symbol B) - Element N. 5 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 10.82. It is gray in color, ignites at about 1112 (degrees) F. and burns with a brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is about 4000 (degrees) F. Boron is used in steel in minute quantities for one purpose only- to increase the hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration. Boron Steels - The addition of boron in the range 0.0005-0.005% to certain steels increases the hardenability. A range of boron steels is now listed in the current BS 970 and are widely used for the production of cold headed fastenings. Boss - A projection or an enlarged section of a casting through which a hole may be machine. Bottom Die - The stationary half-die. Bottom Roll - Submerged roll in the pot used to keep the strip submerged in the pot. Bottom Up - Reversing the wrap of a coil putting the top surface on the bottom. Bow - The lateral deviation from straightness Box - Interanl (female) threaded end. Box Annealing - A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable closed metal container, with or without packing material, in order to minimize oxidation. The charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly. Brake - A piece of equipment used for bending sheet; also called a bar folder. If operated manually, it is called a hand brake; if power driven, it is called a press brake. Brake Press Bending - An operation which produces various degree bends when fabricating parts from steel. Brass - An alloy that is 70% copper,30% zinc. One of the most widely used of the copper-zinc alloys; malleable and ductile; excellent cold-working but poor hotworking and machining properties; excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding, but fair for resistance or carbon-arc welding. Used for drawn cartridges, tubes, eyelets machine items and snap fasteners. Brazing - Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting points above 800 F (425C), but lower than those of the metals being joined. May be accomplished by a torch. Filler metal is ordinarily in rod form in torch brazing; whereas in furnace and dip brazing the work material is first assembled and the filler metal may then be applied as wire, washers, clips, bands, or may be bonded, as in brazing sheet.

Break Test (for tempered steel) - A method of testing hardened and tempered high carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain in a vice-like calibrated testing machine. Pressure is applied until the metal fractures at which point a reading is taken and compared with a standard chart of brake limitations for various thickness ranges. Breakage - Cracks or separation of the steel. Breaker - Uncoiler rolls through which the strip passes; composed of a mandrel and leveling rolls which unwind the strip prior to processing through the Pickler. Breaker rolls assist in breaking up the Hot Mill surface scale. Breakout - An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the furnace resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing uncontrolled out of the blast furnace. Bridge - In extrusion: the part of an extrusion “bridge die” that supports a voidforming mandrel. During extrusion, the metal divides and flows around the bridge, reuniting as it is extruded through the die orifice. The resulting weld line can be detected upon microscopic examination, but the extrusion appears functionally and visually seamless. Bridle - A set of rolls used to maintain tension on the strip as it goes through the line. Bridle Rolls - A series of neoprene or steel rolls. Bridle Snubber - The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip. Also is used to steer the strip through the bridle. Bridle Unit - A three-roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic locations on the line. Bridling - The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately prior to a forming, bending, or drawing operation. A process designed to prevent the formulation of Luder's lines. Caution-Bridled metal should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself) return to its pre-bridled condition. Bright Annealing - A process carried out usually in a controlled furnace atmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright. Bright Basic Wire - Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright Bessemer Wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded chain, etc. Bright Bessemer Wire - Stiff bright wire of hard temper. Normally wire is drawn down to size without annealing. Bright Dipping - Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment with a mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror-shiny (specular) highly reflective surface. It is almost always followed by anodizing to protect the surface and provide some choice of color.

Bright Drawing - The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale free surface and improved mechanical properties. The product is termed bright steel. Brine - A saltwater solution for quenching or cooling when heat treating steel. Brinell Hardness - The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the number obtained from the ratio between the load applied on the spherical area of the impression made by a steel ball forced into the surface of the material tested. Brinell Hardness Number - The value of hardness of a metal on an arbitrary scale representing kg/mm2, determined by measuring the diameter of the impression made by a ball of given diameter applied under a known load. Values are expressed in Brinell Hardness Numbers, BHN Brinell Hardness Testing - Method of determining the hardness of materials; involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface at a known pressure (10-mm ball, 500-kg load for aluminum alloys). The Brinell hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball impression. Direct-reading testing are generally used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function. Brite - 1) Regular galvanize coating (not minimized spangle or JP). 2) Rolls that have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel. Brittle Fracture - Fracture with little or no plastic deformation. Brittle Inter-metallic Layer - An iron-zinc alloy layer formed between the steel substrate and the free zinc of galvanized coatings. Broach - A long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which,when forced through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or size. Broaching - Smoothing machined holes or outside surfaces of castings by drawing pushing on or more broaches (special cutting tools) through the roughed out hole. Bronze - An alloy containing 90% copper and 10% tin. Used for screws, wire, hardware, wear plates, bushings and springs; it is somewhat stronger than copper and brass and has equal or better ductility. Bruise - A mark transferred to the strip surface from a defective process roll. Similar to dent or punchmark. BTC - Buttress threaded and coupled Buckles - Appeaars like a series of waves and are created during rolling as a result of mechanical misalignment or cross-section irregularities in supply coil. Buff - To polish A smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or fabric wheel to which a compund has been added.

Build Up Coil - A coil made by putting together two or more coils to make one max coil or one shippable coil. Builtup Plate - "A pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope pattern mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be attached to the other side or to a separate mounting. See Matchplate " Bulk Density - The ratio of the weight of a material to its over-all volume (including any inherent porosity). Bull Gear - The large crank gear of a shaper. Bundle - Specific number of sheets which equals 1 unit of production. Number is determined by multiplying sheets/Packages/BUNDLE. For example, an order calls for 112 sheets/package. According to the maximum height allowed for a lift. Therefore, multiplying 15 packages X 112 sheets 3D 1680 sheets/bundle. Burn - 1) Process of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 2) to permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. Burn-On-Sand - Sand adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely difficult to remove. Burn-Out - Firing a mold at a high temperature to remove pattern material residue. Burning - (1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. (2) In grinding getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the microstructure by tempering or hardening. Burnishing - Developing a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or rubbing with a polished hand tool. Burnt Rubber - Small or large black spots that generally show up on surface and are generally caused by pickling steel too hot. Burnthrough - In shell molding, resin burned out too soon. Burr - The very subtle ridge on the edge of strip steel left by cutting operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blanking. For example, as a steel processor trims the sides of the sheet steel parallel or cuts a sheet of steel into strips, its edges will bend with the direction of the cut. Burr Mashers - Devices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the slitting process. Burst - Internal pressure at which a tube will yield-often tested hydrostatically

Busheling - A widely traded form of steel scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from metal production. Bushel baskets were used to collect the material through World War II, giving rise to the term. Bushing - A sleeve or a lining for a bearing or a drill jig to guard against wear. Bust Coil - Coils removed from the off-gauge reel. The BUST (build up side trimmer) coil contains defects (gauge variation and quality defects) and off-spec widths. Butt end - The residual portion of an extrusion billet that is not forced through the die at the end of the extrusion cycle. Butt Weld - Weld made to join two strip ends set against each other. Butt-Weld Pipe - The standard steel pipe used in plumbing. Heated skelp is passed continuously through welding rolls, which form the tube and squeeze the hot edges together to make a solid weld. Butyl Stearate - (BSO)A lubricant applied on electrolytic chromium coated steel By Coil - Selling term which refers to product sold in the form of a coil vs. cut plate. "Bi Coil" is also used in production to refer to coils vs. cut plate By-Pass - Manual control used to by-pass automatic valve if it fails or in an emergency. Bamboo Grain Structure - A structure in wire or sheet in which the boundaries of the grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis and to extend completely through the thickness. Banded Structure - Appearance of a metal showing parallel bands in the direction of rolling or working. Banding - Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements or phases aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working. Basic Oxygen Process - A steel making process wherein oxygen of the highest purity is blown onto the surface of a bath of molten iron contained in a basic lined and ladle shaped vessel. The melting cycle duration is extremely short with quality comparable to Open Hearth Steel. Basic Steel - Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and under a slag containing an excess of a basic substance such as magnesia or lime. Bath Annealing - Is immersion is a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts) held at an assigned temperature-when a lead bath is used, the process is known as lead annealing. Bauxite - The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula Al2O3xH2O.

Beading - Raising a ridge on sheet metal. Bearing Load - A compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube or collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle, or shaft. Bend Radius - The inside radius of a bent section, Bessemer Process - A process for making steel by blowing air through molten pig iron contained in a refractory lined vessel so that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation. Billet - A solid semi-finished round or square product that has been hot worked by forging, rolling, or extrusion. An iron or steel billet has a minimum width or thickness of 1 1/2 in. and the cross-sectional area varies from 2 1/4 to 36 sq. in. For nonferrous metals, it may also be a casting suitable for finished or semi-finished rolling or for extrusion. Binary Alloy - An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc. Black Annealing - A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip or wire after hot working and pickling. Blast Furnace - A vertical shaft type smelting furnace in which an air blast is used, usually hot, for producing pih iron. The furnace is continuous in operation using iron ore, coke, and limestone as raw materials which are charged at the top while the molten iron and slag are collected at the bottom and are tapped out at intervals. Blister - A defect in metal, on or near the surface, resulting from the expansion of gas in a subsurface zone. Very small blisters are called pinheads or pepper blisters. Bloom - A semi-finished hot rolled product, rectangular in cross section, produced on a blooming mill. For iron and steel, the width is not more than twice the thickness, and the cross-sectional area is usually not less than 36 sq. in. Iron and steel blooms are sometimes made by forging. Bloomery - A primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to iron. Blooming-Mill - A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets slabs, sheet-bar etc., Blowhole - A cavity which was produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in pockets. Blue Brittleness - Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when certain ferrous alloys are worked between 300 and 700 (degrees) F. This phenomenon may be observed at the working temperature or subsequently at lower temperatures. Body-Centered - Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered, or space-centered.

Bonderizing - The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc phosphate in order to develop a better bonding surface for paint or lacquer. Bottle Top Mold - Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitting into the bottle-neck, which stops rimming action by trapping escaping gases. Box Annealing - Annealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. In box annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called close annealing or pot annealing. Box Annealing - A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a closed metal container, with or without packing materials, in order to minimize the effects of oxidation. The charge is normally heated slowly to a temperature below the transformation range, but occasionally above or within it, and then is slowly cooled. Brale - A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a Rockwell hardness tester for hard metals. Brasses - Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element. Brass is harder and mechanically stronger than either of its alloying elements copper or zinc. It is formable and ductile; develops high tensile strength with cold-working and is not heat treatable. Braze Welding - A family of welding procedures where metals are joined by filler metal that has a melting temperature below the solidus of the parent metal, but above 840 (450 C). Bright Annealed Wire - Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled nonoxidizing atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and the surface remains relatively bright. Bright Annealing - The process of annealing in a protective atmosphere so as to prevent discoloration of the bright surface desired. Bright Dip - An acid solution into which pieces are dipped in order to obtain a clean, bright surface. Brinell Hardness Test - A common standard method of measuring the hardness of materials. The smooth surface of the metal is subjected to indentation by a hardened steel ball under pressure. The diameter of the indentation, in the material surface, is then measured by a microscope and the hardness value is read from a chart or determined by a prescribed formula. Brittle Fracture - Fracture preceded by little or negligible plastic deformation. Brittleness - The tendency of a metal or material to fracture without undergoing appreciable plastic deformation.

Broaching - Multiple shaving, accomplished by pushing a tool with stepped cutting edges along the piece, particularly through holes. Bronze - Primarily an alloy of copper and tin, but additionally, the name is used when referring to other alloys not containing tin, for example, aluminum bronze, manganese bronze, and beryllium bronze. Brown & Sharp Gages (B&S) - A standard series of sizes refered to by numbers, in which the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal is generally produced and which is used in the manufacture of brass, bronze, copper, copperbase alloys and aluminum. These gage numbers have a definite relationship to each other. In this system, the decimal thickness is reduced by 50% every six gage numbers- while temper is expressed by the number of B&S gage numbers as cold reduced in thickness from previous annealing. For each B&S gage number in thickness reduction, where is assigned a hardness value of 1/4 hard. Buckle - Bulges and/ or hollows occurring along the length of the metal with the edges remaining otherwise flat. Buffer - A substance added to aqueous solutions to maintain a constant hydrogenion concentration, even in the presence of acids or alkalis. Burning - Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other detrimental action begins. Burnishing - Smoothing surfaces through friction between the material and material such as hardened metal media. Burnt - A definition applying to material which has been permanently damaged by over-heating. Burr - Roughness left by a cutting operation such as slitting, shearing, blanking , etc. Butcher Saw Steel - A hardened, tempered, and polished high carbon spring steel strip material (carbon content is generally higher than that of a material used for wood band saw applications) with a Rockwell value of roughly C47/49. Butt Welding - Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding them. C - Chemical symbol for carbon CA - Chemical symbol for calcium CAD - Computer Assisted Design. The use of computer programs to generate, analyse and modify designs. Extrusion dies and their supporting tools, for example, may be designed with the aid of computers. CAM - Computer aided manufacturing

CNC - Computer numerically controlled-refers to machinery Cadium - Chemical symbol Cd. Cadium is produced primarily as a by-product of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the benefication and refining of some lead ores and complex copper-zinc ores. Cadmium is bluish-white soft metal that can be cut with a knife. The principal use of cadmium, which was discovered in Germany in 1817, has been in nickel-cadmium batteries for personal, portable communications, electronic and electrical equipment. Other applications include pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar cells. Calcium - In the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and degasifier when added to steel. Recent developments have found that carbon and alloy steels modified with small amounts of calcium show improved machinability and longer tool life. Transverse ductility and toughness are also enhanced. Calcium Silicide - An alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28-35% Ca, 6065% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide. Calcium Silicon - An alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28-35% Ca, 6065% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide. Calcium Wired Injection - Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into molten bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion modification. Caliper - A deice used to measure inside or outside dimensions. Caliper, Gear Tooth - A special caliper used to measure both the “choral thickness” and the depth of a gear tooth. Cam - A device for converting regular rotary motion to irregular rotary or reciprocating motion. Sometime the effect of off-center lathe operations. Camber - (1) Deviation from edge straightness usually referring to the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line. (2) Sometimes used to denote crown in rolls where the center diameter has been increased to compensate for deflection cause by the rolling pressure. Camber Tolerances - Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. Maximum allowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight line are defined in ASTM Standards. Camera Shutter Steel - Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra precision rolled. Carbon content 1.25 - Chromium .15. Can Dimensions - Can measurements are expressed in inches and sixteenths of inches in a kind of shorthand. The standard 12 ounce beverage can, for example, is described as 211 by 413, which translates to a 2 11/16 inches in diameter by 4 13/16 inched in height. When a two piece can is described as 211/209/413, this

means 2 11/16 inches in diameter, necked in at the top to a 2 9/16 inches by a 4 13/16 inches in height. Cannon Plug - Oil gun safety switch used when oil gun is out of boiler. Capacity - Normal ability to produce steel in a given period. This rating should include maintenance requirements, but because such service is scheduled to match the machinery’s needs (not the calendar’s), a mill might run at more than 100% of capacity one month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance is performed. Engineered capacity. The theorectical volume of a mill, given its constraints of raw material supply and normal working speed “True” Capacity. Volume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material constraints. (Bottlenecks of supply and distribution can change over time – capacity will expand or reduce.) Capped Steel - Semikilled steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a cap fitting into the neck of the mold. The cap causes to top metal to solidify. Pressure is built up in the sealed-in molten metal and results in a surface condition much like that of rimmed steel. Carbide Tool bits - Lathe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been brazed to provide cutting action on harder materials than the hight speed cutteres are capable of. Carbon - Element occurring as diamond and as graphite. Carbon reduces many metals from their oxides when heated with the latter, and small amounts of it greatly affect the properties of iron. Though classed as a nonmetallic, metallurgically, like boron, it is treated as a metal. Carbon Dioxide Process (Silicate Process, Schmidt Philip Process - A process for hardening molds or cores in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through dry clayfree silica sand to precipitate silica in the form of a gel from the sodium silicate binder. Carbon Equivalent - Referring to the rating of weld-ability, this is a value that takes into account the equivalent additive effects of carbon and other alloying elements on a particular characteristic of a steel. For rating of weld-ability, a formula commonly used is: CE 3D C + (Mn/6) + [(Cr + Mo + V)/5] + [(Ni + Cu)/15]. Carbon Filter - A unit containing a media of activated carbon to remove organic impurities and residual chlorine from the water. Carbonitriding A process of case hardening a ferrous material in a gaseous atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen Carbon Sand - A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon (graphite) granules. Carbon Steel - Steel containing carbon up to about 2% and only residual quantities of other elements except those added for deoxidization, with silicon usually limited to

0.60% and manganese to about 1.65%. Also termed plain carbon steel, ordinary steel, and straight carbon steel. Carbon, Combined - The carbon in iron or steel which is combined with other elements and therefore is not in the free state as graphite or as temper carbon. Carbonitriding A process of case hardening a ferrous material in a gaseous atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen - NULL Carbonizing - Thr process of adding carbon the the outer surface of steel to improve its quality by heat treating it in contact with carbonaceous material. Carborundum - A trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon and carbon (silicon carbide). Carburizing - Introducing carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in contact with a suitable carbonaceous material, which may be a solid, liquid, or gas. The carburized alloy is usually quench hardened. Cardboard Drum - Cardboard insert placed on the reel around which the coil is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil. Carriage - A belt mounted on wheels that is used to move materials from one storage bin to another. Case - The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been suitably altered in composition and can be made substantially harder than the interior or core by heat treatment. Case Hardening - Hardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core. Typical processes used for case hardening are carburizing, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction hardening, and flame hardening. Casing - The structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas wells and account for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments. Casing is used to prevent contamination of both the surrounding water table and the well itself. Casing lasts the life of a well and is not Cast - (1) A term indicating in the annealed state as Cast Spring Steel Wire. (2) In reference to Bright or Polished Strip Steel or Wire, the word cast implies discoloration as a shadow. (3) A term implying a lack of straightness as in a coil set. Cast-Weld - "Welding one casting to another to form a complete unit. " Castigated Nut (Castle Nut) - A nut with grooves cut entirely across the top face. Casting - (1) An object at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a substance in a mold. (2) Pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an object of desired shape.

Casting Alloy - An alloy formulated for casting Casting Drawing - An engineering drawing which depicts the shape and size of a part to be cast. Casting Layout - A check of dimensions against applicable drawings and specifications. Casting Yield - The weight of casting or castings divided by the total weight of metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent. Cathead - A collar or sleeve which fits loosely over a shaft to which it is clamped by setscrews. Cathode - Primary non-ferrous metal casting to be rolled or forged into other shapes; usually copper or nickel. Cathodic Sodium Dichromate - A common treatment applied to passivate the surface of electroytic tin plate against the formation of tin oxides. Caustic - An alkaline solution used to neutralize the acid in the discharge water from the scrubbers when it goes to the sewer. Cavitation - The formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny voids or cavities within a liquid subjected to rapid and intense pressure changes. Cavitation produced by ultrasonic radiation is sometimes used to give violent localized agitation. That caused by severe turbulent flow often leads to cavitation damage. Cavity - The impression in either the upper or lower die. Cb - Chemical symbol for columbium Ce - Chemical symbol for cerium Cell - In aluminum production the electrolytic reduction cell, commonly called a “pot” in which alumina dissolved in molten cryloite is reduced to metallic aluminum. A series of cells connected electrically is called a “pot line”. Cells - Plastic tanks that contain anodes and plater solution. The strip goes through the cells during the coating process. Center - A point or axis around which anything evloves or rotates. In the lathe, one of the parts upon which the work to be turned is placed. The center in the headstock is referred to as the “live” center and the one mounted in the tailstock as the “dead” center. Center, Dead - A center that does not rotate;commonly found on the tailstock of a lathe. Also, an expression for the exact center of an object.

Center Drill - A combined countersink and ddrill used to prepare work for mounting centers. Center Gage - A small flat gage having 60 degree angles that is used for grinding and setting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. It may also be used to check the pitch of threads and the points of center. Center, Half Male - A dead center that has a portion of the 60 degree cone cut away. Center Head - A part of combination square set that is used to find the center of or to bisect a round or square workpiece. Center, Live - A center that revolves with the work. Generally this is the headstock center; however, the ball bearing type tailstock center is also called a live center. Center, Punch - A pointed hand tool made of hardened steel and shaped somewhat like a pencil. Centering Arms - In ring rolling, externally mounted rolls, adjusted to the outside diameter of the ring during rolling. The rolls maintain and guide the ring in a centerline position to achieve. Cementation - (1) Introduction of one or more elements into the outer layer of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. (2) An obsolete process used to convert wrought iron to blister steel by carburizing. Wrought iron bars were packed in sealed chests with charcoal and heated at about 2000 F (1100 C) for 6 to 8 days. Cementation was the predominant method of manufacturing steels particularly high-carbon tool steels, prior to the introduction of the bessemer and open-hearth methods. Cementite - A compound of iron and carbon commonly known as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical structure, Fe3C. Cementite is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. Center Buckle - A condition in the band of steel where the center (in the direction of rolling) is longer than the edges and has a wave or buckle. Ceramic - A new type of cutting tool material made of aluminum oxide or silicon carbide that is finding increased use where high speed and resistance to high temperatures and weaar are factors. Cermet - A powder metallurgy product consisting of ceramic particles bonded with metal Cesium - Chemical Cs. A silver-white metal refined from pollucite ore, usually as a co-product in the processing of titanium, beryllium, or lithium minerals. Cesium ignites when exposed to air; has a 28.5 degree F melting point; used in making specialized energy converters and electric power generators.

Chain Gearing (Chain Drive) - Power transmission by means of an endless chain running around chain wheels (chain pully) and/or sprocket wheels. Chamfer - (1) A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner. (2) A relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner. Chaplet - A sma;; metal imsert or spacer used in molds to provide core support during the casting process. Charge - To "charge" the BA furnace refers to the process of lighting or firing the furnace. This process involved turning on the pilot gas, turning on the main gas, and then using a torch to light the pilot light so that the temperature of the furnace begins to rise to the desired "cooking or soak" temperature. Charging Whistle - A warning sound to personnel that production is charging a vessel with scrap and hot metal. It also alerts personnel to prepare the scrubber to switch from oil fire operation to steel-making operation. Charpy Impact Test - A pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is supported at both ends as a simple beam and broken by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in fracture, as impact strength or notch toughness. Chasing Threads - Cutting threads in a lathe or srew machine. Chatter - A surface defect consisting of alternating ridges and valleys at right angles to the direction of extrusion. Chatter Mark - (Defect)- Parallel indentaions or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations. Chattering - A coating defect consisting of the washboard appearance of the cured film with variations of color or opacity. "Gear marks" is another synonym when the defect is caused by the gear lash of the coating machine. Chattering occurs when the coating machine permits the uneven application of the coating. Checking - A coating defect consisting of the cracking of the cured film into small segments, with hairline cracks separating the segments. The similar defects of mud cracking or alligatoring are the same as checking, but they are larger. Crazing is a synonymous term. Chemical Treatment - 1) (Chem. Treat) A customer-specified rust inhibitor applied to the coated product. 2) A passivating chemical treatment normally applied to the steel surface to control oxide formation and growth. Chemically Brightened - A chemical addition made to the plating bath that results in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the mechanically brightened surface appearance .

Chemistries - The chemical composition of steel indicating the amount of carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of other elements. Chill - A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling and equalize rate of solidification throughout the casting. Chip Breaker - Asmall groove ground back of the cutting edge on the top of a cutting tool to keep the chips short. Chipping - A method for removing seams and other surface defects with chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finished product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal that is excessive but not defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting is known as deseaming or scarfing. Chisel - A hydraulic coil opener used for preparing the front end of a coil before loading it into the feeder. Chop - A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface. Chromium - A steel-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metallic element that takes its name from the Greek word for color--chrome--because of the brilliant colors of its compounds. It is found primarily in chromite. Resistant to tarnish and corrosion, it is a primary component of stainless steel and is used to harden steel alloys. Chromium-Nickel Steel - Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known of the chromium-nickel types. Chuck - A device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a cutting tool. Chuck, Independent Jaw - A chuck, each of whose jaws (ususlly four) is adjusted with a screw action independantly of the other jaws. Chuck, Universal (self-centering chuck, concentric chuck) - A chuck whose jaws are so arranged that they are all moved together at the same rate by a special wrench. Cigarette Knife Steel - Hardened, tempered and bright polished, 1.25 Carbon content- Chromium .15. Accurate flatness necessary and a high hardness with Rockwell C 51 to 53. Usual sizes are 4 3/4 wide and 6 wide x .004 to .010. Circored(r) - "WHAT A gas-based process developed by Lurgi Metallurgie in Germany to produce DRI or HBI (see Direct Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron). HOW The two-stage method yields fines with a 93% iron content. Iron ore fines pass first through a circulating fluidized-bed reactor, and subsequently through a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor. " Circular Pitch - The distance measured on the pitch circle from a point on a gear tooth to the same point on the next gear tooth.

Circumferences - Bands wrapped around the outside of the coil. Circumscribing circle - The smallest circle that will completely enclose the cross section of an extruded shape. Cladding - A process for covering one metal with another. Usually the surfaces of fairly thick slabs of two metals are brought carefully into contact and are then subjected to co-rolling so that a clad composition results. In some instances a thick electroplate may be deposited before rolling. Clarification Tank - A water filled settling tank used to remove particulate from the water off the scrubbers at the Blast Furnace. Clarifiers - A unit that removes solids for clarification of the raw river water. It is aided by injecting polyelectrolyte and ferric for coagulation, caustic for stabilization of pH, and chlorine for removal of bacteria. Sludge is discharged and clear effluent sent on through the water plant. Class 1 Surface Quality - A class of cold rolled steel processed to meet requirements for controlled surface texture, flatness, and temper requirements. Produced for exposed applications. Cleaning - The process of removing scale, oxides, or lubricant-acquired during heating for forging or heat treating – from the surface of the forging. (also see Blasting, Pickling, tumbling) Cleaning Tank - This section of the plater is used to remove dirt, oil, grease, oxides and other contaminates from the surface of material to be electroplated. A cleaning agent is used at a temperature of 180-190 degrees. Cleanliness - For internal steel quality, a measure of the size and frequency of inclusions; for external steel surface quality, a measure of the amount of extraneous materials (such as dirt, iron particles, carbon, etc.) on the steel surface. Clearance - (1)The gap between two mating parts; (2) the space provided between the relief of a cutting tool and the surface being cut. Clearance Angle - The angle between the rear surface of a cutting tool and the surface of the work at the point of contact. Climb illing - A method of milling in which the work table moves in the same direction as the direction of rotation of the milling center. Sometimes called down cutting or down milling. Clip - Metal device used to hold the ends of steel strapping (bands) together. Clutch, Friction (friction coupling) - A shaft coupling used where it is necessary to provide a connection that can be readily engaged or disengaged while on of the shafts is in motion. CMF - Cast Metals Federation

CMM - Coordinate Measuring Machine. CNC - Computer Numerical Controlled Machine Tools. Co - Chemical symbol for colbalt. Coal Filter - A filter which contains a bed of anthracite media material used to remove contaminants, mud, and debris from the river water as part of the feed water treatment process. Coalescence - 1) the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by solution and reprecipitation, 2) the growth of grains by absorption of adjacent undistorted grains. Coated Metals - Sheet and strip steel or aluminum, usually in coil form, which has been covered on one or both sides with paint,enamel, adhesive, anti-corrosive coatings, and/or laminates. Coating - The process of covering steel with another material (for example tin, chrome, and zinc), primarily for corrosion resistance. Coating Test - Performed by the Metallurgical Lab to check the amount of coating applied. Coating Weight - 1) In the Sheet Mill, the amount of Zinc on a galvanized sheet measured in ounces per square foot. 2) Specified in pounds (or parts thereof) of tin coating per base box. This term is often misunderstood because in most cases the decimal point is omitted when written or printed. Coating Weight Test - A test of the weight of the coating measured 2 inches from each side of the strip and at the center. Cobalt - Blue-white metal, melting at 2715 B0F (1492 B0C), used in very hard alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools. Colbalt-Based Superalloys - Eight specific alloys of at least 50% cobalt blended with traces of such other metals as iron,nickel,chrome,titanium,tungsten,carbom,zirconium, and/or tantalum; used in high-temperature,high-strength,anti-corrosion applications (such as aircraft gas turbines and jet engine components). Cobbles - Strip of steel which, during processing, does not go through line evenly, begins piling up - looks like ribbon candy. Cocoon Process - A method of protecting metal parts by spraying on a cover of plastic filaments. Code - In EDP, a system of symbols and their use in representing rules for handling the flow or processing of information. Code Holes - The information holes in perforated tape, as opposed to feed or sprocket holes.

Coefficient of thermal expansion - The relative rate at which a substance expands on heating, compared to a standard rate. Cog - A tooth in the rim of a wheel-a gear tooth in a gear wheel. Cogging - The reducing operation in working the ingot into a billet by the use of forging hammer or a forging press. Cohesion - The force by which like particles are held together. It varies with different metals and depends upon molecular arrangement due to heat treatment. Coil - A length of steel wound into roll-form. Coil Car - Unit that the coil sits on. Used to move a coil to the entry or from the delivery. Coil End - ID of a coil that is left because of a defect. Ranging from 500 - 10,000 pounds. Anything 10,000 pounds and over get an IPM. A coil with a weight less than 5000 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications is called a salvage coil. These coils do not get an IPM number Coil Line Markings - been placed on the strip by the platers. This mark serves as an indication to the feeder that the placement of the coil on the entry reel must be placed correctly to meet customer specifications (external customers request this mark to distinguish coating on the strip). The Feeder must refer to the scheduling book to determine how to place the coil on the entry reel for over or under wind. Coil Number - Produced IPM Number assigned to a coil. IPM (In Process Material) Number. Coil Set - A curvature of the strip in the lengthwise sense, parallel to the direction in which the strip was rolled or uncoiled. Coil Set or Longitudinal Curl - A lengthwise curve or set found in coiled strip metals following its coil pattern. A departure from longitudinal flatness. Can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer temper ranges. Coil Stripper - A piece of equipment on the off-gauge reel used to help remove a coil from the reel. Coils - Steel sheet that has been wound. A slab, once rolled in a hot-strip mill, is more than one-quarter mile long; coils are the most efficient way to store and transport sheet steel. Coining - The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some portion of the surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces or to eliminate draft. Coining can be done while forgings are hot or cold and is usually performed on surfaces parallel to the parting of the forging.

Coke - Carbonizing coal made in oven by driving off volatile elements. It is a hard porous substance that is principally pure carbon. In blast furnaces, coke helps generate the 3000 F. temperatures and reducing gases needs to smelt iron ore. Coke Bed - First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as the foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit. Coke Breeze - Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes after grinding; also briquetted for cupola use. Coke Breeze - Fine screens that come from Blast Furnace coke and are used to make sinter. Coke Furnace - Type of pot or crucible furnace using coke as the fuel. Coke Oven Battery - A set of ovens that process coal into coke. Coke ovens are constructed in batteries of 10 D1100 ovens that are 20 feet tall, 40 feet long, and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries, because of the exhaust fumes emitted when coke is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a steel mill complex. Coke Plate (Hot Dipped Tin Plate) - Standard tin plate, with the lightest commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher grade is the best cokes, with special cokes representing the best of the coke tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings. Coke Porosity - The percentage volume of cell space in coke. Coke, Beehive - Coke produced from a bituminous coal by the beehive process where heat for the coking process comes from a partial combustion of the coke. Generally characterized by an elongate stringy structure. Coke, By-Product - Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight code ovens where heat for coking process is externally applied. Generally more uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball or cube shape. Coke, Petroleum - Residue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used as a carbon raiser. Cold Chamber Machine - A diecasting machine where the metal chamber and plunger are not immersed in hot metal. Cold Chamber, Club Sandwich, Two-Faced, Three-Piece Die - A diecasting die in which two different pieces are cast in two widely separated cavities. Cold Coined forging - A forging that has been re-struck cold in order to hold closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduces section thickness, flatten some particular surface, or in non-heat treatable alloys, increase hardness. Cold Cracking - Cracks in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive internal stress caused by contraction. Often brought about when the mold is to hard or casting is of unsuitable design

Cold Drawing - The process of reducing the cross sectional area of wire,bar or tube by drawing the material through a die without any pre-heating. Cold drawing is used for the production of bright steel bar in round square, hexagonal and flat section. The process changes the mechanical properties of the steel and the finished product is accurate to size,free from scale with a bright surface finish. Cold-Finished Steel Bars - Hot-rolled carbon steel bars after secondary coldreduction processing with better surface quality and strength. Cold Finishing - The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars and shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross sectional area, without heating, by one of five methods Cold Rolling 2. Cold Drawing 3. Cold drawing and Grinding 4. Turning and polishing 5. Turning and Grinding Cold Inspection - A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings for visual defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room temperature. The tern may also be used to describe certain nondestructive tests, such as magnetic particle, dye penetrant and sonic inspection. Cold Lap - Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting from incipient freezing of the surface. Cold Reduction Mill - Sheet and strip are cold reduced to the desired thickness for the following reasons 1) To obtain the desired surface. 2) To impart desired mechanical properties. 3) To make gauges lighter than the hot strip mill can produce economically. 4) To produce sheet and strip of more uniform thickness. Cold Roll Base - Coils that are cold worked or reduced to gauge on the tandem mill. Cold Rolled Sheet - A product manufactured from hot rolled descaled (pickled) coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness, generally followed by annealing and temper rolling. If the sheet is not annealed after cold reduction it is known as full hard. (See Full Hard Cold Rolled). Cold Rolling - Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the metal to create strain hardening (work-hardening). Same as cold reduction, except that the working method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as tempers, which see. Cold Rolling (Cold-Reducing) - Rolling of cooled metal sheet (or other form which previously has been hot-rlled) t make the steel thinner,smoother and stronger by applying pressure. A cold-reduction sheet mill, for example, will roll-press a sheet of metal from one-quarter inch into less than an eighth of an inch, while more than doubling its length. Cold Rolling Mill - A mill that reduces the cross sectional area of the metal by rolling at approximately room temperature. Cold Screens - A screening device that removes sinter that is smaller than five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the Blast Furnace.

Cold Setting Binders - Term used to describe any binder that will harden the core sufficiently at room temperature so core can be removed from its box without distortion; commonly used in reference to oil-oxygen type binders. Cold Setting Process - An of several systems for bonding mold or core aggregates by means of organic binders, relying upon the use of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization (setting). Cold Short - A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures. Cold Shot - Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with the casting. Cold Shut - A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation. folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a crack or seam with smooth, rounded edges. Also see Cold Lap Cold Stack - Exhaust stack located at the BOP Scrubber. The Boiler Operator monitors the emissions through the cold stack. Cold Strip Mill - A mill that rolls strip without first reheating. Cold Treatment - Exposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures (-85°C, or -120°F) for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties such as dimensional or microstructural stability. When the treatment involves the transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by tempering. Cold Work - Plastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that substantial increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal visible structural changes include changes in grain shape and, in some instances, mechanical twinning or banding. Cold Working - Plastic deformation, such as rolling, hammering, drawing, etc., at a temperature sufficiently low to create strain-hardening (work-hardening). Commonly, the term refers to such deformation at normal temperatures. Cold-Box Process - 1) Any core binder process that uses a gas or vaporized catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room temperature. Cold-Rolled Strip (Sheet) - Sheet steel that has been pickled and run through a cold-reduction mill. Strip has a final product width of approximately 12 inches, while sheet may be more than 80 inches wide. Cold-rolled sheet is considerably thinner and stronger than hot-rolled sheet, so it will sell for a premium (see Sheet Steel). Cold-rolling - (CR)Rolling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and makes it easier to machine. Collapsed Reel - A mandrel in the collapsed position.

Collapsibity - The requirement that a sand mixture break down under the pressure and temperatures developed during casting, in order to avoid hot tears or facilitate the separation of the sand and the casting. Collapsible Sprue - A sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-tube design, used in squeeze-molding of plated patterns, and incorporating a pouring cup. Collate - 1) to merge items from two or more similarly sequenced files into one sequenced file, 2) to compare one thing critically with another of the same kind. Collector Main - The duct work used for moving air from the sinter machine to the fans. Collet - A precision work holding chuck which centers finished round stock automatically when tightened. Specialized collets are also available in shapes for other than round stock. Collimator - A device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation within an assigned solid angle. Colloidal Clay - Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite, or illite class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding. Colloids, Colloidal Material - Finely divided material less than 0.5 micron (0.00002 in.) in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin, and bentonite. Coloimetric Analysis - Determining the amount of an element in a solution by measuring the intrinsic color. Color Etching - A micro-etch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a definite compound of the metal. Color Method - A technique of heat treating metal by observing the color changes that occur to determine the proper operation to perform to achieve the desired results. Columbium - Chemical symbol Co. Refractory metal used as an alloying agent in steel making; essential for high-strength,low-alloy grades. Has some “worked metal” applications, mostly alloyed with zirconium or titanium for aerospace applications. CalledNiobium (Nb) everywhere but the U.S. Columnar Structure - A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains, which is caused by highly directional solidification. Combination Die (Multiple-Cavity Die) - In die casting, a die with two or more different cavities for different castings. Combination Square - A drafting and layout tool combining a square,level, protractor and a center head.

Combined Carbon - Carbon in iron and steel which is combined chemically with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or temper carbon. Combined Water - That water in mineral matter which is chemically combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231 B0F (111 B0C). Combustion - Chemical change as a result of the combination of the combustible constituents of the fuel with oxygen, producing heat. Combustion Air Flow - The measured and controlled amount of air flow delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion. Combustion Chamber - Space in furnace where combustion of gaseous products from fuel takes place. Commercial Bronze - A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed commercial-bronze it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper and has equal or better ductility. Commercial Quality Steel Sheet - Normally to a ladle analysis of carbon limit at 0.15 max. A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet. Commercial Tolerance - A range by which a product's specifications can deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted ranges (defined in ASTM Standards, etc.) Comodizing - A rust-proofing process for steel. Composite alloy - An aluminum alloy containing relatively large amounts of two or more other elements. Composite Construction - "Welding a steel casting to a rolled or forged steel object or to another casting. See Cast-Weld " composite joint - A joint that is both welded and joined mechanically. Composite Material - A combination of two or more materials (reinforcing elements,fillers and composite matrix binder), differing in forms or composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their identities,that is, they do not dissolve or merge completley into one another although they act in concert. Normally, the components can be physically identified and exhibit an interface between one another. Examples are cermets and metal-matrix composites. Compund (rest) - The part of a lathe set on the carriage that carries the tool post and holder. It is designed to swing in any direction and to provide feed for turning short angles or tapers. Compression Test - Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test piece to determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per sq. in.

Compressive Strength - The maximum compressive stress that a material is capable of developing, based on original area of cross section. In the case of a material which fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Concave - A curved depression in the surface of an object. Concentric - Accurately centered or having a common center. Conductivity - The ability of a substance to transmit heat, light, or electricity. Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity, making it useful in a wide range of electrical and heat-exchanging applications. Cone Pulley - A one-piece stepped pully having two or more diameters. Consumption - Measures the physical use of steel by end users. Steel consumptionm estimates, unlike steel demand figures, account for changes in inventories. Apparent Supply. Derived demand for steel using AISI reported steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau reported imports, less Census Bureau reported exports. Domestic market share percentages are based on this figure, which does not take into account any changes in inventory. Contact Corrosion - When two disimiliar metals are in contact without a protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid, an electrolytic cell is created. The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area in cantact and the electropotential voltage of the metals concerned. The less noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. zinc will act as a protector of steel in sea water wheras copper or brass wo;; attack the steel in the same enviroment. Contact Printing (Ink Print) - "A method of recording details of a macroetched structure. See Sulfur Prints. " Contact Rolls - Metal rolls that are used in the chem. treat area. Electricity goes through these rolls. Container - In extrusion: The strong chamber in a extrusion press that holds the billett while it is extruded through a die at one end, under pressure from a ram entering at the other end. Contamination - 1) Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may be harmful. The harm may be in vitiating the validity of an experiment or a procedure, or in actually being a source of danger to personnel, 2) presence of small percentages of deleterious elements in an alloy adversely affecting the alloy's mechanical properties and/or casting soundness. Contango - Market condition where the spot price is less than the three-month delivery price. This is considered the "normal" market state because the costs of

storing and shipping metal are assumed to be higher in three months than at present (See Backwardation). Continuous Casting - A method of producing blooms,billets and slabs in long lengths using water cooled moulds. The castings are continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the caster whilst the teeming of the metal is proceeding. The need for primary and intermediate mills and the storage and use of large numbers of ingot moulds is eliminated. The continuous casting process is also used in the production of cast iron, aluminium and copper alloys. Continuous Tapping - A furnace or holding ladle that is made of discharge molten metal continuously during normal operation. Continuous Anneal - A process by which the steel is rapidly heated, soaked and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a relatively high speed through a furnace consisting of numerous sections. Continuous Annealing Furnace - Furnace in which castings are annealed or heat treated by passing through different zones at constant temperatures. Continuous Blow Down - (Continuous Concentration) The process of removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper drum by means of a skimming header. Chemical analysis of the blow down establishes treatment needs and helps maintain optimum feed water quality. Continuous Casting - "WHAT A method of pouring steel directly from the furnace into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from its molten form. WHY Continuous casting avoids the need for large, expensive mills for rolling ingots into slabs. Continuous cast slabs also solidify in a few minutes versus several hours for an ingot. Because of this, the chemical composition and mechanical properties are more uniform. HOW Steel from the BOF or electric furnace is poured into a tundish (a shallow vessel that looks like a bathtub) atop the continuous caster. As steel carefully flows from the tundish down into the water-cooled copper mold of the caster, it solidifies into a ribbon of red-hot steel. At the bottom of the caster, torches cut the continuously flowing steel to form slabs or blooms. " Continuous Casting - A process that continuously casts molten steel into a semifinished product such as slab. It bypasses the traditional process of pouring (teeming) molten steel into ingots, reheating those ingots, and then rolling them into semifinished steel shapes. Continuous Desulfurization - A process of removing sulfur from molten ferrous alloys on a continuous basis. Continuous Strip Mill - A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.

Continuous Variable Crown System - (C.V.C. System ) Hydraulic system that supplies the force to all the cylinders associated with work-roll balance and bending and back-up roll balance (also supplies force for work roll shifting). Continuous Weld - Continuously welding one coil to another at the entry end and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end. Contract Sales - Steel products committed to customers through price agreements extending 3-12 months. About one-half of all flat-rolled steel is sold on this basis, primarily because the auto companies sign agreements to cover at least one year's model. Price increases that the steel mills might announce during the year do not generally affect the revenues from the contract side of the business. Contraction - The volume change occurring in metals (except antimony and bismuth) and alloys on solidification and cooling to room temperature. Contraction Cracks - "Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a hot tear) or a short time after the casting has been removed from the mold. See Hot Tears " Contraction Rule - See Shrinkage, Patternmaker's Control Stool - Stool used to monitor the annealing temperature and gas stream. A probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are taken to determine the quality of the annealing process. Controlled Atmosphere - Any gas or mixture of gases that prevents or retards oxidation and decarburization. Controlled Cooling - See Cooling, Controlled Controllers - Devices that are used to control the flow of the water and gas in the sinter machine as well as to control the louvers on the fans. Contour - The outling of an object. Convection - The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in density. In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to include both forced and natural motion or circulation. Conventional forging - A forging characterized by design complexity and tolerances that fall within the broad range of general forging practice. Conversion Cost - Resources spent to process material in a single stage, from one type to another. The costs of converting iron ore to hot metal or pickling hot-rolled coil can be isolated for analysis. Converter/Processor - Demand from steel customers such as rerollers and tube makers, which process steel into a more finished state, such as pipe, tubing and cold-rolled strip, before selling it to end users. Such steel generally is not sold on

contract, making the converter segment of the mills' revenues more price sensitive than their supply contracts to the auto manufacturers. Convery, Vibratory - A materials-handling device used usually with shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they are moved from one place to another in the foundry and as a feeding device to regulate materials flow. Operations with vibrational energy. Convex - The curved surface of a cylindet as a sphere when viewed from without. Conveyor - A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting materials from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain, gravity, roller, monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc. Conveyor Belt - A continuously moving belt used in an automated or semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to another. Conveyor Screw - Rotary worm-type blade used to move materials in automated core and mold making and other continuous sand-mixing operations. Conveyor, Pallet - A materials-handling device that holds one or more molds and transports them from the molding station through pouring to shakeout. Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube - An air-tube means of moving materials from on place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and sand and other finely divided materials, as bentonite. Conveyor, Roller - A line of conveyance in an automated or semiautomated foundry which employs a series of steel roller for moving objects. Conveyor, Slat - A materials-handling device built on a continuous belt of metal slats that moves granular materials and castings throughout a foundry. Cook (Anneal) Hours - The number of hours the coils will be heated in the furnace. Also referred to as soak time. Coolant - A cimmon term given to the numerous cutting fluids or compounds used with cutting tools to increase the tool life and to improve surface finish on the material. Cooler - The largest of three water coolers surrounding the cinder notch of a blast furnace. Cooler Machine - A machine used to cool sinters before placing them on the conveyor belt. Cooling Cover - A cylindrical cover which is placed over the coils and the heat cover once the furnace is removed. This cover contains a fan that aids in the cooling of the coils. The North Anneal has one cooling cover.

Cooling Curve - A curve showing the relationship between time and temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. Since most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve. Cooling Fin - See Cracking Strip Cooling Lines - The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to keep the bearings cool. Cooling Tower - 1) The heat exchanger and everything associated with it that removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling system. This device is located outdoors. 2) Tower in the Sheet Mill that suspends the strip that allows the zinc to cool and dry before the strip contacts any rolls. Cooling Unit - Consists of the cooler and all the devices needed for the cooler's operation. Cooling Water - Water that keeps the packing cool on the circulator and feed water pumps. Cooling, Controlled - A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner used to produce a desired microstructure to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage Cope - Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern. Cope, False - Temporary cope used only in forming the parting and therefore not a part of the finished mold Coping Out - The extension of sand of the cope downward into the drag, where it takes an impression of a pattern. Copper - Chemical symbol Cu) Element No. 29 of the periodic system, atomic weight 63.57. A characteristically reddish metal of bright luster, highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical and heat conductivity; melting point 1981 (degrees) F.; boiling point 4327 F.; specific gravity 8.94. Unibersally and extensively used in the arts in brasses, bronzes. Universally used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod and wire and also as alloyed by other elements and an alloy with other metals. Copper cake - A by-product of electolytic zinc refining, usually containing a fair amount of cobalt. Copper, Electrolytic - Copper produced by the electrolysis method. Corbel - One or more projecting courses of brick each projecting beyond the course below. Core - The softer interior portion of an alloy piece that has been surface (case) hardened; or, that portion of a forging removed by trepanning or punching.

Core Assembly - Putting together a complex core made of a number of sections. Core Barrel - Pipe-shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is formed. Core Binder - Any material used to hold the grains of core sand together. Core Blow - A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity caused by entrapping gases from the core. Core Box, Combination - Core box and core dryers from the same pattern. One half is used as a half core box and a core drier. Core Branch - Part of a core assembly. Core Breaker - A machine for crushing cores or for removing cores from castings. Core Cavity - The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the core. Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core. Core Collapsibility - The rate of disintegration of the core at elevated temperature. Core Compound - A commercial mixture used as a binder in core sand. Core Crab - An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it and for convenience in handling. Core Density - 1) Permeability of core or 2) weight per unit volume. Core Driers - Supports used to hold cares in shape while being baked; constructed from metals or sand for conventional baking, or from plastic material for use with dielectric core-baking equipment. Core Extruder - A special shell-core-making machine that produces a continuous length of cores, usually of cylindrical cross-section. Core Filler - Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large cores - coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid collapsibility. Core Fin - A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a fin on the core that was not removed before the core was set, or by paste that has oozed out from between the joints. Core Float - A casting defect caused by core movement towards the cope surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel, resulting in a deviation from the intended wall thickness. Core Frame - Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a complete core box in forming intermediate and large cores.

Core Grinder - Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a cylindrical core or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually flat face. Core Gum - A pitch material used as a core binder. Core Hardness - The ability of a core to resist scratching or abrasion. Core Jig - A device for setting core assemblies outside of the mold and placing the whole assembly in the mold. Core Knockout Machine - A mechanical device for removing cores from castings. Core Lightener - A core material of any size and shape used to lighten pattern castings and match plates. Core Maker - A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will register correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register, telltale. Core Mud - A daubing mixture used to correct defect in cores. Core Prints - Portions of a pattern that locate and anchor the core in the proper position in the sand. Core Refractiveness - The ability of a core to resist breakdown when exposed to heat. Core Rod - A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the core. Core Sand - Sand for making cores to which a binding material has been added to obtain good cohesion and permeability after drying. Usually low in clays. Core Setting Jig - A device used to help set a core into the mold. Core Setting Jig/Gage - A device used to help position a core in the mold. Core Shift - A variation from specified dimensions of a cored section due to a change in position of the core or misalignment of cores in assembling. Core Shooter - A device using low air pressure to fluidize the sand mix which is released quickly in such a way as to force it into a core box. Core Spindle - A shaft on which a core barrel is rotated in making cylindrical cores. Core Sprayer - A device for spraying a coating on cores. Core Stickle Template (Sweep) - Device of wood or metal to give shape to certain types of cores or molds. Core Strainer (Strainer Tub) - Baked sand or refractory disc with uniform size holes through its thickness used to control the discharge of metal from pouring

basins into sprues or to regulate the flow of metal in gates systems of molds; also to prevent entrance of dross or slag into the mold cavity. Core Truck - Truck or carriage used for transporting cores. Core Vents - 1) holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2) A metal screen or slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core box employed in a coreblowing machine. 3) A wax product, round or oval in form, used to form the vent passage in a core. Core Wires or Rolls - See Core Rod Core-Baking Dielectric - Heating cores to baking temperatures by means of highfrequency dielectric equipment; particularly adapted to thermo-setting resin core binders. Core-Mading Machine - A device to make cores. Coreless Induction Furnace - See Induction Furnace Coremaker - A craftsman skilled in the production of cores for foundry use. Corer, Sag - A decrease in the height of a core, usually accompanied by an increase in width, as a result of insufficient green strength of the sand to support its own weight. Coreroom - Department of the foundry in which cores are made. COREX(r) - COREX is a coal-based smelting process that yields hot metal or pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF mills. HOWThe process gasifies non-coking coal in a smelting reactor, which also produces liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft furnace, where it removes oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to the smelting reactor. " Coring Up - Placement of cores chills, and chaplets in mold halves before closing the mold. Corners - Four corners on each boiler where the oil guns and the oil and steam auto valves for the oil guns are located. Cornerslick (inside and Outside Corners) - A molder's tool used for repairing and slicking the sand in molds. Used primarily on Dry sand and loam. Corrective Effective Temperature Chart - A chart on which information can be plotted resulting in an adjustment temperature reading more indicative of human comfort. Corrective Leveling - Capability of a leveling machine to remove or reduce shape defects across the strip, coil, or sheet, in addition to flattening lengthwise curvatures. Generally employs 17 to 23 small diameter rolls with adjustable back ups for varying nest across face of machine.

Corrosion - 1) Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents, 2) chemical attack of furnace linings by gases, slags, ashes or other fluxes occurring in various melting practices. Corrosion Embrittlement - The embrittlement caused in certain alloys by exposure to a corrosive environment. Such material is usually susceptible to the intergranular type of corrosion attack. Corrosion Index - A number expressing the maximum depth in mils to which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a linear extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of a given test or service. Corrosion Resistance - The intrinsic ability of a material to resist degradation by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by application of "special" coatings on the surface of the material. Corrosion Wear - Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant. Corrugated - As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of deep short waves. Corundum - Native alumna, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored grains. Applied specifically to nontransparent kinds used as abrasives. It is hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum and its artificial counterparts are abrasives especially suited to the grinding of metals. Coslettizing - Producing a black, rust-resisting surface on iron and steel by boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid and iron filings. Cottrell Process - An electrostatic method of removing solid particles from gases. Count Rate Meter - A device which gives a continuous indication of the average rate of ionizing events. Counterbore - To enlarge the top part of a hole to specific size, as for the head of a socket-head or cap screw. Also the tool that is used. Countersink - To enlarge the topo part of a hole at an angle for a flat-head screw. Also, the tool that is used. Couple - Two dissimilar conductors in electrical contact. An electromotive force in created under proper electrolytic influences or during heating. Coupling - Short piece used to connect two lengths of pipe Coupon - A piece pf metal from which a test specimen is to be prepared-often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or a separare piece made for test purposes (such as a test weldment)

Courses - Alternate layers of material in a pattern, or brickwork. Cover - A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing atmosphere and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting. Neutral covers simply protect metal from atmosphere; reacting covers contain an agent such as a deoxidizer. Cover Core - A core set in place during the ramming of a mold to cover and complete a cavity partly formed by the withdrawal of a loose part of the pattern. Also used to form part or all of the cope surface of the mold cavity. A core placed over another core to create a flat parting line. Cover Half - In Die casting, the stationary half of the die. Covered Electrode - A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal core vire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection for the molten metal form the atmosphere, improves the properties of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The covering is usually mineral or metal powders mixed with cellulose or other binder. CR - (Cold-rolling)Rolling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and makes it easier to machine. Crab - See Core Crab Crack, Hot Tear - "A rupture occurring in a casting at or just below the solidifying temperature by a pulling apart of the soft metal, caused by thermal contraction stresses. See also Quench Crack " Cracked Edges - Discontinuity or cracked condition on the edge of the strip. Cracking - A coating defect consisting of a break in the cured film which exposes the bare substrate. Cracking usually occurs during fabrication of the coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the adhesion is too low. Cracking Strip - A fin of metal molded on the surface of a casting to prevent cracking. Crane - A machine for lifting heavy weights; may be hand or power operated. Type include electric, gantry, jib, monorail, etc. Crane, Gantry - A bridge carrying a traveling crane and supported by a pair of trestles running on parallel tracks. Crane, Jib - A crane suspended from a jib. Crane, Mobile - A crane supported on structure that rolls on wheels; may be moved manually or by its own power. Crane, Wall Jib - A jib crane mounted on a wall rather than on an overhead beam.

Crash Deck - The impact deck between the discharge of the sinter machine and the sinter breaker. Cratering - A coating defect consisting of small, apparently uncoated, spots of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of coating which was contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter. Eyeholing is similar to cratering, but with metal exposure in the crater. Crawling - A coating defect consisting of a lack of adhesion to, or dewetting of, the substrate while the coating or ink is wet. The cause is due to a difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate. Crawling is also known as cissing and dewetting. Craze Crack (Crazing) - Minute crack on ceramic or refractory surface caused by thermal or mechanical shock. Crazing (Worming) - A defect found in pack-hardened tools, manifested in surface markings. Creep - The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is above the recrystallization temperature of the metal. Creep Limit - The maximum stress that will result in creep at a rate lower than an assigned rate. Creep Strength - (1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature. (2) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified creep react at constant temperature. Crib - Network of cast iron used to support the cope when no cope flask is used. Crimped Edge A damaged - A damaged edge due to the strip wandering side-toside into obstructions as it moves down the line. Crimper - Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band. Cristobalite - Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2. Critical Cooling Rate - The minimum rate of continuous cooling just sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest rate at which it can be cooled form above the upper critical temperature to prevent the decomposition of austenite at any temperature above the Ms. Critical (temperature)Range - Temperatures at which changes in the phase of a metal take place. Changes are determined by absorption of heat when the metal is heated and liberation of heat when it is cooled. Critical Shear Stress - The shear stress required to cause slip in a single crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane. Referred to as the critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress reaches a threshold level.

Critical Strain - A term used in stress corrosion cracking tests to indicate the maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress corrosion cracks. Cronak Process - A method of producing a film of chromium salts on since surfaces to inhibit corrosion. Croning Process (C Process, Cronizing) - "A casting process name after its German developer Johannes Croning. It is a precision production process using a phenol formaldehyde resin binder. See Shell Molding " Cropping - Cutting off ends of billets ingots or slabs containing pipe or other defects. Cross Breaks - 1) Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse to the direction of rolling. 2) Quality defect on the edge of plate coming to the line (broken steel but not open breaks). 3) Hard spots caused by abrupt deformation of the strip after hot rolling and due to stressing beyond the elastic limit of the metal. Cross Direction (in rolled or drawn metal) - The direction parallel to the axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction of rolling or drawing. Cross Feed - The feed that operates across the axis of the workpiece or at right angles to the main or principal feed on a machine. Cross Gate - See Runner Cross Head - See 'Pressure Roll.' Cross Section - A view of the interior of an object that is represented as being cut in two, the cut surface presenting the cross section of the object. Crossbar - Wood or metal bar placed in a flask to give greater anchorage to the sand than is afforded by its four walls. Crossbow - A curvature across the width of the strip at a 90-degree angle to the direction in which the strip has been rolled or uncoiled. Crown - Furnace roof, especially when dome-shaped; highest point of an arch. Crucible - A ceramic pot or receptacle made of graphite and clay, or clay or other refractory material, and used in the melting of metal. The term is sometimes applied to pots made of cast iron, cast steel or wrought steel. Crucible Furnace - A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas, or electricity in which metals are melted in a refractory crucible. Crucible Steel - High-carbon steel produced by melting blister steel in a covered crucible. Crucible steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman in about 1750 and remained in use until the late 1940's.

Crucible Zone - The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the tuyere. Crush - Buckling or breaking of a section of mold due to incorrect register when closing. Also, an indentation in the casting surface due to displacement of sand in the mold when the mold is closed. Crush Strip or Bead - An indentation in the parting line of a pattern plate which ensures that cope and drag have good contact by producing a ridge of sand which crushes against the other surface of the mold or core. Cryogenic - Pertaining to very low temperature. Aluminum gains strength as temperature is reduced, making it an appropriate material for cryogenic applications Crystal - (1) A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms. ions or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern. (2) A coherent piece of matter, all parts of which have the same anisotropic arrangement of atom; in metals, usually synonymous with grain and crystallite. Crystal Analysis - Determination of crystal structure. Crystal Lattice - The way atoms are arranged in a crystal. Spacewise, there are only 14 different lattices. Crystalline Fracture - A fracture of a polycrystalline metal characterized by a grainy appearance. Compare fibrous fracture. Crystallization - The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes falsely attributed to crystallization.) CTD - Cumulative Trauma Disorder. Illnesses that develop gradually over time and involve disorders of the soft tissues of the body. Caused or aggravated by repeatedly or constantly applied excessive forces, awkward postures, or highly repetitive movements of the body. Cu - Chemical symbol for Copper. Cube-Centered - Metallography- (concerning space lattices) - Body-centered cubic. Refers to crystal structure. Culvert Pipe - Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral-formed or riveted into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage applications. Cuno Filter - An in-line filter that takes the dirt out of the oil on a turbine. Cuploa - A cylindrical,straight shaft furnace (usually lined with refractories) for melting metal in direct contact with coke by forcing air under pressure through openings near its base. Cure - To harden…

Cure Time - Full polymerization is a function of time and temperature. Curing - The process by which synthetic materials form continuous films by various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and heat of polymerization according to their basic resin structures. Curing Time (No Bake) - That period of time needed before a sand mass reaches maximum hardness. Curl - Appears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the length of coiled metal. Current - The movement of free electrons in a meterial. Customer Test Strip - A full width sample of steel used in performing testing procedures. Cut - Defect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal flowing over the mold or cored surface. Cut Edge - The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or trimming of a mill edge. Cut in half - Split one (1) coil into two (2) coils (not necessarily 50% in each coil). Cut out - IMIS term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting out rips and cracks on the edges of a coil. Cut out the center - The act of removing the center laps or ID of a coil with long handled sheers to remove defects. The Reelman is sometimes directed to perform this task. Cut-to-Length - Process to uncoil sections of flat-rolled steel and cut them into a desired length. Product that is cut to length is normally shipped flat-stacked. Cutoff Machine, Abrasive - A device using a thin abrasive wheel rotating at high speed to cut off gates and risers from castings, or in similar operations. Cutter, Gate - A scoop or other form of cutting gates in the mold. Cutting Fluid - A liquid used to cool and lubricate the cutting to improve the work surface finish. Cutting Tool - A hardened piece of metal (tool steel) that is machined and grounc so that it has the shape and cutting edges appropriate for the operation for which it is to be used. Cutting Wheel - The plastic discs impregnated with an abrasive for cutting ceramics and metals. Used on abrasive cutoff machines.

CW - Continuous weld-amethod of produciong small diameter (1/2-4”) Cyanide Hardening - A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into the surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a molten bath of sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide, diluted with sodium carbonate and quenching in oil or wate. This process id used where a thin case and high hardness are required. Cycles - See hertz Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector) - In air pollution control, a controlled descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases and dust to the bottom of a collector core. Cyclone Separator - Rotating strainer that uses a centrifugal process to remove particulates from water. Cyclonic Scrubber - In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually water) sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of particles. Cyclotron - A device for accelerating charged particles to high energies by means of an alternating electric field between electrodes placed in a constant magnetic field. compressive force, with or without dies. compressive force, with or without dies. - NULL Cake - A copper ingot rectangular in cross section intended for rolling. Camber or Bow - Edgewise curvature. A lateral departure of a side edge of sheet or strip metal from a straight line. Canning - A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat surface, sometimes referred to as oil canning. Carbide - A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements. Carbon - Chemical symbol C. Element No. 6 of the periodic system; atomic weight 12.01; has three allotropic modifications, all non-metallic. Carbon is present in practically all ferrous alloys, and has tremendous effect on the properties of the resultant metal. Carbon is also an essential component of the cemented carbides. Its metallurgical use, in the form of coke, for reduction of oxides, is very extensive. Carbon Equivalent - Referring to the rating of weld-ability, this is a value that takes into account the equivalent additive effects of carbon and other alloying elements on a particular characteristic of a steel. For rating of weld-ability, a formula commonly used is: CE = C + (Mn/6) + [(Cr + Mo + V)/5] + [(Ni + Cu)/15]. Carbon Free - Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.

Carbon Potential - A measure of the capacity of an environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon concentration in a steel. Carbon Range - In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable. Carbon Restoration - Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer during previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level. Carbon Steel - Common or ordinary steel as contrasted with special or alloy steels, which contain other alloying metals in addition to the usual constituents of steel in their common percentages. Carbon Steel - A steel containing only residual quantities of elements other than carbon, except those added for deoxidization or to counter the deleterious effects of residual sulfur. Silicon is usually limited to about 0.60% and manganese to about 1,65%. Also termed plain carbon steel, ordinary steel, straight carbon steel. Carbonitriding - Introducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in an atmosphere that contains suitable gases such as hydrocardons, carbon monocide, and ammonia. The carbonitrided alloy is usually quench hardened. Carbonitriding. - A case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere having a composition that results in simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, creates a concentration gradient. The process is completed by cooling at a rate that produces the desired properties in the work piece. Carburizing - A process in which an austenitized ferrous material is brought into contact with a carbonaceous atmosphere having sufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Carburizing (Cementation) - Adding carbon to the surface of iron-base alloys by absorption through heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with carbonaceous solids, liquids or gases. The oldest method of case hardening. Cartridge Brass - 70% copper 30% zinc. This is one of the most widely used of the copper-zinc alloys; it is formable and ductile and possesses excellent cold-working, poor hot working and poor machining properties. Rated excellent for soft-soldering; good for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding and fair for resistance of carbon arc welding. The alloy develops high tensile strength with cold-working. Temper is obtained by cold rolling. Case - In a ferrous alloy, the outer portion that has been made harder than the inner portion, or core.

Case Hardening - Carburizing and subsequently hardening by suitable heattreatment, all or part of the surface portions of a piece of iron-base alloy. Case Hardening - A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon or nitrogen, or a mixture of the two, and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Cast Iron - Iron containing more carbon than the solubility limit in austenite (about 2%). Cast Steel - Steel in the form of castings, usually containing less than 2% carbon. Cast Steel - Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds. Cavitation Damage - Wearing away of metal through the formation and collapse of cavities in a liquid. Cementite - A compound of iron and carbon known as Iron carbide, which has the approximate chemical formula Fe3C containing 6.69% of carbon. Hard and brittle, it is the hard constituent of cast iron, and the normal form in which carbon is present in steel. It is magnetizable, but not as readily as ferrite. Cementite - A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of manganese and other carbide-forming elements. Cementite - A metastable carbide, with composition Fe3C and orthorhombic crystal structure, having limited substitutional solubility for the carbide-forming elements, notably manganese. Centrifugal Casting - A casting made by pouring metal into a mold that is rotated or revolved. Ceramic Tools - Cutting tools made from fused, sintered, or cemented metallic oxides. Chafery - A charcoal-fired furnace used in early iron making processes to reheat a bloom of wrought iron for forging to consolidate the iron and expel entrapped slag. Charcoal Tin Plate - Tin Plate with a relatively heavy coating of tin (higher than the Coke Tin Plate grades). Charpy Test - A pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the specimen usually notched, is supported at both ends as a simple beam and broken by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed, as determined by the subsequent rise of the pendulum, is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness. Chatter Marks - Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to edge of strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused by roll vibrations.

Chemical Milling - Removing metal stock by controlled selective chemical etching. Chemical Polishing - Improving the specular reflectivity of a metal surface by chemical treatment. Chromadizing (Chromodizing, Chromatizing) - Forming an acid surface to improve paint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys, mainly aircraft skins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid. Chromium - Chemical symbol Cr. Element No. 24 of the periodic system; atomic weight 52.01. It is of bright silvery color, relatively hard. It is strongly resistant to atmospheric and other oxidation. It is of great value in the manufacture of Stainless Steel as an iron-base alloy. Chromium plating has also become a large outlet for the metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making; (1) increases resistance to corrosion and oxidation (2) increases harden-ability (3) adds some strength at high temperatures (4) resists abrasion and wear (with high carbon). Chromizing - A surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried out in pack, vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal. Clad Metal - A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co-rolling, welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating. Clad Metal - A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by corolling, welding, casting, heavy chemical deposition, or heavy electroplating. Cleavage - Fracture of a crystal by crack propagation across a crystallographic plane of low index. Cleavage Fracture - Fracture of a grain, or most of the grains, in a polycrystalline metal by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets. Cleavage Plane - A characteristic crystallographic plane or set of planes in a crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily. Cluster Mill - A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small diameter is supported by two or more back-up rolls. Cobalt - Chemical symbol Co. Element No. 27 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.94. A gray magnetic metal, of medium hardness; it resists corrosion like nickel, which it resembles closely; melting point 2696 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 8.9. It is used as the matrix metal in most cemented carbides and is occasionally electroplated instead of nickel, the sulfate being used as electrolyte. Its principal function as an alloy in tool steel; it contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite. Coil Breaks - Creases or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to the direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has been coiled hot and uncoiled cold.

Coil Weld - A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil - not always visible in the cold reduced product. Coils - Coiled flat sheet or strip metal- usually in one continuous piece or length. Coining - A process of impressing images or characters of the die and punch onto a plane metal surface. Cold Reduced Strip - Metal strip, produced from hot-rolled strip, by rolling on a cold reduction mill. Cold Reduction - Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room temperature or below the recrystallization temperature of the metal. Cold Rolled Finish - Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled sheet or strip with a lubricant resulting in a relatively smooth appearance. Cold Short - A condition of brittleness existing in some metals at temperatures below the recrystalization temperature. Cold Shut - (1) A discontinuity that appears on the surface of cast metal as a result of two streams of liquid meeting and failing to unite. (2) A portion of the surface of a forging that is separated, in part, from the main body of metal by oxide. Cold Work - Permanent strain produced by an external force in a metal below its recrystallization temperature. Columbium - Chemical symbol Cb. Element No. 41 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 92.91. It is steel gray in color and brilliant luster. Specific gravity 8.57. Melting point at about 4380 (degrees) F. It is used mainly in the production of stabilized austenitic chromium-nickel steels, also to reduce the air-hardening characteristics in plain chromium steels of the corrosion resistant type. (Now known as Niobium (Nb), element No. 41 of the periodic system.) Columnar Structure - A structure consisting of elongated grains whose tong axes are parallel. Columnar Structure - A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains, having the long axis perpendicular to the casting surface. Constitute - A phase, or combination of phases, that occurs in a characteristic configuration in a microstructure. Constitutional Diagram - A graphical representation of the temperature and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they actually exist under specific conditions of heating and cooling (synonymous with phase diagram). A constitutional diagram may be, or may approximate, and equilibrium diagram, or may represent metastable conditions or phases. Compare equilibrium diagram.

Continuous Casting - A casting technique in which the ingot is continuously solidified while it is being poured, and the length is not determined by mold dimensions. Continuous Casting - A casting technique in which an ingot, billet, tube, or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions. Continuous Furnace - Furnace, in which the material being heated moves steadily through the furnace. Continuous Phase - In an alloy or portion of an alloy containing more than one phase, the phase that forms the background or matrix in which the other phase or phases are present as isolated volumes. Continuous Pickling - Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a series of pickling and washing tanks. Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces - A furnace used for bright annealing into which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purpose of maintaining a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and atmosphere takes place. Controlled Rolling - A hot rolling process in which the temperature of the steel is closely controlled, particularly during the final rolling passes, to produce a fine-grain microstructure. Converter - A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities. Cooling Stresses - Stresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling; also those stresses resulting from localized plastic deformation during cooling, and retained. Coring - A variation of composition between the center and surface of a unit of structure (such as a dendrite, a grain or a carbide particle) resulting from nonequilibrium growth over a range of temperature. Corrosion - Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents. Corrosion - Deterioration of a metal by chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. Corrosion Embrittlement - The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent. Corrosion Fatigue - Effect of the application of repeated or fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by shorter life than would be encountered as a result of either their repeated or fluctuating stresses alone or the corrosive environment alone.

Creep - Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. Creep - Time-dependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary creep; that occurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary creep; that occurring at an accelerating rate, tertiary creep. Creep Limit - (1) The maximum stress that will cause less than a specified quantity of creep in a given time. (2) The maximum nominal stress under which the creep strain rate decreases continuously with time under constant load and at constant temperature. Sometimes used synonymously with creep strength. Crevice Erosion - A type of concentration-cell corrosion; corrosion of a metal that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metal ions, oxygen, or other gases, and such, in crevices or pockets remote from the principal fluid stream, with a resultant building up of differential cells that ultimately cause deep pitting. Critical Cooling Rate - The limiting rate at which austenite must be cooled to ensure that a particular type of transformation product is formed. Critical Point - (1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase or physical properties occurs; same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific combination of composition, temperature and pressure at which the phases of an inhomogeneous system are in equilibrium. Critical Point - (1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal structure, phase, or physical properties occurs. Same as transformation temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition, temperature and pressure, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a heterogeneous systems are in equilibrium. Critical Points - Temperatures at which internal changes or transformations take place within a metal either on a rising or falling temperature. Critical Range - A temperature range in which an internal change takes place within a metal. Also termed transformation range. Critical Strain - That strain which results in the formation of very large grains during recrystallization. Critical Temperature - Synonymous with critical point if pressure is constant. Crop - The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and discarded. Cross Rolling - The rolling of sheet so that the direction of rolling is changed about 90 (degrees) from the direction of the previous rolling. Cross Rolling - Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal; usually done to increase width.

Cross Rolling - A (hot) rolling process in which rolling reduction is carried out in a direction perpendicular to, as well as a direction parallel to, the length of the original slab. Crown - A contour on a sheet or roll where the thickness or diameter increases from edge to center. Crown or Heavy Center - Increased thickness in the center of metal sheet or strip as compared with thickness at the edge. Crystalline - Composed of crystals. Cup Fracture - A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly depressed. Cup Fracture (Cup-and-Cone Fracture) - Fracture, frequently seen in tensile test pieces of a ductile material, in which the surface of failure on one portion shows a central flat area of failure in tension, with an exterior extended rim of failure in shear. Cutting Speed - The linear or peripheral speed of relative motion between the tool and work piece in the principal direction of cutting. Cyaniding - Introducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac1 in contact with molten cyanide of suitable composition. The cyanided alloy is usually quench hardened. Cyaniding - Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it by heating at a suitable temperature in contact with a cyanide salt, followed by quenching. D (Fordath) Process - Shell molding in which the shell is made by blowing sand into a box like heated structure so that a shell of controlled thickness is created. Damper Roll - A roll used to control the line tension on the plate. Dampers - (various types) Scrubber isolation damper, emergency stack cap damper, fuel air damper. Datum Plane - In layout and machining operations the reference plane from which dimensions are measured in the perpendicular direction. Datum Points - In layout and machining operations the reference points on a datum plane from which dimensions are measured. Daubing - Filling of cracks in molds or cores by specially prepared pastes or coatings to prevent a mechanical penetration of metal into these cracks during pouring. Also, the final plastering or coating of the cupola or ladle after shrinkage has taken place during the drying period. Clay slurry or clay wash with various coating compounds are applied.

dB - Decibel DC - The second of the two types of electricity. It stands for direct current. In a DC circuit, current is always flowing in the same direction and (for a given voltage) is of the same magnitude. DC (Direct Chill) Casting - A continuous method of making ingots or billets for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly on the mold or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is often called semicontinuous casting. DC (Direct Chill) Casting - A continuous method of making ingots or billets or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. Some times called semi-continuous casting. Dead Annealing - See Annealing Dead End - The end of a water line, the point where the flow stops. Dead Flat - Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. Refer to Stretcher Leveling. Dead Smooth - The term applied to the finest cut of a file. Dead Steel - Fully killed steel, also applied to steel which fails to respond to heat treatment. Deadburned - Term applied to refractory materials obtained by calcimining at a temperature high enough to form a product inert to atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide, and less apt to contract. Deadburned Dolonite - Dolonite burned at high temperature with additions of an agent, such as oxide of iron. Deadhead - (DH) Deadheading is to run a coil through a stand with the rolls open; no reduction in gauge. Deburr - To remove sharp edges. Deburris - Horizontal knife used to remove burrs after slitting. Decalescence - A term used in reference to the absorption of heat without a corresponding indrease in temperature, when steel is heated through the ctitical points (phase changes). Decant - 1) Pour from one vessel to another, 2) pour off molten metal without disturbing the sludge.

Decarburization - The loss of carbon from the surface of steel by heating above lower critical temperature or by chemical action. Decarburization is usually present to a slight extent in steel forgings. Excessive decarburization can result in defective products. Decibel (dB) - Unit for measuring the ration amounts of acoustical power; onetenth of a bel. Decoration (of dislocations) - Segregation of solute atoms to the line of a dislocation in a crystal. In ferrite, the dislocations may be decorated with carbon or nitrogen atoms. Dedendum - The depth or that portiono of a gear tooth from the pitch circle to root circle of gear. Deep Drawing - The fabrication process of flat rolled steel to make drawn parts. The part is mechanically formed through or in a die. The blank diameter is reduced; the blank contracts circumferentially as it is drawn radially inward. (See Deep Drawing Applications). Deep Drawing Applications - Parts/applications that require deep drawing in their fabrication. Examples are motor shells, fenders, quarter panels, door panels. Deep Etching - Macroetching; etching for examination at a low (less that 10X) magnification, in a reagent that attacks the metal to a much greater extent than normal for microscopic examination. Gross features my be developed; i.e., abnormal grain size, segregation, cracks, or grain flow. Deepbed Filter - A gas filter in air pollution control, consisting of a loosely packed mat of fibrous materials; not practical where high grain loading are encountered. Defect - 1) Anything that renders the steel unfit for the specific use for which it was ordered. What is defective for one customer may be prime steel for another. 2) A variety of quality problems in a coil. Examples are punchmarks, roll marks, oil spots, and scratches. Deflector Roll - A roll used to change the direction of the strip. Deformation Test - An AGS test using an instrument such as the Dietert Universal Sand-Strength Testing machine (with deformation accessory) to determine the amount in inches that the sand specimen is compressed before it ruptures. Degas Heat - A heat of degas steel is a heat that is produced to extremely low carbon levels through vacuum degassing. Degasser - A material employed for removing gases from molten metals and alloys. Degassing - Usually a chemical reaction resulting from a compound added to molten metal to remove gases from the metal. Often inert gases are used in this operation.

Degassing Flux - A flux for removing gas from the melt. Degenerate Structure - Usually refers to pearlite that does not have an ideally lamellar structure. The degree of degeneracy may vary from slight perturbations in the lamellar arrangement to structures that are not recognizably lamellar. Degreasing - Removal of grease,oil or other lubricant-type materials by immersion in an effective solvent. primarily alkaline cleaners are used,although an organic solvents are useful. Degree of Ramming - The extent of hardness to which a sand mold is rammed. Delay Code - A four-character code used to identify the type and reason for a delay. Delay Screen (Skim Gate (Erroneously),Skim Strainer) - A small piece of perforated light gage tinned sheet steel, or of copper, aluminum, and/or magnesium alloys, frequently placed in the pouring basin at the top of the downsprue. It delays the flow of metal long enough to allow the basin to fill before it melts to permit only clean metal from the bottom of the basin to enter the downsprue. Delay screens are also use elsewhere in the gating system. Delivery End - The exit end of the line. Delivery Tail End The outside - The outside lap of the produced coil on the delivery reel. Delta Iron - Allotropic modification of iron, stable above 2552 (degrees) F. to melting point. It is of body-centered cubic crystal structure. Demineralization Train - Two units, a cation tank and an anion tank, working in conjugation. Water flows through the tanks and undergoes a positive and negative ion exchange that removes hardness. Demineralized Water - City water which is circulated through a series of three demineralizing filters to soften it and remove residuals. It is then delivered to a storage tank for use in overflowing the superheater elements and headers on the boiler during hydrostatic tests. Filling the superheaters with demineralized water prevents the raw water used in a hydrostatic test from entering the superheaters where it could cause corrosion problems. Densitometer - Instrument utilizing the photoelectric principle to determine the degree of darkening of developed photographic film. Density - The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or in pounds per cubic foot. Density (Photographic) - Density is used to denote the degree of darkening of photographic film. Logarithm of opacity of exposed and processed film. Opacity is the reciprocal of transmission; transmission is the ratio of transmitted to incident intensity.

Deoxidation - (1) Removal of oxygen from molten metals by use of suitable chemical agents. (2) Sometimes refers to removal of undesirable elements other than oxygen by the introduction of elements or compounds that readily react with them. Deoxidizing - Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology, the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the amount of scale. Dephosphorization - Elimination of phosphorus from molten steel. Depth Card - A notched paper card used in setting the depth of the knives. Depth of fusion - The depth to which base matel melts during welding Dermatis - An inflammation of the skin, which may be caused by allergy to certain casting adjuncts, as resins; particularly in the shell process. Descale - Remove the fire scale from the surface of casting. Descaling - The process of removing scale from the surface of steel. Scale forms most readily when the steel is hot by union oxygen with iron. Common methods of descaling are (1) crack the scale by use of roughened rolls and remove by a forceful water spray, (2) throw salt or wet sand or wet burlap on the steel just previous to its passage through the rolls. Deseaming - A process of burning out defective areas on the surface of ingots,blooms or billets. The condition of the surface is such that it can then be rolled or forged intoa saticfactory product. Design Base Line - The noise spectrum which is the goal of any particular noise reduction program. Designations - Type of metal named, as steel, malleable, nonferrous, etc. Deslagger - A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls. Despersion Hardening - "Hardening by the formation of hard microconstituents dispersed in a softer matrix. See Preciptitation Hardening " Desulfurization - Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a ladle full of hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the Basic Oxygen Furnace. Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the blast furnace smelting operation, and there is little the steelmaker can do to reduce its presence. Because excess sulfur in the steel impedes its welding and forming characteristics, the mill must add this step to the steelmaking process. Desulfurizer - A material used to remove sulfur from molten metals and alloys. Also, a form of holding ladle or basin in which the molten metal and desulfurizing material are brought into contact.

Desuperheater - Pressure reducing station which reduces 800 psi high pressure steam to 225 psi low pressure steam to supplement the low pressure system throughout the mill. Detroit Cup Test - A cupping test for sand, using a steel ball as plunger, the depth of cup being shown on a dial Developed Hardness - Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a hardening heat-treating process. DeVries Test - A test to give the relative hardness of deep hardening steels. Dew Point - The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The higher the negative number, the dryer the furnace. A dry furnace is desired. Dewaxing - The process of melting out the expendable was pattern from an investment mold by the application of heat, usually at temperatures less than 250 B0F (121) B0C). Dexidation - Removal of excess oxygen from molten metal, usually accomplished by adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the oxides of which are either gaseous or readily form slags. Dextrin - Soluble gummy carbohydrate formed by the decomposition of starch by heat, acids, or enzymes; it is use din core compounds, mold compounds, mold washes, core pastes, and other compounds requiring high dry compressive strengths. Dezincing - A coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc oxide in a "C" enamel film by chemical reaction with food products. Dezincing appears as a lack of opacity in the film and usually occurs in a random pattern. Dezurik Valve - Butterfly or slide-plate type stop valve that allows emergency quencher and quencher flow to the bull nozzle of the ductwork. Name refers to manufacturer. De E6rator Tanks - Treated water storage tanks which help remove excess air from the feed water by spraying the water into an atmosphere of exhaust steam as it enters the tank. Removal of all possible air helps prevent corrosion of the boiler internals. From the tanks, the feed water is pumped to the boilers at approximately 950 psi. Dia-Tester (Wolpert Hardness Tester) - A hardness testing machine using the Vickers or Brinell ball indenter. Diameters - In microscopy, an indication of the amount of magnification. 1000 diameters 3D1000 times original size. Diametral Pitch - Ratio of the number of teeth on a gear to the number of inches of pitch diameter or the number of teeth to each inch of pitch diameter.

Diammonium Phosphate - Used to fireproof clothing of foundry workers. Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test - This test, more commonly known as the vickers test finds greater use in the laboratory than the workshop. It employs a pyramid shaped diamond with an included angle of 136° which is impressed into the specimen using loads of 5 to 120 kg making a small square impression. This test is used for finished or polished components because the impression can be very small. The diamond pyramid hardness number is obtained from a calculation based on measuring the diagonals of the impressions in the steel. Diaphragm Shell Molding Machine - An arrangement for applying a squeeze pressure with a high-temperature silicone rubber diaphragm. Diaspore Clay - A rocklike mineral consisting chiefly of diaspore (HAlO2) bonded by fire clay substance with an alumina content higher than 63%. Diathermometer - An instrument for examining the thermal resistance or the heat conducting power of objects. Diatomaceous Earth (Infusorial Earth) - A hydrous of silica which is soft, light in weight and consists mainly of microscopic shells of diatoms or other marine organisms. Die - A metal block used in forming materials by casting, molding, stamping, threading, or extruding. Die Assembly - The parts of a die stamp or press that hold the die and locate it for the punches. Die Casting (Brit. Pressure Die Casting) - A rapid, water-cooled permanent mold casting process limited to nonferrous metals. There are three types: the plungertype operated hydraulically, mechanically or by compressed air with or without a gooseneck; the direct-air injection which forces metal from a goose-neck into the die, and the Cold-Chamber Machine. All force the metal into the die with a pressure greater than that of gravity flow. Die Cavity - The impression in a die into which pattern material is forced. Die Coating - See Release Agent Die Insert - A removable liner or part of a die body or punch. Die lines - Longitudinal marking which may be imparted to the surface of an extrusion by irregularities in a die aperture Die Set - In stamping, the parts of the press that hold the die and locate it in proper relation to the punches. Die Shift - The impression of the top die not being in alignment with the impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.

Die-Cleaning Area - A section of the coating of the strip which is produced when the Operator cleans the die. Dielectric Oven (Dryer) - A rapid-drying high frequency electric oven used to bake cores. Dies - (Galvanize) Air pressure devices in the Sheet Mill which, depending on distance from coil, determine coating thickness by removing excess metal from the strip; the farther the die is from the steel, the heavier the coating - also called "knives" on this line. Die Stock - The frame and two handles (bars) which hold the dies (chasers) used for cutting (chasing) external screw threads. Dietert Process - A patented process for the production of precision molds involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form half a mold. Dietert Tester - A patented apparatus for the direct reading of a Brinell hardness after impression without using magnification or conversion tables. Differential Coatings - Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the thickness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other side. At Weirton Steel, the term is applied to a tin plate product which requires one side of the steel to have a heavier tin coating than the other side. Differential Heat Treatment - A heating process by which the temperature is varied within the object so that, after cooling, various parts may have different properties as desired. Diffuser - X-ray equipment, a portion of the condensing and focusing system that permits even distribution of energy. Digital Level Indicator - Devices that electronically measures the level of oil in a tank. The readout is given in a percentage of the tank that is full (100%). Dike - A patented flexible seal to prevent blow-by in core boxes. Dimensional allowance - The specified diffferance in size between mating parts Dimensional Tolerance Grades - A system of classifying the tightness of tolerances for the purpose of defining accurately the tolerances involved, and for simplifying the communication process between customer and producer regarding what is wanted, and what is possible, respectively. Dimentional Tolerance - A range by which a product's width and gauge can deviate from those ordered and still meet the order's requirements. (Also See Commercial Tolerance) Dip Coat - "In solid and shell mold investment casting, a fine ceramic coating applied as a slurry to the pattern to produce maximum surface smoothness, followed by a cheaper conventional investment. See Investment Precoat "

Dip Tank - A tank, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy, or other nonmetallic, into which diecastings are dipped for cooling after leaving the machine. Dipped Joint - A thin joint made by dipping of the brick in a thin mortar. Direct Blowing - The term used when one blower is blowing to one furnace at a time. Direct Casting - Teeming from the ladle into the casting mold without the use of a tundish. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) - "WHAT Processed iron ore that is iron-rich enough to be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelmaking. WHY As mini-mills expand their product abilities to sheet steel, they require much higher grades of scrap to approach integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini-mills to use iron ore without the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw material and alleviate the mini-mills' dependence on cleaner, higher-priced scrap. HOW The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through the use of massive amounts of natural gas. While the result is 97% pure iron (compared with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it is saturated with carbon, is only 93% iron), DRI is only economically feasible in regions where natural gas is attractively priced. " Direct-Arc Furnace - An electric arc furnace in which the metal being melted is one of the poles. Direct-reduced iron - (DRI) A metallic iron product made from iron ore pellets, lumps or fines that is reduced (by removing only the oxygen) from the ore at a temperature below the melting point of the iron. DRI is used as feedstock in electricarc furnaces, blast furnaces and in other iron and steelmaking processes. Directional Solidification - The solidification of molten metal in a casting in such a manner that liquid feed metal is always available for that portion that is just solidifying. Dirt Trap - "A well employed in a gating system to entrap the first metal poured, which may contain dirt or unwanted particles (ineffective). See Slag Trap " Dirty Casting - A casting containing an excessive amount of nonmetallic inclusions in the body of the metal. DIS - Ductile Iron Society Disappearing Filament Pyrometer (Optical Pyrometer) - A telescope in which a hot body is viewed through an eyepiece; temperature is measured by the matching color of a calibrated lamp filament with color of hot metal. Discharge Valve On a Pump - A valve that isolates a pump from the rest of the pumping system.

Discoloration - A change in the visual appearance of the material caused by formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating atmosphere, always at elevated temperatures. Disconnect - Mechanical device, resembling a large knife switch, that is used as a safety device for isolating electrical equipment. Dish - A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge. Indicates transverse or across the width. Distributor (See SERVICE CENTER) Dispersed Shrinkage - Small shrinkage cavities dispersed through the casting, which are not necessarily cause for rejection. Dissolved Carbon - Carbon in solution in steel in either the liquid or solid state. Distorted Pattern - A pattern untrue to the specified dimensions. Distortion - See Warpage Distribond - A siliceous clay containing Bentonite used as bond in molding sands. Distribution, Sand Grain - Variation or uniformity in particle size of a sand aggregate when properly screened by U.S. Standards screens. Distributor (See SERVICE CENTER) - NULL Distruptive Strength - Maximum strength of a metal when subjected to three principal tensile stresses at right angles to one another and of equal magnitude. Disturbed Metal - The cold worked metal formed on a polished surface during the processes of grinding and polishing. Ditch Valve - A valve for controlling high pressure raw water jets. The jets wash the ash from the sluice way to the ash pump hole. Diversion - 1.) A situation that occurs when a coil/s intended for an order doesn't meet quality standards or customers specifications and is therefore diverted to meet another customer's specifications. In addition, coils can be diverted to complete another customer's order or for other reasons as necessary. 2) Removing a product from it's original order. Synonymous with Reapplication. Diverted Coil - (DRV) A coil that is no longer being sent to its original order but is being sold elsewhere. Dividers, Springs - Dividers whose legs are held together at the hinged end by the pressure of a c-shaped spring.

Dividing Head (index bead) - A machine tool holding fixture which positions the work for accurately spacing holes,slots,flutes and gear teeth and for making geometric shapes. When geared to the table lead screw, it can be used for helical milling operations. Divorced Pearlite (Granular Perlite, Spheroidite, Spheroidized Cementite) Pearlite in which the cementite has been spheroidized by prolonged annealing just below the Ac1 point, or by annealing at the same temperature after cold working. Doctor Blade Steel Strip - A hardened and tempered spring steel strip, usually blued, produced from approximately .85 carbon cold rolled spring steel strip specially selected for straightness and good edges. Sometimes hand straightened or straightened by grinding and cur to desired lengths. This product is used in the printing trade as a blade to uniformly remove excess ink (dope) from the rolls; hence its name. Do-All-Saw - A trade name given to a type of band saw used for sawing metal. Dog - A clamping device (lathe dog) used to drive work being machined between centers. Also, a part projecting on the side od a machine worktable to trip the automatic feed machanism off or to reverse the travel. Doghouse - Structure on the BOP roof where the junction header power relief vents through to the atmosphere. Dolomite - A material that is used to add magnesium oxide to the sinter. Dose - A quantity of radiation measured at a certain point expressed in roentgens, rems or rads. Dose Meter, Integrating - Ionization chamber and measuring system designed for determining total radiation administered during an exposure. In medical radiology the chamber is usually designed to be placed on the patient's skin. A device may be included to terminate the exposure when it has reached a desire value. Dose Rate - Dose per unit time. Dose, Exposure - Quantity of radiation measured in air in roentgens without backscatter at a given point. Dosimeter - "Instrument used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation; in common usage it is a pencil-size ionization chamber with a built-in selfreading electrometer; used for personal monitoring. See Dosimeter, Pocket " Dosimeter, Pocket - A pocket ionization chamber containing it own electrometer. An auxiliary charging device is usually necessary. Double (Cold) Reduced (DR) - 1) Material that has been cold reduced in thickness twice. The first reduction is at the tandem Mill (where it is reduced at five different locations) and the second is at the Weirlite Mill. 2) Plate given a second major cold reduction following annealing. Double reduced products are relatively hard, have

limited ductility, and highly directional mechanical properties. Aim Rockwell hardness 30T hardness is 76; Aim yield strength (varying from materials) is 80,000 psi to 90,000 psi; approximate tensile strength is 90,000 psi. Double Annealing - As applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of heating to above the upper critical point (AC3) and holding at that temperature until complete solution of the carbide has been achieved then cooling rapidly and reheating immediately to above A3 and slowly cooling. Double Impression Method - A way of determining approximate Brinell hardness by placing a hardened steel ball between a specimen of known hardness and the metal to be tested and pressurizing in an arbor press. Double Skin (bottom Splash, Ingot Shell, Plaster) - A defect consisting of a secondary layer of metal sometimes found on top-poured ingots. Double Tempering - A retempering operation sometimes necessary for steel containing retained austenite which breaks down during cooling from the first tempering to form a new and hence untempered martensite. Doublebruned - Deadburn; not be mistaken for two firing. Doughnut - A venturi system that creates a draft with jets of water that draws the molten slag from the spout and to the sluiceway. Dove-tail - An interlocking connection frequently used for the assembly of interlocking extrusions; it is assembled by a sliding action Dowel - 1) a wooden or metal pin of various types used in the parting surface of parted patterns and core boxes, 2) in diecasting dies, metal pins to ensure correct registry of cover and ejector halves. Downcomers - Hollow pipes that allow the plater solution to return from the plater cells to the distribution tank. Down Feed (climb cutting, climb milling) - A seldom used method of feeding work into milling cutters. The work is fed in the same direction as the portion of the cuttere which comes in contact with it. Downgate - See Downsprue Downhand Welding - Welding deposited along a horizontal line and surface. Downsprue (Sprue, Downgate) - The first channel, usually vertical, which the molten metal enters; so called because it conducts metal down into the mold. Downtime - Time lost from normal casting activity, due to unscheduled interruptions. DQ - Draw quality 3D more flexible grade of steel.

Draft - The measured positive or negative pressure maintained within the boiler and produced by the use of forced draft and induced draft fans. Negative draft helps ensure that the fire and exhaust gases are controlled within the boiler. Draft, Pattern - See Pattern Draft Drag - Lower or bottom section of a mold or pattern. Drain Line - Any hose, pipe or tube connected to a valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a system or a component of a system. Drain Valve - A valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a system or a component of a system. Draw - A term used for 1) to temper, 2) to remove pattern from mold, 3) an external contraction defect on surface of mold. Drawing - Forcing metal through a die by pulling it. (pushing metal through a die is called extrusion) Small tube, wire, or pipe is commonly made by drawing down a larger extruded size Draw Peg - A wooden peg used for drawing patterns. Draw Plate - A plate attached to a pattern to facilitate drawing of a pattern from the mold. Draw quality - More flexible grade of steel Draw Screw - A threaded rod with an eye screwed into a pattern to enable it to be drawn from the mold. Draw Spike - A steel spike used to rap and draw a pattern from the sand; it is driven into the wood of the pattern, as opposed to a Draw Screw, which threaded. Draw-Redraw - (DRD) Two-piece. Process for making two-piece cans in which a circular blank is drawn into a die to form a shallow cup and then is redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can body of the desired dimensions. Plate is coated prior to the forming process. Draw-Thin-Redraw - (DTR) An enhancement of the DRD process for making twopiece can body utilizing high tensile TFS that has an organic polymeric coating applied prior to the forming operations. The patented DTR process is a means of subjecting the coated feedstock to forming strains such that the metal and coating avoid compacting and subsequent sidewall burnishing, thus enhancing the integrity of the organic coating. The resultant sidewall is thinned during the drawing and redrawing operations, thus facilitating the specified can body dimensions using a smaller starting blank size than that required for DRD. Drawing - (1) Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies. (2) Reducing the cross section of wire or tubing by pulling it through a die. (3) A misnomer for tempering.

Drawing - "Removing pattern from the mold or mold from pattern in production work. See also Temper " Drawing Quality - (DQ) Flat-rolled products produced from either deep drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum killed steels. Special rolling and processing operations aid in producing a product, which can stand extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc., without creating defects. Drawn - Mechanically formed by tension through or in a die. Drawn & Ironed - (D&I) A process primarily used to manufacture two-piece beer or carbonated beverage can bodies, although some canned food product is packaged in steel D&I can bodies. An appropriately sized circular disk is drawn into a cup to approximately the finished can diameter. The side wall height is created by forcing the cup through a series of rings, ironing the metal thinner than the starting material thickness. Can bodies are coated with organic lacquers after forming. Drawn-Over-Mandrel - A procedure for producing specialty tubing using a drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent control over the inside diameter and wall thickness. Advantages of this technique are its inside and outside surface quality and gauge tolerance. Major markets include automotive applications and hydraulic cylinders. Dressing - The act of removing the glaze and dulled abrasives from the face of a ginding wheel to make it clean and sharp. See Truing. Dried Sand - Sand which bas been dried by mechanical dryer prior to use in core making. Drier (Dryer) - A material, as alcohol ammonium nitrate, sodium perborate and manganese oleate, added to a core or mold mixture to remove or reduce the water content. Drift - Minimum ID clearance verified by pulling a mandrel of size throught a length of pipe. Drill - A pointed tool that is rotated to cut holes in material. Drill Bushing - A hardened steel guide inserted in jigs,fixtures or templates for the purpose of providing a guide for the drill in drilling holes in their proper or exact location. Drill, Center - A combination drill and countersink. Drill Chuck - A device used to grip and attach them to a rotating spindle. Drill Jig - A jig which holds parts or units of a structure and by means of bushings,guides the drill so that the holes are properly located. Drill Pipe - Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is the conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud is pumped down the

center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the drill bit and transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the high stress, torque and temperature associated with well drilling, drill pipe is a seamless product. Drill Press - A drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which makes it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at which the drill is fed into the work. The sensitive drill press usually contains drills that are less than ½ inch diameter and which rotate at high speeds. Drill Rod - A term given to an annealed and polished high carbon tool steel rod usually round and centerless ground. The sizes range in round stock from .013 to 1 1/2 diameter. Commercial qualities embrace water and oil hardening grades. A less popular but nevertheless standard grade is a non-deforming quality. Drill Rods are used principally by machinists and tool and die makers for punches, drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small tools, etc. Drill Sleeve - An adapter with an internal and external taper which fits tapered shank tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a larger size machine spindle. Drill Socket - An adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to adapt a larger tapered-shank tool to smaller size spindle. Drill, Twist - A commonly used metal-cutting drill, usually made with two fluted running around the body. Drillings, Test - Chips, or small particles of metal removed from a test specimen for chemical analysis. Drip Tube - Small sight glasses used to check and adjust the rate of flow of drive oil. Drive Fit - One of several classes of fits in which parts are assembled by pressing or forcing one part into another. Drive Oil - Lubricating oil used on different components of the finishing mill. Drive Oil Alarm - A warning received when drive oil pressure is low or pressure is stopped. Drive Oil System - A system which encompasses all the components needed to deliver drive oil to the finishing mill. It consists of both #1 and #2 drive oils pumped from the roughing mill. Drive Side - The side of the strip that is nearest to the drive motors that power the line. DRL - Double random length-line pipe with a 35’+ average lengths Drop (Dropout) - A casting defect caused by sand dropping from the cope or other overhanging section.

Drop Ball - A heavy weight, usually ball or pear shaped, dropped from a height to break large pieces of metal scrap. Also used to strengthen warp castings. Drop Gate - A term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into the top of the mold. Drop Off or Drop Out - "Sand falling from the Cope of a mold. See Drop " Dross - Sediment which settles in bottom of the ZINC pot on the galvanize line. Also top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is skimmed off. A different type of dross also occurs on the top of the zinc pot, which is skimmed off on a regular time frame. Drum Heads - Removable hinged man-way cover on both ends of a boiler drum. Drum Ladle - A cylindrical refractory-lined ladle that is completely enclosed. A removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of molten metal. Drum Pusher - Device used to remove a steel drum from the entry coil traverse car. Drum Vent - Manual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums. Drum, Magnetic - An electrically energized pulley or drum used for removing magnetic materials from sand, nonferrous borings and turnings, etc. Dry Analysis - A term applied to spectrographic analysis. Dry and Baked Compression Test - An AFS test to determine the maximum compressive stress that a baked sand mixture is capable of developing. Dry Film Weight - Dry coating film weight is normally calculated in grams per square meter(gm/m B2) or milligrams per square inch(mg/in B2). Accurate control of dry film weight is essential to ensure that the coating material will possess its intended properties of physical and chemical resistance. Dry Pan - A grinding machine of heavy rollers or millers testing on a bed. Screens or slits allow fine material to pass through. Dry Permeability - The property of a molded mass of sand bonded or unbonded, dried at 220-230 B0F (105-110 B0C) and cooled to room temperature that allows passage of gases resulting during pouring of molten metal into a mold. Dry Run - The process of checking the control panel to assure that all controls are functioning properly. Dry Sand Casting - The process in which the sand molds are dried at above 212 B0F (100 B0C) before using. Dry Sand Core - See Core

Dry Sand Mold - A mold from which the moisture has been removed by heating. Dry Strength, or Dry Bond Strength - The maximum compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength of a sand mixture which has been dried at 220 to 230 B0F (105 to 110 B0C) and cooled to room temperature. Dryer - Dries the strip after a rinsing process. Dryer, Core - See Core Driers Dryer, Dielectric - See Dielectric Oven Dual Metal Centrifugal Casting - Centrifugal castings produced by pouring a different metal into the rotating mold after the first metal poured. Ductile Iron - See Nodular Iron Ductile Iron Society - See Ductile Iron Society for address Ductility - Ability of steel to undergo permanent changes in shape without fracture at room temperature. Ductwork - Ducts that carry exhaust solids from the boilers to the scrubber area. Dummy block - A tight-fitting steel block placed between the ram and the billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from leaking backward along the ram during extrusion. Dumping - Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for export to, the domestic market at less than the normal value of the merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which identical or similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market (market of exporting country) or third-country market (market used as proxy for home market in cases where home market cannot be used). The normal value of the merchandise cannot be below the cost of production. Dumping Margin - The amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise. Dumping Valve - A type of single solenoid valve that when energized will open to quickly release the pressure in a hydraulic cylinder. Dunker Roll - A roll used in the tanks that keeps the strip going through the tank. Duplex - A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium and moderate nickel content. The duplex class is so named because it is a mixture of austenitic (chromium-nickel stainless class) and ferritic (plain chromium stainless category) structures. This combination was originated to offer more strength than either of those stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels provide high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (formation of cracks caused by a combination of corrosion and

stress) and are suitable for heat exchangers, desalination plants, and marine applications. Durability - The ability to accept permanent deformation. Dust - Small solid particles created by the breaking up of larger particles by an process. Dye Penetrant Inspection - A method for detecting surface porosity or cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated with a dye which penetrates any flawa that may be present. The surface is wiped clean and coated with a a white powder. The powder absorbs the dye held in the defects indicating their location. Dead Soft Annealing - Heating metal to above the critical range and appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or ductility. Dead Soft Steel - Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the 0.200.50% range, completely annealed. Dead Soft Temper - Condition of maximum softness commercially attainable in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed state. Deburring - A method whereby the raw slit edge of metal is removed by rolling or filing. Decarburization - Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. Reheating with adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action. Decarburization - Loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon. Decarburization - The loss of carbon from the surface of a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with the carbon at the surface. Deep Drawing - The process of cold working or drawing sheet or strip metal blanks by means of dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character involving considerable plastic deformation of the metal. Deep-drawing quality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis of suitability for deepdrawing Deformative Bands - Generally, bands in which deformation has been concentrated inhomogeneously. Degassing Process (In steel making) - Removing gases from the molten metal by means of a vacuum process in combination with mechanical action. Dendrite - A crystal that has grown in treelike branching mode.

Dendrite - A crystal that has a tree-like branching pattern, being most evident in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidification range. Dendritic Segregation - Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements through the arms of dendrites. Die Sinking - Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die. Die-Lines - Lines of markings daused on drawn or extruded products by minor imperfections in the surface of the die. Diffusion - (1) Spreading of a constituent in a gas, liquid or solid, tending to make the composition of all parts uniform. (2) The spontaneous movement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material. Dilatometer - An instrument for measuring the expansion or contraction of a solid metal resulting from heating, cooling, polymorphic changes, etc. Dislocation - A linear defect in the structure of a crystal. Drawing - (1) Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in dies. (2) Reducing the cross section of wire or tubing by pulling it through a die. (3) A misnomer for tempering. Drawing Back - Reheating after hardening to a temperature below the critical for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel. Drop Forging - A forging made with a drop hammer. Drop Hammer - A forging hammer than depends on gravity for its force. Dry Rolled Finish - Finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pickled, giving a burnished appearance. Ductile Crack Propagation - Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from outside the body. Ductility - The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test, by height of cupping in an Erichsen test or by other means. Ductility - The capacity of a material to deform plastically without fracturing. Ductility - The property of metals that enables them to be mechanically deformed when cold, without fracture. In steel, ductility is usually measured by elongation and reduction of area as determined in a tensile test.

Duralumin - The trade name applied to the first aluminum-copper-magnesium type of age-hardenable alloy (17S), which contains nominally 4% Cu, 1/2% Mg. The term is sometimes used to include the class of wrought aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys that harden during aging at room temperature. Duralumin (obsolete) - A term formerly applied to the class of age-hardenable aluminum-copper alloys containing manganese, magnesium, or silicon. E.C.(orEC) alloy or grade - Electrical conductor aluminum, an alloy specifically formulated for good electrical conductivity; it is about 99.5% aluminum E.C.A. Number - Engineering Corporation of America -- This is the computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model. Easy Open End - A convenience feature can end designed to be opened by utilizing an integral tab opener to tear the container lid along a tear line formed in the lid. Eccentricity - The degree to which two forms fail to share a common center; for example, in a pipe or tube whose inside is off-center toth regard to the outside. In hollow extrusions: the difference between the maximum and minimum wall thickness at any single cross-section. The degree of eccentricity can be expressed by a plus or minus wall thickness tolerance. ECCS - Electrolytic Chromium Coated Sheets. Eccentric - A circle not having a geometric center. Also, a device such as a crankshaft or a cam for converting rotary motion to reciprocating motion. Economizer - A specially designed bank of boiler tubes used to heat the boiler feed water before it enters the boiler drum. Boiler exhaust gases pass across the economizers which are located in the exhaust ductwork and the heat is transferred to the feed water. Preheating of the feed water helps to reduce boiler fuel requirements. Economizer Recirculator - Line that connects waterwall to economizer to ensure positive flow through economizer so as to not allow steam in the economizer during O2 blow. Eddy-Current Testing - Nondestructive testing method in which eddy-curent flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques. Edge Break - A condition caused by an uneven roll surface. It is seen on the edges of a coil, not across the full width of the coil. Edge Buckle - Edge buckle is similar to center buckle except that the condition occurs in one, or both edges, of the strip and is generally confined to a narrow portion of the width.

Edge Buildup - Condition that results when burred or damaged plate causes the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of the coil. Edge Filing - A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a specific contour including a completely rounded edge. Edge Rolling (Edge Conditioning) - Rolling a strip of steel to smooth the edges. By removing the burr off the coil, it is safer for customers to manipulate. Edge Wave - A condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the direction of rolling) are longer than the center. Edges - Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products. Over the years the following types of edges have become recognized as standard in their respective fields. . Copper Base Alloys- Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined or Drawn . Sheet Steels or Aluminum Sheet- Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge. . Strip Steels and Stainless Strip . No. 1 Edge A- Smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance +/- .005. . No. 2 Edge- A natural sound mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits. . No. 3 Edge - Square, produced by slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerances close. . No. 4 Edge - A round edge produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit edge strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 edge. Width tolerances liberal. . No. 5 Edge - An approximately square edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and rolling to remove burr. . No. 6 Edge - A square edge produced by square edge rolling, generally from square edge hot-rolled occasionally from slit strip. Width tolerances and finish not as exancting as No. 1 edge. Effluent - A combination of water and particulates pulled from exhaust gases that is sent to Hydromation for treatment. Ejector Pins - Moveable pins in tahe pattern die tha t”push” to remove cast pattern form the dies. Elastic Deformation - Stretching of the material below the point at which a permanent "set" takes place. That is, in the range where the metal acts spring-like or elastic. Elastic Limit - "Maximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation. See Yield Strength " Elastic Resistance Welded Pipe - ERW pipe is made from strips of hot-rolled stee, which sre passed through forming rolls and welded. While seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive than ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the technique now accounts for approximately 48% of annual tonnage shipments of oil country tublular goods.

Elasticity - The property of recovering original shape and dimensions upon removal of a deforming force. Electocleaning (Electrolytic Brightening) - An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or oxidizing treatment i which the specimen or work is made the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied. Electric Furnace Steel - Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively high cost, only tool steels and other high-value steels are made by the electric furnace process. Electric Header Valve - An electric valve that will isolate a blower from the rest of the blowers that are on line. Electric Shears - Tool used to cut heavy gauge steel. Electric-arc furnace - (EAF or EF) An economical method of steelmaking that is energized by an electric arc flowing between two bottom electrodes. Furnace charges consist of purchased scrap. Electric Furnace Steel - Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively high coast,only tool steels and other high value steels are made by the electric furnace process Electrical Precipitator - In air pollution control, the use of electrodes in stack emissions emitting high voltage; particles 0.1 micron and smaller can be attached and collected at discharge electrode. Electrical steel - Steel that includes silicon. The silicon content allows the steel to minimize energy loss during electrical applications. (See Silicon Electrical Steel) Electrochemical - Pertaining to chemical reactions induced by an electric current, such as electrolysis or electroplating Electrochemical Corrosion - "(Contact corrosion, Electrolytic corrosion, Galvanic corrosion) Localized corrosion from exposure of an assembly of dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one another, i.e., electrochemical action. " Electrode - Compressed graphite or carbon cylinder or rod used to conduct electric current in electric arc furnaces, arc lamps, carbon arc welding, etc. Electrodeposition - Application of a coating by immersing the parts in a bath of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and pigments. An electric current is passed through the bath using the parts as anodes, plating them with resins and colors. Electrogalvanized - Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the coating will thicken

Electro-Galvanizing - Galvanizing by Electro deposition of zinc on steel Electrolysis - The separation of a chemical compound into its components by passing an electric current through it. Electrolyte - A dissolved or fused substance capable of conducting an electric current; examples include the molten solution electrolysed in an aluminum reduction cell, or the acid solution in a wet-cell battery Electrolytic Galvanized - Cold Rolled or Black Plate to which a coating of zinc is applied by electro-deposition; used for applications in which corrosion resistance and paintability is a primary concern. Electrolytic Tin Plate - (ETP) 1) Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which tin has been electrodeposited. 2) Black plate coated with Tin Sn electron deposition. Electron Beam Microprobe Analyzer - An instrument for selective chemical analysis of a small volume of material. An electron beam bombards the area of interest and x-radiation thereby emitted is analyzed in a spectrometer. Electron Microprobe Analyzer - An instrument for selective analysis of a microscopic area, in which an electron beam bombards the point of interest in Vacuo at a given energy level. Intensity of backscatter is measured to interpret which chemical elements are present, and by scanning a large area the microprobe can analyze chemical composition and indicate the distribution of an element. Electroplating - The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electodeposition. It is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Various plated metal and combinations therof are being used for different purposes, to illustrate: 1. Decorative and protection against corrosioncopper, nickel and chromium . 2. Protection against corrosioncadmium or zinc 3. Protection against wearchromium . 4. Build-up of a part or parts undersizechromium or nickel . 5. Pate for rubber adhesionbrass . 6. Protection against carburization and for brazing operationscopper and nickel Electroslag Refining - A specialised steel making process in which a rolled or a cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remeltec in a water cooled copper mould. The melting is activated by resistive heaat generated in a conductive slag. The resulting product has a similar basic chemical composition to the original ingot, but is characterised by high purity and low inclusion content. Typical applications include high integrity components for the aerospace industry. Electrostatic Oiler - A device used to apply a thin coating of oil to the strip. Electrostatic spraying - Application of a coating by applying a static electricity charge to the doplets of a spray and an opposite charge to the part being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to its surface. Element - Matter which cannot be broken up into simpler substances by chemical action, that is, whose molecules are all composed of only one kind of atom.

Elevated Temperature Drawing - A process of drawing steel bars at elevated temperatures (normally 250-300oC) which under optimum conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield strengths than those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction. The process is little used in the united kingdom. Elongation - Increase in length which occurs before a metal is fractured, when subjected to stress. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the original length and is a measure of the ductility of the metal. Embossed Aluminum - Flat-rolled aluminum with a surface appearance that has a stucco or grained look. Embossing - A coating defect consisting of the crawling or dewetting condition where the wet film recedes and forms a raised (in relief) impression. Embrittlement - "Loss of ductility of a metal due to chemical or physical change. See Acid Embrittlement and Hydrogen Embrittlement " Emergency Stack Damper - Set of two per boiler. An open damper allows exhaust to vent to the atmosphere rather than to the scrubber. Emery - A natural abrasive used for grinding or polishing. It is being largely replaced by artificial abrasives. Emulsion - A coolant formed by mixing soluble oils or compounds with water. Enamel - Organic material, which is applied in a film to protect or decorate aluminum, tinplate, blackplate or paper. End-Of Line-Filter - A filter on the end of the auxiliary hydraulic accumulator manifold which allows a small amount of oil to circulate back to the storage tank while cleaning that oil. End-Quench Hardenability Test - A standardized method for comparing the hardenability of different steels. Endothermic Reaction - The reaction which occurs with absorption of heat. Endurance Limit - Maximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure. Same as fatigue limit Engineering Stress (s) - The load divided by the original area. EPC (Expendable Pattern Casting) - See Lost Foam Process. Epoxy Amino - Clear thermosetting coating with a combination epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance.

Epoxy Phenolic - Physical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins. Gold thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and solvent resistance. Equiaxed Crystals - Crystals,each of which has axes approximately equal in length. These are normally present in centre of a steel ingot. Equilibrium - A dynamic condition of balance between atomic movements, where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to be one of rest rather than change. Ergonomics - The science which deals with the interaction between people, their work place and environment. It also considers the physiology of workers in the design of tools, equipment, and the work methods needed. Erichsen Test - A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained except at the center, is deformed by a cone-shaped spherical-end plunger until fracture occurs. The height of the cup in millimeters at fracture is a measure of the ductility. Erosion - Abrasion of metal or other material by liquid or gas, usually accelerated by pressure of solid particles of matter in suspension, and sometimes by corrosion. ERW - Electric resistance weld – most common form of manufacturing for pipe in sizes from 2 3/8-22” OD ETCS - See Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets. ETP - See Electrolytic Tin Plate. EUE - External upset ends – forging of ends on (API) tubing and pipe to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections Eutectic - 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution decomposes, on cooling, into two or more intimately mixed solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of components in the system. 2) An alloy having the chemical composition indicated by the eutectic point on a equilibrium diagram. Eutectoid - 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution on cooling is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids. The number of solids formed are the same number of components in the system. 2) An alloy having the same chemical composition indicated by the eutectoid point on a equilibrium diagram. Eutectoid Steel - Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron-carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid temperature being about 1333 (degrees) F. Such steel in the annealed condition consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are known as hypo-eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. When more carbon is present, the steel is known as hyper-eutectoid and contains free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such as nickel or chromium, lowers the eutedtoid carbon content. Evaporation Pattern Casting / Expendable Pattern Casting / EPC - See Lost Foam Process.

Excess Base - (E.B.) A chemical analysis that indicates the percent of basic over acid of the sinter. Exciter - The part of the generator that produces the DC current that is required to make an Electromagnet out of the rotating part (called the rotor) of the generator. Exhaust Steam - Steam that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam is reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is returned to the plant for heating and various feed water treatment needs. Normal exhaust steam pressure is 2 to 3 psi and the temperature averages 225 degrees Fahrenheit. Exit End - The delivery end of the line. Exit Reel - (Delivery Reel or Prime Reel) Reel used to wind the strip after the side trimming process. Exothermic - Formed by or characterized by heat reaction as in oxidation. Exothermic Reaction - "Chemical reactions involving the liberation of heat. See Endothermic Reaction. " Expander Steel - Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content about 1.00, Chromium .17. Used for the expanders in oil piston rings. Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes run for grooves 3/32 to 1/4 wide with the steel approximately . 003 less than the grooves and thickness from .012 to .020. Expansion Tank - A component of the cooling system that keeps the coolant volume constant. Extensometer - An apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it is subjected to stress. Extensometer - An instrument used in the testing of metals to measure small increments of deformation. Extensometer Test - The measurement of deformation during stressing in the elastic range, permitting determination of elastic properties such as properties such as proportional limit, proof stress, yield strength by the offset method and so forth. Requires the use of special testing equipment and testing procedures such as the use of an extensometer or the plotting of a stress-strain diagram. External Undercut - Any recess or projection on the outside of the die block which prevents its removal from the cavity. Extra Hard Temper - In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B&S numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage. Extra Spring Temper - In brass mill terminology. Extra Spring is ten numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing or soft stage.

Extrusion - Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die Of an appropriate shape. Extrusion process - Forcing heated alloy billet through a die by pressure Eye Bands - Metal bands wrapped through the center or "eye" of the coil to prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together. Eyeholing - A coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed metal in the void. EZY OUT - A tool for removing broken bolts or studs from a hole. Earing - Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in the course of deep drawing because of difference in directional properties. Also termed scallop. Earing - The formation of scallops (ears) around the top edge of a drawn part caused by differences in the directional properties of the sheet metal used. Edge Strain or Edge Breaks - Creases extending in from the edge of the temper rolled sheet. Edges - Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat rolled metal products. Over the years the following types of edges have become recognized as standard in their respective fields. Copper Base Alloys- Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined or Drawn . Sheet Steels or Aluminum Sheet- Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge. . Strip Steels and Stainless Strip No. 1 Edge A- Smooth, uniform, round or square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width tolerance +/- .005. No. 2 Edge- A natural sound mill edge carried through from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances not closer than hot-rolled strip limits. No. 3 Edge - Square, produced by slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerances close. . No. 4 Edge - A round edge produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit edge strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 edge. Width tolerances liberal. No. 5 Edge - An approximately square edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and rolling to remove burr. . No. 6 Edge - A square edge produced by square edge rolling, generally from square edge hot-rolled occasionally from slit strip. Width tolerances and finish not as exancting as No. 1 edge. Edging - The dressing of metal strip edges by rolling, filing or drawing. Elastic Limit - Maximum stress that a material will stand before permanent deformation occurs. Elastic Limit - The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of stress. Elastic Limit - The maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without any permanent strain remaining upon complete release of the stress. Elastic Strain - Dimensional changes accompanying stress where the original dimensions are restored upon release of the stress.

Electro-Galvanizing - Galvanizing by Electro deposition of zinc on steel. Electrolytic Tin Plate - Black Plate that has been Tin plated on both sides with commercially pure tin by electrodeposition. Electroplating - The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by electodeposition. It is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to enlarge its useful functions. Various plated metal and combinations therof are being used for different purposes, to illustrate: 1. Decorative and protection against corrosion..............copper, nickel and chromium . 2. Protection against corrosion.......................................cadmium or zinc . 3. Protection against wear..............................................chromium . 4. Build-up of a part or parts undersize............................chromium or nickel . 5. Pate for rubber adhesion.............................................brass 6. Protection against carburization and for brazing operations....copper and nickel Electropolishing - Improving the specular reflectivity of a metal surface by electrochemical dissolution. Elongation - In tensile testing, the increase in the gauge length, measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. Elongation After Fracture - In tensile testing, the increase in the gauge length measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length and usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. Embossing - Raising or indenting a design in relief on a sheet or strip of metal by passing between rolls of desired pattern. Endurance Limit - Same as fatigue limit. Endurance Limit - Maximum alternating stress which a given material will withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure. Epitaxy - Induced orientation of the lattice of a crystal of a surface deposit by the lattice of the substrate crystal. Eqilibrium Diagram - A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of thermodynamical equilibrium. In condensed systems, pressure is usually considered constant. Equiaxed Structure - A structure in which the grains have approximately the same dimensions in all directions. Erichsen Test - Similar to the Olsen Test. Readings are in millimeters. Etchant - A chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal structural details.

Etching - Subjecting the surface of a metal to preferential chemical or electrolytic attack to reveal structural details. Etching - In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface. Eutectoid - (1) An isothermal reversible transformation in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid transformation. Exfoliation - A type of corrosion that progresses approximately parallel to the outer surface of the metal, causing layers of the metal to be elevated by the formation of corrosion product. Extra Hard Temper - In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B&S numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage. Extrusion - Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it through a die of appropriate shape. F. D. fan - Forced Draft Fan. F.A.O. - An abbreviation of “finish all over”; it designates that a forging must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the drawing. The amount of additional stock necessary for machining allowance depends on the size and shape of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and the user. F.O.B. - Prices denote the so-called free-on-board payment, for material that a consumer or agent will give when he picks it up at a dealer's dock. The f.o.b. prices are usually less than delivered-to-works prices for the same items. Fabricating Ingot - A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (“Rolling ingot.” “Forging ingot.” “Extrusion Ingot.”) Fabrication - The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may be a combination of cast and wrought materials. Fabricator - A producer of intermediate products that does not also produce primary metal. Examples include brass, wire and rod mills which buy copper and other primary or secondary metals to produce brass and other copper alloys or take raw forms of metal and make building,magnet,telecommunications and/or industrial wire,rod and similar products. Face - To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe. The operation is known as facing.

Face Centered (concerning cubic space lattices) - Having equivalent points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. A face-centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one of the slose-packed arrangements of equal hard spheres. Face Milling - Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that operates in a plane that is at right angles to its axis. Face Plate - A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting the workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a lathe. Facing - The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the end) on a piece of stock or material. Facing Sand - Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the mold adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface. Fading - A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored coating where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get lighter or bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually causes fading. Far Side - The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit). Farval System - A lubrication system. See Grease System. Fastmet - A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets that can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of scrap. This process is designed to bypass the coke oven-blast furnace route to produce hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of several methods that mini-mills might use to reduce their dependence on high-quality scrap inputs (see Direct Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron). Fatigue - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses (having maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material). Fatigue Crack or Failure - A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress. The fracture surface is smooth and frequently shows concentric (sea shell) markings with a nucleus as a center. Fatigue Limit (Endurance Limit) - Maximum stress that a material can presumable endure without failure for an infinite number of load cycles. Fatigue Strength - Maximum stress that a material will endure without failure for a specified number of load cycles. Fatique Testing - Fatique tests are made with the object of determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure. Testing machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these stresses.

Fe - Chemical symbol for Iron. Feather Edge - A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band which is caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of the same width material. This is done for coating control on edge. The gauge variations on a feathered edge generally does not extend in from the edge more than one inch. Feed - The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work, expressed in inches per minute or in inches per revolution. Feed mechanism - The mechanism,often automatic, which controls the advancing movement (ffed) of the cutting tools used in machines. Feed Water - Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam heated, raw water used for steam generation within the boiler. The temperature of feed water normally is 275-280 B0 F. Feed Water Pumps - Four pumps (3 in service) used to supply water to the boiler. Feeder - Also called “Riser”, it is part of the gating system that forms the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrinkage as the metal solidifies. Feeder Table - A round table that rotates material onto the #10 and #21 conveyor belts. Feeding - The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for volume shrinkage while the casting is solidifying. Feedstock - Any raw material. Feeler Gauge - 1) Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel being sidetrimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives. The gauge slides between the knives measuring the gap between them. 2) A tool used to set the gap of the slitter knives. Female part - A concave piece of equipment which receives a mating male (convex) part. Ferralloy - A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelmaking, usually containing iron and otheer metals to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization and adding strength. Examples: ferrochrome,ferromanganese and ferrosilicon. Ferrand - A device that senses the amount of travel of the A.G.C. cylinders. Ferrite - A solid solution of one or more elements in the body-center-cubic phase of iron or steel. Ferrite Banding - Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of working. Sometimes referred to a ferrite streaks.

Ferritic - "The second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless steels). Ferritics are best suited for general and high-temperature corrosion applications rather than services requiring high strength. They are used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot water tanks. Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general-purpose grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409 (low-cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures). " Ferro Alloy - A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals, to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding strength. Examples: ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon. Ferro-Manganese - An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron. Ferroalloy, An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel. Ferrochrome - An alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72% chromium. Ferrochrome is commonly used as a raw material in the making of stainless steel. Ferromagnetic - The ability to become highly magnetic and have the ability to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary magnetic dipoles inside the domain are all oriented in a direction parallel to each other. Ferrous - Metals that consist primarily of iron. Fettle - British term meaning the process of removing all runners and risers and cleaning off adhering sand from the casting. Also refers to the removal of slag from the inside of the cupola and in Britain to repair the bed of an open hearth. Fiber - (1) The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional properties. It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section or manifested by the fibrous appearance of a fracture. It is caused chiefly by extension of the constituents of the metal, both metallic and nonmetallic, in the direction of working. (2) The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given deformation process. Fibers - Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the knives in the Sheet Mill.. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above the knife to prevent knife marks on the steel. File Hardness - Hardness as determined by the use of file of standarized hardness on the assumption that a material which cannot be cut with the file is as hard as,or harder than the file. Files covering a range of hardnesses may be employed. File Rasp - Tool used to remove zinc or tin buildup from the welder wheels. File Test - A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across the piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent the file makes.

Filed Edges - Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting burr is to be removed. Filler Metal - A third material that is melted concurrently with the parent metal during fusion or braze welding. It is usually, but not necessarily, of different composition from the parent metals. Fillet - A concave corner piece used on foundry patterns, a radius joint replacing sharp inside corners. Filter Canister - The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter element. Filter Element - (Filter) A disposable unit that removes solid contamination from the oil. Filter Housing - (Head)The portion of the filter assembly in which the filter element is seated. Filter Sludge - A material that is produced when the water from the clarification tanks is filtered for the scrubber system. Fin - A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the metal under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around die inserts Fin stock - Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, an thickness ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat-exchanger applications Finery - A charcoal-fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for converting cast iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an air blast, then repeatedly oxidizing the product in the presence of a slag. The carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron so that a wrought iron of low carbon content is produced. Finish - The surface appearance of steel after final treatment. Finish Allowance - The amount of stock left on the surface of a casting, forging or mill products for machining. Finish Mark - A symbol (f, f1, f2, etc.) appearing on the line of a drawing that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be machined or otherwise finished. Finish Welding - Production welding carried out in order to ensure the agreed quality of the casting. Finished Steel - Steel that is ready for the market without further work or treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars, and wire rods are termed semi-finished produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following electrodeposition.

Finishes - The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment such as rolling, etc. Over the years the following finishes have become recognized as standard in their respective fields ALUMINUM SHEET (A) Commercially Bright (B) Bright one side (C) Bright both sides BLACK PLATE (A) Dull finish without luster produced by use of roughened rolls. (B) Bright finish – a luster finish produced by use of rolls having a moderately smooth surface. COLD ROLLED STEEL SHEETS (A) Commercial finish. A dull satin surface texture produced by roughened rolls (B) Commercial Bright Finish. Bright in appearance with a texture between luster and a very fine matte finish. (C) Luster Finish. Produced by use of ground and polished rolls. (Note: This is not a number 3 finish). COLD ROLLED STRIP STEELS No. 1 Finish – A dull finish produced without luster by rolling on roughened rolls. No. 2 Finish – A regular bright finish produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls. No. 3 finish – Best Bright Finish. A lustrous or high floss finish produced by rolling on highly polished rolls. Also referred to as “Mirror Finish”. COPPER BASE ALLOYS Acid Dipped – Dry rolled finished. Produced by dry cold rolling bi-chromate dipped alloy with polihed rolls, resulting in a burnished appearnace and retaining the color obtained by dipping(True Metal Color). Bright Dipped Finish – Finish resulting from an acid dip. Buffed or Polished Surface – a finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold Rolled Finish – A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled strip with a lubricant. Dry rolled Finish – A burnished finish resulting from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any metal lubricant Hot Rolled Finish – A dark relatively rough oxidized finish resulting from rolling the metal while hot. May subsequently be pickled or bright dipped but the rough surface remains. Stretched Brushed Finish (Satin finish) - Obtained by mechanically brushing with wire brushes or by buffing. FLAT WIRE No.2 Finish – A regular bright finish. No.3 Finish – Best Bright High Gloss finish produced by use of poplished rolls. Or by special buffing – this is a negotiated finish STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET and STRIP NOS. 1,2B & 2D No.1 finish – C.R. Annealed and pickled appearance varies from dull gray matte finish to a fairly reflective surface No.2B Finish – Same as No.1 finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on highly polished rolls. No.2D finish – A dull cold rolled finish produced by cold rolling on dull rolls. STAINLESS C.R. SHEET – Polished Finishes No.3 Finish – This is an intermediate polished finish. No.4 Finish – Ground and polished finish. No.6 Finish – Ground,polished and Tampico Brushed. No.7 Finish – Ground and High Luster Polished No.8 Finish – Ground and polished to Mirror Finish. TEMPERED and UNTEMPERED COLD ROLLED CARBON SPRING STEEL STRIP Classified by description as follows: (A). Black Oil Tempered (B). Scaless Tempered (C). Bright Tempered (D). Tempered and Polished (E). Tempered, Polished and Colored (Blue or Straw) TIN PLATE(A). Bright Hot Dipped Finish (B). Electro Matte Dull finish (C). Electro Bright Reflow Finish – produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following electrodeposition Finishing Facilities - The portion of the steelmaking complex that processes semifinished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be used by others. Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. Finishing Stand - The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the surface finish and final gauge.

Finite Difference Analysis (FDA) - A computerized numerical modeling approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily in solving heat transfer and solidification problems. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) - A computerized numerical analysis technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solved mechanical engineering problems relating to stress analysis. Finmet - The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted. Fire Cracks - An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet caused by rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop when a roll is not properly cooled. Firecracker Core - See Pencil Core Firing Model - the furnace, the ECA, and the Cycle Number. The system determines the furnace type, base type, heat hours, cool hours, uncover temperature, and gas stream. Fish Eyes - A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles in the coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles are usually resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with the appearance of the eye of a fish. Fish mouthing - See “lamination.” Fishtail - A common name for the center gage. It is used to set thread cutting tools and has scales on it for determing the numbet of threads per inch. Fit - The relation between mating or matching parts, that is, the amount of, or lack of, play between then Fitting - The connection point for two pipes or conduit or the point where grease is inserted into a piece of equipment. Fixture - A production work-holding device used for machining duplicate workpieces. Although the term is used interchangeably with jig, a fixture is not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig does. Flag - A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a roll or foil Flakes - Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to stresses produced by lacalized transformation and decreased solubility of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fractured surface, flakes appear as bright silvery areas; on an etched surface thay appear as short discontinuous cracks. Also called shatter cracks and snowflakes. Flaking - A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become loosened due to inadequate adhesion Flange - See “Rib.”

Flapper Valve Steel - An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to gage, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced from approximately 1.15 carbon. The name is derived from its common and principle usage. Flare Test - A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a cone. Similar to pin expansion test. Flash - A thin section of metal formed at the mold, core, or die joint or parting in a casting due to the cope and drag not matching completely or where core and coreprint do not match. Flash extension - The amount of metal extending beyond the part at the flash line. Flash line - A line left on a forging where flash has been removed Flash Stain - A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has stopped. It appears blue, green, or black. Flash Tanks - Where blow down is converted to water for feed water and steam for the plant header. Flashburn - A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed through the strip. Generally on lighter baseweight. (D.R. coils) Flashing - A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random distribution of a coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color of a coating which is due to variations of the Film weight. A coating defect consisting of the flame weight fluctuation is caused by disproportionate amount of coating transferring from the application roll. Flask - A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The upper part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag. Flask Bar - A reinforcing member attached within either half of a flask to assist in holding the rammed sand in position. Flask Clamp - A device for holding together the cope, drag, and cheek of a flask. Flask Pin Guides - Guides used to accurately align the match plate pattern in the flask and flask to flask location. Flat Back - A pattern with a flat surface at the joint of the mold. It lies wholly within the drag and the joint of the cope is a plane surface. Flat Band - A band with location marks used to position a coil on reel. Flat Coil - Coil that has collapsed center.

Flat Die Forging(open die forging) - Forging worked between flat or simple contour dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece. Also known as “hand” or “smith” forging. Flat Latch Needle Steel - Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content .85. Supplied both in coil and flat length. Used to make flat latch needles which are used in the manufacture of knitted goods. Flatness - (1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. Often described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle, quarter buckle, center buckle, etc. (2) For extrusions, flatness (off contour) pertains to the deviation of a cross-section surface intended to be flat. Flatness can be affected by conditions such as die performance, thermal effects and stretching Flat Rolled Steel - Steel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively smooth, cylindrical rolls. The width to thickness ratio of flat rolled products is usually fairly large. Examples of flat rolled steel are hot-rolled, cold-rolled, and coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc. Flat Wire - A flat Cold Rolled, prepared edge section up to 1 1/4 wide, rectangular in shape. Generally produced from hot rolled rods or specially prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling operations, primarily for the purpose of obtaining the size and section desired. May also be produced by slitting cold rolled flat metal to desired with followed by edge dressing. Flat-rolled steel - Steel processed on rolls with flat faces as opposed to grooved or cut faces. Flat-rolled products include sheet, strip and tin plate, among others. Flatness - The absence of any gap or clearance when a strip is placed, without applying any pressure, between two parallel-faced plates. Wherever a gap exists under this condition, the strip is "unflat". There are two kinds of "unflatness"-thickness non-uniformity (such as frown, profile, etc.) and geometric non-uniformity called shape defects such as (wavy strip, bent strip, coil set, center buckle, etc.). FLD - Full length drift ( as opposed to “end drift”) – usually performed as part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection Flocculation - A coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters of particles separable by relatively weak mechanical forces, or by a change in the physical forces at the interface between the liquid and the dispersed particles. Floor Plate - Usually carbon (but also alloy and stainless) steel plate rolled with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels; as the name suggests, used widely for flooring. Flow Control Valve - A valve that is adjusted to allow oil to move through it at a predetermined rate. Flow Lines - (1) Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot or cold working. Flow lines often can be revealed by etching the surface or a section of a

metal part. (2) In mechanical metallurgy, paths followed by volume elements of metal during deformation. Flow Marks A coating - A coating defect consisting of the poor flow out of the coating on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing) or ridged appearance. Flow Meter - A device that will show mechanically and or electronically the amount of oil moving through it. Flow-Off (Pop-Off) - A large vent, usually located at the high of the mold cavity. In addition to letting air and mold gases escape as metal fills the mold cavity, the flowoff fills with metal and acts to relieve the surge of pressure near the end of the pouring. Flow through - A forging defect caused when metal flows past the base of a rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure. Fluidity - The ability of molten metal to flow. Common devices used to measure fluidity are: spiral casting and the Chinese Puzzle. Fluidize - To impart fluid like properties to powders or sands e.g. fluidized beds. Flush Joint - Connection with male and female threads cut directly in pipe (as opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID clearance as in the middle of the tube, once lengths and joined. Flute - The groove in a cutting tool which provides a cutting edge and a space for the chips to escape and pernits the cutting fluids to reach the cutting edges. Fluting - 1) Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the surface of flat rolled products during forming; associated with non-uniform yielding of the metal; occurs when the steel is formed into cylindrical or arc shaped parts. 2) The kinking, or breaking of a sheet generally caused by curing the sheet on two small a diameter. Fluting, or paneling as it is often called, can be avoided by working the steel before bending. Steel with a definite yield point (a visible break in the stress-strain curve) will generally tend to flute. Flux - An iron cleaning agent. Limestone and lime react with impurities within the metallic pool to form a slag that floats to the top of the relatively heavier (and now more pure) liquid iron. Fly Cutter - A single-point cutter mounted on a bar in a fly cutter holder or a fly cutter arbor. Used for special applications for which a milling cutter is not available. Flying Shear - A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to move. In continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped for the shearing operation, so the shear knives must move with it until it is severed. Foil - A rolled product rectangular in cross section of thickness less than 0.006 inch. In Europe, foil is equal to and less than 0.20 mm

Foil, Annealed - Foil completely softened by thermal treatment Foil, Bright Two Sides - Foil having a uniform bright specular finish on both sides Foil, Chemically Cleaned - Foil chemically washed to remove lubricant and foreign material Foil, Embossed - Foil on which a pattern has been impressed by means of an engraved roll or plate Foil, Etched - Foil roughened chemically or electrochemically to provide an increase surface area Foil, Hard - Foil fully work-hardened by rolling Foil. Intermediate Temper - Foil intermediate in temper between Annealed Foil and Hard Foil Foil, matte One Side (MIS) - Foil with a diffuse reflecting finish on one side and a bright specular finish on the other Foil, Mechanically Grained - Foil mechanically roughened for such applications as lithography Foil, Mill Finish (MF) - Foil having a non-uniform finish which may vary form soil to coil and within a coil Foil, Scratch Brushed - Foil abraded, usually with wire brushes, to produce a roughened surface Fold - A forging discontinuity caused by metal folding back on its own surface during flow in the die cavity Forging, Die a forging formed to the required shape and size by working in impression dies Follower Rest - A support for long,slender work turned in the lathe. It is mounted on the carriage,travels close to and with the cutting tool and keeps the work from springing away. Footage of Coil - The length of the steel strip that makes up a coil. Footstock - Part of an indexing attachment which has a center and serves the same purpose as the tail stock of a lathe. Force Fit - A fitting which one part is forced pressed into another to form a single unit. There are different classes of force fits depending on standard limits between mating parts.

Forced Draft Fan - Fan that provides ambient air to the boiler to facilitate proper combustion. Forge - To form or shape heated metal by hammering. Also, the name of the unit used for heating metal, such as the blacksmith’s forge. Forgeability - The term used to describe the relative workability of forging material Forging - Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with Forging - The production of semi-finished forms from wrought metal blanks hot or cold in closed dies by a sudden, sharp impact. See “Hammer Forging” nand “Hot Press Forging”. Forging Billet - The term “Forging Stock” is preferred Forging Ingot - A cast form intended and suitable for subsequent working by the forging process Forging Plane - A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of applied force from which all draft angles are measured Forging Quality - Term describing stock of sufficiently superior quality to make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings. Forging Stock - A wrought or cast rod, bar or other section suitable for forging Forging, Blocker-Type - A forging made in a single set of impressions to the general contour of a finished part Forging, Cold-coined - A forging that has been restruck cold in order to obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and in non-heat-treatable alloys, to increase hardness Forging, Die a forging formed to the required shape and size by working in impression dies - NULL Forging, Draftless - A forging with zero draft on vertical walls Forging, Flashless - A closed die forging made in dies constructed and operated to eliminate, in predetermined area, the formation of flash Forging, Hammer - A forging produced by repeated blows in a forging hammer Forging, Hand - A forging worked between flat or simply shaped dies by reapeated strokes or blows and manipulation of the piece. Forging, No-Draft - See “forging, Draftless.” Forging, Precision - A forging produced to tolerances closer than standard

Forging, Press - A die forging produced to tolerance closer to standard Forging, Rolled Ring - A cylindrical product of relatively short height, circumferentially rolled from a hollow section Forging, Upset - A forging having part or all of its cross section greater than that of the stock Forging - A metal part worked to predetermined shape by one or more processes such as hammering, upsetting, pressing, rolling, etc. Formability - The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation. Formed Cutters - Milling cutters which will produce shaped surfaces with a single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened without changing their outline or shape. Forming Tool - Tool ground to a desired shape to reproduce this shape on the workpiece. Foundry Returns - Metal (of unknown compostion) in the form of gates, sprues,rummers,risers and scraped castings returned to the furnace or re-melting. Fractography - Descriptive treatment of fracture,especially in metal,with specific reference to photography of the fracture surface. Fracture - Fractures are often described by the appearance of the surface of the break in a piece of steel. Crystalline is bright and glittering, failure having developed along the cleavage planes of individual crystals and can be typical of brittle material. A silky fracture has a smooth dull grain indicative of ductile material such as mild steel. In tensile testing fractures are described by shape, e.g.cup and cone. Fracture Toughness - A generic term for measure of resistance to extension of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture mechanics test, which is directly applicable to fracture control. Free machining - Pertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which one or nmore ingredients have been inrroduced to produce small broken chips, lower poweer consumption, betteer surface finish, and longer tool life; among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel, lead to brass, lead and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel. Free Cut - An additional cut with no advancement of depth. Freecutting Steels - Steels which have had additions made to improve machinability. The most common additives are sulphur and lead, other elements used include tellurium, selenium and bismuth. Free fit - A class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not essential or where large temperature variations are likely to be encountered or both conditions.

Fretting - See “Mark, Traffic” Friction Scratch - See “Scratch, Friction” Foundry Returns - Metal in the form of sprues, gates, runners, risers and scrapped castings, with known chemical composition that are returned to the furnace for remelting. Sometimes referred to as " revert ". Fragmentation - The subdivision of a grain into small discrete crystallites outlined by a heavily deformed network of intersecting slip bands as a result of cold working. These small crystals or fragments differ from one another in orientation and tend to rotate to a stable orientation detemined by the slip systems. Free Loop Pit - Area below floor level (delivery end No. 5 Pickler; where freerunning strip ensures synchronization between the tank section and the delivery end. If the delivery end runs too fast, the coil strip is pulled out of the pit and the line shuts down. Frequency Relay - A device that monitors the frequency of the electricity in a given area of the plant. Should the frequency drop off from 60 Hz, the frequency relay is designed to trip at its designated frequency and open various circuit breakers. Frequency relays in the plant are set up to operate from 59 Hz down to 58 Hz. Friction Gouges or Scratches - A series of relatively short surface scratches variable in form and severity. Refer to Galling. Frictional Wear - The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles from a surface as a consequence of being in contact with another moving component. Front End - The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of the consumed coil. Froude Number - Used in hydraulics as an analog to the Reynolds number. It is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces. Fuel Air - A controller for fuel air dampers on boilers. To maintain proper combustion on oil fire. Fuel Flow - The measured flow of the various fuels supplied to the boilers. Fulcrum - The point or support on which a lever turns. Full Annealing (ferrous materials) - An annealing treatment in which a steel is ausenitized by heating to a temperature above the upper critical temperature (A3 or Acm) and then cooled slowly to room temperature. A typical cooling rate would be 210F/h 100 C/h. Compare normalizing. Use of the term annealing without qualification implies full annealing. Full Center - See “Buckle, Center”

Full Hard - Cold rolled coils coming from the Strip Steel that have not been annealed. Full Hard Cold Rolled - Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced to a specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not annealed or temper rolled). The product is very stiff; it is intended for flat work where deformation is very minimal. Full Hard Temper - (A) (No. 1 Temper) In low carbon sheet or strip steel, stiff and springy, not suitable for bending in any direction. It is the hardest temper obtainable by hard cold rolling. (B) In Stainless Steel Strip, tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Full Hard temper is 185,000 TS, 140,000 YS Min. Term also used in connection with copper base alloys and considered synonymous with Hard Temper. Full Hard Temper - Full Hard Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness of 84 and higher on the B scale. Fuller (fullering impression) - Portion of the die that is used in hammer forging primarily to reduce the cross section and lengthen a portion of the forging stock. The fullering impression is often used in conjunction with an edger (or edging impression). Furnace - The cylindrical or rectangular heating device placed on the base after the base has been loaded and the coils have been covered. Furnace Pressure - Positive or negative atmospheric pressure inside the furnace, measured in water columns. Futures contract - Legally binding agreement to buy or sell a commodity. Fatigue - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material. Fatigue fractures are progressive, beginning as minute cracks that grow under the action of the fluctuating stress. Fatigue - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating stress. Fatigue fractures are progressive beginning as minute cracks and grow under the action of fluctuating stress. Fatigue - The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeatef or fluctuating stresses (having maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material). Fatigue Life - The number of cycles of stress that can be sustained prior to failure for a stated test condition. Fatigue Limit - The maximum stress below which a materiel can presumable endure an infinite number of stress cycles. If the stress is not completely reversed, the value of the mean stress, the minimum stress or the stress ratio should be stated.

Fatigue Strength - The maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated. Ferrite - A solid solution of one or more elements in body-centered cubic iron. Unless otherwise designated (for instance, as chromium ferrite), the solute is generally assumed to be carbon. On some equilibrium diagrams ther are two ferrite regions separated by an austenite area. The lower area is alpha ferrite; the upper, delta ferrite. If there is no designation, alpha ferrite is assumed. Ferrite - Generally, a solid solution of one or more alloying elements in the bcc polymorph of iron ( -Fe). Specifically, in carbon steels, the interstitial solid solution of carbon in -Fe. Ferrite-pearlite Banding - Inhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and pearlite aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working. Ferritic Grain Size - The grain size of the ferric matrix of a steel. Ferro-Manganese - An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used in making additions of manganese to steel or cast-iron. Ferroalloy, An alloy of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these elements into molten steel. Ferrous - Related to iron (derived from the Latin ferrum). Ferrous alloys are, therfore, iron base alloys. Fiber or Fibre - Direction in which metals have been caused to flow, as by rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the direction of flow. Fiber Stress - Unit stress which exists at any given point in a structural element subjected to load; given as load per unit area. Fiber Stress - Local stress through a small area (a point or line) on a section where the stress is not uniform, as in a beam under a bending load. Fibrous Fracture - A fracture whose surface is characterized by a dull gray or silky appearance. Finishing Temperature - The temperature at which hot working is completed. Finishing Temperature - Temperature of final hot-working of a metal. Fish eyes - Areas on a fractured steel surface having a characteristic white crystalline appearance. Flame Annealing - Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. Flame Annealing - A process of softening a metal by the application of heat from a high-temperature flame.

Flame Hardening - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of a high-temperature flame, and then cooling as required. Flame Hardening - Quench hardening in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. Flash - (1) In forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower dies. (2) In resistance butt welding, a fin formed perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure. Flash - (1) In forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower dies. (2) In die casting, the fin of metal which results form leakage between the mating die surfaces. (3) In resistance butt welding, a fin formed perpendicular to the direction of applied pressure. Flash Welding - A resistance butt welding process in which the weld is produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat, the heat being produced by electric arcs between the members being welded. Flow Stress - The shear stress required to cause plastic deformation of solid metals. Flow Stress - The uniaxial true stress required to cause plastic deformation at a specified value of strain. Flowlines - Always visible to a greater or less degree when a longitudinal section has been subjected to Macro etching, indicating the direction of working or rolling. Fluting - Kinking or breakage due to curving of metal strip on a radius so small, with relation to thickness, as to stretch the outer surface above its elastic limit. Not to be confused with the specific product, Fluted Tubes. Flux - (1) In refining, a material used to remove undesirable substances as a molten mixture. It may also be used as a protective covering for molten metal. (2) In welding, a material used to prevent the formation of, or to dissolve and facilitate the removal of, oxides and other undesirable substances. Foil - Metal in sheet form less than 0.006 in. in thickness. Foil - Metal in any width but no more than about 0.005 thick. Folds - Defects caused in metal by continued fabrication of overlapping surfaces. Forge Welding - Welding hot metal by applying pressure or blows. Forging - Plastically deforming metal, usually hot, into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies. Fractography - Descriptive treatment of fracture, especially in metals, with specific reference to photographs of the fracture surface. Macrofractography involves photographs at low magnification; microfractography, at high magnification.

Fracture - Surface appearance of metals when broken. Fracture Test - Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden impact, to enable macroscopic study of the fractured surface. Fracture Test - Breaking a specimen and examining the fractured surface with the unaided eye or with a low-power microscope to determine such things as composition, grain size, case depth, soundness, and presence of defects. Free Machining - Pertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which one or more ingredients have been introduced to produce small broken chips, low power consumption, better surface finish or longer tool life. Free Machining - Pertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to which an ingredient has been introduced to give small broken chips, lower power consumption, better surface finish, and longer tool life; among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel, lead to brass, lead and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel. Fretting (Fretting Corrosion) - Action that results in surface damage, especially in a corrosive environment, when there is relative motion between solid surfaces in contact under pressure. Full Annealing - Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling slowly through the transformation range. The austenitizing temperature to hypoeutectoid steel is usually above Ac3; and for hypereutectoid steel, usually between Ac1 and Ac (cm). Full Annealing - Used principally on iron and steel, means heating the metal to about 100 (degrees) F. above the critical temperature range, followed by soaking at this point and slow cooling below the critical temperature. Full Finish Plate - Steel sheet or strip, reduced either hot or cold, cleaned, annealed, and then cold-rolled to a bright finish. Fusion Welding - Any welding process in which fusion is employed to complete the weld. Ga - Chemical symbol for Gallium G Coatings - Galvanize Coatings Gage - Any one of a large variety of devices for measuring or checking the diemsions of objects. Gage Blocks - Steel blocks machined to extremely accurate dimesions. Gage, Center - See center gage Gage, depth - A tool used in measuring the depth of holes or recesses.

Gage, Drill - A flat steel plate drilled with holes of various sizes, each marked with the correct size or number, into which small twist drills may be fitted to determine the size of their diameters. Gage, Drill Point - A gage used to check the 59” angle on drills Gage, Feeler (thickness gage) - A gage consisting of a group of very thin blades, each of which is accurately ground to a specific thickness. Gage, indicating (dial indicator) - A gage consisting of a dial,commonly graduated (marked) in thousandths of an inch, to which is fastened an adjustable arm. Gage Length - The original length of that portion of the specimen over which strain or change of length is determined. Gage Marks - Reference marks; in tensile testing, the marks which indicate the gage length, used in determination of tensile elongation. Gage, Radius (fillet gage) - Any one of a number of small,flat,standard-shaped metal leafs or blades used for checking the accuracy of regular concave and convex surfaces. Gage, Screw Pitch - A gage consisting of a group of thin blades used for checking the number of screw threads per unit of distance, usually per inch on a screw,bolt,nut,pipe or fitting. Gage, Surface (scribing block) - A gage used to check the accuracy of plane surfaces to scribe lines at desired distances from a given surface and to check the height of a point or points on a piece of ork from a given surface. Gage, Telescoping - A T-shaped gage used to measure the diameter or width of holes. Gaggers - Metal pieces of irregular shape used to reinforce and support the sand in the mold. Gagging - Checking dimensional requirement by means of a gage. Galfan - A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5% aluminum and traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra corrosion protection with lighter coating weight; has improved formability over regular free zinc coatings (hot dipped galvanized regular products). Galvalume(r) - Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum and 45% zinc that resists corrosion. The coating is applied in a continuous hot-dipped process, which improves the steel's weather resistance. Galvalume A8 is a trademark of BHP Steel, and the product is popular in the metal building market.

Galvaneal Coating (A) - Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting. Galvanic Action - When iron and steel are subject to conditions of aqueous corrosion the incidence and rate at which the corrosion takes place will alter if the steel is coupled with other metals or alloys that are also exposed to the electrolyte. Copper, brass, bronze, lead and nickel are more “noble” and act as auxiliary cathodes to the steel and accelerate its anodic dissolution, that is, its corrosion. Magnesium, zinc and zinc-base alloy are nearly always less noble and tend to divert the attack from the steel to themselves. The galvanic relationship of various metals is an important factor affecting corrosion. Galvanic Corrosion - Corrosion associated with the current of a galvanic cell consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte or two similar conductors in dissimilar electrolytes. Where the two dissimilar metals are in contact, the resulting action is referred to as couple action. Galvanize - A sheet product substrate to which free zinc is applied either by hotdipping or electro-plating. Galvanize Coatings (G) - Free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled or cold rolled steel to produce Galvanized steel. The coating can be applied by the hot-dip or electrodeposition process. Galvanized Steel - "Steel coated with a thin layer of zinc to provide corrosion resistance in underbody auto parts, garbage cans, storage tanks, or fencing wire. Sheet steel normally must be cold-rolled prior to the galvanizing stage. HOT-DIPPED. Steel is run through a molten zinc coating bath, followed by an air stream ""wipe"" that controls the thickness of the zinc finish. ELECTROGALVANIZED. Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the coating will thicken. DIFFERENCES. Electrogalvanizing equipment is more expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the steelmaker more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating. The automotive manufacturers, because they need the superior welding, forming and painting ability of electrogalvanized steel, purchase 90% of all tonnage produced. " Galvanizing - Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its corrosion resistance. Most galvanizing is done on a hot-dip operation, but electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today. Electrogalvanizing is a cold-coating electroplating process that, unlike the hot-dip process, does not influence the mechanical properties of the sheet steel. Electrogalvanizing provides a more uniform coating. Galvanizing Pot - Holds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled or cold rolled steel to produce Hot-dip Galvanized steel. Galvannealed - An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied to a soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about 1200 degrees F. The resulting coat is dull gray without spangle especially suited for subsequent painting.

Gamma Iron - A face-centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 1670 to 2551 B0F (910 to 1400 B0C). Gang Milling - A milling set-up where a number of cutters are arranged on an arbor so that tseveral surfaces can be machine at one time. It is commonly used for production purposes. Gannister - An acid (silicious) refractory often used in furnace linings. Gap - The distance between the slitter knives (ex .001", .002"). Gas Carburising - A heat treatment method used in the case-hardening of steel. Carbon is absorbed into the outer layers of the components by heating in a current of gas, rich in carbon compounds. The process is more versatile than some other methods as the depth of the case and the limiting carbon content of the case can be controlled by the composition of the atmosphere, the dew point and the temperature. Gas Porosity - A condition existing in a casting by the trapping of gas in the molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring of the casting. Gas Stream Temp - The temperature of has stream used in heating the coils. Typical temperatures range from 1180 degrees to 1330 degrees. The system will accept a number < 1500 degrees F. Gate - The end of a runner in a mold where molten metal enters the mold cavity. Gate Valve - A type of valve that is opened or closed by turning the knob counterclockwise or clockwise respectively. Gating System - The complete assembly of sprues, runners and gates in a mold through which steel flows before entering the casting cavity. Gauge - The thickness of sheet steel. Better-quality steel has a consistent gauge to prevent weak spots or deformation. Gauge Chart - A paper strip used to record the gauge of the strip as it runs on the side trimmers. Gauge Code - Industry-standard code that indicates quality tolerance of the thickness of the steel. Gauge Length - Used in the mechanical testing of steel. Better-quality steel has a consistent gauge to prvent weak spots or deformation. Gauge Plate - An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square section with the surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground Flat Stock and is used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches, dies, jigs, templates, ect.. Gauge Tolerance - A range by which a product's gauge can deviate from those ordered and still meet the order's requirements.

Ge - Chemical symbol for Germanium Gear, Blank - A stamping,casting or any piece of material from which a gear is to be machined. It is usually a disk Gear Oil - See Drive Oil. Gel Spotting - A coating defect consisting of the uniform circular spots or droplets of higher film thickness on the coated sheet. Gel spotting, while appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in appearance and caused by a different mechanism. Gel spotting occurs when a partially gelled coating is applied to the substrate. Gem Switch - An electronic module clamped to a tank sight glass used to transmit information to the computer regarding tank level. Generating Tubes - Boiler tubes that extend from the three upper drums to the mud drum. Generating tubes are used to generate the majority of steam produced by the boiler. Generator - The combination of an electrical generator and the steam turbine that drives it to produce electricity. Geometric Marking - Unusual design put on one side (lite coating) of a coil to identify a different coating weight. Germanium - Chemical symbol Ge. A rare,grayish-white metal chemcically similar to tin; obtained from processing copper and zinc. Used in the production of infrared glasses, fiber optics,electronic detectors and semiconductors. Ghosting - A coating defect consisting of an image on the freshly coated plate giving the appearance of the substrate being bent or darker in color. Gib - A tapered strip of metal placed between the bearing surface of two machine parts to ensure a precision fit and provide an adjustment for wear. Gilding Metal - A copper-zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5% zinc. While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is somewhat stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical conductivity slightly better than half that of electrolytic copper and corrosion resistance comparable to copper. Gland Evacuation Pump - A pump that takes the water that has condensed from steam of the seals on the #9 Generator. Gland Water - Same as seal water. Glaze - See “Pick-up, Rolled.” Globe Value - See Gate Valve. Going Down - Term referring to moving the strip to the prime reel.

Gold - Chemical symbol Au. The heraldic metal. A rare yellow mineral that is the most malleable and pliable of all metals. Gold does not tarnish or corrode, and is unaffected by exposure to air or water. Gouging Abrasion - Abrasion involving gross surface indentation and possible removal of sizable metal fragments. Governor - Device that controls the steam control valves on a turbine. Turning the handle in the "raise" position opens the steam control valves and will either speed the machine up if it is off-line or will cause the machine to produce more electricity if it is on-line. Turning the handle to "lower" has the opposite effect. Grade - The term grade designates divisions within different types based on carbon content or mechanical properties; for example, "This is a high tensile (grade) structural steel." Grain Boundary - Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys yield new phases (as in cooling), grain boundaries are the preferred location for the appearance of the new phase. Certain deterioration, such as season cracking and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain boundaries. Grain Fineness Number - A system developed by AFS for rapidly expressing the average grain size of a given sand. It approximates the number of meshes per inch of that sieve that would just pass the sample if its grains of uniform size. It is approximately proportional to the surface area per unit of weight of sand, exclusive of clay. Grain Size Control - When a steel is austenitised by heating to above the critical range, time is required for the production of a Homogeneous structure during which there is a tendency towards grain growth. Although subsequent hot and cold working affect the grain size, it is originally controlled at the steel making stage by the addition of aluminium. Grain Size Measurement - Grain size is normally quantified by a numbering system. Coarse 1-5 and fine 5-8. The number is derived fron the formula N 2n-1 where n is the number of grains per square inch at a magnification of 100 diameters. Grain size has an important effect on physical properties. For service at ordinary temperatures it is generally considered that fine grained steels give a better combination of strength and toughness, whereas coarse grained steels have better machinability. Grain Structure - Microstructure consisting of grains (crystals) and phases in metals; generally requires examination under a microscope of an etched, polished specimen for observation. Grain-Boundary Liquidation - An advanced stage of overheating in which material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. Also known as burning. Granular Fracture - A type of irregular surface produced when metal fractures, characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub classified into trans-granular and inter-granular

forms.. This type of fracture is frequently called crystalline fracture, but the implication that the metal has crystallized is completely misleading. Granular Fracture (Crystalline Fracture) - A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken. Grasshopper - A vibrating unit that is used to carry hot fines from the hot screens to the #21 conveyor belt. Also called the hot fines vibrator. Gratebars - Spaced to allowed air to pass through the sinter mix for aglomation/sintering process. They are located on the pallets on the sinter machine. Gravity Filter - A unit of coal and sand media that utilizes gravity to draw water through it. The filter removes any solids carried over from the clarifiers. Gravity Hammer - A class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached upper die. Examples are board hammers and air-lift hammers. Gray Cast Iron - A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of flake graphite. Often called gray iron. Grease System - Lubricating system that supplies grease to various parts of the finishing mill. Grease System Timer - An electronic or mechanical device used to start a grease system at predetermined intervals. Green Rot - A form of high-temperature attack on stainless steels,nickel-chromium alloys and nickel-chromium iron alloys subjected to simultaneois oxidation and carburization. Basically, attack occurs by first precipitating chromium as chromium carbide, then oxidizing the caarbide particles. Green Sand - A naturally bonded sand or a compounded molding sand mixture which has been tempered with water for use while still in the damp or wet condition. Green Sand Core - A sand core used in the unbaked condition, also a core made from green sand and used as rammed. Green Sand Mold - A mold composed of moist molding sand and not dried before being filled with molten metal. Green Strength - The strength of a tempered sand mixture at room temperature. Greenfield Steel Mill - New mill that is built "from scratch," presumably on a green field. Grey Iron - Alsoo known as flake iron on account of all or part of the carbon content being in the form of graphite distributed through the metal as flakes.

Grinding - Process of removing metal by abrasion from bar or billet stock to prepare stock surfaces for forging. Occasionally used to remove surface irregularities and flash from forgings. Gripper Bar Kink - A condition created by poor initial start on the reel or a loose first lap. Grit - 1) Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sand-blasting and grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the rougher the surface; 50, 90, 150, 200, and 220 grit. Temper Mills may run grit. Grit also refers to the finish on the surface of the steel. 2) The size of the shot blast used to mechanically texture a roll for producing a grit finish product. Ground Flat Stock - Annealed and pre-ground (to close tolerances) tool steel flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. These are three common grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air hardening quality. Ground Roll Finish - The bright or smooth microfinish on the last stand of a tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding; determines the surface finish of the product where brightness is desired. Guide Scratch - Scratches or marks appearing parallel to edges of cold rolled strip caused by scale or other particles which have become imbedded in or have adhered to the rolling mill guide. Also applies to similar scatches appearing as a result of slitting. Guides - Devices used for keeping the strip square to produce a proper weld. Guillotine Valve - A slide-plate type valve which blocks the flow of material through a line. Gutter - A slight depression surrounding the cavity in the die to relieve pressure and control flash flow. Gages - Mfrs. standard numbering systems indicating decimal thickness' or diameters. Galling - The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction. Galling - Developing a condition on the rubbing surface of one or both mating parts where excessive friction between high spots results in localized welding with substantial spalling and a further roughening of the surface. Galvanizing - Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc) for rust proofing purposes. Formerly for the purpose of galvanizing, cut length steel sheets were passed singly through a bath of the molten metal. Today's galvanizing processing method consists of uncoiling and passing the continuous length of successive coils either through a molten bath of the metal termed Hot Dipped Galvanizing or by continuously zinc coating the uncoiled sheet electrolytically- termed ElectroGalvanizing.

Gamma Iron - The form of iron stable between 1670 (degrees) F., and 2550 (degrees) F., and characterized by a face-centered cubic crystal structure. Gas Welding - Welding with a gas flame. GFM - Gyratory Forging Machine - A machine designed to hot forge a cylindrical bar shape while it is turning at speed. Grain - A solid polyhedral (or many sided crystal) consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular geometric pattern. In mill practice grains are usually studied only as they appear in one plane. (1) (Direction of) Refers to grain fiber following the direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or sheets. (2) To bend across the grain is to bend at right angles to the direction of rolling. (3) To bend with the grain is to bend parallel to the direction of rolling. In steel, the ductility in the direction of rolling is almost twice that at right angles to the direction of rolling. Grain - An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or alloy, including twinned regions or subgrains if present. Grain Coarsening - A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. Grain Flow - Fiber like lines appearing on polished and etched sections of forgings, caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of working during forging. Grain Growth - An increase in the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually a result of heating at elevated temperature. Grain Growth - An increase in metallic crystal size as annealing temperature is raised; growth occurs by invasion of crystal areas by other crystals. Grain Size - (1) For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. Grain sizes are reported in terms of grains per unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a grain-size number derived form area measurements. Grain Size - Average diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or alternatively, the number of grains per unit area. Since increase in grain size is paralleled by lower ductility and impact resistance, the question of general grain size is of great significance. The addition of certain metals affects grain size, for example vanadium and aluminum ten to give steel a fine grain. The ASTM has set up a grain suze standard for steels, and the McQuaid-Ehn Test has been developed as a method of measurement. Grain Size - A measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually expressed as as average when the individual sizes are fairly uniform. In metals containing two or more phases, the grain size refers to that of the matrix unless otherwise specified. Grain size is reported in terms of number of grains per

unit area or volume, average diameter, or as a number derived from area measurements. Grain-Boundary Sulfide Precipitation - An intermediate stage of overheating in which sulfide inclusions are redistributed to the austenitic grain boundaries by partial solution at the overheating temperature and reprecipitation during subsequent cooling. Grains - Individual crystals in metals. Granular Fracture - A type of irregular surface produced when metal is broken, that is characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub-classified into trans-granular and intergranular forms. This type of fracture is frequently called crystalline fracture, but the inference that the metal has crystallized is not justified. Granulated - A coarse grain or pebbly surface condition which becomes evident during drawing. Granulation - The formation of grains immediately upon solidification. Graphite - The polymorph of carbon with a hexagonal crystal structure. Graphitization - Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Primary graphitization refers to formation of graphite during solidification. Secondary graphitization refers to later formation during heat treatment. Graphitizing - A heating and cooling process by which the combined carbon in cast iron or steel is transformed, wholly or partly, to graphitic or free carbon. Graphitizing - Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the carbon is precipitated as graphite. Grinding - Removing material from from a work piece with a grinding wheel or abrasive belt. Grinding Cracks - Shallow cracks formed in the surface of relatively hard materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high sensitivity of the material. Guide - Device for holding the metal in the proper position, during rolling, or slitting. Gun Drill - A drill, usually with one or more flutes and with coolant passages through the drill body, used for deep hole drilling. H - Chemical symbol for hydrogen. Hacksaw - A metal blade of hardened steel having small, close teeth on one edge. It is held under tension in a U-shaped frame.

Hadfield Manganese Steel - A specially steel which is austenitic and usually contains approximately 12% Manganese. It is used in mining, earth- moving equipment and in railroad track work. Hair, Slitter - Minute hair-like sliver along edge(s)due to shearing or slitting operation Half-Hard Temper - Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness range of 70 to 85 on the B scale. Product of this temper is intended for limited cold forming and will only withstand 90-degree bends made across the rolling direction. Half Nut - A lever-operated mechanism that resembles a split nut that can be closed on the lead screw of a lathe when threads are being. Halogen Method - The plating solution basis at WSC; other methods include ferrostan and MSA (methyl sulfonic acid). Hammer Forging - A forging that is made on the flat die of a steam hammer. A forged piece produced in a forging hammer, or the process of forming such a piece. Hammer Forging - Forging in which the work is deformed by repeated blows. Compare with press forging. Hand Forge (smith forge) - The forging operation in which the forming is accomplished on dies that are generally flat. The piece is shaped roughly to the required contour with little or no lateral confinement; operations involving mandrels are included. Hand Forging - A forging made by hand on an anvil or under a power hammer without dies containing an exact finishing impression of the part. Such forgings approximate each other in size and shape but do not have the commercial Exactness of production die forgings required does not warrant expenditure for special die, or where the size of shape of the piece is such as to require means other than die forging. A forging worked between flat or simply shaped dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the piece. Also know as smith forging or flat die forging. Hand Hole Caps - Removable header access plug, which can be used to gain access to the headers. Hand Hook - A tool made of steel rod used to push crane spreader arms apart or pull together. Hand Shears - Tool used in cutting steel plate. Hand Welder - Portable welder used to weld the strip together at any place throughout the line. Handwheel - Any adjusting or feeding mechanism shaped like a wheel and operated by hand. Handling Mark - See “Mark, Handling”

Hard Chromium - Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than as a decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to basis metal and is customarily thicker than a decorative deposit. Hard Drawn Spring Steel Wire - A medium high carbon cold drawn spring steel wire. Used principally for cold wound springs. Hard Metal Facing - A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as Stellite or a metallic carbide are most often used for the coating. Hard Metals - A group of materials more commonly known as cemented carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the finely divided carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium embedded in a matrix of cobalt or nickel by sintering. Widely used for cutting tools where for many applications they have replaced conventional high speed steels Hardener - An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten aluminum. Also referred to as “Master Alloy”. Hardening - Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, case hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, precipitation hardening, quench hardening. Hardness - Resistance to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. The term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion or cutting. Brinell Hardness: Brinell hardness of aluminum alloys is obtained by measuring the permanent impression in the material made by a ball indenter 10 millimeters in diameter after loading with 500 kilogram-force for 15 seconds and dividing the applied load by the area of the impression. Rockwell Hardness: An indentation hardness test based on the depth of penetration of a specified penetrator into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. Hardness Value - Degree to which a material resists deformation, indentation or scratching. There are many numerical scales (and thus methods) to measure the hardness value (example Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, etc.) Harmonic Distortion - Condition associated with the critical speed of the shaft in a turbine. Head Metal - The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold. Headstock - The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine tool. Header - 1) A pipe that carries plater solution from the plater pumps to the cells. 2) The primary or first source of any given boiler system or section.

Heat (forging) - A combination of heating, holding and cooling operations applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state to produce desired properties. Heat - The total amount of metal produced which can be represented by one analysis sample and one set of mechanical tests. Heat Check - Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive heat or extended use without polishing. The pattern of these “heat checks” is reproduced on the forged part. Heat Cover - A cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the coils prior to placing the furnace on the base in the Batch Anneal. Heat Exchanger - Removes heat from oil with water, which comes from #5 cell. Heat Number - In the Batch Anneal, this is the computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model to associate target values to the Heat Sequence. It is required to run the Firing Model. In the BOP a sequential number assigned to each batch of steel. Heat Treat Stain - A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during solution heat treatment Heat-Treatable Alloy - An alloy which may be strengthed by a suitable thermal treatment Heat Treatment - Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way that desired structures, conditions or properties are attained. Heating for the sole purpose of hot working is excluded from the meaning of this term. Heat-resistant alloy - An alloy developed for very-high-temperature service where relatively hight stresses (tensile,thermal,vibratory or shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required. Heater - A device used to maintain oil tank temperature. Heavy Coating - A condition caused by too much coating being applied to the strip. Heavy Gauge - Product with a thickness above the customer's maximum gauge tolerance. Heavy Structural Shapes - A general term given to rolled flanged sections that have at least one dimension of their cross sections three inches or greater. The category includes beams, channels, tees and zees if the depth dimension is three inches or greater, and angles if the length of the leg is three inches or greater. Heavy/Light gauge - Steel plate not meeting customer gauge specifications. Hedging - Taking an opposite position in the commodity futures market to your position in the physical market.

Helical Gear - A gear with teeth cut at some angle other than at a right angle across the face of the geaaaar, thus permitting more than one tooth to be engaged at all times and providing a smoother and quieter operation than the spur gear. Helix - A path formed as a point advances uniformly around a cylinder as the thread on a screw or the flutes on a drill. Helix Angle - The angle between the direction of the threads around a screw and a line running at a right angle to the shank. Herringbone - See “Streak, Herringbone” Hertz - Term used to describe the frequency in an AC circuit. Essentially the same as cycles. If a circuit is 60 Hz or 60 cycles, that means that the AC wave has gone through 60 complete waves in one second. Hex - A term used for anything shaped like a hexagon. Hi-Speed Test - Test conducted on a coil coming to the side trimmers from another operating unit. The test is conducted at the request of another unit. A test cut is made, a gauge chart produced, and an inspection is made by Process Control. Hickey - A coating defect consisting of a randomly oriented small speckled appearance on coated plate after inks are applied. High Brass - 65% A copper-zinc alloy containing 35% zinc. Possesses high tensile strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets, etc. High-Carbon Steel - Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel becomes. Highcarbon steel’s hardness makes it suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications. High Pressure Mold - A strong high-density mold, made by air, hydraulic, or other squeeze process. High Pressure Steam - Steam that is delivered from the boilers to drive the turbo generators and turbo blowers. High pressure steam is produced at 800 psi and 825 degrees Fahrenheit. High Rockwell - A condition that occurs when the hardness of the steel is above the maximum limit as specified by the customer. High Speed Steel - The term “high speed steel” was derived from the fact that it is capable of cutting meta at a much hight rate than carbon tool steel and continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is heated to a low red temperature. Ungsten is the major alloying element but it is also combined with molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying amounts. Although replaced by cemented carbides for many applications it is still widely used for the manufacture of taps, dies, twist drills, reamers, saw blades and other cutting tools.

High Strength Low Alloy - (HSLA) A specific group of steel in which higher strength, and in some cases additional resistance to atmospheric corrosion or improved formability, are obtained by moderate amounts of one or more alloying elements such as columbium, vanadium, titanium, used alone or in combination. High Stress Grinding Abrasion - Abrasion that occurs when the abrasive is crushed between two opposing surfaces. High-Alloy Steel - Ferrous alloy with more than 12 weight percent of noncarbon additions. High-Carbon Steel - Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The more carbon that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel becomes. Highcarbon steel's hardness makes it suitable for plow blades, shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications. See Low-Carbon Steel and MediumCarbon Steel. Hindered Contraction - Casting contraction during solidification and cooling which is hindered by mold or core restraints. Hob - A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like a worm thread and used in industry to cut gears. Hobbing - The operation of cutting gears with a hob. Hoist - Device that raises and lowers coils to and from reels. Hold - Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems that need to be resolved by the Quality Assurance department. Hold Coil - A processed coil that does not meet customer specifications that needs to be held for disposition. Hold Down Rolls - Two small rolls used for holding force on the top of the strip as it runs through slitter knives. Hold Ticket - A ticket used to quarantine out-of-spec material. Hole - Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non-metallic inclusion during rolling Hole Punch - A piece of equipment used to put small holes in the strip where welds are make. Use of the hole punch is specified by all customers. Used for weld detection. Hole Saw - A cutting tool used to cut a circular groove into solid material. Holiday - Region where film is absent due to non-wetting of the metal surface by the coating

Hollow Drill Test (Trepanning) - Removing a cylindrical sample from a metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section. Hollow Structural Sections - Known in the market as HSS, this is high-strength, cold formed, electric-welded structural tubing welded steel tubing used as structural elements in a broad range of construction and architectural applications, structural components for vehicles and industrial machinery, buildings and other structures, and a variety of manufactured products. It is produced in round, square and rectangular shapes and a broad range of sizes. Structural tubing’s basic advantages lie in it’s high strength-to-weight ratio, attractive appearance and cost-effectiveness. Homogenizing - Is a process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths of time. The purposes of this process are to (1) reduce microsegregation by promoting diffusion of solute atoms within the grains of aluminum and (2) improve workability Hook - An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused by non-uniform metal flow during breakthrough. See also “Bow” Hooke's Law - Stress is proportional to strain in the elastic range. The value of the stress at which a material ceases to obey Hooke's law is known as the elastic limit. Horizontal Axis Casting Machine - A centrifugal casting machine in which the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal. Hot Band (Hot-Rolled Steel) - A coil of steel rolled on a hot-strip mill (hot-rolled steel). It can be sold in this form to customers or further processed into other finished products. Hot Bands - See Hot Rolled Sheets. Hot Box Process - A furan resin-based process similar to shell coremaking; cores produced with it are solid unless mandrelled out. Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) - Direct reduced iron that has been processed into briquettes. Instead of using a blast furnace, the oxygen is removed from the ore using natural gas and results in a substance that is 90%-92% iron. Because DRI may spontaneously combust during transportation, HBI is preferred when the metallic material must be stored or moved. Hot End - The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up to, but not including, the hot-strip mill. Hot Metal - The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace. It proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is cast as pig iron. Hot Mill - The rolling mill that reduces a hot slab into a coil of specified thickness; the whole processing is done at a relatively high temperature (when the steel is still "red").

Hot Press Forging - A method of forming parts by pressing a heated slug, cut from wrought material, in closed-impression die. Hot Quenching - Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is substantially higher than room temperature. Hot Roll - Product that is sold in its "as produced state" off the Hot Mill with no further reduction or processing steps aside from being pickled and oiled (if specified). Hot Roll Base - Hot rolled coils which have been pickled in an acid solution to remove surface oxidation, then is oiled to prevent rust. Coils that come directly off of No. 5 Pickler and were not cold roll reduced on the tandem mill. These coils will usually have a 20" ID. (Outside-supplied hot roll base may have a 24" ID. Hot Roll, P&O - Hot Roll Pickle and Oil that does not go to a in-house Tandem Mill. It may not necessarily be shipped out; it could go to the No. 8 Temper Mill. Hot Rolled Sheets - Manufactured by hot rolling slabs to the required thickness. Hot Rolled Steel (HR) - Rolling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. Hot Rolling Mill - See Hot Mill. Hot Screens - A device used to remove hot fines that are less than one-fourth millimeter in diameter from the sinter before it goes to the cooler. Hot Spot - Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after anodizing. These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and coarse magnesium silicide precipitate Caused by non-uniform cooling after extrusion. Hot Stand-By - Describes the status of a boiler that is not in use and not down for repairs, but that is on 225 warm-up steam and maintaining 200 psi of steam pressure with oil fire. Hot Strength (Sand) - Tenacity (compressive, shear or transverse) of a sand mixture determined at any temperature above room temperature. Hot Strip Mill - A mill that rolls reheated slabs into coils. Also, Hot Mill. Hot Tear - A crack or fracture formed prior to completion of metal solidification as a result of hindered contraction. A hot tear is frequently open to the surface of the casting and is commonly associated with design limitations. Hot Work - The rolling, forging or extruding of a metal at a temperature above its recrystallisation point. Hot Working - Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature.

Hot-dip coating - A meatllic coating obtained by dipping the substrate into molten metal. Hot-rolling - (HR) Rolling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. Hot-Strip Mill - A rolling mill of several stands of rolls that converts slabs into hotrolled coils. The hot-strip mill squeezes slabs, which can range in thickness from 210 inches, depending on the type of continuous caster, between horizontal rolls with a progressively smaller space between them(while vertical rolls govern the width) to produce a coil of flat-rolled steel about a quarter-inch in thickness and a quarter mile in length. Housing - The inner side of the #1 and #2 feeders. Housing Unit - Steel device used to hold the billy roll in place between the slitter heads and knives. HR - Hot-rolling Rolling steel slabs into flat-rolled steel after it has been reheated. HSLA - High Strength Low Alloy Steel. Steel with relatively high strength and impact properties. The carbon level is low and the alloying additions are significantly less than 5 weight percent. Hub - A boss that is in the center of the forging and forms a part of the body of the forging. Hydraulic Manifold - A component of a hydraulic system that functions as a delivery point for the hydraulic pressures needed to run the different cylinders in that system. Both the A. G. C. and the C.V.C. systems use manifolds. Hydraulic Oil - The oil that is pumped under pressure to supply force to the different cylinders. Hydraulic Stack - A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that controls oil flow to an individual function of the system. Hydraulic Stand - A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that is made up of many hydraulic stacks. Hydroforming - A forming process in which a tube is placed into a forming die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through the application of internal water pressure. The hydroforming process allows for severe shape deformation, making it ideal for automotive structural parts such as engine cradles, radiator supports and body rails. Various shaped and sized holes can be punched in the tube almost anywhere during the process. Hydrogen - An undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause of fine hairline cracks especially in alloy steels. Modern vacuum treatment consists of pearlite and cementite.

Hydrogen Cooler Pump - A pump that delivers diesel treated cooling water to the hydrogen coolers in #8 and #9 Generators. Hydrogen Embrittlement - (1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by-product of pickling or by co-deposition in electroplating). (2) A condition of low ductility resulting from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently. Electrolytic copper exhibits similar results when exposed to reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Hydrostatic Test - 600 psi feed water test on a down boiler to check for leaks. HYL I, HYL III - Processes for producing DRI and HBI developed by Hylsa. The processes reduce iron ore lump or pellets with reformed natural gas in a vertical shaft furnace. The HYL I process uses four fixed-bed reactors; HYL III uses a singleshaft furnace. Hypereutectoid Steel - A steel containing more than the eutectoid percentage of carbon (0.83 wt.%). Hypoeutectoid Steel - A steel containing less than the eutectoid percentage of carbon (0.83 wt. %). Hysteresis (Cooling Lag) - Difference between the critical points on heating and cooling due to tendency of physical changes to lag behind temperature changes. Half Hard Temper - (A) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, produced by cold rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full hard temper. (B) In brass mill terminology, half hard is two B&S numbers hard or 20.70% thickness reduction. (C) In Stainless Steel Strip, Tempers are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Half-Hard Temper 150,000 T.S., 110,000 Y.S.Min. Hammer Forging - Forging in which the work is deformed by repeated blows. Compare with press forging. Hard Drawing - Drawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross section and increase tensile strength. Hard Drawn - Wire or tubing drawn to high tensile strength by a high degree of cold work. Hard Temper - (A) (For steel see Full Hard Temper) (B) In brass mill terminology. Hard Temper is four B&S numbers hard or 37.1% reduction. Hardenability - In a ferrous alloy, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching. Hardenability - The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as distinguished from the terms hardness.

Hardenability - In ferrous alloys, the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching. Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Strip - A medium or high carbon quality steel strip which has been subjected to the sequence of heating, quenching and tempering. Hardening - Increasing the hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. Hardening - Any process which increases the hardness of a metal. Usually heating and quenching certain iron base alloys from a temperature either within or above the critical temperature range. Hardness - Degree to which a metal will resist cutting, abrasion, penetration, bending and stetching. The indicated hardness of metals will differ somewhat with the specific apparatus and technique of measuring. For details concerning the various types of apparatus used in measuring hardness, See Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness. Tensile Strength also is an indication of hardness. Hardness (indentation) - Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation by indentation. Various hardness tests such as Brinell, Rockwell and Vickers may be used. In the Vickers test, a diamond pyramid with an included face angle of 136 is used as the indenter. Heat of Steel - The product of a single melting operation in a furnace, starting with the charging of raw materials and ending with the tapping of molten metal and consequently identical in its characteristics. Heat Tinting - Colouration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to reveal details of structure. Heat Treatment - Altering the properties of a metal by subjecting it to a sequence of termperature changes, time of retention at specific temperature and rate of coolingtherfrom being as important as the temperature itself. Heat treatment usually markedly affects strength, hardness, ductility, malleability, and similar properties of both metals and their alloys. Heat-Affected Zone - That portion of the base metal which was not melted during brazing, cutting, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical peoperties were altered by the heat. Heat-Affected Zone - That portion of the base metal which was not melted during brazing, cutting or welding, but within which microstructure and physical properties were altered by the treatment. Hematite - The oxide of iron of highest valency which has a composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe2O3.

Homogenizing - Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease chemical segregation by diffusion. Homogenizing Annealing - An annealing treatment carried out at a high temperature, approaching the solidus temperature, for a sufficiently long time that inhomogeneous distributions of alloying elements are reduced by diffusional processes. Honing - Removing stock generally on the internal cylindrical surface of a workpiece with an abrasive stick mounted in a holder. Hot Dip - In steel mill practice, a process wherby ferrous alloy base metals are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for the purpose of fizing a rust resistant coating. Hot Short - Brittleness in hot metal. Hot Shortness - Brittleness in metal in the hot forming range. Hot Top - (1) A reservoir, thermally insulated or heated, to hold molten metal on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidifying to avoid having pipe or voids. Hot Working - Deformation under conditions that result in recrystallization. Hydrogen Embrittlement - A condition low ductility in metals resulting from the absorbtion of hydrogen. Hypereutectoid Alloy - In a eutectoid system, any alloy containing more than the eutectoid concentration of solute. Hypereutectoid Steel - A steel having more than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. Hypoeutectic Alloy - In a eutectic system, any alloy containing less than the eutectic concentration of solute. Hypoeutectoid Steel - Steel with less than the eutectoid percentage of carbon. I-Beams - Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and are typically not as long as the flanges on wide-flange beams. The flanges are thicker at the cross sections and thinner at the toes of the flanges. They are produced with depths of 324 inches. I.D. Fan - (I.D. fan) Steam turbine or electric motor driven fan which develops negative draft within the boiler to pull the hot exhaust gases through the boiler. ICI - Investment Casting Institute ID - Inside diameter (of a coil).

ID Grinding - Term for internal (dimension) grinding. Ideal Critical Diameter, D1 - The largest diameter of a bar which, upon quenching in an ideal quench, will exhibit 50% martensite at the center of the bar. Ideal Quench - A quench in which the temperature of an object being quenched instantaneously drops to that of the quench bath and remains constant. Independent Chuck - A chuck in which each jaw may be moved independently of the others. Index Plate - A metal disk or plate punched with many holes arranged in a series of rings. One outside the other each ring containing a different number of holes. Indexing - The praocess of positioning a workpiece for maching it into equal spaces. Dimensions or angles using an index or dividing head. Indexing Fixture - A complete indexing unit composed of dividing head and rootstock. Idle Pump - A pump on an oil system that is not being used. The pump's selection button is in the off mode. Idler - A gear or gears placed between two other gears to transfer motion from one fear to the other gear without changing their speed or ratio. Ignition Furnace Fan - A small series of fans used to mix air with gas for the ignition of the furnace. Ignitors - Devices which employ a high-energy electrical spark to ignite the pilot gas flame. Illinois Inclusion Count Method - A determination of the index number of cleanliness of steel. Illite - A mineral, typically KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, found in many clays, large working of which are found in Illinois and Michigan. IMIS - Integrated Manufacturing Information System. Immersed Scanning - In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being coupled to this object through a column of liquid. In most cases the object and the search unit are submerged in water. Impact - A part formed in a confining die from a metal slug, usually cold, by rapid single stroke application of force through a punch, causing the metal to flow around the punch and/or through an opening in the punch or die.

Impact Energy (Impact Value) - The amount of energy required to fracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod or Charpy test. The type of speciment and testing conditions affect the values and therfore should be specified. Impact Strength - "The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed as the foot pounds of energy absorbed in breaking a standard specimen. See Charpy Impact Test. " Impact Test - A test for determining the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading under conditions designed to promote fracture, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed when the specimen is broken by a single blow. Impoverishment - Loss of any constituent from an alloy or from localized areas of an alloy by oxidation, liquidation, volatilization, or changes in the solid state. The term depletion is also used, particularly in referring to the lowering of the concentration of solute in a solid solution, around particles precipitated from solid solution. Impregnation - The treatment of castings with a sealing medium to stop pressure leaks, such as soaking under pressure with or without prior evacuation and either with hot or cold application. Mediums used include silicate of soda, drying oils with or without styrene, plastics, and proprietary compounds. Impression Die Forging - A forging that is formed to the required shape and size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies that exert three-dimensional control on the work piece. Impurity - An element unintentional allowed in a metal or alloy. Some impurities have little effect on properties; others will grossly damage the alloy. In - Chemical symbol for Indium In Service - Term that means "in use". Inboard Bearing - Pump bearing that is nearest the driver. Inclusion - Impurities in metal, usually in the form of particles in mechanical mixture. Inclusion Count - A method of assessing the number and size of non-metallic inclusions present in metal. Inclusions - Particles of impurities (usually oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc.) that are held mechanically or are formed during the solidification or by subsequent reaction within the solid metal. Inclusion, Stringer - An impurity, metallic or non-metallic, which is trapped in the ingot and elongated subsequently in the direction of working. It may be revealed during working or finishing as a narrow streak parallel to the direction of working

Incomplete seam - See “weld, incomplete” Inconel - An oxidation-resistant alloy, 80% Ni, 14% Cr, and 6% Fe. Indentation Hardness - "The resistance of a material to indentation. This is the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load. See Brinell Hardness and Hardness " Index Start - Start time for the first coil processed on a new index number. Indirect-Arc Furnace - An AC (Alternating Current) electric-arc furnace in which the metal is not one of the poles. Indium - Chemical symbol In. Grayish-white minor metal obtained by treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal concentrates. Capable of marking paper (just as lead does), indium is used in low-melting alloys, solders,electrical contact coatings,infrared detectors,nuclear reactor control rods, and various electonic components. Induction Furnace - A AC melting furnace which utilizes the heat of electrical induction. Induction Hardening - A widely used process for the surface hardening of steel. The components are heated by means of an alternating magnetic field to a temperature within or aboved the transformation range followed by immediate quenching. The core of the component remains unaffected by the treatment and its physical properties are those of the bar from which it was machined, whilst the hardness of the case can be within the range 37/58 Rc. Carbon and alloy steels with a carbon content in the range 0.40/0.45% are most suitable for this process. Induction Heating - Process of heating by electrical resistance and hysteresis losses induced by subjecting a metal to the varying magnetic field surrounding a coil carrying an alternating current. Inert Gas - A gas that will not support combustion or sustain any chemical reaction; e.g., argon or helium. Infrared Dryer - A core or mold dryer employing infrared lamps. Infrared Radiation Pyrometer - This instrument which uses the ratio of the radiated energy from a body in two wavelength bands and then is a measure of the body's surface temperature. Temperatures down to 200 C (392 F) may be measured. Infrared Rays - Pertaining to or designating those rays which lie just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum, such as are emitted by a hot non-incandescent body. They are invisible and nonactinic and are detected y their thermal effect. Their wave lengths are longer than those of visible light and shorter than those of radio waves. Can be applied in the foundry for drying or core baking operations and for heating dies. Infrared radiant heat are synonymous.

Infusorial Earth (Diatomite, Fossil Flour, Mountain Meal, Mountain Flour, Tripolite, Kieselguhr) - A very fine whitish powder composed of the siliceous skeletons of infusorians (Protozoa). Ingates - "The channels through which molten metal enters the mold cavity. See Gate " Ingot - Steel cast in a metal mold ready for rolling or forging. It is distinct from a casting, which is not rolled or forged. Ingots are usually rectangular, called slabs; square, called blooms; polygonal, eight- or 12-sided for forging. Squares and polygonal ingots can be fluted or corrugated to increase the surface area and reduce the tendency to crack while cooling. Ingot Iron - Iron of comparatively high purity produced in open-hearth furnace under conditions that keep down the carbon, manganese, and silicon content; e.g., Armco Iron Ingot Mould - The receptacle into which molten steel is poured to form an ingot. After solidification the steel is suitable for subsequent working, i.e. rolling or forging. Inhibitor - A substance which retards some specific chemical reaction. Pickling inhibitors retard the sissolution of metal without hindering the removal of scale from steel. Injection Molding - The injection of molten metal or other material under pressure into molds. Injection Water - Automatically regulated water that provides a seal in the circulator pumps. The injection water is supplied from the boiler feed water header. Inlet - Entry valve to auto valve or tank. Inmetco - Coal-based process similar to FASTMET that uses iron oxide fines and pulverized coal to produce a scrap substitute. Mill scale and flue dust, inexpensive byproducts of steelmaking, can be mixed with the iron oxide fines. Inmetco, unlike other direct reduction products, is intended to be hot charged into an EAF, with attendant energy savings. The process includes three steps. First, iron oxide fines, pulverized coal and a binder are formed into pellets. Second, the pellets, two to three layers deep, are heated in a gas-fired rotary hearth furnace for 15-20 minutes to produce sponge iron. Subsequently, the iron must be desulfurized. The coal in the pellets provides much of the energy required in the second phase. Inoculant - Material which when added to molten metal modifies the structure, and thereby changes the physical and mechanical properties to a degree not explained on the basis of the change in composition resulting from its use. Inoculation - "Addition to molten metal of substances designed to form nuclei for crystallization. Also see Inoculant " Insert - A part usually formed from metal, which is placed in a mold and may become an integral part of the casting.

Inserted-Tooth Cutter - A milling cutter designed with replaceable cutting tooth inserts to save the expense of a new cutter whenever the teeth become damaged or worn. Generally, they are made 6 inches or more in diameter. Inspection lot - See “lot, inspection” Insulating Pads and Sleeves - As opposed to chills, insulating material, such as gypsum, diatomaceous earth, etc., used to lower the rate of solidification. As sleeves on open risers, they are used to keep the metal liquid, thus increasing the feed efficiency. Integral Dose (Volume Dose) - A measure of the total energy absorbed by man or any object during exposure to radiation. Integrated Manufacturing Information System - (IMIS) Computer system used to record production information. Integrated Mills - These facilities make steel by processing iron ore and other raw materials in blast furnaces. Technically, only the hot end differentiates integrated mills from mini-mills. However, the differing technological approaches to molten steel imply different scale efficiencies and, therefore, separate management styles, labor relations and product markets. Nearly all domestic integrated mills specialize in flatrolled steel or plate. Integrated Plant - A mill that produces steel from basic raw materials from the ore pile to a finished product. Integrated Steel Producer - A steel company which manufactures solid steel products; starts with raw materials such as iron ore, flux, etc, to make molten iron; converts the molten iron to liquid steel in the steelmaking furnaces and processes liquid to solid steel products. See Minimill Steel Producer. Intensity (Radiology) - Amount of energy per unit time passing through a unit area perpendicular to the line of propagation at the point in question. Often this term is used incorrectly in the sense of dose rate. Inter-Chemical Gauge - Wet film thickness can also be measured using an Interchemical Gauge. A graduated circular cam is rolled against the plate between two parallel rollers. The wet film thickness is then read directly on cam at demarcation of coating wetting the cam. Intercast Process - A patented procedure for die casting " cast-assemble " units with moving parts. Intercrystalline - Between crystals, or between grains. Same as intergranular. Intercrystalline Corrosion - Chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steels are prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and subsequently in contact with certain types of corrosive media. When heated within a temperature range of 450800oC precipitation of the chromium carbides takes place at the grain boundries in the area of the weld and these areas not longer have the protection of the chromium

on the peripneries of the grains. This type of corrosion is also known as Weld Decay and Intergranular Corrosion. The most common way to avoid the problem is to select a grade of steel that is very low in carbon i.e. 0.03% or less, or one that is stabilzed with niobium or titanium. Intercrystalline Failure - Cracks or fractures that follow along the grain boundaries in the microstructure of metals and alloys. Interdendritic Attack - A type of electrochemical corrosion that sometimes occurs in as-cast alloys or alloys that have had very little working. Intergranular Corrosion - Corrosion in a metal taking place preferentially along the grain boundaries. Intermediate Gear - See Idler Intermediate Temper - A cold rolled hardness range specified with a 15-point Rockwell B spread. See Quarter Hard Temper and Half-Hard Temper. Internal Cleanliness - Measure of number and types of non-metallic inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates. Internal Friction - Ability of a metal to transform vibratory energy into heat; generally refers to low stress levels of vibration; damping has a broader connotation since it may refer to stresses approaching or exceeding yield strength. Internal Shrinkage - A void or network of voids within a casting caused by inadequate feeding of that section during solidification. Internal Stresses (or Thermal Stresses) - Generally stresses which occur during the cooling of a part. Interrupted Aging - The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by steps, and cooling to room termperature after each step. Compare with progressuve aging. Interrupted Quench - Removing the casting from a quenching bath before it has reached the temperature of the bath. Interstitial Free Steel - A recently developed sheet steel product with very low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep-drawing applications. Interstitial Free Steel's improved ductility (drawing ability) is made possible by vacuum degassing. Intracrystalline - Within or across crystals or grains. Same as transcrystalline and transgranular. Invar - An alloy having practically no expansion when heated; 36% Ni, 0.5% Mn, 0.2% C, and the balance Fe.

Inverse Chill - The condition in a casting section where tht einterior is molttled or white, while the other sections are gray iron. Also known as Reverse Chill, Internal Chill and Inverted Chill. Inverse Segregation - "A concentration of certain alloy constituents that have lower melting points in the region corresponding to that first solidifying; caused by interdendritic flow of enriched liquid through channels where the pressure drops with contraction of dendrites. The internal evolution of hydrogen may also give a positive pressure, aiding this flow and causing a liquidated surface as tin sweat. See also Segregation " Inversion - A change in crystal form without change in chemical composition, as from quartz to cristobalite. Inversion Casting - 1) The metal is fed through a bottom feeder, the mold being inverted for pouring, 2) the mold is directly attached to the electric furnace in which the metal is melted in a reducing atmosphere so no slag is formed. On inverting the furnace the metal runs into the mold. There are no heavy feeders and oxidation is prevented. Investing - The process of pouring the investment slurry into the flask surrounding the pattern to form the mold. Investment - A flowable mixture of a graded refractory filler, a binder and a liquid vehicle which when poured around the patterns conforms to their shape and subsequently set hard to form the investment mold. Investment Casting - Casting produced in a mold obtained by investing an expendable pattern with a refractory to produce a shell. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other material and is removed prior to filling the mold with liquid metal. Investment Precoat - "An extremely fine investment coating applied as a thin slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a coarser, cheaper, and permeable investment to form the mold. See Dip Coat " Inwall Brick - Refractory lining of the inwall section of blast furnace or cupola. Ionization - The process or the result of any process by which a neutral atom or molecule acquires either a positive or a negative charge. Ionization Chamber - An instrument designed to measure quantity of ionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated with ions produced within a defined volume. IPM - An identifiable piece of steel; can be a slab, coil, or a bundle of sheets, or several slit mults banded together. IPM Number - (In-Process Material) A seven-character number, consisting of the unit ID and sequential production number, used to track production history of a coil.

The letter and first digit are used to identify the production unit and the last five digits are the sequential production identifying number. Iridium - A noble metal of the platinum group. Usually extensively as a radiation source. For radiography of thin walled castings. Iron - 1) A metallic element, mp 1535 C (2795 F), 2) irons not falling into the steel categories, as Gray Iron, Ductile Iron, Malleable Iron, White Iron, Ingot, and Wrought Iron. Iron-Based Superalloys - Also known as “super chrome steels,” these metals are at the highest end of the range of high-temperature,high-strength steels. Besides chrome,other additives can be nickel, titanium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and carbon. Iron Carbide - One of several substitutes for high-quality, low-residual scrap for use in electric furnace steelmaking. Iron carbide producers use natural gas to reduce iron ore to iron carbide. Iron Ore - Mineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable source of the element for use in steelmaking. Except for fragments of meteorites found on Earth, iron is not a free element; instead, it is trapped in the earth's crust in its oxidized form. Iron Oxide - This material as prepared for foundry use generally contains about 85% ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a high grade of pure iron ore. It can be added to core sand mixes to assist in keeping the core from cracking before the metal solidifies during the casting operation and also helps to resist metal penetration during this period. Added to molding sand mixtures for control of finning and veining. Also may reduce carbon pick up. Iron Sand - See Iserine Iron, Hard or White - Irons (Fe3C) possessing white fracture because all or substantially all of the carbon is in the combined form. Irons to be malleablized are cast white, as are many abrasion-resistant irons. Iron, Malleable - A mixture of iron and carbon, including smaller amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, which after being cast (white iron, carbon in combined form as carbides) is converted structurally by heat treatment into a matrix of ferrite containing nodules of temper carbon (graphite). Iron, Pearlitic Malleable - A malleable iron having a more or less pearlitic matrix. Iron-Carbon (Graphite) Diagram - A diagram representing stable equilibrium conditions between iron and graphite (pure carbon) phase over the entire range of iron and steel. Iron-Iron Carbide Diagram - A phase diagram representing metastable equilibrium conditions between Fe and Fe3C over the entire range of carbon steels and cast irons.

Iron-Zinc Alloy Coating - See Galvanized. Iserine - A black sand which consists mainly of magnetic iron ore but also contains a considerable amount of titanium. ISO - International Standards Organization. Isocure - Proprietary name for a binder system developed for use in Ashland (Cold Box) Process, itself a proprietary process. Isocyanate Acid - Isomeric cyanic acid (HNCO). Isolate - (Isolation) To remove a boiler, or any particular part or system of a boiler, form service by closing the manual valves. Isolation - The process of de-energizing, line-blanking, bleeding, and locking, tagging and trying to secure a system or piece of equipment for work. Isomorphous - Phases with crystal structures of the same type. Isothermal - Pertaining to changes or other phenomena occurring at a constant temperature. Isothermal Transformation - 1) The process of transforming Austenite in a ferrous ally to Ferrite or a ferrite-carbide aggregate at any constant temperature within the transformation range, 2) transformation of one phase in an alloy system to another phase at any constant temperature. Isothernal Transformation Curve - Also known as the Time Temperature Transformation Curve. If a small piece of steel is heated sufficiently slowly for it to become austenitic and then plunged into a salt bath and held at a constant temperature below the upper critical point for a definite time followed by rapid quenching, it is possible by examination to determine the extent to which the transformation of the austentite has occurred. By taking anumbet of speciments of the same steel and treating them in the same way, but varying the holding temperature and time behavior of the steel with time and temperature can be studied. The information obtained can be plotted as time-temperature transformation curves which is useful in heat treatment practice, particularly for martempering and austempering. Isotope - One of several different nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differing in the number of neutrons and therefore in the mass number. Izod Impact Test - A test specimen, usually of squaare crossed section is notched and held between a pair of jaws, to be broken by a swinging or falling weight. When the pendulum of the Izod testing machine is released it wsings with a downward movement and when it reaches the vertical, the hammer makes contact with the specimen which is broken by the force of the blow. The hammer continues its upward motion by the energy absorbed in breaking the test piece reduces its momentum. A graduated scale enables a reading to be taken of the energy used to fracture the test

piece. To obtain a representative result the average of three tests is used and to ensure that the results conform to those of the steel specification the test specimens should meet the standard dimesions laid down in BS 131. Idiomorph - A particle of a phase the has a regular external shape. Impact Energy (Impact Value) - The amount of energy required to ffracture a material, usually measured by means of an Izod or Charpy test. The type of speciment and testing conditions affect the values and therfore should be specified. Impact Test - Test designed to determine the resistance of metal to breakage by impact, usually by concentrating the applied stress to a notched specimen. Impact Test - A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading,usually in bending, tension, or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in the Charpy or Izod. Impact Test - A test for determining the behaviour of materials when subjected to high rates of loading under conditions designed to promote fracture, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed when the specimen is broken by a single blow. Impurities - Elements or compounds whose presence in a material is undesired. Inclusion - A nonmetallic material in a solid metallic matrix. Inclusions - Non,etallic materials in a solid metallic matrix. Indentation Hardness - The resistance of a meterial to indentation. This is the usual type osf hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is pressed into a surface under a substantially static load. Induction Hardening - Quench hardening in which the heat is generated by electrical induction. Induction Hardening - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then cooling as required. Induction Heating - A process of heating by electrical induction. Inert-Gas Shielded-Arc Welding - Arc welding in an inert gas such as argon or helium. Ingot - A casting suitable for hot working or remelting. Ingot - A casting for subsequent rolling or forging. Ingot Iron - Commercially pure iron.

Ingot Iron - Commercially pure open-hearth iron. Interleaving - The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent sticking or scratching. Intermediate Annealing - An annealing treatment given to wrought metals following cold work hardening for the purpose of softening prior to further cold working. Internal Oxidation - Formation of oxides beneath the surface of a metal. Interrupted Quenching - Quenching in which the metal object being quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is at a temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching medium. Interstitial Solid Solution - A solid solution in which the solute atoms occupy (interstitial) positions between the atoms in the structure of the solvent. Investment Casting - (1) Casting metal into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an expendable pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room temperature after which the wax, plastic, or frozed mercury pattern is removed through the use of heat. Also called precision casting, or lost-wax process. (2) A casting made by the process. Irom - (Chemical symbol Fe.) Element No. 26 of the periodic system; Atomic weight 55.85. A magnetic silver white metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable. Melting point of pure iron about 2795 (degrees) F. Chemically iron is chiefly base forming. The principal forms of commercial iron are steel, cast iron and wrought iron. Iron - An element that has an average atomic number of 55.85 and that always, in engineering practice, contains small but significant amounts of carbon. Thus ironcarbon alloys containing less than about 0.1% C may be referred to as irons. Alloys with higher carbon contents are always termed steels. Ironing - Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the clearance between punch and die. Isothermal Annealing - A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held at a temperaure that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate. Isothermal Transformation - A change in phase at any constant temperature. Isothermal Transformation (IT) Diagram - A diagram that shows the isothermal time required for transformation of austenite to commence and to finish as a function of temperature. Same as time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram or Scurve.

Izod Test - A pendulum type of single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is fixed at one end and broken by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed, as measured by the subsequent rise of the pendulum, is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness. J - 1) Symbol for 1 gram equivalent weight, 2) the mechanical equivalent of heat. J-Integral - A mathematical expression used to characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity prior to fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the crack tip. Units are MN/m or in in-lb/in2. Jack Arch - A spring arch, flat or horizontal on the underside. Jack, leveling - Small jacks (usually screw jacks) for leveling and holding work on planner beds and similar places. Jacobs Chuck - Common term for the drill chuck used in either the headstock spindle or in the tailstock for holding straight–shank drills,taps,reamers or small diameter workpieces. Jamb - Usually an upright structural member forming the side of an opening in a refractory or furnace wall. Jamb Brick - A brick modified so one corner is rounded. Jar Ramming - Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping on a table the sand, pattern, and flask. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines, and jolt rammers are machines using this principle. Jarno - A standard taper having 0.600-inch taper per foot used in some machine tools. Jersey Fireclay Brick - Highly siliceous clay brick, semisilica brick. Jet Cooler - Device that controls the cooling of the strip before it enters the hot-dip galvanize pot. Jet Scrubber - IN air pollution control, a high velocity water jet directed into the throat of a venture section of a cupola to separate out particulates. Jet Tapping - A method of tapping a melting furnace by firing a small explosive charge instead of using an oxygen lance. The tapper consists of an explosive charge enclosed in a plastic case surrounded by a hollow bullet-shaped body. Jib - Projecting part of crane from which lifting chain or gear is suspended. Jig - Any device so arranged that it will expedite a hand or a machine operation.

Jig Saw Steel - Hardened, tempered and bright polished with round edges. Carbon content .85. Ranges of sizes .039 to 393 in width and .016 to .039 in thickness. Jobbing Foundry - A foundry engaged in the manufacture of numerous types of castings. Jog - Act of moving the strip forward or backward. This can be done with the pinch rolls or the reel. Johannson Blocks (Jo Blocks) - Common term for the precision gage blocks used and accepted as dimensional standards by machinists,toolmaker and inspectors. Join - IMIS action type indicating that parts of two or more coils have been combined to produce a single unit. Join Count - Field incremented by one each time coil contains more than 1 Consumed IPM number - 2 coils welded together to make jumbo. Joint - One length of pipe Joint Welding - Production welding used to weld cast components together to obtain an integral unit. Jolt Ramming - See Jar Ramming Jolt-Squeezer Machine - A combination machine that employs a jolt action followed by a squeezing action to compact the sand around the pattern. Jominy - A hardenability test for steel to determine the depth of hardening abtainable by a specified heat treatment. Joule - A unit of energy. One joule is equal to the energy expended in one second by one ampere against the resistance of one ohm. I the mechanical testing of steel it is the unit used in the Charpy V notch impact test. JP - 1) Fully alloyed galvanneal product. 2) On Galvanize the aluminum percentage is reduced from the pot on the Galvanize lines; primarily zinc left; produces a flat, dull coating on the steel (Jet-Process). JP Bazooka - Device that introduces a flame to the strip as it exits the pot (used to produce JP product). Jumbo Coil - A single coil produced by welding two or more coils. Jumping Coil In - Moving a coil ahead of other coils in a line-up. Junction Header - First steam distribution point after exiting the boiler drum. Junk Batteries - This term usually refers to spent automotive lead-acid batteries, which are purchased by secondary lead smelters. The standard form of shipment is

in the whole and undrained state to meet environmental regulations. Lead metal constitutes around half the weight of a junk battery. Other parts, including the plastic case, also are recycled. Knee That part of a column of a knee-type milling machine which carries the saddle and the table and provides the machine with vertical feed adjustments. Also, the name of a precision angle called a “Toolmaker’s Knee”. K - Symbol used in linear elastic fracture mechanics to describe the intensification of applied stress at the tip of a crack of known size and shape. At the onset of rapid crack propagation, the factor is call the critical stress-intensity factor (KIc) or fracture toughness. Various subscripts denote loading conditions or fracture toughness. Units are Mpa/mm or ksi/in K Factor - Tensile strength in pounds per square inch divided by the Brinell Hardness number. K-Plate - Tin plate with superior corrosion resistance to mild acid food products; must meet four (4) special property tests 1. Pickle lags 10 or less. 2. in crystal size ASTM 9 or larger. 3. ISV (iron solution value) 20 micro rams Fe or less. 4. ATC (Alloy tin couple - American Can test) or AMP (Aerated Media Polarization test) Avg. 0.050 micro amps/sq. cm. Or less - 95% 0.085 or less. No test over 0.120. Kahlbaum Iron - An iron of more than 99.975% purity, produced in Germany. Kaldo Process - A method of producing steel from molten iron, using an inclined rotating converter and a water cooled oxygen lance inserted through the converter mouth. Originating in Sweden, this process is no longeer in use in the UK Kalling-Dommarfvet Process - A desulfurizing process using powdered burnt iron. Kaolin - The purest form of China clay consisting of silicate of aluminum. Kappa Carbide - A carbide of iron (Fe23, C6) in which all or part of the iron may be replaced by chromium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten. Kayser Hardness Test - A method for determining the true hardness of metals at high temperatures. KC (Plane-stress fracture toughness) - The value of stress intensity at which crack propagation becomes rapid in sections thinner than those in which plane-strain conditions prevail. Units are MPa/m or ksi/in. Kelvin Temperature Scale - One in which the unit of measurement equals that of the centigrade degree and according to which absolute zero is 0 degrees, equivalent to -273.16 C. Kerf - The width of a cut.

Key - One of several types of small metal objects designed to fit mating slots in a shaft and the hub of a gear or pulley to provide a positive drive between them. Alos, the name of the T-handle wrench used on chucks. Key Rings - Devices used to hold fibers on slitter knives. Sometimes referred to as 'snap rings'. Key Seat - A recessed groove (slot) machined into a shaft or a part going on the shaft (usually a wheel or gear). Keyhole Specimen - A type of notched impact test specimen which has a hole-andslot notch shaped like a keyhole. Keystone Valve - A gas control valve that is used as a shut off valve for the ignition furnace. Keyway - Mechanical locking device located on the slitter head spindle shaft that holds the knives and spacers in place. KIc (Plane-strain fracture toughness) - The minimum value of KC. Represents the fracture toughness of a material independent of crack length, or loading system. Units are MPa/m or ksi/in. Kick Off Plate - (KOP) A product that has went through the reversing mill and the #5 rougher. Kicked Out - Loss of electrical power to any operating unit in the mill. Kieselguhr - Diatomaceous earth, a finely porous material used for thermal insulation to 1100 C (2012 F). Killed Steel - The term killed indicates that the steel has been sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the molten metal when poured into the ingot mold. The general practice is to use aluminum ferrosilicon or manganese as deoxidizing agents. A properly killed steel is more uniform as to analysis and is comparatively free from aging. However, for the same carbon and manganese content Killed Steel is harder than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above 0.25% carbon are killed, also all forging grades, structural steels from 0.15% to 0.25% carbon and some special steels in the low carbon range. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steel. Kiln - An oven or furnace for burning, calcimining or drying a substance. Kiln Marks - Irregularities on the surface of refractors caused by deformation under load during burning. Kiln-Dried - Lumber artificially dried in a specially designed enclosure or lumber kiln. Kilovolt (kV) - Unit of electrical potential equal to 1,000 volts.

Kilovolts Constant Potential - The potential in kilovolts of a constant voltage generator. Kilovolts Peak - The crest value of the potential wave in kilovolts. When only one half of the wave is used, the crest value is to be measured on this half of the wave. Kind Band (deformation) - In polycrystalline materials, a volume of crystal that has rotated physically to accommodate differential deformation between adjoining parts of a grain while the band itself has deformed homogeneously. This occurs by regular bending of the slip lamellae along the boundaries of the band. Kink - (1) for rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat which is caused by localized bending during handling. (2) for extrusions, an abrupt deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling. Kip - A unit load of 1000 lbs. Kish - Free graphite which separates upon slow cooling of molten hypereutectic iron. Kissing (Touching) - Gating with minimum metal left at casting breakoff point, having a gate just " kiss " the surface. Knee That part of a column of a knee-type milling machine which carries the saddle and the table and provides the machine with vertical feed adjustments. Also, the name of a precision angle called a “Toolmaker’s Knee”. - NULL Knife Buildup - Excess metal that attaches to slitter knives. Excess metal can also attach to welder wheels, in which case it is called 'welder wheel buildup'. Knife Mark - See “mark, knife” Knife Wrench - Tool used to remove nuts on the knives when making knife changes or adjustments. Knives - Circular metal discs that rotate on the slitter to sidetrim a coil to customer's spec. The distance between them determines the width of the coil. Knock-out Mark - See “Mark, knock-out” Knock-out Pins (Ejector Pins) - Small diameter pins affixed to a pattern back-up plate for removing cured mold in the shell-molding process. Knoop Hardness Number (HK) - A number related to the applied load and to the projected area of a rhombic-based diamond indentor, with edge angles of 172 1/2 30' and 130 1/2. Knoop Hardness Test - A micro hardness test in which an elongated pyramidical diamond is pressed into the surface.

Knurl - A decorative gripping surface of straight-line or diagonal design made by uniformly serrated rolls called knurls. Knurling - The process of finishing a part by scoring (pressing) patterns on the surface of the work. KOP Pusher - A machine that pushes the KOP on the ground, off the table after processing. KOP Recirculating Filter - A filter that cleans the KOP pusher tank hydraulic oil by constantly recirculating the oil from the tank through the filter and then back to the tank. KVA - Stands for kilo-volt-amperes. It is a measurement of electrical power. It is made up of reactive power (KVAR) and real power (KW). It can be derived by multiplying the voltage by the current. Killed Steel - Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent, such as silicon or aluminum, to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. Killed Steel - Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum in order to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. Kip - A load of 1000 lbs. La - Chemical symbol for Lanthanum LS - Limited service – pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at the mill LT - Loaded trucks-used in price quotation to indicate seller fee for handling LTC - Long thread and coupling (OCTG casing connection) Lace - Area where the strip is joined together (with wire, bands, etc.) after being broken. Lacquer - A coating composition which is based on synthetic thermoplastic film forming material dissolved in organic solvent and which dries primarily by solvent evaporation during stoving operations. Ladle - Metal receptacle frequently lined with refractories used for transporting and pouring molten metal. Types include hand bull, crane, bottom-pour, holding, teapot, shank, lip-pour. Ladle Analysis - A term applied to the chemical analysis representative of a heat of steel as reported by the producer. It is determined by analyzing a test ingot sample obtained during the pouring of the steel from a ladle.

Ladle Metallurgy Furnace (LMF) - An intermediate steel processing unit that further refines the chemistry and temperature of molten steel while it is still in the ladle. The ladle metallurgy step comes after the steel is melted and refined in the electric arc or basic oxygen furnace, but before the steel is sent to the continuous caster. Ladle, Bottom-Pour - Ladle from which metal flows through a nozzle in the bottom. Ladle, Bull - A large ladle for caring molten metal. Frequently used to designate a transfer ladle. Ladle, Lip-Pour - Ladle in which the metal is poured over a lip. Ladle, Teapot - A ladle in which, by means of an external spout, metal is removed from the bottom rather than the top of the ladle. Lag - One of two types of relationships between voltage and current that describes what the power factor is doing. The other is lead. In a typical motor circuit that has much inductance, the current will lag the voltage and power factor is said to be lagging. Lagging - Slack in the strip. Lamellar Tear - A system of cracks or discontinuities aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of a plate. Usually associated with a fusion weld in thick plate. Laminations - Imperfections resulting from the presence of foreign inclusions, laps, or blisters typically aligned parallel to the worked surface or rolling direction of the metal. Lance, Oxygen - A device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen source, and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for melting. Frequently used to open frozen tape or slag holes. Land - The surface on the periphery of a rotary cutting tool such as a milling sutter,drill tap or reamer which joins the face of the flute or tooth to make up the basic cutting edge. Lanthanides - Commonly referred to as 'Rare Earth' metals. Examples Neodymium, Lanthanum and Ytrrium. Lap - A surface defect, appearing as a seam, caused by fording over hot metal,fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface, but not welding them. Lard oil - A cutting oil made from animal fats usually mixed with mineral oils to reduce its cost and improve its quality. Lateral Bow - See “Bow, Lateral”

Lateral Expansion - A measured property used in Charpy Impact Testing. Refers to the increase width of the specimen after fracture. Lattice - Space lattice. Lattice lines and lattice planes are lines and planes chosen so as to pass through collinear lattice points, and non-collinear lattice points, respectively. Lauders Lines - Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in homogeneous) yielding. Also known as lauders bands, hartmann lines, piobert lines or stretchers. Layout Sample - A prototype forging or a “cast” used to determine conformance for designed demensions L-D Process - An oxygen steel making Process named after the towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was first developed. It is a modified Bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by injection of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a water cooled lance inserted through the converter mouth. Present day BOS (basic oxygen steelmaking) plants are developments of the L-D Process. Leaching - A process in which metal is extracted from mined ore by means of adding a soluble substance. Commonly used in gold mining. Lead - Chemical symbol Pb. Very soft, bluish-white metal; highly malleable and ductile; poor conductor of electricity, but good noise-dampening material; resistant to corrosion and radiation. Obtained from galena ore. Major end use is storage batteries, which accounts for 60% of world lead consumption. Also used ammunition, but has declining use in paints, plumbing equipment and cable coverings because of its toxicity. Metal also used to dampen noise in containers for corrosive liquids and as radiation shields for x-ray and nuclear reactors. Lead Hole - See Pilot Hole Lead Screw - The long precision screw located in front of the lathe bed geared to the spindle and used for cutting threads. Also, the table screw on the universal milling machine when geared to the indexing head for helical milling. Lead-Time - Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from a source location to a destination via a specific route. Detail is specific to the level of the location. Also the time to produce a customer's order from order placement to shipment. Leaded Steels - When added to steel, lead does not go into solution but exists in a very finely divided state along the grain boundries. It greatly assists machinability as it acts as a lubricant between the steel and the tool face. Lead is normally added in amounts between 0.15-0.35% and when combined with similar amounts of sulphur, optimum machinability is attained as in such steel as B 970 230M07 Pb. Leak Through - Unwanted steam or water flow through a closed valve.

Leakoff - Excess steam and condensate water that leaks out through the packing gland. LEFM (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics) - A method of fracture analysis that can determine the stress required to induce fracture instability in a structure with a crack like flaw of know size and shape. Legacy Costs - Any costs that are associated with prior operations. Employee liabilities (pensions and health care benefits) and environmental cleanup costs usually are included under this moniker. Level Indicator - A device (electronic or mechanical) that shows the volume of oil in a tank. Level Transient Response Control - Changes response time of drum level controller. Leveler Chatter - See “Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler)” Leveler Mark - See “Dent, Repeating” Leveler Streak - See “Streak, Leveler” Leveling - The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal strip, coil, or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting arcs of upper and lowers sets of long, slender work rolls. Machines generally employ 17, 19, or 21 relatively small diameter rolls whose deflection under load is controlled by additional back-up rollers and a rigid frame. Leveling Line - A process to flatten any shape deficiencies (wavy edges and buckles) in the sheet, prior to final shipment. Most cold-rolled sheet initially has a crowned cross-section that, if such a shape is undesirable to the customer, must be flattened in the leveling line. Leveling, Roller - Leveling carried out by bending Leveling Rolls - A set of five adjustable rolls that flatten or level the front end strip of steel when running through the #1 and #2 feeders. Leveling, Stretcher - Leveling carried out by uniaxial tension Leveling, Tension - Leveling continuously carried out by uniaxial stretching usually with the assistance of bending Leveling, Thermal - Leveling carried out at an elevated temperature under an applied load normal to the surface to be flattened Li - Chemical symbol for Lithium.

Life Cycle Costing - An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay, because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance. Lift - 1) Device that moves coils up and down from the reels. 2) One move of the crane; lifts removed refer to the number of crane pickups. Light Gauge - (Defect) Product with a thickness below the customer's minimum gauge tolerance. Light Gauge Steel - Very thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill. Light gauge steel normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers. Light Metal - One of the low-density metals such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, beryllium, or their alloys. Light Special Treatment - A surface treatment of dried-in-place chromate for Weirton Steel's electrogalvanized product (Weirzin) which provides corrosion resistance. A lighter film weight is applied as compared to special treatment. (See Special Treatment). Light-Gauge Steel - Very thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill. Light gauge steel normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers. Limiting Range of Stress - The greatest range of stress that a metal can withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without failure. If exceeded, the metal fractures after a certain number of cycles, which decreases as the range of stress increases. Limiting Ruling Section - The maximum diameter of cross section of a bar or compnent in which certain specified mechanical properties are achieved after heat treatment. Limits - A term used to determine a minimum and maximum. In a mechanism, it should denote the minimum and maximum sizes for each part, between which the parts will function properly in conjunction with each other an outside of which they will not. The words “Limits” and “tolerances” are often interchanged, “tolerance” represents the difference between the minimum and maximum limits. Limits of Proportionality - The stress )load divided by original area of cross section of the test piece) at which the strain (elongation per unit of gauge Legth) ceases to be proportional to the corresponding stress. It is usually determined from a load-elongation line ceases to be straight. Line - Any hose, pipe or tubing used to carry oil, grease, air, water or gas. Line Marking - Lines are used as the identifying marks on the heavy Tin coated side of the strip to identify it to the customer.

Line Pipe - Pipe used in the surface transmission of oil, natural gas and other fluids. Line Speed - Speed at which the coil is processed through the line; Platers may run 1800+ feet per minute. Lineal Footage Counter - Electronic device used to count lineal footage of a coil. Liner - The slab of coating metal that is placed on the core alloy and is subsequently rolled down to clad sheet as composite Line, Flow - The line pattern which shows the direction of flow on the surface Line, Looper - Closely spaced symmetrical lines on the surface of metal which has undergone non-uniform deformation, usually in a drawing operation Line, Luders - Elongated surface markings or depressions appearing in patterns caused by localized plastic deformation that results from non-uniform yielding Line, Weld - See “Seam, Extrusion” Lining - Inside refractory layer of firebrick, clay, sand, or other material in a furnace or ladle. Lining, Monolithic - A lining made without the customary layers and joints of a brick wall. Usually made by tamping or casting refractory material into place, drying, and then burning in place on the job. Link - A pipe loop that connects one header to another. Lip of a Drill - The sharp cutting edge on the end of a twist drill. Liquid Carburising - A widely used method of case-hardening steel that eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburisation and results in clean components. Sodium cyanide is the common media for this process, usually heated within the range of 900-930oC. It is advisable to pre-heat the components in neutral salts to avoid a temperature drop resulting from immersing cold components into the cyanide. After carburising, either single quench hardening or refining and hardening and tempering is carried out. Liquid Penetrant Testing - A nondestructive testing method suitable for evaluating the surface integrity of non-magnetic and ferro-magnetic parts Liquidation - In commodities market parlance, selling long positions to counterbalance previous buying. Loading - A condition caused by grinding the wrong material with a grinding wheel or using too heavy a grinding action. Loading Line Valve - Valve which isolates or stops a loading line signal.

Loading Lines - Lines that supply a pressure signal to a control device or measuring instrument. Loading Valve - A type of single solenoid valve that when energized allows the running C.V.C. and A.G.C. pumps to build up pressure. Location - A coding system that defines the physical placement of materials, usually to a high degree of specificity. Location ID - The building, floor, and "cluster" segments of the location string. Lock - A condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in one plane Lock Out / Tag Out - Terminology used to describe the process of securing an energy source so that work may be done. This is accomplished by locking out all the energy sources pertaining to the device, tagging out the resources, and trying out the device to make sure that it is de-energized and safe for work to be done. Lockseam Test - A test performed on a galvanized product to evaluate the adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate. Log - See “Extrusion Log” Log Sheet - Sheet on which operational data from the instruments and feed water plant is recorded. Logistics - The science of identifying, maintaining, and transporting materials. Long - In commodities market parlance, buying more futures contracts than you sell. Long Belt - An adjustable belt, located on the seventh floor of the boiler house, which carries coal to the desired coal bay. Long Products - Classification of steel products that includes bar, rod and structural products, that are "long", rather than "flat". Long Transverse Direction - For plate, sheet and forgings, the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction which is also at right angles to the thickness of the product. See also “Longitudinal Direction” Longitudinal Bow - See “Bow, Longitudinal” Longitudinal Corrugatiopn - A longitudinal condition similar to transverse bow except that the sense of the curvature changes sign at least once across the width Loop Cellar - Area under the line where the strip accumulates for making a weld while the line is running (entry end loop cellar), or for taking a coil off while the line is running (delivery end loop cellar).

Loop Section - Area where the strip accumulates in order for the line to run continuously while other sections of the line are stopped to begin and complete the processing of another coil. Loop Tower - 1) Area at the entry end of #5 Line where the strip accumulates enabling the line to continue running while making a weld. 2) Collecting unit used for storing steel. This enables the Entry or Delivery End of the line to stop without stopping production. Looper Cars - Strip accumulators that allow for continuous running of the line while welds are made. On #5 Pickler, one looper car, which can accumulate about 900 ft., is located in the basement on No. 1 level (entry end). The second looper car, located on No. 2 level halfway between the basement and the floor level, will also accumulate about 900 ft. There is a total of four loop sections. Looper line - See “Line Looper” Loose Material - During forging operations, pieces of flash often break loose necessitating cleaning of the dies between forging blows; this is usually accomplished by lubricating the die while air is blown on it. Insufficient cleaning results in pieces of flash becoming imbedded in the surface of the forging. Such forgings are often salvaged by removing the loose pieces and hot re-forging to fill out the depressions. Loose Molding - The molding process utilizing unmounted patterns. Gates and runners are usually cut by hand. Loose Piece - 1) Core box: part of the core box which remains embedded in the core and is removed after lifting off the core box. 2) Pattern: laterally projecting part of a pattern so attached that it remains in the mold until the body of the pattern is drawn. Back-draft is avoided by this means. 3) Permanent mold: part which remains on the casting and is removed after the casting is ejected from the mold. Loose Wrap - A coil that is not wound tight. Using too little tension when winding causes this condition. Lost Foam Process - Casting process in which a foam pattern is removed from the cavity by the molten metal being poured. Lost Foam - A casting process in which a foam pattern is replaced by molten in a flask filled with loose sand to form a casting. Lot, Heat Treat - Material of the same mill form, alloy, temper, section and size traceable to one heat-treat furnace load (or extrusion charge or billet in the case of press heat-treated extrusions) or, if heat treated in a continuous furnace, charge consecutively during and 8-hour period Lot, Inspection - (1)For non-heat treated tempers, an identifiable quantity of material of the same mill form, alloy, temper, section and size submitted for inspection at one time. (2) for heat treated tempers, an identifiable quantity of material of the same mill form, alloy, temper, section and size traceable to a heat

treat lot or lots and submitted for inspection at one time. (For sheet and plate, all material of the same thickness is considered to be of the same size.) Lot Number - Identifies groups of coils for a particular customer order to be processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group of coils to load. Louvers - Mechanical devices that control air intake of F.D.and I.D.fans. Low Brass - 80% cu. A copper-Zinc alloy containing 20% zinc. Is a light golden color, very ductile, suitable for cupping, drawing, forming, etc. Because of its good strength and corrosion resistance it is used for flexible metal gose, metal bellows, etc. Low Carbon Steels - Contain from 0.10 to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60% manganese. (The product of Basic Oxygen, Bessemer, Open Hearth or Electric Processes.) Low Coating - A condition that occurs when the coating thickness is less than customer or UL specifications Low Pressure Steam - Steam generated as exhaust from the turbo generators and/or desuperheaters used to meet process and plant heating requirements. Low pressure steam is produced at 225 psi and 550 degrees Fahrenheit. Low Stress Scratching Abrasion - Abrasion involving near zero impingement angle for the striking particle, also parallel flow erosion. Low-Carbon Steel - Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile (malleable): It is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in automotive body applications. Carbon is removed from the steel bath through vacuum degassing. Lowboy - (or Stabilizer Roll) Submerged roll in the pot used to stabilize the strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies. Lube, High - Lubricant limit exceeds the maximum agreed upon limit measured in weight per unit area Lube, Low - Failure of the lubricant to meet the agreed upon minimum limit measured in weight per unit area Lubricate - Swabbing or spraying the dies with lubricant to assist in initial flow and to facilitate ejection of the forging. Luders Lines (Steel) - (Characteristic of No. 5 Yemper-Not a defect in No. 5 dead soft temper.) Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the field point. Luster - Described as refelective,frosted,shiny or dull

Lamination - An abnormal structure resulting in a separation or weakness aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the metal. Laminations - A defect appearing in sheets or strips as a segregation or in layers. To become divided, caused by gas pockets in the ingot. Laminations - Metal defects with separation or weakness generally aligned parallel to the worked surface of the metal. May be the result of pipe, blisters, seams, inclusions, or segregation elongated and made directional by working. Lamination defects may also occur in metal-powder compacts. Lap - A surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by folding over hot metal, fins or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface, but not welding them. Lap-Weld - A term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal and then pressing or hammering, and applied particularly to the longitudinal joint produced by a welding process for tubes or pipe, in which the edges of the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that when they are overlapped they can be welded together. Lath Martensite - Martensite formed, partly in steel containing less than about 1.0% C and solely in steels containing less than about 0.5% C, as parallel arrays or packets of lath-shape units about 0.1 to 0.3 m thick, and having a habit plane that is close to {111}. Leveling - Flattening rolled metal sheet or strip. Light Metals - Metal and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as beryllium, magnesium and aluminum. Liquation - Partial melting of an alloy. Liquidus - In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing the temperatures at which various components commence freezing on cooling or finish melting on heating. Lithographic Sheet Aluminum - Sheet having a superior surface on one side with respect to freedom from surface imperfections and supplied with a maximum degree of flatness, for use as a plate in offset printing. Long Terne - A term applying to steel sheets that have been terne coated (Lead and Tin) by immersion in a bath of Terne Metal. Longitudinal Direction - The principal direction of flow in a worked metal. Low-Hydrogen Electrode - A covered arc-welding electrode that provides an atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal which is low in hydrogen. Luders Lines or Bands - Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by localized plastic deformation that results form discontinuous (inhomogeneous) yielding.

M B Grade - A term applied to Open-Hearth steel wire in the .45/.75 carbon range either hard drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of M B and W M B types are the most widely used of all spring wires. Oil tempered wire is more suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard drawn wire, because of close control of tensile strength and superior straightness. . NOTE M B, H B and extra H B designate Basic Open Hearth steels, while W M B, W H B and extra W H B designate Acid Open Hearth Steels. The chemical composition and the mechanical properties are the same for both basic and acid steel. M sections (Bantam BeamsTM , Junior BeamsTM) - Light footweight beams primarily used in the construction of pre-engineered housing. These beams are produced in lighter footweights, usually six to 10 pounds per foot, than traditional structural products. Machinability Index - A relative measure of the machinability of an engineering material under specified standard conditions. Machine Allowance - Stock added to the part to permit machining of the part to final dimensions. Machine Drawing - An engineering drawing which depicts the final size and shape of the part for its end use. Machine Lock Forming - See Lockseam. Machine Tool - A power-driven machine designed to bore,cut,drill or grind metal or other materials Machining, Finish - Machining a surface to give it the desired finish. Machining, Rough (Rough Finishing) - Removing excess stock (material) with a machine tool thus shaping it in preparation for finish maching. Machinist - A person who is skilled in the operation of machine tools. He must be able to plan his own procedure and have knowledge of heat-treating principles. Macroetch - A testing procedure for conditions such as porosity, inclusions, segregations, caburization, and flow lines from hot working. After applying a suitable etching solution to the polished metal surface, the structure revealed by the action of the reagent can be observed visually. Magnesium - Chemical symbol Mg. A silvery,moderately hard,strong and light metal. Used in ductile iron production, steel desulfurization and chemical reduction. Growing use as substitute for aluminum and zinc in die casting, due to lightweight and high strength. Magnetic Coil - An electrical device mounted on the solenoid valves that supply the energy needed to shift the valve. Magnetic Crack Detection - The baaaaaar or components to be tested is magnetised by passing a heavy current through it or by making it the core of a coil

through which a heavy current is passed. Cracks or inclusions cause the magnetic flux to break the surface forming free magnetic poles. When the component is sprayed with a suspension of finely divided magnetic particles they collect at the free poles to visibly show the presence of defects. Magnetic Chuck - A flat, smooth surfaced work holding device which operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal workpieces for grinding. Magnetic Particle Testing - A non-destructive test method of inspecting areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. The metal is magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux leakage, revealing surface and near surface discontinuities. Magnetic particle testing is used both raw material acceptance testing and product inspection. Quality levels are usually agreed on in advance by the producer and purchaser. Magnetism - Commonly expressed as permeability which is the ratio of the magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity. The important factor to remember is that the permeability increases as the material becomes more magnetic. The 300 series stainless is non-magnetic in the annealed condition. Main Drives - Large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill's pinion drives. Main Filter - Filter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the main pumps before the oil goes to the system's cylinders. Main Heat - Heat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the weld. Main Oil Pump - A pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the controls of a blower when the blower is up to speed. Main Pump - The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the A.G.C. and C.V.C. reducing station. Main Steam Header Valve - A valve located before the throttle valve on the main steam line coming into the turbine. Main Trip Valve - Electrically operated valve that stops or allows flow through a line. Make-Up - Water that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper water level. Make-Up Tank - A component of the cooling system that allows additional coolant to be added to the system as needed. Malleability - The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more malleable metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more easily than others. Malleable - Capable of being extended or shaped by hammering or rolling.

Malleable Iron - A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white iron in which decarburization,graphitization or both take place to eliminate some or all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light fracture surface; hence whiteheart malleable. Otherwise, the fracture surface will be dark;hence blackheart malleable. Only the blackheart malleable is produced in the United States. Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic marix;pearlitic malleable may contain peaaaarlite,spheroidite or tempered marensite, depending on heat treatment an desired hardness. Mallet - Wooden hammer. Man-Hours Per Ton - This is a measure of labor efficiency D1the ratio of total hours worked by steel employees to the tons shipped for a given period of time. Changes in the inventory level and work that is contracted out will affect the reported measurement. Mandrel Forging - The process of rolling and forging a hollow blank over a mandrel in order to produce a weldness, seamless ring or tube. Manganese - (Chemical symbol Mn.) Element No. 25 of the periodic system; atomic weight 54.93. Lustrous, reddish-white metal of hard brittle and, therfore, nonmalleable character. The metal is used in large quantities in the form of Spiegel and Ferromanganese for steel manufacture as well as in manganese and many copperbase alloys. Its principal function is as an alloy in steel making: (1) It is ferritestrengthening and carbide forming element. It increases hardenability inexpensively, with a tendency toward embrittlement when too high carbon and too high manganese accompany each other. (2) It counteracts brittleness from sulfur. Manganese Steel (Austenitic) - See Hadfield Manganese Steel Manual - Describes the status of the operation when the operator has total control. Maraging - A precipitation-hardening treatment applied to a special group of highnickel iron-base alloys (maraging steels) to precipitate one or more intermetallic compounds in matrix of essentially carbon-free martensite. Maraging Steel - A high alloyed steel that is hardened by both martensite transformation and by age hardening. Mark, Arbor - Surface damage in the vicinity of a coil ID caused by contact with a roughened, damaged or noncircular arbor Mark, Bearing - A depression in the extruded surface caused by a change in bearing length in the extrusion die Mark, Bite - A line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction Mark, Bristle - Raised surface about one inch long, crimped wire shaped and oriented in any direction

Mark, Carbon - Gray or black surface Marking caused by contact with carbon runout blocks Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler) - Numerous intermittent lines or grooves that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or extrusion direction Mark, Edge Follower - Faint intermittent marks at the edge of a cold rolled product which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction. This mark is caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils without weave. Mark, Handling - (1)For rolled products, an area of broken surface that is introduced after processing. The mark usually has no relationship to the rolling direction. (2)For extrusions, damage that can be imparted to the surface during handling operations. Mark, Heat Treat Contact - Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary of the stain. It is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the quenching of solution heat-treated flat sheet or plate Mark, Inclusion - Appearance of surface (which may also be creased)near a slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter knife Mark, Mike - Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a contacting micrometer Mark, Roll Bruise - A greatly Enlarged roll mark whose leight or depth is very shallow. See also “Mark Roll” Mark, Roll skid - A full width line perpendicular to the rolling direction and repeating as a function of a work roll diameter Mark, Roll - (1)For rolled products, a small repeating raised or depressed area caused by the opposite condition on a roll diameter. (2) For extrusions, a longitudinal groove or indentation caused by pressure from contour rolls as a profile (shape) passes through them for dimensional correction Mark, Rub - A large number of very fine scratches or abrasions. A rub mark can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling and movement in transit Mark, Snap - A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs whenever there is an abrupt change in the extrusion process. See also “mark, Stop” Mark, Stop - A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs whenever the extrusion process is suspended. See also, Mark, Snap” Mark, Stretcher Jaw - A cross hatched appearance left by jaws at the end(s) of metal that has been stretched. These marks are seen if insufficient metal has been removed after the stretching operation

Mark, Traffic - Abrasion which results from relative movement between contracting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of a traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface Mark, Whip - A surface abrasion which is generally diagonal to the rolling direction. It is caused by fluttering action of the metal as it enters the rolling mill Mark - Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described by source. Marking Up - Writing information on coils and blackboard. Martempering - Quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a temperature in the upper part of the martensite range, or slightly above that range, and holding it in the medium until the temperature throughout the alloy is substantially uniform. The alloy is then allowed to cool in air through the martensite range. Martempering (Interrupted Quenching) - A hardening treatment of a steel involving a slow cool through the martensitic transformation range to reduce stresses associated with the quenching of austenite. An important aspect of martempering is that no transformation product other than martensite should form. Martensite - A distinctive neddle like structure existing in steel as a transition stage in the transformation of austenite. It is the hardest constituent of steel of eutectoid composition. It is produced by rapid cooling from quenching temperature and is the chief constituent of hardened carbon tool steels. Martensite is magnetic. Martensite - "A generic term used for microstructures formed by diffusionless phase transformations. A constituent found in hardened steel; has a needle like microstructure. See also Mf and Ms. " Martensitic - Small category of stainless steel characterized by the use of heat treatment for hardening and strengthening. Martensitic stainless steels are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content. They are utilized in equipment for the chemical and oil industries and in surgical instruments. The most popular martensitic stainless steel is type 410 (a grade appropriate for non-severe corrosion environments requiring high strength). Martensitic Hardening - Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened by heating above the transformation range to temperatures of 1700 to 1950 degrees F., followed by cooling in air or oil. This process provides the maximum toughness. Martensitic Stainless Steels - A corrosion-resistant ferrous alloy with a predominant martensitic phase. Mass Effect . . . The effect that the mass of a component has on the properties of the material from which the part is made. In castings, such effects may arise due to the effect of mass on the solidification rate and on the rate of temperature change during heat treatment.

Mass Effect - The effect that the mass of a component has on the properties of the material from which the part is made. In castings such effects may arise due to the effect of mass on the solidification and on the rate of temperature change heat treatment. Master Pattern - The object from which a die can be made; generally a metal model of the part to be cast with process shringage. Matalloid - (a) Element intermediate in luster and conductivity between the true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non-metallic, another metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn. (b) In steel metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it covers elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur. Matchplate - A plate of metal or other materials on which patterns and gating systems, split along the parting line, are mounted back to back to form an integral piece. Material Safety Data Sheets - (MSDS) Sheets that document safety issues associated with various materials used. Matt or Matte Finish - (Steel) Not as smooth as normal mill finish. Produce by etched or mechanically roughened finishing rolls. Matte Finish - A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to various degrees of surface texture. Matte Surface - A dull surface appearance on a tin plate product; non-reflowed tinplate. See Re-flowed Surface. Max Coil - Largest size coil a customer will take; Tin Mill may have to split a coil to achieve this weight. Maximum Stress - In testing of the strength of steel a sample is machined into a standard test piece and is stretched In a tensile testing machine until it breaks. The results are expressed in N/mm2 and is the value of the maximum load reached in the test divided by the original cross sectional area of the specimen. McKay Leveler - A series of four rolls (two top, two bottom) necessary to level or remove coil set in order to feed coil ends through the shear. McQuaid EHN Grain Size Test - A method of assessing grain size. It consists of a test piece at 927oC for 8 hours by slow cooling anmd subsequent microscopical examination. The grain size is measured at x100 magnification and compared to standard chars, the figures range from No.1-very coarse to No. 8-very fine. Meallographic Structure - The nature, distribution, and amounts of the metallographic constituents in a metal.

Mean Diameter - The average of two measurements of the diameter at right angles to each other Measuring Table - A precise measuring device. Mechanical Level Indicator - Device that uses a float to measure the level of oil in a tank. Mechanical Properties - Properties of a material that reveal its strength and elastic behavior. Mechanical Properties - Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and fatigue limit. These properties have often been designated as "physical properties," but the term "mechanical properties" is much to be preferred. Mechanical Tubing - Steel tubing products used in the manufacture of hydraulic cylinders, in mechanical parts for autos and trucks, construction and farm equipment and in furniture,bicycles and many other applications. Mechanical Working - Plastic deformation or other physical change to which metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing., etc. to change its shape, properties or structure. Medium-Carbon Steel - Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes. See Low-Carbon Steel and High-Carbon Steel Meehanite - A trade name applied to a certain type of cast iron. Merchant Bar - A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of rounds, squares, flats, strips, angles, and channels, which fabricators, steel service centers and manufacturers cut, bend and shape into products. Merchant products require more specialized processing than reinforcing bar. Mesh - To engage, as the teeth between two gears. Metal - An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a good conductor of heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector or light. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than other substances. Metal Spraying - A process for applying a coating of metal to an object. The metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an oxyhydrogen or oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is proficted at high speed by gas pressure against the object being coated. Metalloid - 1) An element intermediate between metals and nonmetals possessing both metallic and nonmetallic properties, as arsenic, 2) sometimes applied to elements commonly bonded in small amounts in steel, as carbon, manganese, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.

Metallstatic Pressure - A compound phase referring to hydrostatic pressure, substituting Metall since Hydro connotes water. Metallurgical Bond - The bond between two metals whose interface is free of voids, oxide films, or discontinuities. Metallurgy - The science and technology of metals, a broad field that includes but is not limited to the study of internal structures and properties of metals and the effects on them of various processing methods. Metalock - A method of cold repair of castings and forgings. Metals Comparator - An instrument for testing or identifying metallic and nonmetallic parts. Parts are placed in an electromagnetic field and a standard parts in a matched electromagnetic field. Distortions of the magnetic fields are compared on an oscilloscope. Metamic - A metal ceramic high in Cr-Al2O3. Metastable (Unstable) - A state of pseudo-equilibrium. Mexico Bay Sand - A sand similar to Michigan City dune sand mined at Selkirk Beach, near Mexico NY., on Lake Ontario. It has a silica content of 90% and over. Meyer Hardness Test - A test to determine tendency of a metal to harden when deformed plastically. A series of indentations are made in the metal using a fixeddiameter ball and progressively increasing loads. Mf - The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling. Mg - Chemical symbol for Magnesium Mic; Mike - A term used for micrometer or to messure with a micrometer. Mica Schist - A type of micaceous refractory rock used for lining cupolas and other melting furnaces. Mica Strainer - A skim core made of thin mineral silicates crystallizing in monoclinic form. Michigan Sand - Core sands of dune or lake sand and bank sands found in Michigan. Micrometer, depth - A micrometer in which the spindle projects through a flat accurately machined bar. Used to measure the depth of holes or recesses. Micrometer, thread - A micrometer in which the spindle is ground to a point having a conical angel of 60 degrees. The anvil,instead of being flat, has a 60 degree vshaped groove which fits the thread.

Micro Pipes (Brit.) (Microshrinkage) - Tiny cavities, a fraction of a millimeter in diameter, with irregular outlines, which occur in castings. Etching shows they occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions. Micro-Tester - A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers and Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams. Microbands (deformation) - Thin sheet like volumes of constant thickness in which cooperative slip occurs on a fone scale. They are an instability which carry exclusively the deformation at medium strains when normal homogeneous slip is precluded. The sheets are aligned at +/- 55(degrees) to the compression direction and are confined to individual grains, which usually contain two sets of bands. Compare shear bands. Microcast Process - A patented method of precision-casting alloys, as Vitallium, Monel, Inconel and the Haynes Stelite alloys. Microetching - Etching of metal samples for examination under the microscope. Microformer - A type of extensometer for measuring elongation of test piece in a tensile test. Microhardness - The hardness of microconstituents of a material. Microinch - 0.000001 (1/1,000,000th) of an inch. A common unit of measurement in surface measurement research and in standard roughness (surface) unit values of performance of machinery. Microlug - A test coupon used to give rapid indication of the effectiveness of magnesium treatment of ductile iron. Micrometer - A device used to measure gauge. Micron - A unit of length equal to one millionth of metre (0.001mm). Microporosity - See Microshrinkage Microradiography - The process of passing x-rays through a thin section of an alloy in contact with a photographic emulsion, and then magnifying the radiograph 50 to 100 times to observe the distribution of alloying constituents and voids. Microscopic - Minute object or structures which are invisible or not clearly distinguished without the use of a microscope. Microsection - A metal specimen whose surface has been polished and etched to reveal the microstructure. Microshrinkage - Very finely divided porosity resulting from interdendritic shrinkage resolved only by use of the microscope; may be visible on radiographic films as mottling. Etching shows they occur at intersections of convergent dendritic directions.

Microspectroscopy - A method of identifying metallic constituents using spectrographic arc. Microtone (Brit.) - An instrument for cutting thin sections of soft specimens. Microvalve - A control valve used to control the hydraulic pressure to the clutch plates on the winch drive. Mid-Weld - Two or more joints welded to form a longer one Migra Iron (Brit.) - A special pig iron for high quality castings. Mike Mark - Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a contacting micometer Mikro-Tester - A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers and Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams. MIL STD - United States Government military standards, specifications, usually requiring rugged, exacting testing equal to the exigencies of combat usage. MnChemical symbol for Manganese. Mill - A milling machine. Also, the act of performing an operation on the milling machine. Mill Edge - A hot band processed through the Pickler without being side trimmed. This replaces the old term, band edge. Mill Finish - A surface finish produced on sheet and plate. Characteristic of the ground finish used on the rolls in fabrication. Mill Scale - Iron oxide scale formed on steel during hot working processes, cooled in air Mill Stars - Multi-pointed white iron or hard iron bodies used in a Tumbling Barrel to assist in polishing and cleaning. Milling - Removing metal with a milling cutter. Milling Cuffer - A cutting tool, generallt cylindridcal in shape. Used on a milling machine and operated essentially like a circular saw. Milliroentgen (mr) - A sub-multiple of the roentgen equal to one-thousandth (1/1000th) of a roentgen. Milliscope (Brit.) - An instrument which gives an electrical warning when melt reaches a predetermined temperature.

Mineral - Natural inorganic substance which is either definite in chemical composition and physical characteristics or any chemical element or compound occurring naturally as a product of inorganic processes. Mini-Mills - Normally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to produce commodity products. Although the mini-mills are subject to the same steel processing requirements after the caster as the integrated steel companies, they differ greatly in regard to their minimum efficient size, labor relations, product markets, and management style. Minimill Steel Producer - A steel company, which manufactures solid, steel products; starts with the steelmaking operation, generally consisting of an electric arc furnace, and converts the liquid steel into solid products. See Integrated Steel Producer. Minimized Spangle - A dull Hot-Dipped Galvanized surface appearance in which the normal zinc formation has been suppressed; achieved by applying water droplets or some other nucleating agent to the zinc surface after the bath but before the zinc solidifies to suppress the growth of spangle. Minimum Residual Stress (MRS) - The term applied to products, usually flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal stress of the kind that causes distortion when material is disproportionately removed from on of the two surfaces through mechanical or chemical means. Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating - The average of three coating weights test results obtained from a full width sample of a galvanized (or any other coated) coil 2 inches from each end and dead center. Minor Diameter - The smallest diameter of a screw thread. Also known as the “Root diameter”. Mirror Finish - A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines. Finish is used most for architectural applications. A comparable finish produced by cold-rolling is Ulbrich’s UlbraBright, which currently is not being produced. Mischmetal - An alloy of rare earth metals containing about 50% lanthanum, neodymium, and similar elements. Miscibility - Solubility; ability of two or more liquids to form a homogeneous solution. Mismatch - Error in register between two halves of a forging by opposing die halves not being in perfect alignment Misrun - Denotes an irregularity of the casting surface caused by incomplete filling of the mold due to low pouring temperature, gas back-pressure from inadequate venting of the mod, and inadequate gating.

Misting - A coating defect consisting of a condition encountered, primarily on D & I high speed beverage can coating machines, which appears as many fine spots of coating. Mitis Casting - Casting of very mold steel. Mixed Gas - A natural gas and air mixture which lowers the BTU value of the gas to approximately 750 BTU per cubic feet. MnChemical symbol for Manganese. - NULL Mo - Chemical symbol for Molydenum Mock-Up - A full-size model built accurately for study, testing or display. Model - A proportional representation of an object in any scale. Modell Number - A value giving a measure of wear resistance. Modification - A process in which the eutectic temperature, structure, and composition of aluminum-silicon alloys are apparently altered by the addition of small amounts of a third element, such as sodium. A similar phenomenon can be effected by chill casting. Modules of Elasticity - The ratio of stress to corresponding strain throughout the range where they are proportional. As there are three kinds of stresses, so there are three kinds of moduli of elasticity for any material-modulus in tension, in compression, and in shear. Modulus of Elasticity - The number which represents the relative "springness" of a given type of metal. All steels have the same modulus of elasticity or "springiness" regardless of the tensile or yield strengths. That is, until the yield point is reached they all stretch the same amount for a given load. Aluminum, on the other hand, is more elastic than steel and thus will stretch more than steel under the same loading. Modulus of Elasticity (tension) - Force which would be required to stretch a substance to double its normal length, on the assumption that it would remain perfectly elastic, i.e., obey Hooke's Law throughout the twist. The ratio of stress to strain within the perfectly elastic range. Modulus of Resilience (ur) - The amount of strain energy per unit volume required to stress a material from zero to the yield stress limit. The modulus of resilience is proportional to the area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain diagram. Units are Pa or psi. Modulus of Rigidity - "In a torsion test the ratio of the unit shear stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. See Shear Modulus " Modulus of Rupture - Used in both bending and torsion testing. In bending, the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the section

modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture divided by the polar section modulus. Modulus of Toughness (ut) - Amount of work per unit volume of a material required to carry that material to failure under static loading. Equal to the area under the entire stress-strain curve. Units are Pa or psi. Mogullizer - Equipment for sealing by vacuum impregnation of small pores in castings. Moh's Scale - A scratch hardness test for determining comparative harness using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond. Moisture Content - The amount of water contained in a substance that can be driven off by heating at 220 - 230 B0F (104.4 - 110 B0C). Moisture Teller - A patented apparatus for the rapid determination of moisture content of molding sand. Molasses Water - A solution of water and molasses sprayed on sand molds to strengthen mold surface and yield a fine finish layer. Mold Blower - Molding equipment for blowing sand mixture onto the pattern with compressed air; allows for faster production than gravity rollover dump. Mold Board (Follow Board) - The board upon which the pattern is placed to make the mold. Mold Cavity - The space in a mold which is filled with liquid metal to form the casting upon solidification. The channels through which liquid metal enters the mold cavity (sprue, runner, gates) and reservoirs for liquid metal (risers) are not considered part of the mold cavity proper. Mold Clamp - Devices used to hold or lock cape and drag flask parts together. Mold Coating (Mold Facing, Dressing) - 1) Coating to prevent surface defects on permanent mold castings and die castings, 2) coating on sand molds to prevent metal penetration and improve metal finish. Mold Cover Half (Cover Die) - 1) The top half of the mold, the cope, 2) in die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as the die is opened. Mold Facing - See Mold Coating Mold Jacket - A wooden or metal form slipped over a mold to support the side during pouring. Mold Shift - A casting discontinuity resulting from misalignment of the cope and drag halves.

Mold Wash - A slurry of refractory material,such as graphite and silica flour,used in coating the surface of the mold cabity to provide an improved casting surface. Mold Weight - A weight that is applied to the top of a mold to keep the mold from separating. Moldability - Ability of sand to flow into a flask and around a pattern; measured in the amount of sand falling through an inclined screen or slot. Moldabilty Controller - A patented device for controlling water additions to sand mix to maintain a consistent moldability index. Molding Gravel - The coarser and more permeable grades of molding sand generally used in production casting of exceptional size and weight. Molding Machine - A machine for making molds. Molding Material - A material suitable for making molds into which molten metal can be cast. Molding Sand Mixture - A sand mixture suitable for making molds into which molten metal can be cast. Molding Sands - "Sands containing over 5% natural clay, usually between 8 and 20%. See also Naturally Bonded Molding Sand " Molding, Bench - Making sand molds by hand tamping loose or production patterns at a bench without assistance of air or hydraulic action. Molding, Floor - Making sand molds from loose or production patterns of such size that they cannot be satisfactorily handled on a bench or molding machine, the equipment being located on the floor during the entire operation of making the mold. Molding, Pit - Molding method in which the drag is made in a pit or hole in the floor. Molecular Weight - Weight of the smallest quantity of a substance processing all its normal physical properties. Molecule - The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the free state and which has the same composition as any larger mass of the substance. Molybdenum - (Chemical symbol Mo) Element No. 42 of the peridic system; atomic weight 95.95. Hard, tough metal of grayish-white color, becoming very ductile and malleable when properly treated at high temperatures; melting point 4748 (degrees) F.; boiling point about 6600 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 10.2 . Pure molybdenum can best be obtained as a black powder, by reduction of molybdenum trioxide or ammonium molybdate with hydrogen. From this powder, ductile sheet and wire are made by powder metallurgy techniques; these are used in radio and related work. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making: (1) Raises grain-coarsening temperature of austenite. (2) Deepens hardening. (3) Counteracts tendency toward

temperbrittleness. (4) Raises hot and creep strength, red hardness. (5) Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless steel. (6) Forms abrasion-resisting particles. Molybdenum (Mo) - An alloying element used as a raw material for some classes of stainless steel. Molybdenum in the presence of chromium enhances the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Molybdic Oxide - The oxide of molybdenum; added to the furnace in briquetted form as an important finishing constituent in nitriding steels. Monel - A high nickel alloy, approximately 67% Ni, 28% Cu, the balance Fe, Mn, Si and other elements. Monel metal is resistant to corrosion and is widely used to resist the action of acids. Monitoring - 1) Periodic or continuous determination of the does rate in an occupied area (area monitoring) or the does received by a person (personnel monitoring), 2) periodic or continuous determination of the amount of ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination present in an occupied region, as a safety measure for purposes of health protection, 3) personnel - monitoring any part of any individual, his breath, or excretions, or any part of his clothing. Monitoring Area - Routine monitoring of the level of radiation or of radioactive contamination of any particular area, building, room or equipment. Usage in some laboratories or operation distinguishes between routine monitoring and survey activities. Monkey Cooler (Brit.) - In a blast furnace, the smaller of a series of three water coolers protecting the cinder notch. The largest is the cooler, while the in-between cooler is the intermediate cooler. Monocast Process - A patented application of resin-bonded sand to line the flask in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin-bonded layer is thinner than the conventional sand lining. Monotectic - "An isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in which a liquid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second liquid of different composition. (Compare with Eutectic.) " Monotron - An instrument for measuring indentation hardness. It is fitted with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other the load. Months of Inventory - Ratio of the end-of-period inventory to average monthly level of sales for the period. Montmorillonite - A very plastic clay, more siliceous than kaolinite; the principal constituent of bentonite. Moore, R. R., Fatigue Machine - A constant load rotating bending type fatigue testing machine. Morgoil - Oil used to lubricate the finishing mill back-up roll bearings.

Morgoil Alarm - A warning received when morgoil pressure is low or morgoil flow is stopped. Morgoil Pumps - Pumps that produce the morgoil pressure for the morgoil system. Morgoil System - System that encompasses all the parts needed to supply morgoil to the back-up rolls. Morse Taper - A self-holding standard taper largely used on small cutting tools such as deills,end mills ,reamers and, on some machines, spindles in which these tools are used. Mosture, Workable - That range of moisture content within which sand fills, rams, draws, and dries to a satisfactory mold, and within which the sand does not dry out too fast to mold and patch. Mother Metal - The molten alloy just before final solidification and freezing out of the solid. Motorized Variac - An autotransformer for stepless voltage control in shell molding. Mottled Cast Iron - Iron which consists of a mixture of variable proportions of gray iron and white cast iron; such a material has a mottled fracture. Mottling - A coating defect consisting of a non-uniform appearance of the cured coating in which the coating has a random, discontinuous poor flow or partial dewetted appearance. Mottling, pressure - Non-uniform surface appearance resulting from uneven pressure distribution between adjacent layers of the product. Movers/Haulers - Equipment used to transport in process inventory at WSX. These include cranes, forklift trucks, flatbed trucks, railroad cars, transfer cars, conveyor systems, and slab haulers. MP - Melting point. Ms - The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. Mud - "A term frequently used to designate plastic lining materials. See also Daubing " Mud Daub - See Daubing Mud Drum - The lower drum of a boiler. It is used as a settling point for solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower wall headers and floor tubes.

Muffle Furnace (Kiln) - A furnace in which the heating is indirect; the material to be heated is contained in a refractory container heated from the outside. Mufflers - A device that quiets the steam exhausted from the boiler before it exits to the atmosphere. Muliductor Power Source - A device to convert standard 3-phase, 60 cycle current to single- phase, 180-cycle current, so-called medium frequency; produces a strong, controlled stirring action for induction melting. Mullen Test - Measurment of bursting strength of foil in pounds per square inch. Testing machine applies increasing pressure to one square inch of the sample until it ruptures. Muller - A type of foundry sand-mixing machine. Mulling and Tempering - The thorough mixing of sand with a binder, either natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water. Mult - A "mult" is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into multiple smaller strips. If a coil is slit into strips less than 9", each strip is referred to as a "mult" and does not receive an individual IPM number. Mults are not removed from the line individually, but as a whole coil unit. For reasons pertaining to customer orders, however, they may be separated and packaged with "mults" from other coils for shipping. Multi stage pumps - No. 3 and No. 10 pumps that are designed to put out different amounts of water pressure by changing the speed of the pump by opening up different ports on the turbine of the pump. Multiple Mold - A composite mold made up of stacked sections, each of which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured from a central downgate. Multiple-Thread-Screw - A screw made of two or more threads to provide an increased lead with specified pitch. Muntz Metal (A refractory Alloy) - Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc. Stronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-worked (rolled, stamped, or extruded) products. High strength brasses are developed from this by adding other elements. Mushet Steel - An air hardened steel containing about 2% c, 2% Mn, and 7% W, developed by Scotsman Robert Musket in 1870. Mushy Stage - The state between sold and liquid in alloys which freeze over a wide range of temperatures. Music Wire - A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other material available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by a combination of the high carbon content, the patenting treatment and by many continuous passes through drawing dies. The high

toughness characteristic of this material is obtained by the patenting. Such wire is purchased according to tensile strength, not hardness. Machinability - The relative ease of machining a metal. Machinability - The capacity of a material to be machined easily. Macro-Etch - Etching of a metal surface for accentuation of gross structural details and defects for observation by the unaided eye or at magnifications not exceeding ten diameters. Macroetch Test - Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to evaluate the soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested. Macroetching - Etching of a metal surface with the abjective of accentuating gross structural details, for observation by the unaided eye or at magnifications not exceeding ten diameters. Macrograph - A graphic reproduction of a prepared surface of a specimen at a magnification not exceeding ten diameters. When photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomacrograph (not a macrophotograph). Macrograph - A photographic reproduction of any object that has not been magnified more than ten times. Macroscopic - Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification (as great as about ten diameters. Macrostructure - The structure of a metal as revealed by examination of the etched surface at a magnification not exceeding ten diameters. Macrostructure - The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic examination. Macrostructure - The structure of metals as revealed by examination of the etched surface of a polished specimen at a magnification not exceeding ten diameters. Magnetic-Particle Inspection - A nondestructive method of inspection for determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic materials. Finely divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part, anre attracted to and outline the pattern of any magnetic-leakage fields created by discontinuities. Magnetite - The oxide or iron of intermediate valence which has a composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe3O4. Malleabilizing - A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon or, in someinstances, part of the carbon is removed completely. Manual Welding - Welding where in the entire welding operation is performed and controlled by hand.

Martempering - (1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous material is quenched into an appropriate medium at a temperature just above the Ms temperature of the material, held in the medium until the temperature is uniform through-out -but not long enough for bainite to form - and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. Martensite - In steel, a metalstable transition phase with a body-centeredtetragonal crystal structure formed by diffusionless transformation of austenite generally during cooling between the Ms and Mf temperatures. Martensite - (1) In an alloy, a metastable transitional structure intermediate between two allotropic modifications whose abilities to dissolve a given solute differ considerably, the high-temperature phase transformed to martensite depends to a large extent upon the temperature attained in cooling, there being a rather distinct beginning temperature. (2) A metastable phase of steel, formed by a transformation of austenite below the Ms (or Ar) temperature. It is an interstitial supersaturated solid solution of carbon in iron having a body-centered tetragonal lattice. Its microstructure is characterized by an acicular, or needle-like, pattern. Martensite Range - The interval between the Ms and Mf temperatures. Matalloid - (a) Element intermediate in lustre and conductivity between the true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, and selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic modification of an element will be non-metallic, another metalloid in character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn. (b) In steel metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it covers elements commonly prosent in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur. Matrix - The principal phase or aggregate in which another constituent is embedded. Matrix - The principal phase in which another constituent is embedded. Mechanical Polishing - A method of producing a specularly reflecting surface by use of abrasives. Mechanical Properties - The properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic behavior where force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability for mechanical application; for example, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit. Mechanical Properties - Those properties of a meterial that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and fatigue limit. These properties have often been designated as physical properties, but the term mechanical properties is much to be preferred. The mechanical properties of steel are dependent on its microstructure.

Mechanical Spring - Any spring produced by cold forming from any material with or without subsequent heat treatment. Mechanical Twin - A twin formed in a metal during plastic deformation by simple shear of the structure. Medium-Carbon Steel - Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than 1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes. Melting Point - The temperature at which a pure metal, compound or eutectic changes form solid to liquid; the temperature at which the liquid and the solid are in equilibrium. Melting Range - The range of temperature in which an alloy melt; that is the range between solidus and liquidus temperatures. Metallography - The science concerning the constituents and structure of metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope. Metalograph - An optical instrument designed for both visual observation and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials at magnifications ranging from about 25 to about 1500 diameters. Metastable - Possessing a state of pseudo-equilibrium that has a free energy higher than that of the true equilibrium state but from which a system does not change spontaneously. Mf Temperature - The temperature at which martensitic transformation is essentially complete during cooling after austenitization. Microcrack - A crack of microscopic size. Micrograph - A graphic reproduction of the prepared surface of a specimen at a magnification greater than ten diameters. When photographed, the reproduction is known as a photomicrograph (not a microphotograph). Microstructure - The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as revealed by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters. Microstructure - The structure of polished and etched metal and alloy specimens as revealed by the microscope. Mild Steel - Carbon steel containing a maximum of about 0.25% C. Mill Edge - The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as rolled state. Unsheared. Modulus of Elasticity - A measure of the rigidity of metal. Ratio of stress, within proportional limit, to corresponding strain. Specifically, the modulus obtained in tension or compression is Young's modulus, stretch modulus or modulus of extensibility; the modulus obtained in torsion or shear is modulus of rigidity, shear modulus or modulus of torsion; the modulus covering the ratio of the mean normal

stress to the change in volume per unit volume is the bulk modulus. The tangent modulus and secant modulus are not restricted within the proportional limit; the former is the slope of the stress-strain curve at a specified point; the latter is the slope of a line from the origin to a specified point on the stress-strain curve. Also called elastic modulus and coefficient of elasticity. Mold - A form of cavity into which molten metal is poured to produce a desired shape. Ms Temperature - The temperature at which a martensitic transformation starts during cooling after austenitization. Muntz Metal (A refractory Alloy) - Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc. Stronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot-worked (rolled, stamped, or extruded) products. High strength brasses are developed from this by adding other elements. N - Chemical symbol for Nitrogen Na - Chemical symbol for Sodium Nb - Chemcial symbol for Niobium NACE - National Association of Corrosion Engineers Narrow - Product whose width is below the customer's finished width tolerance. National Machine Tool Builders Association - The Association for Manufacturing Technology Natural Aging - See Aging Natural Sand - Unconsolidated sand, sand derived from a rock in which grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes soft sandstone where little pressure is required to separate the individual grains. Naturally Bonded Molding Sand - A sand containing sufficient bonding material as mined to be suitable for molding purposes. Seldom used today in the metalcasing industry. Naval Brass(Admiralty Brass) - An alloy of copper,zinc and tin used widely in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater corrosion;actually it’s bronze. Navy (USA) Tear Test - A method of evaluating the susceptibility of ship plate to brittle or cleavage type fracture. NBS - National Bureau of Standards

NDDT - Nil ductility transition temperature, determined in the dropweight test. Refers to the absence of the ductile fracture appearance and any reduction in area due to the brittle behavior of the steel. Near-side - The free-side of the line (closest to the operator's pulpit). Neat Brick - Brick with faces arranged so one of the flat faces in inclined toward the other, almost eliminating one end face. Neat Cement - Portland Cement mixed with water only. Neck Down (Knock-Off, Wafer Core, Washburn, Cameron Core) - "A thin core or tile used to restrict the riser neck, making it easier to break or cut off the riser from the casting. See Core " Necking - Strip condition caused by the application of too much tension which causes the strip to become narrower (or stretched). Necking Down - Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent location of fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield point in tension. Necleus - The first structurally determinate particle of a new phase or structure that may be about to form. Applicable in particular to solidification, recrystallization, and transformations, in the solid state. Needle Cutter Steel - Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra precision rolled with sheared edges. Carbon content 1.25 - Chromium .15. Usually supplied in a 2 width from .002 to .035. Used for cutting the eyes of needle and milling the latch in a latch needle. Needle Valve - A high pressure shut off valve used on the hydraulic oil stands and manifolds. It usually uses some type of tool to manipulate or turn the valve's stem (clockwise to close, counterclockwise to open). Needles - Elongated acicular crystals, tapering at each end to a fine point, as martensite. Needling Agents - Special agents such a boron which markedly increase the hardness of steel. Negative Quenching (Negative Hardening) - Accelerated cooling in water or oil, from a temperature below the critical range. Negative Thermoie Heat Exchange - In shell molding, improving the masssurface ratio by simulating profile geometry of pattern or core cavity on the underside; will boost running temperature of high projections by 25 percent. Nerf wheel - Round foam wheel inserted into the core of a coil without an insert before the coil is put on the entry reel to support the inner laps of the coil.

Nesh (Hot Short) - A British term applied to metal that is weak and ruptures easily under not working conditions. Nick Rolled products, see “Scratch”. Extrusions, see “Mark, Handling”. Neutral Refractories - A loose term designating refractories which presumably will not react with so-call acid or basic refractories and slags. Neutron - Elementary nuclear particle with a mass (1.00893 mass units) approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. It is electrically neutral. New Jersey Sand - A large number of grades of foundry sands mined in southern New Jersey. Next Standard Operation - Indicates the next process for which the coil is normally scheduled. An example of a Next Standard Operation for a Pickler would be a Tandem Mill. NFFS - Non-Ferrous Founder's Society Ni - Chemical symbol for Nickel Nichrome - Oxidation-resistant alloy 65% Ni, 20% Fe, and 15% Cr. Nick Rolled products, see “Scratch”. Extrusions, see “Mark, Handling”. NULL Nickel - (Ni) An alloying element used as a raw material for certain classes of stainless steel. Nickel provides high degrees of ductility (ability to change shape without fracture) as well as resistance to corrosion. Approximately 65% of all nickel is used in the making of stainless steel. Nickel-Based Superalloys - Multi-alloy metals suited for high-performance, hightemperature applications. These are nickel-iron-chrome al;loys (which also contain titanium,columbian and sluminum) and nickel-chrome-iron alloys (which often also contain molybdenum,tungsten,titanium,cobalt,aluminum and columbium). Nickel Steel - Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized condition to enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of water. Nine-Inch Equivalent - Standard unit of volume in refractories industries; 9x41/2,2-1/2 in brick. Niobium - (Chemical symbol Nb) Element No. 41 of the periodic system. See Columbium Nipple - A pipe coupling consisting of a short piece of threaded tubing. NISA - National Industrial Sand Association

Nital - A solution of nitric acid in alcohol use as an etching agent in ferrous metallography. Nitrading - A case hardening process in which ammonia or some other form of nitrogen is introduced to the surface of certain alloys. Nitriding - Process of surface hardening certain types of steel by heating in ammonia gas at about 935-1000 (degrees) F., the increase in hardness being the result of surface nitride formation. Certain alloying constituents, principal among them being aluminum, greatly facilitate the hardening reaction. In general, the depth of the case is less than with carburizing. Nitriding Steel - Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process, that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding (heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of ammonia gas). Composition usually .20-.40 carbon, .90-1.50 chromium, .15-1.00 molybdenum, and .85-1.20% aluminum. Nitrogen - Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 79% by volume or 77% by weight of the atmosphere. It can combine with many metals to form nitrides and is thus applied to the case-hardening of steel, the usual source for this purpose being ammmonia. Nitrogen Back Up Air - A back up air supply for # 6 Turbo Blower. Nitrogen Flush - Bubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under vacuum (as with valve bronze) to improve tensile properties and pressure tightness. No Screw Plate - Steel that has not been rolled. No. 1 Heavy Melt - Obsolete steel scrap grade, at least one-quarter inch in thickness and in sections no larger than five feet by two feet. Much of the metal comes from demolished buildings, truck frames and heavy duty springs. Mini-mills are primary consumers of No. 1 heavy scrap. Nobake Binder - A synthetic liquid resin sand binder that hardens completely at room temperature, generally not requiring baking, used in Cold-Setting process. Noble Metals - Metallic elements with surfaces that do not readily oxidize in air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum. Nodular Fireclay (Burley, Burley Flint) - Rock containing aluminous or ferrogenous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay. Nodular Graphite - Graphite or carbon in modular form, characteristically in malleable and nodular iron. Nodular Iron - Iron of a normally gray cast iron type that has been suitably treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the major portion of its graphitic carbon has a nodular or spherulitic form as cast. Often referred to as Ductile Iron. Noise Radiator - A device creating noise.

Noise Spectrum - The various frequencies making a noise. Nomogram (Graph) - A graph that enables one by the aid of a straight-edge to read off the value of a dependent variable when the value of two or more independent variables are given. Non-Aging - Little to no change in mechanical and physical properties over time; Yield point elongation is zero. See Aging. Non-Ferrous Founders' Society - See Non-Ferrous Founder's Society for address information. Non-Heat-Treatable Alloy - An alloy which can be strengthened only by cold work Non-Refractory Alloy - A term opposed to refractory alloy. A non-refractory alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when subjected to rolling or hammering. Non-Return - A flapper check valve at the boiler steam exit that is used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during outage emergencies. Non-Return Valve - Check valve located at the boiler steam exit which is used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during emergencies. Non-Temper Passed Bands - Hot bands. Nondestructive Testing (Inspection) - Testing or inspection that does not destroy the object being tested or inspected. Nonfill - Failure of metal to fill a forging die impression. Non Magnetic Steels - Austenitic steels such as the 14% manganese steels and the 303 type 18/8% chromium-nickel stainless steels. Nonreflow Plate - (MATTE) Does not get reflowed to melt the Tin coating. Normal Segregation - Concentration of alloying constituents that have low melting points in those portions of a casting that solidify last. Normal Steel - Steel in which the pearlite is completely laminated. Normalizing - Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation temperature Ac3, followed by cooling at a suitable rate, usually in still air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. Notch Bar - Small size ingot with notches to facilitate breakage for remelting. Notch Brittleness - A measure of the susceptibility of a material to brittle fracture at locations of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile test a material is said to be notch brittle if its notch strength is less than its tensile strength; otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile.

Notch, double Shear - An abrupt deviation from straight on a sheared edge. This offset may occur if the flat sheet or plate product is longer that the blade for the final shearing operation. Notch Sensitivity - A measure of the reduction in strength of a metal caused by the presence of stress concentration. Values can be obtained from static, impact or fatigue tests. Notched Bar - A test specimen which is notched. Used in impact or fatigue tests. Notched Bar Test - A test to determine the resistance of a material to a suddenly applied stress, i.e. shock. A notched test piece is employed in an Izod or Charpy machine and the results are recorded in ft, lbs or Joules. Novalak - A two-step basic flake resin with no thermosetting properties, applied to sand in shell molding process as a mold or solution. Nozzle - Pouring spout of the bottom-pour ladle. Nozzle Brick - A thick-walled tubular refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle through which steel is teemed. Nozzle Pocket Brick - A refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle containing a recess in which nozzle is set. NTP - Normal temperature and pressure reference point; zero centigrade 760mm mercury pressure. NUE - Non-upset end – OCTG tubing description (not as common as EUE) Nucleation - 1) (homogeneous) the initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or a new phase within a solid without outside interference - rarely occurs, 2) heterogeneous) foreign particles altering the liquid-solid interface energy during phase changes. Nucleus - (1) The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and separated form the matrix by an interface. (2) The heavy central core of an atom, in which most of the mass and the total positive electrical charge are concentrated. Number as Pertaining to Hardness - In copper base alloys inductry; temper is referred to as so many numbers hard, i.e. Yellow Brass Half Hard is termed 2 numbers hard. This term is derived from terminology used on the mill gloor where by temper or hardness is imparted by cold working and classified as to hardness by the number of Brown & Sharpe gages away from the soft or as-annealed state. Natural Aging - Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room temperature. Necking - Local reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal by stretching.

Network Structure - A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network appearance to an etched test specimen. Neumann Band - A mechanical (deformation) twin in ferrite. Nickel - (Chemical symbol Ni) Element No. 28 of the periodic system; atomic weight 58.69. Silvery white, slightly magnetic metal, of medium hardness and high degree of ductility and malleability and resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion; melting point 2651 (degrees) F.; boiling point about 5250 (degrees) F., specific gravity 8.90. Used for electroplating. Used as an alloying agent, it is of great importance in iron-base alloys in stainless steels and in copper-base alloys such as Cupro-Nickel, as well as in nickel-base alloys such as Monel Metal. Its principal functions as an alloy in steel making: (1) Strengthens unquenched or annealed steels. (2) Toughens pearlitic-ferritic steels (especially at low temperature). (3) Renders high-chromium iron alloys austenitic. Nickel Silver - Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zn. and 5-30% Ni. Nitriding - Introducing nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding at a suitable temperature (below Ac1 for ferritic steels) in contact with a nitrogenous material, usually ammonia of molten cyanide of appropriate composition. Quenching is not required to produce a hard case. Nodular Pearlite - Pearlite that has grown as a colony with an approximately spherical morphology. Non-Ferrous Metals - Metals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively so. Non-Metallic Inclusions - Impurities (commonly oxides), sulphides, silicates or similar substances held in metals mechanically during solidification or formed by reactions in the solid state. Non-Scalloping Quality Strip Steel - Strip steel ordered or sold on the basis of absence of unevenness, or ears, on the edges of the steel, when subjected to deep drawing. Normalizing - Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above A3 or Acm and then cooling in still air to a temperature substantially below A1. The cooling rate usually is in the range 900 to1800 F/h (500 to 1000C/h). Normalizing - Heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. Normalizing - A heat treatment applied to steel, Involves heating above the critical range followed by cooling in still air. Is performed to refine the crystal structure and eliminate internal stress. Nucleation - Initiation of a phase transformation at discrete sites, the new phase growing from nuclei.

Number as Pertaining to Hardness - In copper base alloys inductry; temper is referred to as so many numbers hard, i.e. Yellow Brass Half Hard is termed 2 numbers hard. This term is derived from terminology used on the mill gloor where by temper or hardness is imparted by cold working and classified as to hardness by the number of Brown & Sharpe gages away from the soft or as-annealed state. O - Chemical symbol for Oxygen Occlusion - A term applied in the case of metals to the absorption or entrapment of gases. O-Ring - A flexible 'O' shaped seal. OCTG - includes casing, drill pipe and oil well tubing, which, depending on their use, may be formed through welded or seamless processes. OD - Outside diameter Oddsides - Semi-permanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite, or dry sand, tarred and dried and used for repetitive work in the foundry. Off Center - Not centered; offset,eccentric or inaccurate. Off Gauge - A defect referring to a variation of offset of the thickness of the plate from the designated aim gauge thickness and tolerance. Off Gauge Reel - Reel onto which all the off-gauge and defective material is wound. Off Iron - Pig iron not of the desired composition. Off Line - Term that means a boiler or system is "not in use" Off-Dimension - A casting defect caused by any incorrect dimension resulting from improper setting of cores, using wrong core, shifts, swells, etc. Off-Gage (Off-Size) - Core defect caused by improper gagging of dimensions. Off-Grade Metal - Metal whose composition does not correspond to the designated or applicable specification. Off-Size - Rolled steel too light or too heavy to meet requirements. Offset - When a coil sidewall is winding up straight and suddenly moves in or out to another position and then continuing to wind up straight. Offset Dial - Device used on #4 Side Trimmer askania. Movement of this dial changes the tracking of the line.

Offsetting - A coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing of ink or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of coated substrate to the back of the next sheet in a stack. Oil and Whiting Test - A method of detecting fine cracks by applying a penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture of whiting and a thinner. Oil in the cracks emerges to stain the whiting. Oil Cooler - Water cooled heat exchanger used to maintain the oil temperature on the feedwater pumps. Oil Core or Mold - A core or mold in which the sand is bonded by an oil binder. Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) - Label applied to the pipe products used by petroleum exploration customers. Oil Film Weight - Measure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled steel product; for Tin Mill Products, the measure is grams/base box; for Sheet Products, the measure is oz./sq.ft. (or gm./sq.m.). Oil Hardening Steel - Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is used as the quenching medium in the hardening process. Oil Quenching - "Quenching in oil. See Quenching " Oil Sample - A small amount (at least 50 ml) of oil taken from a system in order to be tested. Oil Sands - Sand bonded with such oils as linseed and the synthetics. Oil Shot - In die casting, a sponge like whirl on the surface of casting resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the shot was made. Oil Stain Aluminum - Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the lubricants on the surface of the sheet. Rolling subsequent to staining will change color from darker browns to lighter browns down to white. Oil Stones - Molded abrasives in various shapes used to hand-sharpen cutting tools. Oil Test - Test performed by the Met. Lab to check the amount of oil applied to strip. Oil-Oxygen Binder (Cold-Setting, Air-Setting Binders) - A synthetic autooxidizing liquid, oil-based binder that partially hardens at room temperature, using an oxygen releasing agent. Baking is needed to complete the hardening Oiled - A product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting. Oiling - The application of a surface layer of lubricant intended to retard rusting on sheet products and lubrication on Tin Mill products.

OIT - (Operator Interface Terminal) Terminal which displays the line-up, coils running on both reels, and the location of the weld. Old Blowing Room - Used when the river water gets too cold. Oleoresinous - A resin containing both oils and resins which cures by the oxidation process. Olive - (Mg2,Fe2SiO4) A naturally occurring mineral composed of fosterite and fayalite, crushed and used as a molding sand. Usually the sand of choice in manganese steel casting due to its basicity. Olsen (Ductility) Test - A method of measuring the ductility and drawing properties of strip or sheet metal which involves determination of the width and depth of impression. The test simulating a deep drawing operation is made by a standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup formed from the metal sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This test is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface finish after drawing, similar to the Erichsen ductility test. On Cast - When the furnace is tapping out iron and maintaining full wind. On Check - A term used when the furnace has pulled wind after casting to plug the hole. On Line Term - Term which means a boiler or system is "in use". One-Piece Pattern - Solid pattern, not necessarily made from one piece of material. May have one or more loose pieces. One-Screen - A distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two maximum screens separated by a minimum screen. These high-expansion problem sands are also referred to as camel back distributions. One-Side Bright Mill Finish - Sheet material having a moderate degree of brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled and may have a dull, nonuniform appearance. OPEB Expense - Other Postretirement Employment Benefits. Usually refers to health care obligations to a mill's retired workers, although its meaning also can include layoff benefits (see FAS 106). Open Face Mold - See Open Sand Casting Open Flame Furnace - As opposed to the crucible furnace; in the open-flame furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory lining, with the flame and products of combustion coming in direct contact with the metal. Open Grain Structure - A defect wherein a casting, when machined or fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due to a shrink area.

Open Hearth Furnace - A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap into steel. Heat is supplied from a large, luminous flame over the surface, and the refining takes seven to nine hours. Open Hearths, at one time the most abundant steelmaking furnaces among integrated companies, have been replaced by the basic oxygen furnace. Open Hearth Line - An alternate water supply line from the Old Blowing Room Pump Room to the Old Blowing Room used when the river water gets too cold. Open Line - Usually a steel-making defect, an open line refers to a line down the length of the strip caused by unknown conditions. Open Riser - See Riser, Open Open Sand Casting - A casting produced in an open mold; poured in the drag, with no cope or other top covering. Open-Hearth Process - Process of making steel by heating the metal in the hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open-hearth steel process, the lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open-hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material charged in. Openhearth Furnace - A furnace for melting metal, in which the bath is heated by the combustion of hot gases over the surface of the metal and by radiation from the roof. Operating Rates - The ratio of raw steel production to the mill's stated capacity. Each December, steel companies report to the AISI their estimated capacity (if they could sell all steel they produced) for the following year, adjusted for any facility downtime. Operator Side - The side of the strip that is nearest to the operator pulpit. Optical Pyrometer - A temperature measuring device through which the observer sights the heated object and compares its incandescence with that of an electrically heated filament whose brightness can be regulated; or the intensity of the light admitted from the object may be varied through filters and compared with a constant light source. Optimum Moisture - That moisture content which results in developing the maximum of any property of a sand mixture. Options - A choice to buy or sell metal at an agreed-upon price for a specific date. You must pay a premium (See Put and Call). Orange Peel (effect) - A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains usually the result of annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as pebbles and alligator skin.

Orange Peel Bucket - A bottom-drop bucket used for charging cupolas; the dropbottom is divided into a number of sections that appear to peel back as the bucket opens. Order Matte - Individual description of the orders to be processed (issued by Production Planning). Also called 'mat' or 'mill order paper'. Order Rate - The ratio of new orders recorded to the mill's capacity to produce the steel to fill the orders. Many analysts view trends in the order rate asharbingers of future production levels. Ore - An iron bearing material used primarily in the blast furnace. Organosol - Organosols contain poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) dispersed in solvents. At temperatures of 325-350 B0 F (165-175 B0 Centegrade) the vinyl particles coalesce and dissolve in the plasticizers to form homogeneous films with good hardness, toughness and adhesion. Orientation (crystal) - Arrangement of certain crystal axes or crystal planes in a crystalline aggregate with respect to a given direction or plane. If there is any tendency for one arrangement to predominate, it is known as the preferred orientation; in the absence of any such preference, random orientation exists. Oriffice - An opening of controlled size used to measure or control the flow of gases. Oriffice Plate - In a cupola a device used to measure the volume of air delivered to the windbox. Os - Chemical symbol for osmium. Oscillated Wound or Scroll Wound - A method of even winding metal strip or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are uniformly over-lapped. Sometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated wound. The opposite of ribbon wound. Oscillate Wound/Ribbon Wound - Oscillate winding is a technique that ws develooped to aid in winding and shipping customer orders for multiples. (Multiples are created by slitting or shearing a coil into any width or set of widths) The slits are wound back and forth on a mandrel in the same manner that a fishing line is taken up on a reel; that is left to right, right to left, left to right. This allows for multiples to be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily handled in shipping. Oscillating - A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much wider roll. Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit in their machines, so they can spend less time moving the material and more time using it. By coiling the strip like fishing line (or thread) over a spool, a much longer strip can fit onto a coil of proper diameter. Oscillate-wound coils allow the customer to enjoy longer processing runs. Oscillating Trough Cooler - A steel trough conveyor within a plenum where reclaimed sand is cooled prior to reuse.

Osmium - Chemical symbol Os. A bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate. Osmondite - An obsolete term once used to designate a ferrous microstructure not so well defined as Troosite. Ottowa Sand - A sand originating near Ottawa Ill., also know as St. Peter sandstone. Out of Register - An embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of the male and female embossing rolls Outboard Bearing - Pump bearing that is furthest from the driver. Outlet - Outlet valve from auto valve or tank. Ovality - Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as the total difference found at any one cross section between the individual maximum and minimum diameters, which usually occur at or about 90 degrees Oval - A hot-rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross section. Oven, Drying - A furnace or oven for drying molds or cores. Ovens - See Continuous Annealing Furnace Overaging - Aging a precipitation-hardening alloy under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength or hardness. Overarm - The support for the end of a milling cutter which is on the opposite side of the cutter from the spindle and column. Overfill - A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an over-fullness on some part of the surface. Among the causes are worn rolls and extrusion into the clearance of the rolls. Overfiring - Heating refractories to a temperature sufficient to cause pronounced vitrification, deformation, or bloating. Overflows (Overflow Wells) - Separated cavities cut into the face of die casting dies adjacent to the main cavity and connected to it by a channel, ensuring filling of cavity. Overhand - Extension of the end surface of the cope half of a core print beyond that of the drag to provide clearance for closing of the mold. Overhead Separators - Used when producing mults on a slitting unit; disks which make an alley for each strip to go through while being coiled.

Overheated - A term applied when, after exposure to an excessively high temperature, a metal develops an undesirable coarse grain structure, but is not necessarily damaged permanently. Unlike burned structure, the structure produced by overheating can be corrected by suitable heat treatment, by mechanical work, or by a combination of the two. Overheating - Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the heat-treating operation. The condition results when metal temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the alloy involved and a change in phase occurs; this is also known as the transformation temperature. Externally, overheated material will often form blisters or a web of fine cracks; internally, overheating causes precipitation of melted constituents around grain boundries and the formation or rounded pools of melted constituents often called “rosettes”. Overpickled - Reject caused by the strip laying in acid for a period of time. Overspeed Trip - (On steam pumps) A device that trips the turbine on a steam pump if the prime is lost and the pump overspeeds. Overspeed Trip Switch - Spring loaded stop valve which is connected to a turbine governor by a linkage rod that will stop the flow of steam to a turbine. Overstressing - Permanently deforming a metal by subjecting it to stresses that exceed the elastic limit. Overwidth - Product whose width is above the customer's finished width tolerance. Overwind - Steel strip that comes off of the top of the coil on the entry reel into the side trimmer. Overwrap - The direction which a coil is wrapped or unwrapped. If coil is being overwrapped a reel is turning and steel is being fed from TOP. Owen Jet Dust Counter - An instrument similar to the Konimeter, using the humidification factor. Oxidation - The addition of oxygen to a compound. Exposure to atmosphere sometimes results in oxidation of the exposed surface, hence a staining or discoloration. This effect is increased with temperature increase. Oxidation Losses - Reduction in amount of metal or alloy through oxidation. Such losses usually are the largest factor in melting loss. Oxide - A compound of oxygen with another element. Oxide Discoloration - See “Stain, Heat Treat”. Oxidizing Atmosphere - An atmosphere resulting from the combustion of fuels in an atmosphere where excess oxygen is present, and with no unburned fuel lost in the products of combustion.

Oxy-Acetylene Welding - A process for joining two pieces of metal in which the required high temperature is obtained by the combustion of acetylene gas and oxygen. The gases are thoroughly mixed in the nozzle or tip of the welding torch to ensure perfect combustion. The weld may be formed directly between two adjoining surfaces, but usually metal from a welding rod is fused in between the surfaces of the joint. Oxygen - Oxygen is one of the chief constituents of the atmosphere of which it forms approximately on fifth. It is odorless and invisible. Although oxygen itself does not burn, it is extremely efficient in supporting combustion, nearly all other chemical elements Oxygen Blow - (O2 blow) Steel making period when oxygen is introduced into the furnace vessel of scrap metal and blast furnace hot metal. Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter - An instrument to measure the heats of combustion of solid and liquid fuels. Oxygen Impingement Process - Pure oxygen is blown down on the bath to refine pig iron. Oil Hardening - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and quenching in oil. Oil-Hardening Steel - Steel adaptable to hardening by heat treatment and quenching in oil. Open Surface - Rough surface on black plate, sheet or strip, resulting from imperfection in the original steel bars from which the plate was rolled. Open-Hearth Furnace - A reverberatory melting furnace with a shallow hearth and a low roof. The flame passes over the charge in the hearth, causing the charge to be heated both by direct flame and radiation from the roof and sidewalls of the furnace. In ferrous industry, the furnace is regenerative. Orange Peel - A pebble-grain surface which develops in forming of metals having coarse grains. Ore - A mineral from which metal is (or may be) extracted. Orientation (crystal) - Directions in space of the axes of the lattice of a crystal with respect to a chosen reference or coordinate system. Overaging - Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the property is altered in the direction of the initial value. Overaging - Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property.

Overaging - Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength. Overheating - Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. Overheating - Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by further heat treating, by mechanical working or by a combination of working and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning. Oxidation - (1) A reaction in which there is an increase in valence resulting from a loss of electrons. (2) Chemical combination with oxygen to form an oxide. Oxide - Compound of oxygen with another element. Oxidized Surface - A surface having a thin, tightly adhering oxidized skin. Oxygen Lance - A length of pipe used to convey oxygen onto a bath of molten metal. Oxygen-Free Copper - Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide, produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers. PEB Plain end beveled P - Chemical symbol for phosphorus P/C - An abbreviation for the pre-coat section of the line. P1 - In production, the acceptable quality level. P2 - In production, lot tolerance. PEB Plain end beveled - NULL Pack Hardening (Park Carburizing) - See Case Harding Packing - Material that prevents water from coming out through the packing gland on a pump. Packing Grease - A type of grease used to keep a seal and prime on a pump. Packing or Packing Material - Sand, gravel, mill scale or similar materials used to support castings packed in annealing pots, to prevent possible warpage under high temperatures.

Padding - The process of adding metal to a cross section of a casting wall, usually extending from a riser, to ensure adequate feed to a localized area where a shrink would occur if the added metal were not present. Palladium - Chemical symbol Pd. A major component in the production of petrochemcial catalysts. Pancake Forging - A rough forged shape which may be obtained quickly with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable machining to attain the finish size. Panel Spalling Test - A test using a panel of the refractory being tested to provide a reference to spalling behavior. Panic Button - A small control button used in situations that require stopping the line without losing power to the line. Panoramic Analyzer - An instrument for analyzing sounds and displaying the results either on an oscilloscope or a graph. Pans - The area beneath the conveyor belts in the coal bucket area. Paper Drum - Paper insert placed on the reel around which the coil is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil. Certain customers may require that coils are to be shipped with this paper drum. Paper Interleaved - To prevent damage to the surface during shipment,handling or storage. The material is frequently coiled with a large roll of paper paid off at the same time so that between each wrap of metal there is a qrap of paper. This paper between the steel wraps prevents the surface of the metal from rubbing against each other to spoil the surface. Papping Plate - A metal plate attached to a pattern to prevent injury to the pattern and assist in loosening it from the sand. Parallel - (Setting on Welder) Temperature setting on transformer used to weld heavy (>.040) gauge steel. Parent Coil - A coil that has been processed to final temper as a single unit. The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller coils or into individual sheets or plates to provide the required width and length. Parent Plate - A plate that has been processed to final temper as a single unit. The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller plates to provide the required width and length. Parkerizing - A proprietary method of producing a protective phosphate coating on ferrous metals. Parker A treatment involves immersing in a bath of acid manganese phosphate. The Parker D is a modification using acid zinc phosphate with a nitrate iron as accelerator.

Parlanti Casting Process - A proprietary permanent mold process using dies of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer. Parsons Duncan Process - A method of casting steel ingots wherein the top layer of the mold is heated and the last to solidify. Parted Pattern - A pattern made in two or more parts. Partial - IMIS action indicating that part of the final produced coil weight is credited to one turn and the balance of the weight is credited to the next turn. Partially Graphitized Cast Iron - A blackheart malleable casting only partly graphitized in annealing, giving a mixture of black and white. Sometimes termed salt and pepper fracture. Particle Counter - A testing device used to measure the amount and size of solid contamination in the hydraulic oil. Particle Counter Computer - The part of the particle counter that tabulates and supplies a printout of the oil test results. Particle Counter Sampler - The part of the particle counter which contains the sensor and related parts that the hydraulic oil passes through while being tested. Particulate Matter - In air pollution control, solid or liquid particles, except water, visible with or without a microscope, that make up the obvious portion smoke. Parting - The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the chuck of a lathe Parting Agent - See Release Agent Parting Line - A line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the separation between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. A condition unique to stepped extrusions where more than on e cross section exists in the same extruded shape. A stepped shape uses a split die for the minor or small cross section and after its removal, another die behind it for the major configuration. Slightly raised fins can appear on that portion of the shape where the two dies meet . See also “Profile, Stepped Extruded”. Pass - (1) A single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (2) The open space between two grooved rolls through which metal is processed. (3) The weld metal deposited in one run along the axis of a weld. (4) A term indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill Pass Line - 1) Measurement used to level all rolls. 2) The travel direction through which a strip is processed. When out of alignment, it requires adjusting so that the coil can be properly processed. Passivated Tin Plate - Tin plate that has been chemically treated to control tin oxide formation and growth.

Passivation - The changing of the chemically active surface of a metal to a much less reactive state. Contrast with activation. Passivator - An inhibitor which changes the potential of a metal to a more cathodic value. Passivity - The property of some metals to become abnormally inactive towards certain reagents. Patching - Repair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core. Pattern - A form of wood, plastic, metal, or other material around which molding material is placed to make a mold. Pattern Draft - The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which allows easy separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture. Pattern Layout - Full-sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement and structure features. Pattern Welding - A process in which strips or other small sections of iron or steel are twisted together and then forge welded. Homogeneity and toughness are thereby improved. A regular decorative pattern can be developed in the final product. COmmonly used for making swords as early as the 3rd century A.D. Patternmaker - A craftsman engaged in production of foundry patterns from wood, plastic, or metals, such as aluminum, brass, etc. Patternmaker’s Shrinkage - Contraction allowance made on patterns to compensate for the decrease in dimensions as the solidified casting cools in the mold from freezing temperature of the metal to room temperature. Pattern is made larger by the amount of contraction that is characteristic of the particular metal to be used. Pawl - A pivoted lever or sliding bolt that secures as an automatic directional table control on a grinder. Pay Off - Entry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the production process. Payoff End - The entry end of the line. Payoff Reel - Reel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This reel is sometimes referred to as the entry end reel. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent Pd - Chemical symbol for palladium Peak Demand - Amount of power purchased for the 30-minute periods during what are known as peak hours. Peak hours are 7 00 am to 10 00 pm, Monday through Saturday. All other hours are off-peak.

Peak Earnings - The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of the highest commodity demand and the strongest product pricing. Peak Time - The time during which the sheets of metal are held at the recommended temperature for full cure is known as the "Peak Time". Pearlite - A lamella aggregate of ferrite and carbide, the structure of pearlite can appear fine or coarse depending on processing. Pearlite - Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide. Peel - The process by which several outside laps of a coil are taken off to bring it down to gauge. Peeler Table - The 32" extension connected to the threading table to assist in threading hot-rolled coils. Peeling - Separation of the zinc coating from the steel strip. Peen - Peening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used to improve fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression. Peeners - Automatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal slag. Pellets - Iron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and jardened by heat. (See Agglomerating Processes) Pencil Core - A core projecting to the center of a blind riser allowing atmospheric pressure to force out feed metal. Penetrameter - A strip of metal with stepped thickness variation and with holes at varying depths; used in radiography to indicate the sensitivity of the radiograph. Penetrant Inspection - A method of non-destructive testing for determining the existence and extent of discontinuities that are open to the surface in the part being inspected. The indications ore made visible through the use of a dye or fluorescent chemical in the liquid employed as the inspection medium. Penetration, Metal - Condition where molten metal has penetrated into the sand, resulting in a mixture of metal and sand adhering to the casting. Percent Reduction - Expression of reduction in gauge during any rolling process. Percent reduction equals starting gauge minus finish gauge after rolling divided by starting gauge times 100. Periclase - Natural magnesia in nodular form, formed by heating.

Peripheral Hoses - Hoses that carry recycled water from the peripheral prequench spray header to the area of the scrubber known as the "wet elbow". Peritectic Grade - Crack sensitive grade of steel with .08 to .16% Carbon. Perlite - A highly siliceous volcanic rock which can be expended by heating into a porous mass of particles. Perlite can be used as an insulation in foundry sand mixtures. Not to be confused with Pearlite. Permanent Mold - A metal mold of two or more parts; not an ingot mold. It is used repeatedly for the production of many casting of the same form. Ph - Chemical cymbol for lead. pH - A symbol denoting the negative logarithm of the concentration of the hydrogen ion in gram-atoms per liter, used in expressing both acidity and alkalinity; pH 3Dlog 1/H per liter. An important factor in foundry sand control, pH7 is neutral; values less than 7 acid, and higher than 7, basic. Phase - Term used to describe one of the three branches of electricity in most high voltage circuits. The three phases all carry power simultaneously. Phase Diagram - A graphic representation of the equilibrium temperature and composition limits of phase fields reactions in an alloy system. In a binary system, temperature is usually the ordinate and composition the abscissa. Ternary and more complex systems require several two-dimensional diagrams to show the temperature - composition variables completely. In alloy systems, pressure is usually considered constant, although it may be treated as an additional variable. Phenolic - A type of resin made from a condensation reaction of phenols and aldehydes. Resultant films have a high degree of chemical resistance with limited flexibility properties. Phenolic Resin (One-Step) - "A resin made by the polymerization of a phenol with an aldehyde; used a binder for cores and sand molds. See Urea-Form-aldehyde Resin " Phosphatized - See Bonderized Coating. Phosphor Bronze - Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to which has been added in the molten state phosphorus in varying amounts of less than 1% for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in making fittings. It has corrosion resisting properties comparable to copper. Phosphor Bronze Strip - A copper-base alloy containing up to 10% tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than 1%. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper-base alloys or either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various tempers from One Number Hard to Ten Numbers Hard are classified in hardness by

the number of B&S Gages reduction in dimension from the previous soft or asannealed state. Phosphor Bronze is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. It does not withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in service above 225 (degrees) F. even after stress relieving treatment at 325 (degrees) to 350 (degrees) F. It has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great toughness and resistance to fatigue. Rated good for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and resistance welding. Phosphorus - (Chemical symbol P) Element No. 15 of the periodic system; atomic weight 30.98. Non-metallic element occurring in at least three allotropic forms; melting point 111 (degrees) F.; boiling point 536 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 1.82. In steels it is usually undesirable with limits set in most specifications. However, it is specified as an alloy in steel to prevent the sticking of light-gage sheets; to a degree it strengthens low carbon steel; increases resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability in free-cutting steels. In the manufacture of Phosphor Bronze it is used as a deoxidizing agent. Phosphor-Bronze - Copper-based alloys with 3.5% to 10% tin, to which up to 1% phosphorous has been added in the molten state for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength fine grain,resistance to fatique and wear and chemical resistance, these alloys find generak use as springs and in making steel fittings. It has corrosion-resistant properties comparable to copper. Photoetch Quality - Product description for USSM flatroll coils which requires excellent finish and critical flatness. Photomicrograph - A photograph of the grain structure of a metal as observed when optically magnified more than 10 diameters. The term micrograph may be used. Photomicrograph - A photographic reproduction of any object magnified more than ten diameters. The term micrograph may be used. Physical Metallurgy - The science concerned with the physical and mechanical characteristics of metals and alloys. Physical Properties - For definitions of specific physical properties refer See Physical Properties - Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion. This term often has been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not recommended. Pick-Off - The transfer of portions of the coating from one surface of the sheet to an adjacent surface due to poor adhesion of the coating Pickle Brittleness - The brittleness induced in steel when pickled in dilute acid for the purpose of removing the scale. The brittleness is commonly attributed to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.

Pickle-Only - A coil which is to be cleaned but not coated. Pickled - Steel that has gone through the Pickler operating unit to remove mill scale or oxide. Pickled Slit Width - Width of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at the Pickler. Pickler - 1) An operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot rolled product by immersion into a hydrochloric (#3/#5 Picklers) or sulfuric acid solution. 2) The pickler tank contains 5-6% concentrations of sulfuric acid. This solution is kept at a temperature of 180-190 degrees. The purpose of the pickler is to complete the preparation of the steel for plating, by removing any oxides from the surface. Pickling Liquor - The waste resulting from the pickling process. The liquor consists of acid and water. Pickup, Repeating - See “Dent, Repeating”. Pickup, Roll - Small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled product. It may be distributed uniformly and/or in streaks. See also “Streak, Coating”. Picral - An etchant for ferrous alloys; 4% picric acid in alcohol. Pierce - In ring rolling, the process of providing a through hole in the center of an upset forging as applied to ring blank preparation. Pig - Initial post-smelting casting of lead or iron. Named long ago when molten metal was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement looked like newborn pigs suckiling. The central channel became known as the “sow: and the molds “pigs”. Pig Iron - The name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace, containing a large quantity of carbon (above 1.5%). Named long ago when molten iron was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow earthen holes, the arrangement looked like newborn pigs suckling. The central channel became known as the "sow," and the molds were "pigs." Pig Iron, Basic - A grade of iron made from the basic open-hearth process of steelmaking; P, 0.40% max. for Northern iron, 0.70 to 0.90% for Southern iron; S 0.05% max. and Si, 1.50%. Pig Iron, Chateaugay - Pig iron from Chateaugay (New York State) ores very low in phosphorus; copper-free and containing appreciable amounts of titanium. Piling - A process in which several bars are stacked and hot rolled together with the objective of improving the homogeneity of the final product. Used in primitive iron making. Piling (Sheet Piling) - A structural steel product with edges designed to interlock; used in the construction of cofferdams or riverbank reinforcement.

Pilot Casting - Casting produced prior to the production run to verify correctness of procedures, materials, and process to be used in production. Pilot Hole - A starting hole for large drills to serve as a guide, reduce the resistance and aid in maintaining the accuracy of the larger hole. Also called a lead hole. Pilot Operated Check Valve - Check valve that can allow flow in the opposite direction of the check by application of a pilot pressure that overcomes the check spring tension. Pilot Pressure - A pressure used to operate different functions of a pilot operated valve. Pilot Valve - Hydraulic solenoid valve that uses pilot hydraulic pressure to control the movement of another (slave) valve. Pilots - Natural gas fired device used to provide positive ignition of the boiler fuels. Pin - External (male)threaded end Pin Holes - Microscopic imperfection of the coatings,that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holed penetrating through a layer or thickness of light. Pin Hole Detector - Device that identifies and tabulates the number of pin holes in a coil. Pinch Mark - See “Crease”. Pinch Roll - 1) Roll used to jog the strip forward and backward, and to hold the strip stationary. One is before the welder and the other is between welder and looping pit. 2) Motor-driven rolls used to assist in threading coils, cutting scrap, and making loops for welds. Pinch Pass - A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is lightly rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on subsequent cold working. Pinholes - A coating defect consisting of the randomly spaced small round holes (as a straight pin would make in the cured film, which quite often occur in large numbers. The open area (pinhole) usually exposes bare substrate. Contaminated substrate or improperly dispersed lubricant or additive may cause pinholes. Pinholes are typically caused by laminations, inclusions, scratches or gouges. Pinion Drives - The large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill work rolls. Pinning - A term used to describe the condition of a file clogged with metal filings causint it to scratch the work. Pipe - A cavity formed by shrinkage of the metal during solidification, usually occurring in a riser having feeder metal for the casting.

Pipe - Tube in standardized combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness, commonly designated by “Nominal Pipe sizes” and “ANSI Schedule Numbers”. Pipe - A defect that arises during the slidification of steel in the ingot mold. As steel contracts on solidification a central cavity forms in the upper portion of the ingot, if this is not completely removed before rolling into bars a central defect known as “pipe” results. The rise of piping is considerably reduced on continuously cast steel due to molten steel being available to fill any shrinkage cavity. Pipe, Drawn - Pipe brought to the final dimensions by drawing through a die. Pipe, Extruded - Pipe formed by hot extruding Pipe, Seamless - Extruded or drawn pipe which does not contain any line junctures resulting fron method of manufacture Pipe, Structural - Pipe commonly used for structural purposes. Pit (defect) - A sharp depression in the surface of the metal. PitCock Valve - Small lever controlled valve. Pitch - The distance from any point on a thread to the corresponding point on the adjacent thread, measured to the axis. Also applied to spur gears. Pitch circle - The line (circle) of contact between two meshing gears. Pitch diameter - The diameter of a thread at an imaginary point where the width of the groove and the width of the thread are equal. Pitch Line - An imaginary line which passes through threads at such points that the length of the part of the line between adjacent threads is equal to the length of the line within a thread. Pitting - Sharp depressions in the surface of the metal generally attributed to localized chemical attack by a corrosive media. In stainless steels, molybdenum additions (i.e. types 316, 317, 434) help improve pitting resistance. Pittsburgh Lockseam Tester - (PLS) A device used to show the lock- forming quality of the steel and to detect peeling or flaking. Plain Cutter - A milling cutter with cutting teeth on the periphery (circumference) only. Plane, Forging - The plane that includes the principal die face and that is perpendicular to the direction of the ram stroke; when the paaarting is flat, the forging plane coincides with the parting line. See also Forging Plane. Plane Strain - A stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics (See LEFM) in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile

stress and the direction of crack growth. Under plane strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. Planish Rolling - Process which involves light reduction in a single pass on a coldroling mill. Plant Load - The amount of power the entire mill is using. It is the total of what we are generating plus what we are purchasing. Plant/Instrument Air - Compressed air produced to operate pneumatic controls and valves. Plasma Refining - Process used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very low levels. Plaster of Paris - A semi-hydrated form of calcium sulfate made by sintering gypsum to 120 - 130 C (248 - 266F). Plastic Deformation - Permanent deformation occurring in forming of metal which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded. Plate Circle Circle cut from Plate. Plate - Carbon steel plates comprise that group of flat-rolled finished steel products within the following size limitaion: 0.180in or thicker, over 48in wide; 0.230in or thicker, over 6in wide; 7.53lb/sq ft or heavier, over 48in wide; 9.62lb/sq ft or heavier, over 6in wide. Plate Circle Circle cut from Plate. - NULL Plate, Alclad - Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core having on both surfaces (if on one side only, Alclad One Side Plate) a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protectin the core against corrosion. Plate Martensite - Martensite formed, partly in steels containing more than about 0.5% C and solely in steels containing more than about 1.0% C, as lenticular-shape plates on irrational habit planes that are near or {259}A in very-high-carbon steels Plater - An operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome or tin to black plate. Plater Distribution Tank - The tank that holds the plater solution. Plater Roll - A steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity running through it. Plates, Core Drying - Flat plates of metal on which cores are placed for baking. Platinum - Chemical symbol Pt. The key material in the manufacture of automaotive catalysts

Platinum Group Metals - Called the “noble metals” because they are among the scariest of the metallic elements; more important, they are totally imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six metals: Platinum, a white infusible metal with high electrical resistance; Palladium, also white, noted for its strength and high ductility; Iridium, a yellowish mineral with the most corrosion resistance of any metal known; Rhodium, a silver-white metal also found with nickel; Ruthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness; and osmium, a bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate. Plattcos - Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss. Play - The looseness of fit (slack) between two pieces press fit. Plugged Die - Galvanize metal obstructions in the which block the air wipe and affect coating. PMMA - Polymethymethacralate - Foam used in the lost foam process, does release as much carbon as polystyrene. Pohland Method - A technique for the ultrasonic testing of steel in which a visible image of the defects present in the steel can be shown on a screen. Poisson’s Ratio - If a square bar is stressed in a testing machine in the direction of its length increases, there is a contraction in each opposite direction, which produces a decrease in the thickness of the bar. The ratio between the contraction at right angles to a stress and the direct extension is called the Poisson’s ratio. Its value in steel is in the order of 0.28. Polishing Filter - oil from the hydraulic system tank through the filters and then back to the tank. Polymorphism - The ability of a material to exist in more than one crystallographic structure. Numerous metals change in crystallographic structure at transformation temperatures during heating or cooling. If the change is reversible, it is allotropy. The allotropy of iron, particularly the changes between the alpha body-centered and the gamma face centered form, is of fundamental importance in the hardening of steel. Polystyrene - A polymer of styrene used in making molding products. In particular, used in the lost foam process. Poor Oiling - Not enough oil on the strip per customer specification. Poor Slitting - The quality of the slit edge due to bad shape, dull knives, etc. Pop, Solvent - Blister and/or void in the coating resulting from trapped solvents released during curing process

Porosity - Holes in the produced casting due to: Gasses trapped in the mold, the reaction of molten metal with mosisture in the molten sand, or the imperfect fusion of chaplets with molten metal. Post-Paint - To paint a manufactured part after at it has been formed. Postheating - A process used immediately after welding whereby heat is applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing a controlled rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle structure. Pot - A vessel for holding molten metal. Also used to refer to the electrolytic reduction cell employed in winning certain metals, such as aluminum, from a fused electrolyte. Pot Quenching - Quenchinhg carburised parts directly fron the carburising pot or box. Potable Water - Treated water used for human consumption. Pouring - Transfer of molten metal from furnace to ladle, ladle to ladle, or ladle into molds. Pouring Cup - The flared section of the top of the downsprue. It can be shaped by hand in the cope, or be a shaped part of the pattern used to form the downsprue; or may be baked core cup placed on the top of the cope over the downsprue. Powder Cutting - Introducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to hasten oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and oxidation. Generally used for cutting stainless steel. Powder Metals - Fabrication technology in which fine metallic powder is compacted under high pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly below the melting point to solidify the material. Primary users of powder metal parts are auto, electronics and aerospace industries. Powdered Coal Mill - (Pulverizer) Electrically or steam driven device that crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into the boiler as fuel. Powdering - A problem encountered in the field where the iron-zinc coating (from Galvanneal products) comes off the base metal and collects in the die. Power-Driven Hammer - A forging hammer with steam or air cylinder for raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow. Power Factor - 1) Inductor flow in the pot. A high number may indicate an obstruction in circulation. 2) Term that describes the relationship between real power (KW) and apparent power (KVA) in a circuit. It is the cosine of the angle between KW and KVA on a phasor drawing of a circuit. (In a phasor drawing, this angle is the same angle formed by the voltage and current relationship.) It is almost always better to run the generators with a lagging power factor (meter pointing to left of zero).

Pre-Paint - To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it into a final part. Precious Metals - Relatively scarce, highly corrosion resistant, valuable metals found in periods 5 and 6 (groups VIII and Ib) of the periodic table. They include ruthenium,rhodium,palladium,silver,asmium,iridium,platinum and gold. Precipitation Hardening - (PH) A small group of stainless steels with high chromium and nickel content, with the most common types having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless class with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment provides this class with its very high strength and hardness. Applications for PH stainless steels include shafts for pumps and valves as well as aircraft parts. Precipition Heat Treatment - Any of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution. Precision - Becomes a prefix to sheet or strip when the thickness of the product falls between 0.005” and 0.015”. Precision Forging - A forging produced to closer tolerances than normally considered standard by the industry. Prefilter - A filter system containing 16 filter elements that clean the hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tank to another. Preform - The forging operation in which stock is preformed or shaped to a predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die forging operations; the operation may involve drawing,bending,flattening, edging, fullering, rolling or upsetting. The preform operation is not considered to be scheduled operation unless a separate heat is required; usually, when a preform operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. In ring rolling, a term generally applied to ring blanks of a specific shape to be used for profile (contour) ring rolling. Preheaters/Air Heaters - Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwork which preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust gases passing through them to the incoming air passing around them. Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel requirements. Some preheated air is used on the powdered coal mills to control powdered coal temperatures. Preheating - A high-temperature soaking treatment used to change the metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation, usually applied to the ingot. Preheating - (1) A general term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment. (2) A term applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in which the steel is heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the hardening temperature and is then transferred to a furnace in which the temperature is substantially above the preheating temperature. (3) Nonfer. met.-Heating a metal to a relatively high temperature for a relatively long

time in order to change the structure before working. Ingots are homogenized by preheating. Premium - Cost of an option and/or an amount added to a base price for a material,i.e. added cost beyond the base Comex, LME and/or producer and manufacturer prices. Prepierce - In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching) tool used for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A tapered tool of various diameters and lengths. Press Forging - The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical or hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single work stroke of the press for each die station Press Forming - See Brake Press Bending. Pressure - 1) Required force necessary on the welder wheels (hydraulic). 2) The force of the fluid in a hydraulic system. Pressure Chamber - (Cylinder) Part of the particle counter sampler where the oil sample is placed to be drawn for testing. Pressure Die Casting - "A British term. See Die Casting " Pressure Gauges on the Pumps - A gauge on the discharge line that displays the output pressure of the pump. Pressure Line - Any hose, pipe or tubing that supplies pressure (hydraulic force) to a system or component of a system. Pressure Mottling - See “Mottling, Pressure” Pressure-Tight - A term describing a casting free from porosity of the type that would permit leaking. Pretreated - Steel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to prepare it for future surface treatments such as painting. (See Bonderized, Light Special Treatment, Special Treatment, Weirbrite Clear). Primary Choke (Choke) - That part of the gating system which most restricts or regulates the flow of metal into the mold cavity. Primary Metal - Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal scrap. Compare with native metal. Prime - Coil type indicating that the produced coil or lift meets all the requirements of the order.

Prime Box (#1) - Accumulates prime IPM's produced directly off the cutting line at customer plants. Prime Coil Any - quality reasons. Prime Weight - The weight of a coil removed from the prime reel of the side trimmer. Process Capability - The amount of variation in the output of a controlled manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or minus three standard deviations. Process Control - Flow to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure for 02 blow. Auto/manual that transfers steam supply from flow to pressure or pressure to flow. Process Parameter - An I.M.I.S.screen used to find customer specifications. Produced IPM Number - The IPM number assigned to a produced coil by the delivery end of the unit. Any units from the caster get an IPM# when processed. Product Analysis - In castings, the analysis of the actual part as opposed to the analysis of the steel from which the casting was poured. Production Welding - Any welding carried out during manufacturing before final delivery to the purchaser. This includes joint welding of casting and finishing welding. Proeutectoid - The constituent that separates out of a solid solution before the formation of eutectoid. Profile, class 1 Hollow Extruded - A hollow extruded profile, the void of which is round and 1 inch or more in diameter and whose weight is equally distributed on opposite sides of two or more equally spaced axes Profile, Class 2 Hollow Extruded - Any hollow extruded profile other than class 1, which does not exceed a 5-inch diameter circumscribing circle and has a single void of not less than 0.375-inch diameter or 0.110-square inch area Profile, Class 3 Hollow Extruded - Any hollow extruded profile other than Class 1 or Class 2 Profile, Cold-Finished Extruded - A profile produced by cold-finishing a rolled profile Profile, Cold-Finished Rolled - A profile produced by cold-finishing a rolled profile Profile, cold-Finished - A profile brought to final dimensions by cold-working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerance Profile, Drawn - A profile brought to final dimensions by drawing through a die

Profile, Extruded - A profile produced by hot extruding Profile, Flute Hollow - A hollow profile having plain inside surfaces and whose outside surfaces comprise regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations. Profile, Helical Extruded - An extruded profile twisted along its length Profile, Hollow - A profile any part of whose cross section completely encloses a void. Profile, lip Hollow - A hollow profile of generally circular cross section and nominally uniform wall thickness with one hollow or solid protuberance or lip parallel to the longitudinal axis; used principally for heat-exchange purpose. Profile, Pinion Hollow - A hollow profile with regularly spaced, longitudinal serrations outside and round inside, used primarily for making small gears. Profile, rolled - A profile produced by hot rolling. Profile, Semihollow - A profile any part of whose cross section is a partially enclosed void the area of which is substantially greater than the square of the width of the gap. The ratio of the area of the void to the square of the gap is dependent on the class of semihollow profile, the alloy and the gap width. Profile, Solid - A profile other than hollow or semihollow Profile, Stepped Extruded - An extruded profile whose cross section changes abruptly in area at intervals along its length. Profile, Streamline Hollow - A hollow profile with a cross section of tear-drop shape. Profile, Structural - A profile in certain standard alloys, tempers, sizes, and sections, such as angles, channels, H-sections, I-beams, there are two standards, naemllly Aluminum Association Standard and American Standard. Profile, Tapered Extruded - An extruded profile whose cross section changes continuously in area along its length or specified portion thereof. Profile - A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-sectional dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate, rod, bar, tube, wire or roll. Profile Tolerances - A system of locating and tolerancing developed to control the orientation of rough parts in machine fixtures. From locating points on the casting a " perfect profile " is established for all surfaces and features. A tolerance envelope surrounding that profile defines the limitations of an acceptable part. Profiling - A process that charts the gauge of steel across the width and/or length.

Profilometer - An instrument used to measure the heights and depths of surface features. Progressive Aging - An aging process in which the temperature of the alloy is continuously increased during the aging cycle. The temperature may be increased in steps or by any other progressive method. Compare with interrupted aging. Projection Welding - A welding process that uses small projections on one or both components of the weld to localize the heat and pressure, the projections collapse when the weld is made. Proof Stress - (1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. Proportional Valve Tester - A device used to determine if a proportional valve is operating properly. Proportional ValveL - An electronically measured valve capable of a high flow rate and low pressure drop. Suitable for position, speed or force control in hydraulically controlled valves. Protection Tube - A metal, graphite, or ceramic tube which shrouds and protects the wires of a thermoelectric pyrometer. Protector - Plastic, steel or composite cap tp protect threasds from damage psi - Pounds per square inch. PSI Low Pressure Steam - This low-pressure steam is then used to supplement the low-pressure steam system throughout the plant. Puddling Process - A process for making wrought iron in which cast orn is melted in a hearth furnace and rabbled with slag and oxide until a pasty mass is obtained. This process was developed by Henry Cort about 1784 and remained in use until 1957, although on a very small scale during the present century. Pug Mill - A mixing device used to mix materials coming off of #21 conveyor belt. Pugnill - A mill for mixing foundry sands and sand mixtures consisting essential of a shaft fitted with plows or paddle wheel which revolve in a tub or vat. Pulverized Coal Injection System (PCI) - A blast furnace enhancement to reduce an integrated mill's reliance on coke (because of environmental problems with its production). Up to 30% of the coke charged into the blast furnace can be replaced by this talcum-like coal powder, which is injected through nozzles at the bottom of the furnace. Pump - A device that moves oil or grease into a system (in gallons per minute). Pump Capacity - The gallons per minute that a pump puts out.

Pump Room Master - Controller which monitors the difference in feed water header and steam header pressures at all times and makes changes in pump output to maintain the feed water pressure at 150 psi greater than the steam pressure at all times. Pump Select Button - Push buttons on the hydraulic systems and the morgoil system control panels that must be pressed to determine if a pump is in off, on or stand-by mode. Punch - A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as outlined by the inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging: the operation is generally performed on a trim press using a punch die. A tool used in punching holes in metal. The moveable die in a press or forging machine. Punch Mark - An indentation on the strip caused by dirt, grease, or other foreign matter on a roll. Punch, Prick - A solid punch with a sharp point, used to mark centers or other locations on metal. Punchout Machines - A machine used to force the entire sand and casting contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use of vibration. Pup Coil - A small coil weighing on the average from 1500 to 6000 pounds. These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to the average customer. Purging - Elimination of air and other undesirable gases from furnaces or heating boxes. Purging Steam - Low-pressure steam used to purge a line or manifold. Purifier Tank - A vessel containing a baffle or separator through which steam, produced by the boiler continuous blow down flash process, is fed. The purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as dirt or excess moisture, from the steam before it is returned to the system. Put - An option, but not an obligation to sell. Nonferrous metal producers often buy puts to lock in a price for their metal. It is akin to a price insurance policy. For example, if a producer uses put options to lock in a price of 90 cents per pound and the price falls to 85 cents per pound, he would continue to make 90 cents per pound (See Options and Call). Put Down Procedure - The concept of material ownership by an operation from the moment it is scheduled for production on that unit, until the delivery of the processed inventory at a strategically predetermined "put-down" location; typically the staging area of the next scheduled operation. Put on the Tank - A term used when the Oiler opens the condensate line from a turbine and allows it to flow into the condensate tank. Pyrometallurgy - Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon heat.

Pyrometric Cone - A slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory being tested. Each cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion temperature. Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) - An index of refractoriness obtained by heating on a time-temperature schedule a cone of the sample material and a series of standardized pyrometric cones of increasing refractoriness. Pyrometry - A method of measuring temperature with any type of temperature indicating instruments. Pack Rolling - Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil. Pack Rolling - Hot rolling a pack of two or more sheets of metal; scale prevents the sheets from being welded together. Pack Rolling - Hot rolling a pack of two or more sheets of metal; scale prevents their being welded together. Pancake Grain Structure - A structure in which the lengths and widths of individual grains are large compared to their thicknesses. Pass - A term indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill. Pass - (1) A single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (2) The open space between two grooved rolls through which metal is processed. (3) The weld metal deposited in one run along the axis of a weld. Patenting - A heat treatment applied to medium and high-carbon steel prior to cold drawing to wire. The treatment involves austenitization followed by isothermal transformation at a temperature that produces a microstructure of very fine pearlite. Patenting - Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the metal is gradually heated to about 1830 (degrees) F., with subsequent colling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused salt mixture held between 800 (degrees) F. and 1050 (degrees) F. Patterned or Embossed Sheet - A sheet product on which a raised or indented pattern has been impressed on either on or both surfaces by the use of rolls. Pearlite - A eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and cementite that ideally has a lamellar structure but that is always degenerate to some extent. Pearlite - Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide. Pearlite - A lamellar aggregate of ferrite and cementite, oftern occurring in steel and case iron.

Peening - Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot impingement. Peritectic - An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid phase reacts with a solid phase to produce another solid phase. Permalloy - Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity. Permanent Set - Non-elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress, after passing the elastic limit. Phase - A physically homogeneous and distincy portion of a material system. Phase Diagram - Synonymous with constitutional diagram. Phosphor Bronze Strip - A copper-base alloy containing up to 10% tin, which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than 1%. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength and hardness than in most copper-base alloys or either of its alloying elements copper or tin. The various tempers from One Number Hard to Ten Numbers Hard are classified in hardness by the number of B&S Gages reduction in dimension from the previous soft or asannealed state. Phosphor Bronze is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. It does not withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in service above 225 (degrees) F. even after stress relieving treatment at 325 (degrees) to 350 (degrees) F. It has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant comparable to copper; great toughness and resistance to fatigue. Rated good for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and resistance welding. Photomicrograph - A photographic reproduction of any object magnified more than ten diameters. The term micrograph may be used. Physical Properties - Properties other than mechanical properties, that pertain to the physical nature of a material; e.g., density, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, reflectivity, magnetic susceptibility, etc. Physical Properties - The properties, other than mechanical properties, that pertain to the physics of a material; for example, density, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, thermal expansion. Physical Properties - Those properties familiarly discussed in physics, exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example, density, electrical conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion. This term often has been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not recommended. Pickling - Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction. Pickling - The process of chemically removing oxides and scale from the surface of a metal by the action of water solutions of inorganic acids.

Pickling Patch - A defect in tin plate, galvanized or terne plated steel due to faulty pickling, leaving areas from which the oxide has not been completely removed. Pig Iron - Iron produced by reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. Pig iron contains approximately 92% iron and about 3.5% carbon. Balance largely silicone and manganese with small percentages of phosphorus, sulphur, and other impurities. Pig Iron - (1) High-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace. (2) Cast Iron in the form of pigs. Pin Expansion Test - A test for determining the ability of tubes to be expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of a tube. Pinchers - Long fern like creases usually diagonal to the direction of rolling. Pinholes - Microscopic imperfection of the coatings, that is, microscopic bare spots, also microscopic holes penetrating through a layer or thickness of light gage metal. Pipe - (1) The central cavity formed by contraction in metal, especially ingots, during solidification. (2) The defect in wrought or cast products resulting from such a cavity. (3) An extrusion defect due to the oxidized surface of the billet flowing toward the center of the rod at the back end. (4) A tubular metal product, cast or wrought. Pipe (defect) - Contraction cavity, essentially cone-like in shape, which occurs in the approximate center, at the top and reaching down into a casting; caused by the shrinkage of cast metal. Pit (defect) - A sharp depresssion in the surface of the metal. Pitting - Forming small sharp cavities in a metal surface by nonuniform electrodeposition or by corrosion. Planimetric Method - A method of measuring grain size, in which the grains within a definite area are counted. Planishing - Producing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill. Plastic Deformation - Deformation that remains, or will remain, permanent after release of the stress that caused it. Plastic Deformation - Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses. Plasticity - The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture. Plasticity - The capacity of a metal to deform non-elastically without rupturing.

Plate - A flat-rolled metal product of some minimum thickness and width argitrarily dependent on the type of metal. Plate Martensite - Martensite formed, partly in steels containing more than about 0.5% C and solely in steels containing more than about 1.0% C, as lenticular-shape plates on irrational habit planes that are near (225)A, or {259}A in very-high-carbon steels Plating - A thin coating of metal laid on another metal. Polished Surface - The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish. Polishing - Producing a specularly reflecting surface. Polycrystalline - Comprising an aggregate of more than one crystal, and usually a large number of crystals. Polymorphism - The property whereby certain substances may exist in more than one crystalline form, the particular form depending on the conditions of crystallization - e.g., temperature and pressure. Among elements, this phenomenon is also called allotropy. Postheating - Heating weldments immediately after welding, for tempering, for stress relieving, or for providing a controlled rate of cooling to prevent formation of a hard or brittle structure. Pot Annealing - Is the same as box annealing. Pouring - The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds or other types of molds; for example, in castings. Powder Metallurgy - The art of producing metal powders and of utilizing metal powders for the production of massive materials and shaped objects. Precipitation Hardening - Hardening caused by the precipitation of a constituent form a supersaturated solid solution. Precipitation Hardening - A process of hardening an alloy in which a constituent precipitates from a supersaturated solid solution. Precipitation Heat Treatment - Nonfer met. Any of the various aging treatments conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain of the mechanical properties through precipitation from solid solution. Preferred Orientation - A condition of a polycrystalline aggregate in which the crystal orientations are not random. Preheating - Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment. For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before austenitizing. For

some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for a long time, in order to homogenize the structure before working. Preheating - (1) A general term used to describe heating applied as a preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment. (2) A term applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in which the steel is heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the hardening temperature and is then transferred to a furnace in which the temperature is substantially above the preheating temperature. (3) Nonfer. met.-Heating a metal to a relatively high temperature for a relatively long time in order to change the structure before working. Ingots are homogenized by preheating. Press Forging - Forging metal, usually hot, between dies in a press. Primary Crystal - The first type of crystal that separates from a melt during solidifacation. Primes - Metal products, principally sheet and plate, of the highest quality and free from visible defects. Primes - Metal products, such as sheet and plate, of the highest quality and free from visible surface defects. Process Annealing - In the sheet and wire industries, heating a ferrous alloy to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and then cooling, in order to soften the alloy for futher cold working. Process Annealing - In the sheet and wire industries, a process by whcih a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of the transformation range and is subsequently cooled. This process is applied in order to soften the alloy for further cold working. Proeutectoid (phase) - Particles of a phase that precipitate during cooling after austenitizing but before the eutectoid transformation takes place. Propertional Limit - The greatest stress that the material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionally of stress to strain (Hooke's Law). Propertional Limit - The maximum stress at which strain remains directly propertional to stress. Pulse-Echo Method - A nondestructive test in which pulses of energy are directed onto a part, and the time for the echo to return from one or more reflecting surfaces is measured. Punch - The movable part that forces the metal into the die in equipment for sheet drawing, blanking, coining, embossing and the like. Punching - Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.

Pyrometer - An instrument of any of various types used for measuring temperatures. Q-BOP - Modified Basic Oxygen Furnace in which the oxygen and other gases are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top. While the Q-BOP stirs the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for faster processing, the design produces essentially the same steel grades as the top-blowing basic oxygen furnace. Today's state-ofthe-art furnace design combines the previous technologies: 60% of the oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown through the bottom of the vessel. Quenching - Rapid cooling of hardening; normally achieved by immersion of the object to be hardened in water, oil, or solutions of salt or organic compounds in water. Qualification Trials - The testing required for a new process adopted to make certain grades of steel with exacting end uses. In order for the process to become qualified, the steel made by the process must be tested. Quality - Refers to the suitability and integrity of the steel for the purpose or purposes for which it is intended Quarter Buckle - See “Buckle, Quarter.” Quarter Hard (No. 3 Temper) - (A) In low carbon cold-rolled strip steel, a medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after annealing. (B) In brass mill terminology. Quarter hard is one B and S number hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless steel terminology tempers are based on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades Quarter Hard Temper is 125,000 T. S., 75,000 Y.S. min. Quarter Hard Temper - Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness range of 60 to 75 on the B scale. Product of this temper is intended for limited bending and cold forming and can be bent 90 degrees in the rolling direction and 180 degrees across the rolling direction over its own thickness. Quartz - "A form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown, purple, green, etc. It is the most common of all solid minerals. See also Silica " Quartzite - A compact granular rock composed of quartz. It is a metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so blended with the quartz grains as to give the rock a nearly homogeneous texture. Primary materiel in silica brick. Quench Crack - A crack resulting from thermal stress induced during rapid cooling or quenching, or from stresses induced by delayed transformations some time after the article has been fully quenched. Quench Hardening - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite.

Quench Severity - The quench severity is characterized by the H value and relates to the rate of temperature change during quenching. Quench Tank - 1) Tank of water used to quickly cool the strip before it reaches the delivery end of the line. 2) The water bath which is used to cool the steel strip after it has been annealed on CA line or reflowed on the Tin plater. Quencher Water - Water that keeps boiler duct work cool. Quenching - (1) In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling. (2) Rapid cooling Quick Return - A mechanism on some machine tools that provide rapid movement of the ram or table on the return or onointing stroke of the machine. Quench Aging - Aging that occurs after quenching following solution heat treatment. Quench Hardening - Hardening by austenitizing and then cooling at a rate such that a substantial amount of austenite is transformed to martensite. Quench Hardening - Hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to martensite. The austenitizing temperature for hypoeutectoid steels is usually above Ac3 and for hypereutectoid steels usually between Ac1 and Ac (cm). Quench Hardening (Steel) - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually involves the formation of martensite. Quenching - Rapid cooling. Quenching - In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys, quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling. Ra - Chemical symbol for Radium R Enamel - An unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to corrosion, or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can interiors. R1-Valves - Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss. Rack - An array of gears spaced on a straight bar.

Radial - In a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or sphere or from the axis of a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, for example, are radial. Radial Ring Rolling Mill (RW) - A type of ring forging equipment for producing seamless rolled rings by controlling only the outside and inside diameters. Radial Roll - (main roll, king roll) Radial Rolling Force - The action produced by the horizontal pressing force of the rolling mandrel acting against the ring and the main roll. Usually expressed in metric tons. Radiant Heat - Heat communicated by radiation and transmitted by electromagnetic waves. Radiant Tube Annealing Box - A box which is heated, inside, by means of tubes in which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered pile of metal, standing on the base of the box. Usually a protective atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from oxidation. Radiation Area - Any part of an installation accessible to employees in which there exists a radiation level of 7.5 millirem in any one hour over 150 millirem in any seven consecutive days. Radiation Hazard - Any situation where persons might be exposed to radiation in excess of the maximum permissible dose. Radiation, Direct - All radiation coming from within an x-ray tube and tube housing except the useful beam. Radioactive Isotopes - Varieties of an element possessing the same chemical characteristics but emitting detectable radiation's by means of which they can be identified and traced. Radioactive Material - Any compound or element which may emit any or all of the following: alpha and beta particles, electrons, photons neutrons and gamma and all other emissions which produce ionization directly or indirectly. Radiography - A nondestructive method of internal examination in which metal objects are exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation. Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by internal defects or inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic film placed behind the object. Radium - A radioactive element which the chemical symbol Ra; radium and its salts are used in gamma-ray radiography because of their radioactivity. Melting point is 700 B0C (1292 B0F). Radius - The distance from the center of a circle to its circimference (outside).

Reactive Power (See VARS below) The part of the electricity used by a motor or transformer (or similar device) that is used to magnetize the iron. (You have to magnetize the iron to create the magnetic field that makes the device work.) Rake - That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear while beign severed. If this surface is less than 90” from the surface being cut, the rake is positive. If more, the rake is negative. Ram - The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or press to which one of the dies is attached; sometimes applied to the upper flat die of a steam hammer. Ramming - Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the sand, pattern, flask on a table. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines, and jolt rammers are machines using this principle. Range - The difference between the highest and lowest values of a measurable attribute of the output of a process. Rapid Traverse - A lever-controlled, power-operated feature of some machines that permits the rapid movement of the worktable from one position to another. Rapping - Knocking or jarring the pattern to loosen it from the sand in the mold before withdrawing the pattern. Rare Earth (RE) - Any of a group of 15 similar metals with atomic numbers 57 to 71. Also rare earth element, rare earth metal, lanthanide series, uncommon metals, Mischmetal. Rare Gases - Helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon. Rat Tail - An expansion discontinuity in a sand casting, featured as a long, narrow, linear depression, resulting from sand expansion and minor buckling of the mold surface during filling of the mold. Raw Water - Untreated river water. Rb - Chemical symbol for Rubidium RCS - Abbreviation for Rigid Container Sheet Re-pickle - Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and Reanneal. Re - Chemical symbol for Rhenium Reactive Power (See VARS below) The part of the electricity used by a motor or transformer (or similar device) that is used to magnetize the iron. (You have to magnetize the iron to create the magnetic field that makes the device work.) - NULL

Reactor - A large inductor. Inductors have the characteristics of limiting electrical power surges that would occur when a large amount of current attempts to flow very quickly. In the WSX system, we use reactors to limit these surges between the power house #2, #3, and #4 buses. Readings - Readings taken from instruments and written on log sheet. Reaming, line - The process of reaming two or more holes to bring them into very accurate alignment. Rear End Condition - See “Back End Condition.” Recalescence - An increase of temperature that occurs while cooling metal through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal occur. Recarburizing - (1) Increasing the carbon content of molten cast iron or steel by adding carbonaceous material, high-carbon pig iron or a high-carbon alloy. (2) Carburizing a metal part to return surface carbon lost in processing. Receiving Ladle - A ladle placed in front of the cupola into which all metal is tapped. It acts as a mixer and reservoir and to smooth out metal flow to the pouring area. Recess - An internal groove. Recirculating Line - Line that relieves the pressure between the feedwater pump and the dearator tank. Recirculating Water - Keeps water from dead heading in feed water pumps. Recovery Pump - A pump that carries water from the gland evacuation pump to the condensate tank for #9 Generator. Red Brass - 85% Copper -- A copper-zinc alloy containing approximately 15% zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser tubes. Because of its color, is used or vanity cases, coins, plaques, badges, etc. It is somewhat stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold working. Red Hardness - A term sometimes associated with high speed steel because it has the property of retaining sufficient hardness for cutting metals even when heared to atemperature high enough to cause a dull redness. The tungsten content has a significant influence on this property. Red Rust - A reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on an uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with iron. Redraw Rod - This term is not recommended. The term “Drawing Stock” is preferred. Reducing Agent - Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove the oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. In gas-based processes, the iron

ore is heated in a vessel as reformed natural gas passes through. In coal-based processes, iron ore is combined with gasified or ground coal and heated. The oxygen in the ore combines with carbon and hydrogen in the gas or coal, producing reduced, or metallic, iron. Reducing Station - Manifolds on both the A.G.C. system and the C.V.C. system that break down the pressure coming from the main pumps into the pressures that the system requires. In the A.G.C. system the reducing station splits the pump pressure into P1, P2 and P3 pressures. In the C.V.C. system, the reducing station splits the pump pressure into P1, P2, P3 andP4 pressures. Reduction - The removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen. Reduction of Area (contraction ofarea) - The difference in a tension specimen, between the size of the original sectional area and that of the area at the point of rupture. It is generally stated as the percentage of decrease of cross sectional area of a tension specimen after rupture. Reel Breaks - Fractured base metal normally caused by poor leveling. It is indicated by light kinks across the width of the winding coil. Reel Digs - Especially on high carbon steel, marks made by the Hot Mill reels. These occur because the reels run faster than steel is coming off the line, it actually puts "digs" in itself. Reel Kinks - Damage on the strip in the core of a coil. Refined Aluminum - Aluminum of very high purity (99.950 percent or higher) obtained by special metallurgical treatments. Refining - (a) the removal of impurities and metallic oxides from the molten bath by the reaction of the slag and other additions. (b) A heat treatment process with the object of refining or making the grain size of the steel uniform. Reflector Sheet - An alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of highpurity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial-purity aluminum or an aluminum-manganese alloy. The high-purity coating imparts good polishing characteristics and the core gives adequate strength and formability. Reflectoscope - An instrument for the ultrasonic testing of metals. Reflow - An area on the plating line where tin on the strip surface is melted and resolidified to get a brite, shiny appearance. Reflow Plate (Brite) - Process on Tin Platers; section of Tin plater that heats coil and melts the Tin coating. Reflowed Surface - A shiny tin plate product surface which is achieved by heating the tin coating up to its melting point (thereby melting the tin) and cooling it back to room temperature.

Refractory - A ceramic material that can resist great heat and is therefore suitable for lining furnaces. Fireclay, dolomite, magnesite and silica are examples. This is not to be confused with refractory metals, such as columbium and tantalum. Refractory Brick - Heat-resistant brick. Because its melting point is well above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory bricks line most steelmaking vessels that come in contact with molten metal, like the walls of the blast furnace, sides of the ladles, and inside of the BOF. Refractory Clay - A clay which fuses at pce 25 (1590C, 2894F) or higher. Refractory Metal - A metal having an extremely high melting point. In the broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron, cobalt, and nickel. Regenerator - (Regeneration System) A device used to increase the volume of hydraulic oil going to the work roll change extractor. Regression Analysis - A statistical method of determining, or predicting, the value of a dependent variable, based on levels of one or more know independent variables. Reheating - Heating metal again to hot-working temperature. In general no structural changes are intended. Reinforcing Bar (Rebar) - A commodity-grade steel used to strengthen concrete in highway and building construction. Rejects Box - Also known as a HOLES box, where scrap sheets accumulate during production. Release Agent (Parting Agent) - A material, e.g. silicone, stearate, oil, or wax for lubricating a die pattern or core box to facilitate easy removal of a casting, mold or core. Relief - A term for clearance or clearance angle. Relief Valve - A valve that is set at a predetermined pressure and will open if a system or component of a system exceeds that set pressure. Reline - The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liquid steel vessel. Once it wears out, the brick lining of a furnace must be cooled, stripped and replaced. This maintenance can be significant because a blast furnace reline may require up to three months to complete. Remanence - The remaining flux density after the magnetizing force has been removed. Remote - A station near a pump consisting of both an 'On' and an 'Off' button. A pump can be started or stopped by its corresponding remote.

Removable Sections - Side panel section of tubes that make up the vessel cover. The removable sections are located on the north and south sides of both boilers. Reoil - Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment to prevent water stain. Repair Welding - Any welding carried out after delivery to the end user, i.e., after the casting has been in service. Rephosphorizing (Steel) - A Ladle-chemical treatment consisting of the addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper rolling black plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a corresponding loss in ductility. . NOTE: Black Plate in tempers T5 and T6 (R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from Rephosphorized steel. Replate - To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated previously. Replicast Process (CS) - A ceramic shell process similar to the investment casting process. Uses a pattern made from expanded polystyrene (EPS) and is surrounded by a thin ceramic shell. Reroll Stock - A semi-finished rolled product of rectangular cross section in coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples: “Foil Stock” and “Sheet Stock”. Reset - A control button used to energize the side trimmer and welder. Residual - Any element remaining in any alloy following melting and casting which was not added to meet an analytical specification limit. Residual Stress - See Stress, Residual Residual Stress - Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or welding. Residuals - The impurities in mini-mill steel as the result of the mix of metals entering the process dissolved in obsolete scrap. Residuals are key concerns regarding the mini-mills' recent entry into the flat-rolled market, where high residuals can leave sheet steel too brittle for customer use. Resistance Welding - A type of welding process in which the work pieces are heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact. Such processes include spot welding, seam or line welding and percussion welding. Flash and butt welding are sometimes considered as resistance welding processes. Resolved Shear Stress - Stress operating on a crystallographic slip system. Respirator - A filtering device which covers the nose and mouth and prevents inhalation of dust or fumes; should have the U.S. Bureau of Mines certificate or approval for the specific contaminant being filtered out. Handkerchiefs and gauze masks give little or no protection.

Resulfurized Steel - Steel to which sulfur has been added in controlled amounts after refining. The sulfur is added to improve machinability. Return Filter - A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating hydraulic system before it returns to the system's storage tank. Reusable Filter - Type of filter element that can be cleaned in solvent and used again. Reversing Block - Part of a grease system that changes the flow of grease from one direction to the other after a predetermined pressure has been met. Reversing Mill - Any rolling mill in which the direction of rotation of the rolls can be reversed at will. Heavy primary mills for bloom and slab rolling are the most common, but others, including some cold-rolling mills, are also made to reverse. Revert - Recycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and machine chips. Rewind - A coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer. Rework - Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and Reanneal. Reynolds Numbers - Used in hydraulics and in casting gating theory. A dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity / density) describing the fairly sudden shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. Re > 2000 represents turbulent flow. Laminar flow is seldom experienced in runner and gating systems. RF Backbone - Hardware and Software which enables real time tracking of inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and transmitting it to the DEC computer. It includes the scanners, relay base stations, links to the computer and all required software to operate the system. Rh - Chemical symbol for Rhodium Rhodium - Chemical symbol Rh. A silver-white metal found in nickel deposits. Rib - An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to provide stiffening. Ribbing A coating - A coating defect consisting of a flow mark defect with an appearance similar to corduroy fabric. Ribbing usually occurs when the flow marks (ribs), from application on the coater, do not flow out and level the surface of the coating. Ridge - A hump across the width of the surface of the coil. Rigging - Gates, risers, loose pieces, etc., needed on the pattern to produce a sound casting. Rigidity - The degree of flexibility of steel.

Rimmed Steel - Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits the metal to remain liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of a bottom and side rim of considerable thickness. The rim is of somewhat purer composition than the original metal poured. If the rimming action is stopped shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is known as capped steel. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the same carbon and manganese content rimmed steel is softer than killed steel. Ring Rolling - The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced disks or thick walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls that control wall thickness, ring diameter, height, and contour. Rip - Defect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is still attached to the strip. Riser - Reservoir of molten metal from which casting feeds as it shrinks during solidification. Riser Distance - The length of the riser neck. The term is applied to side risers only. Riser Height - The distance from the top of the riser when liquid to the top of the riser neck. Riser height when sold is usually several inches less than when liquid because of contraction and loss of feed metal to the casting. Riser Neck - The connecting passage between the riser and casting. Usually only the height and width or diameter of the riser neck are reported, although the shape can be equally important. Riser Pad (Riser Contact) - An enlargement of the riser neck where it joins the casting. The purpose of the pad is to prevent the riser from breaking into the casting when it is struck or cut from the casting. Riser, Blind - A riser that does not break through the top of the cope and is entirely surrounded by sand; opened to the atmosphere by means of a firecracker core. Riser, Open - Conventional form of riser usually located at the heaviest section of the casting and extending through the entire height of the cope. Riser, Side (Side Head) - A riser attached to the side of a casting. Riser, Top (Top Head) - A riser attached to the top surface of a casting. Riser-Gating - Practice of running metal for the casting through the riser to help directional solidification. Rock Candy Fracture - A fracture that exhibits separated-grain facets, most often used to describe intergranular fractures in large grained metals. Rockwell - (Hardness Tester) A device used to determine the hardness of the steel strip. "Rockwell" machines are used to measure hardness of all WSC's products.

Rockwell Hardness - Measure of resistance to penetration when material is exposed to a pointed load. The hardness numbers obtained by a Rockwell machine are related to the depth of the impression measured after the load is applied. See hardness Rockwell Hardness (Test) - A standard method for measuring the hardness of metels. The hardness is expressed as a number related to the depth of residual penetration of a steel ball or diamond cone (brale) after a minor load of 10 kilograms has been applied to hold the penetrator in position. This residual penetration is automatically registered on a dial when the major load is removed from the penetrator. Various dial readings combined with different major loads, five scales designated by letters varying from A to H; the B and C scales are most commonly in use. Rockwell Hardness Testing - A method of determining the relative hardness value of material by measuring the depth of residual penetration by a steel ball or diamond point under controlled loading Rod, Alclad - Rod having on its surface a metallurgically bonded or aluminum alloy caoting that is anodic to the core alloy to which it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion. Rod, Cold-Finished Extruded - Rod produced by cold working extruded rod. Rod, Cold-Finished Rolled - Rod produced by cold working rolled rod. Rod, Cold-Finished - Rod brought to final dimensions by cold working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerances Rod, Cold-Heading - Rod of quality suitable for use in the manufacture of coldheaded products such as rivets and bolts Rod, Extruded - Rod produced by hot extruding. Rod, Rivet - See “Rod, Cold Heading”. Rod, Rolled - Rod produced by hot rolling Rod - Round, thin semi-finished steel length that is rolled from a billet and coiled for further processing. Rod is commonly drawn into wire products or used to make bolts and nails. Rod trains (rolling facilities) can run as fast as 20,000 feet per minute D1more than 200 miles an hour. Rod Mill - (1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the ball mill, but employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding medium. (2) A mill for rolling metal rod. Rod Side Pressure - Pressure applied to the back side of the head of a cylinder ram or shaft that supplies less force than the blank side pressure.

Rodding - Reinforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes to strengthen parts of the core. Roll-In Metal - An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the surface of the product. Roll Forming - An operation used in forming sheet Roll Grind - The uniform ground finish on the work rolls which is imparted to the sheet or plate. Roll Force Systems - "Mill stands place considerable pressure on slabs, blooms and coils to further process the material. There are two general ways of applying the force to the steel D1screw and hydraulic systems. SCREW (INCLINE PLANE) This older method used the basic principle of the screw to adjust the space between the mill rolls. Because metal touches metal, these configurations will wear down over time and can cause quality problems. HYDRAULIC (PANCAKE CYLINDER) This modern system uses fluid pressure to rapidly adjust the roll spacing several times per second. These minute, instantaneous adjustments allow for superior gauge tracking and higher-quality products. " Roll Forming - An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called molded sections. Roll Forming - 1) An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called "molded sections." 2) A process of coiling sheet into open cylinders. Roll Scale - Oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it is being heated and rolled. Much of the scale is cracked and loosened during the rolling operation and may fall off the piece naturally or be blown off by high-pressure water sprays or other means. Rolled Edges - Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edges. Rolled Ring - See “Forging, Rolled ring”. Rolled Edges - Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edge. Roller Flattening - The process in which a series of staggered rolls of small diameter is used to remove bow and waves Roller Level - appreciable reduction in gauge.

Roller Leveling - Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered small rolls so as to flatten the metal. This method is relatively ineffective in removing defects such as buckles, wavy edges, corrugations, twists, etc., or from steel in the higher hardness ranges. Rolling Ingot - A cast form suitable for rolling. See “Fabricating Ingot”. Rolling lap - A fault arising from the overfilling or mis-alignment of rolls, the result is a bulge on the baaaar which is rolled into the metal and is lapped over. It remains throughout subsequent working and appears as a longitudinal crack. Rolling Mandrel - In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter to accept various sizes of ring blanks and to exert rolling force on an axis parallel to the main roll. Rolling Over - The operation of reversing the position of a flask. If the drag part of the pattern has been rammed with the parting surface downward, it is rolled over 180 degrees to allow core setting and placement of cope. Rolling Slab - A rectangular semi-finished product, produced by hot rolling fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling. Rolling Ticket - The order matte, order paper, and mill order paper; tells how coil should be rolled or processed. Rollover Board - A wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid top face downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half mold being turned over together before the joint is made. Rollover Machine - A molding machine with which the flask is rolled over before the pattern is drawn from the mold. Roofing Sheet - Coiled or flat sheet in specific tempers, widths and thickness suitable for the manufacture of corrugated or v-crimp roofing. Root Diameter - See minor diameter. Roping - A rope-like appearance in the rolling direction after the metal has undergone severe deformation Rosin Powder - Powder used on reels to ensure a tight start and prevent slippage. Rotary Shear (Slitting Machine) - A cutting machine with sharpened circular blades or disc-like cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet and foil. NOTE: cutter discs are also employed in producing dircles from flat sheets but with differently designed machines. Rotary Strainer - A second stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the New Blowing Room Pump to the Blast Furnace. The strainer contains an electricdriven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system.

Rotoweigh - An electronic scale mounted to the lifting block of a crane used to weigh scrap and coils. A weight readout is displayed on the side of the crane cab. Roughting - The fast removal of stock to reduce a workplace to approximate dimensions, leaving only enough material to finish the part to specifications. Roughing Stand - The first rolling stand through which metal passes during hot rolling. Once reduced by the roughing stands, the metal continues on to the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a smaller gap are used to complete the hot roll process. Roundness - This term is not recommended. The term ”Ovality” is prferred. Route - The system of transport for moving any piece of inventory from a source location to any destination includes the physical path as well as the mover/hauler chosen to transport. Ru - Chemical symbol for Ruthenium Rub Mark - See “Mark Rub”. Rub, Tool - A surface area showing a scratch or abrasion resulting from contact of the hot extrusion with the press equipment Rubber Id's - Inserts used to change the center diameter (20"-24" ID). Rubber Roll - A roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or back-up roll. Rule, Hook - A rule with a hook on the end for measuring through pulley holes and in similar places. Ruling Section - More accurately termed limiting ruling section. One of the most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a given purpose is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties are abtained throughout the section when the material has been heat treated. The limiting ruling section determines the maximum diameter or cross-section of a bar or component in which the specified properties can be achieved by a given heat treatment. The analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this. Runner - A channel through which molten metal or slag is passed from one receptacle to another; in a mold, the portion of the gate assembly that connects the downgate or sprue with the casting ingate or riser. The term also applies to similar portions of master patterns, pattern dies, patterns, investment molds and finished castings. Runner Extension - In a mold, that part of a runner which extends beyond the farthest ingate as a blind end. It acts as a dirt trap since the first rush of metal along the runner will pick up any loose particles of sand or dirt and carry them into the extension and not into the mold cavity.

Runner Riser - A conventional runner, usually in the horizontal plane, which permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large enough to act as a reservoir to feed the casting. Running Pump - A pump in a hydraulic system that is being used to create pressure. Runout - A casting defect caused by incomplete filling of the mold due to molten metal draining or leaking out of some part of the mold cavity during pouring; escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold or melting crucible. Rust - A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of iron. Applied only to ferrous alloys. Ruthenium - Chemical symbol Ru. A white metal noted for its harness; the most expensive of the platinum group Ragged Edges - Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged or burred or otherwise disfigured. Reciprocal Lattice (for a crystal) - A group of points arranged about a center in such a way that the line joining each point of the center is perpendicular to a family of planes in the crystal, and the length of this line is inversely proportional to their interplanar distance. Recovery - Reduction or removal of work-hardening effects, without motion of large-angle grain boundaries. Recovery - (1) The removal of residual stresses by localized plastic flow as the result of low-temperature annealing operations; performed on cold worked metals without altering the grain structure or strength properties substantially. Recrystallization - A process whereby a distorted grain structure of cold worked metals is replaced by a new, stress-free grain structure as a result of annealing above a specific minimum temperature for a specific time. Recrystallization - (1) The change from one crystal structure to another, as occurs on heating or cooling through a critical temperature. (2) The formation of a new, strain-free grain structure from that existing in cold worked metal, usually accomplished by heating. Recrystallization - (1) A change from one crystal structure to another, such as that occurring on heating or cooling through a critical temperature. (2) Formation of a new, strain-free grain, structure from the structure existing in cold worked metal. Recrystallization Temperature - The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold worked metal occurs within a specified time. Recystallization Annealing - Annealing cold worked metal to produce a new grain structure without a phase change.

Red Shorness - Brittleness in steel when it is red hot. Reduction of Area - (1) Commonly, the difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross-sectional area measured after complete separation. (2) The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between original crosssectional area and that after straining the specimen. Refining Temperature - A temperature, usually just higher than the transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the structure -- in particular, the grain size. Refractory - A heat-resistant material, usually nonmetallic, which is used for furnace linings and such. Refractory Alloy - A term applied to those alloys which due to hardness or abrasiveness present relative difficulty in maintaining close dimensional tolerances. Residual Elements - Small quantities of elements unintentionally present in an alloy. Residual Stress - Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or welding. Residual Stress - Stress present in a body that is free of external forces or thermal gradients. Residuals - 'Incidental' or 'tramp' elements not named in a specification. These inclusions are usually due to contaminated scrap. Resilience - The tendency of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of a stress that has produced elastic strain. Resistance Welding - Welding with electrical resistance heating and pressure, the work being part of an electrical circuit. Resolution - The capacity of an optical or radiation system to separate closely spaced forms or entities; also, the degree to which such forms or entities can be discriminated. Ribbon Wound - A term applied to a common method of winding strip steel layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel. Riffles - Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip. Rimmed Steel - Low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to produce continuous evolution of carbon monoxide during ingot solidification, resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids.

Rimmed Steel - A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the ingot is solidifying, resulting in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids. Sheet and strip products made from the ingot have very good surface quality. Ripple (defect) - A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at intervals along the piece. Roll Forming - An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into structural members of various contours, sometimes called molded sections. Rolled Edges - Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square corners, rounded corners and rounded edge. Rolled In Scale - A surface defect consisting of scale partially rolled into the surface of the sheet. Roller Leveling - Leveling by passing flat stock through a machine having a series of small-diameter staggered rolls. Rolling - Reducing the cross-sectional area of metal stock, or otherwise shaping metal products, through the use of rotating rolls. Rolling - A term applied to the operation of shaping and reducing metal in thickness by passing it between rolls which compress, shape and lengthen it following the roll pattern. Rolling Direction (in rolled metal) - The direction, in the plane of the sheet, perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling. Rolling Mills - Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to a given shape employing sets of rolls the contours of which determine or fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes, e.g., blooms, slabs, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates, sheets and strip. Rough Machining - Machining without regard to finish, usually to be followed by a subsequent operation. Rule Die Steel - A hardened and tempered medium high carbon spring steel strip sufficiently low in hardness to take moderately sharp bends without fracture, intended for manufacture into rule dies for the purpose of cutting or stamping fabrics, paper, cardboard, plastics, and metal foil into desired shape. S-Relay - A device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston which in turn causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of the steam controlling valves on a low pressure generator. S/T - Side trimmer.

Sacrificial Barrier - A coating, such as zinc, which "sacrifices" itself to the corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from corrosion. SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers; develops SAE Ferrous Materials Standards Manual. SAE Specifications - A set of materials specification issued by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. SAW - Submerged arc weld – a method of producing very large pipe Safeties - Valves that open to relieve excessive pressure. Saddle - Line equipment used to transfer coils up, down, on, or off the reels. The saddle is sometimes referred to as a ""traverse car""." Safety Cup 1. A device - 1) A device that prevents the oil reservoir from draining if the water seal on the separator is lost. 2) Heavy steel mug-shaped device placed on the welder shear cylinder when the welder carriage is in the out position. The cup keeps the welder shear frame from operating, enabling the safe removal of scrap from the welder tray. Safety Horn - A horn used to alert the crew that the line or parts of the line is about to be jogged. Sag - A decrease in metal section in casting due to sagging of the cope or core. Salamander - 1) A heating device, usually of drum shape, in which fuel is burned in the open air by natural draft, 2) iron which has collected in the bottom of a blast furnace during a blow. Salt Bath - A method of heating steel using a bath of molten salts. Salt baths give uniform heating and prevent oxidation, they are used for hardening, tempering or quenching. The type of salt used depends on the temperature rang required. For hardening,sodium cyanide,sodium carbonate and sodium chloride are in common use. Salt Spray Test - A test to determine the life of coated steel when exposed to corrosive saltwater solution (generally 5% NaCl). Salvage - Smaller coils sold at above the scrap price. Salvage Coil - A coil with a weight less than 5000 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications. These coils do not get an IPM number. Sample - A part , portion or piece taken for purposes of inspection or test as representative of the whole Sand - In metalcasting, a loose, granular material high in SiO2, resulting from the disintegration of rock. The name sand refers to the size of grain and not to mineral composition. Diameter of the individual grains can vary from approximately 6 to 270

mesh. Most foundry sands are mad up principally of the mineral quartz (silica). Reason for this is that sand is plentiful, refractory, and cheap; miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite, CaCO3, black sand (lava grains), titanium minerals and others. Sand Blasting - The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand against them at high velocity. See also Blast Cleaning. Sand Casting - Metal castings produced in sand molds. Sand Control - Procedure whereby various properties of foundry sand, such as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture content, etc., are adjusted to obtain castings free from blows, scabs, veins, and similar defects. Sand Mulling - A method of evenly distributing the bond around the sand grain by a rubbing action. Sand Plow - A bladed device used to divert sand from a belt conveyor into a sand hopper. Sand Porosity - Volume of the pore spaces or folds in a sand. (Not synonymous with permeability). Sand Reclamation - Processing of used foundry sand grains by thermal, attraction or hydraulic methods so that it may be used in place of new sand without substantially changing current foundry sand practice. Sand Tempering - Dampening and cutting over or otherwise mixing sand to produce uniform distribution of moisture, and allowing time for migration of water molecules. Sand Wall - Temporary independent wall separated from a slag pocket wall; facilitates slag removal and protects permanent wall. Sanding Stick - A wooden stick that has sandpaper on one end that is used to prevent defects on the rolls from being transferred onto the strip. Sanding Stone - Equipment used to remove grit from rolls, tin or zinc build-up from knives, and to clean the burr mashers. Saw-Plate Bar - See “Bar, Saw-Plate”. Sb - Chemical symbol for Antimony Scab - An imperfection consisting of a thin, flat piece of metal attached to the surface of a sand casting or ingot. A scab usually is separared from the casting proper by a thin layer of sand or refractory and is attached to the casting along one edge. An erosion scab is similar in appearance to a cut or wash. Scale - The oxidised surface of steel produced during hot working, as in rolling, and exposure to air or steam at elevated tenmperature.

Scale Line - A furrow in the rolling direction of the strip. Scale Pits - Pits used in hot roll mills; scale loosened from hot slabs drops into the pits and settles on the bottom. Scale Resistance - Resistance to corrosion by air at elevated temperatures. In stainless steels, chromium is the most important element for increasing the scaling resistance particulary at temperatures above 1000°F Scaling (Scale) - Surface oxidation, partially adherent layers of corrosion products, left on metals by heating or casting in air or in other oxidizing atmospheres. Scanner - 1) An electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the light spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 2) Refers to hardware used to scan the bar coded labels containing the IPM no. of the coil and the location for inventory identification. Interfaces directly to the DEC computer through the Radiofrequency (RF) Backbone. Scanner Fan - Fan which provides ambient air for the purpose of keeping the flame scanners cool. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - An instrument used for obtaining microstructure images using an electron beam. The micrographs obtained give depth perception of the metal being observed. Scarfing - Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordinarily by using a gas torch. The operation permits surface defects to be cut from ingots, billets, or the edges of plate that is to be beveled for butt welding. Scavenging Rate - Establishes the purity of the hydrogen gas in the generator. SCBA - See Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. Schedule - A list of product to be processed on a unit. Schedule Book - A group of schedules or order mattes that contain customer specifications for processing. Scleroscope Hardness (Test) - A method for measuring the hardness of metals; a diamond-pointed hammer drops from a fixed distance through a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the rebound measured. The scleroscope hardness value is empirically taken from the rebound distance, with a specified high-carbon steel as 100. Scotch Brite - Mechanical finish produced by applying scotch brite (registered trademark of 3M co.) to the surface of the metal to give a fine scratch pattern appearance. It is also useful I reducing tool wear (i.e. removal of abrasive surface osides Scrap (Ferrous) - "Ferrous (iron-containing) material that generally is remelted and recast into new steel. Integrated steel mills use scrap for up to 25% of their basic oxygen furnace charge; 100% of the mini-mills' raw material for their electric

furnaces generally is scrap. HOME SCRAP Waste steel that is generated from within the steel mill, through edge trimming and rejects. It normally is sent directly back to the furnace. PROMPT (INDUSTRIAL) SCRAP Excess steel that is trimmed by the auto and appliance stampers and auctioned to scrap buyers as factory bundles. This is a high-quality scrap as the result of its low-residual content and consistent chemistry. OBSOLETE SCRAP Iron-bearing trash. Automobile hulks, worn-out refrigerators and useless storage tanks, for example, can be recovered from the junkyard and remelted. The residual impurity of such scrap normally relegates obsolete scrap to the mini-mills (see No. 1 Heavy Melt). " Scrap (Metal) - Metal to be remelted; includes scrapped machinery fabricated items such as rail or structural steel and rejected castings. Scrap Baller - Device on the Delivery End of a slitter which collects the sidetrimmed edges of the coils and winds them into a ball. Scrap Deflector - A device used to direct the edge of the strip that was cut away by the slitter knives. This waste is now considered to be scrap and is directed to the scrap baller by the deflector. Scrap Sheet - The portions of the coil that are discarded because they are out of spec. Scrap Substitute - Raw material that can be charged in place of scrap in electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. Scrap substitutes include, among others, DRI, HBI, iron carbide, and pig iron. Scratch, Drawn-In - A scratch occurring during the fabricating process and subsequently drawn over making it relatively smooth to the touch. Scratch, Friction - A scratch caused by relative motion between two contacting surfaces. Scratch, Handling - A more severe form of rub mark. See “Mark, Rub”. Scratch, Machine - An indentation which is straight, is in the rolling direction an is caused by contact with a sharp projection on equipment. Scratch, Oscillation - Minor indentations at an angle to the rolling direction that result from coil oscillation during unwinding or rewinding. Scratch, Oven - A scratch which is caused by moving contact of coating against a non-moving object in an oven. Scratch, Rolled-In - A scratch which is subsequently rolled. It will then appear as a grayish white ladder (distinct transverse lines within the longitudinal indentation). Scratch, Tension - A short longitudinal indentation parallel to the rolling direction.

Scratch - (1) For rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface usually caused by a machine or during handling. (2) For extrusions, a synonym for handling mark. See “Mark, Handling”. Scratch or Gouge - This type of defect can be recognized, in most cases, as to its source. If the scratch or gouge occurs in the hot strip mill there will be an oxide which has formed at the base of it. Scratches or gouges occurring at the finishing end can be recognized by the bright appearance at the base of the defect which is indicative of oxide removal after the steel has cooled. Scratches - 1) A defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating have been removed. 2) Defect that manifests itself in many forms generally due to scoring of the strip surface by an outside source. Screen (Sand) - A sieve or riddle with openings of definite size used to separate one gain size from another or to remove lumps from sand. Screen Analysis (Sieve Analysis) - Distribution of particle size sand expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a series of standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the percentage passed by the screen of finest mesh. Screen Box - An in-line water filter for water delivered from the river to the powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system. Screen Box Chart - A chart in the old pump room that gives the Pump Tender the pressure on the screen box and whether it is dirty or not. Screen Decks - A system that provides a method to screen the fines from the sinter product. The screen decks are slotted or blanked. Screen Tubes - Tubes that run from the front drum to a header on the east wall at the third floor level. While no steam is generated, water circulates rapidly through these tubes and their purpose is to block or screen the boiler fly ash and prevent its carryover into the superheater elements and generators. This area receives heavy slagging during boiler operation and must be washed daily. Screwdown Drives - Drives atop each finishing mill that provide the initial downward force on the top back-up roll, through the A.G.C. cylinder. Each mill has two drives (operator side and drive side). Scrubbers - See Wet Scrubbers Scrubbers - The scrubber combines the use of wringers and sprays to wash off any remaining foreign matter and cleaning compound adhering to the strip. Cold water is mainly used in the scrubbers. Se - Chemical symbol for Selenium. Sea - Special end area – inspection to check for defects at eithre of a steel tube which is also being inspected electronic (EMI misses the ends.)

Seal Oil - Pressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the clearance space between the gland rings and the shaft. As long as the oil pressure exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil flow will prevent hydrogen gas from escaping. Seal oil systems are on #8 and #9 Generators. Seal Tank - A tank that allows a free flow of effluent water the scrubber to the recycle/effluent tank and maintains a water seal on the scrubber to prevent the sulfur gases from escaping into the surrounding atmosphere. Seal Water - Water that is used to quench excess steam that escapes from the seal areas. Sealed Source - Any radioactive material that is encased in and is to be used in a container in a manner intended to prevent leakage of the radioactive material. Seam (A defect.) - On the surface of metal a crack that has been closed but not welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in working, such as blowholes that have become oxidized or folds and laps that have been formed during working. Similar to cold shut and laminations. Seamless - A hollow product which does not contain any line junctures resulting from method of manufacture. Seamless Pipe - Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then rotated under extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an opening in the center of the billet, which is then shaped by a mandrel to form pipe. Seam, Extrusion - The junction line of metal that has passed through a bridge or porthole hollow die, separated and rejoined at the weld point. Seams are present in all such extruded hollows in many cases are not readily visible. See “Seamless” and “Weld, Incomplete”. Secondary Coils - Coils not sold as prime. Secondary Metal - Metal recovered from scrap by remelting and refining. Secondary Steel - Steel that does not meet the original customer's specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface quality. Mills must search to find another customer (that can accept the lower quality) to take the off-spec steel at a discount. While secondary will not affect the reported yield, margins will suffer. Seconds - The designation given to sheet or strip that has imperfections in moderate degree or extent, which may be classified in two general groups -imperfections in the base material, or other manufacturing defects. This term not used in connection with non-ferrous alloys. Section Number - The number assigned to an extruded or drawn profile (shape) for indentation and cataloging purposes, usually the same number assigned for the same purpose to the die from which the profile (shape) is made.

Seediness - Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced undissolved particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in the coating. They are raised up in the coating and appear somewhat like fine sand sprinkled throughout the film Segment - A part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to hold a coil or collapse to release a coil. Segment Steel - Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about .60%. Hardened and blue tempered with round edges. Hardness usually Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from .058 to .163 and thicknesses are .020, .024 and .030. Seienium - A metalloid melting 220 B0C (428 B0F) added to stainless steel to improve machinability. Selector Valve - Valves on some filter assemblies that allow switching from one filter to the other. Selenium - An element that closely resembles sulphur in its properities. The main use in steel is as a freecutting additive but due to high cost its is limited to stainless steel. One of the benefits being the ability to obtain a very good surface finish on machined components. Semi-finished Steel - "Steel shapes-for example, blooms, billets or slabs-that later are rolled into finished products such as beams, bars or sheet. Sendzimir Mill (Z-mill) WHAT Compact mill used for rolling cold coils of stainless steel in order to make the steel thinner, smoother, and stronger. WHY To control the thickness of steel better at lower capital cost, and to roll thinner sheets and strips. HOW Stainless steel sheet or strip passes between a matching pair of small work rolls with extremely smooth surfaces, heavily reinforced by clusters of back-up rolls. The rolls reduce the steel to the desired thickness. Service Center A catchall name for an operation that buys steel, often processes it in some way and then sells it in a slightly different form. A service center is distinguished from an end-user by the fact that, unlike an end-user, a service center sells steel, not a fabricated product. Service centers are manufacturers to the extent that they add labor to steel by providing a service. " Separate - A term used to describe the process of stopping the entry end of the line, while the delivery end continues to run. Separator - Oil filtering equipment that separates the water and dirt from the oil. Separator Rubs - Mechanical scratches caused by separator arms Servo - An electronically monitored hydraulic flow control valve used to drive loads. Setup - Line preparation to slit new width size for customer specification. The distance between the slitter heads must be changed and the knives must be physically moved on the slitter shaft. SFSA - Steel Founders' Society

SG Iron - An abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. As the name implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes and compared with Grey Cast Iron it has higher mechanical strength, ductility and increased shock resistance. Shakeout - 1) The operation of removing castings from the mold 2) a mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the solidified metal casting. Shaker - A device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the rail cars and make the coal drop from the hoppers. Shank - The handle attached to a ladle. Shape - This term is no longer recommended. The term “Profile” is preferred. See “Profile”. Shape Control - Ability to produce material to a given geometric flatness standard. (See Flatness) Shape Correcting - Rolling, heating and quenching steel sheets often affect the dimensions of the steel. Levelers, temper mills and edge trimmers rework the processed steel to match customer specifications. Shape Defect - Geometric non-uniformity of a strip, such as bent strip, coil set, center buckle, wavy edge, etc. Shaw (Osborn-Shaw) Process - A precision casting technique in ceramic molds which do not require wax or plastic investment. Shear Bands (deformation) - Bands in which deformation has been concentrated inhomogeneously in sheets that extend across regional groups of grains. Usually only one system is present in each regional group of grains, different systems being present in adhoining groups. The bands are noncrystallographic and form on planes of maximum shear stress (55(degrees) to the compression direction). They carry most of the deformation at large strains. Compare microbands. Shear Burr - A condition caused by a worn or out-of-adjustment shear knife. It is indicated by a small raised area at the end of the strip. Shear Carriage - Bottom section of the shear that raises when a cut is made and catches the pieces of scrap. Located at the welder. Shear Modulus (G) - In a torsion test, the ratio of the unit shear stress to the displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. Units are Pa or psi. Shear Strain - Elastic displacement produced by pure shear loading. Shear Stress - Load per unit area parallel to the plane of contact. Shearing - A process of mechanically cutting metal bars to the proper stock length necessary for forging and trimming dies.

Shearing Test - The test applied to metal to determine the stress required to fracture it across its section. Sheet - Wide, flat-rolled steel. It is generally accepted that steel less than 3 mm thick is sheet and more than 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick is plate (See Plate). Sheet Mill - The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized products, including galvanized, galvannealed and Galfan. Sheet Mill Product - A product produced at the Sheet Mill. Sheet Products - 1) Hot Roll (01) Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully processed in Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 2) Cold Roll (02) Uncoated, heavy gauge, primarily processed in Strip Steel, although some goes to the Tin Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 3) Galvanized (05,06) "Bath" coated with zinc, heavy gauge, primarily processed thru Strip Steel & Sheet Mill, majority is cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 4) Weirzin (07) electrogalvanized Zinc coated, normally lighter gauge than galvanized, processed through Strip Steel & Tin Mill, mostly single reduced. (Tandem) Sheet Steel - Thin, flat-rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for nearly one-half of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a hot-strip mill by rolling a cast slab flat while maintaining the side dimensions. The malleable steel lengthens to several hundred feet as it is squeezed by the rolling mill. The most common differences among steel bars, strip, plate, and sheet are merely their physical dimensions of width and gauge (thickness). Sheet, Alclad - Composite sheet comprised of an aluminum alloy core having on both surfaces (if one side only, Alclad One Side Sheet) a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic or the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion. Sheet, Anodizing - Sheet with metallurgical characteristics and surface quality suitable for the development of protective and decorative films by anodic oxidation processes. Sheet, Clad - Composite sheet having on both surfaces (if on one side only, Clad One Side Sheet) a metallurgically bonded metal coating, the composition of which may or may not be the same as that of the core. Sheet, Coiled Cut to Length - Sheet cut to specified length from coils and which has a lesser degree of flatness than flat sheet Sheet, Coiled - Sheet in coils with slit edges. Sheet, Flat Circles - Circles cut from flat sheet Sheet, Flat - Sheet with sheared, slit or sawed edges, which has been flattened or leveled.

Sheet, Mill finish (MF) - Sheet having a non-uniform finish that may vary from sheet to sheet and within a sheet, and may not be entirely free from stains or oil. Sheet, One Side Bright Mill Finish (1SBMF) - Sheet having a moderate degree of brightness on one side and a mill finish on the other Sheet, Painted - Sheet, one or both sides of which has a factory-applied paint coating of controlled thickness. Sheet, Standard One Side Bright Finish (S1SBF) - Sheet having a uniform bright finish on one side and a mill finish on the other Sheet - A rolled product that is rectangular in cross section with thickness less than 0.250 inch but not less than 0.006 inch and with slit, sheared or sawed edges. Shell Molding - A process for forming a mold from resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with pre-heated (300-500 B0F) metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern. Shelving - A coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion failure where a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below. Sherardizing - A process developed in Britainin 1904 by sherard Cowper-coles. It is a method of producing a protective zinc coating on iron and steel products. Shewed Tolerances - Tolerances which are non-symmetrically distributed about the design parameter. Shift - A casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of cores and mold. Shim - A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there are four general types: (1) Low Carbon Rockwell B 80/100; (2) Hard Rolled High Carbon Rockwell C 28/33. (3) Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel Rockwell C 44/51; (4) Austenitic Stainless Steel Rockwell C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial quality is also used and most generally specified is 2 Nos. Hard but may be 4 Nos. Hard. Shipout - A coil which has been fully processed to customer specifications. Shoe - A holder used as a support for the stationary portions of forging and trimming. Shore Scleroscope - An instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is allowed to fall freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sampel under test. The hardness is measured by the height of the rebound. In another for the rebounding hammer actuates the pointer of a scale so that the height of the rebound is recorded. Short Belt - The belt that delivers coal from the seventh floor hopper to the long belt.

Short Terne - A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets with reference to Base Box sizes (14 x 20) Refer to terne plate. Short Transverse Direction - For plate, sheet and forging, the direction through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long transverse directions. Shortness - A form of brittleness in metal. It is designed as cold, hot, and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs. Shortness (Hot) - Brittleness in a metal at an elevated temperature. Shot Blast - Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a material with one of many types of shots. Normally this is done to remove something on the surface such as scale, but it is also done sometimes to impart a particular surface to the object being shot blasted, such as the rolls used to make a 2D finish. The shot can be sand, small steel balls of various diameters, granules of silicon carbide,etc. The device that throws the shot is ietheeer a large air gun or spinning paddles which hurl the shot off their blades. Shot Blast Roll Finish - The surface finish (with a grit microfinish) on the rolls in the last stand of tandem mill or temper mill; determines the surface finish of the product where a grit finish produced to a specified micro-inch reading is desired. Shot Blasting - A process of cleaning forgings by propelling metal shot at high velocity by air pressure or centrifugal force at the surface of the forgings. See also Blast Cleaning. Shotbalsting (Shot Peening) - Casting cleaning process employing a metal abrasive (grit or shot) propelled by centrifugal or air force. Shredded Scrap - Fist-sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile hulks. After cars are sent through a shredder, the recyclable steel is separated by magnets. Mini-mills consume shredded scrap in their electric arc furnace operations. Shrink - The difference in volume between liquid metal and solid metal or the void (shrink hole) left in a casting because of it. Shrinkage - 1) Liquid, contraction in volume as metal cools to solidification, 2) solidification, contraction in volume when the metal passes from the liquid to the sold at the freezing point (may expend over a range), 3) solid, the contraction on cooling from freezing point to normal temperature, 4) the decrease in dimension in clays occurring when drying at 100 B0C (212 B0F) and even more so on firing, 5) reduction in dimension of refractory material during heating. Shrinkage - The contraction of metal during cooing after forging. Die impressions are made oversize according to precise shringage scales to allow forgings to shrink to design dimensions and tolerances. Shrinkage Cracks - Cracks that form in metal as result of the pulling apart of grains by contraction before complete solidification.

Shrinkage, Patternmakers - A linear scale or ruler, typically in inches or millimeters which has been lengthened by the percentage of linear shrinkage by which liquid metal contracts during solidification and cooling. Shrink Hole - A hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrinkage and insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification. Shut-off Valve - Any valve used to isolate pressure in a system. Shutdown - When production is stopped for repairs, or scheduled down turns. Side Set - A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate, sheet or foil. Side Trim - A process whereby a Tin Mill Product edge is trimmed to produce a relatively smooth finished edge. Side-arm Filter - See Polishing Filters. Sidewall - The sides of a coil. Sight Block - A 2" x 2" steel block located on the inside of the #1 feeder housing used for lining up the front end of a coil with the pulling rolls before loading it into the feeder. Sight Glass - A measuring device where flow, oil level, or water can be monitored visually. Silica - Silicon dioxide, the prime ingredient of sand and acid refractories. Silica Brick - Refractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated lime, and fired at high temperature. Silica Gel - A colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent. Silica Sand - Sand with a minimum silica content of 95% used for forming casting molds. Silicon - Chemical symbol Si. Element No. 14 of the periodic system; atomic weight 28.06. Extremely common element, the major component of all rodks and sands; its chemical reactions, however, are those of a metalloid. Used in metallurgy as a deoxidizing scavenger. Silicon is present, to some extent, in all steels, and is deliberately added to the extent of approximately 4% for electric sheets, extensively used in alternating current magnetic circuits. Silicon cannot be electrodeposited. Silicon Electrical Steel - "A type of specialty steel created by introducing silicon during the steelmaking process. Electrical steel exhibits certain magnetic properties, which make it optimum for use in transformers, power generators and electric motors. GRAIN-ORIENTED The metal's grain runs parallel within the steel, permitting easy magnetization along the length of the steel. Although grain-oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its magnetic directional characteristics enable power transformers, made from this metal, to absorb less energy during operation.

NON-GRAIN-ORIENTED Because there is no preferential direction for magnetization, non-grain-oriented steel is best used in rotating apparatus such as electric motors. " Silicon Steel - Steel usually made in the basic open-hearth or electric furnace, with about 0.50-5.% silicon, other elements being usually dept as low as possible. Because of high electrical resistance and low hysterisis loss, silicon sheet and strip are standard in electric magnet manufacture. Simultaneous Engineering - Refers to the process where user/designer and producer interact to reduce lead time and improve the efficiency of a part. This process is faster and more efficient than the traditional sequential process of design and manufacture. Single Reduced - Refers to temper rolling in the tin mill. No gauge reduction occurs here. Steel sheet that is rolled in multiple-strand reduction mills while cold, then annealed and temper rolled to produce thin gauges for can making. Besides reducing gauge and permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans, cold rolling also improves the steel's surface and metallurgical properties. Single Spot Test - A test of galvanized (or any other metallic) coating weights administered by sampling the coated steel across the width at two inches from each edge and dead center. See Triple Spot Test. Sinker Steel - Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery. Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed. Usually extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about 1.25. Sinkhead or Hot Top - A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hod excess molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot. Also called shrink head or feeder head. Sinter - Baked particles that stick together in roughly one-inch chunks, normally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces. Sintering - A process that combines iron-bearing particles, once recovered from environmental control filters, into small pellets. Previously, these materials were too fine to withstand the air currents of the smelting process and were thrown away. The iron is now conserved because the chunks can be charged into the blast furnace (see Agglomerating Processes). Sintering Point - That temperature at which the molding material begins to adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres to a platinum ribbon under controlled conditions. Also, the temperature at which sand grains begin to adhere to one another. Siphon Line - A line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create a suction on the intake line of a pump to get a prime. Size/Sizes - A slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be processed. The "size" contains index, customer name, coil width, baseweight, and number of coils in the order.

Sizing - A process employed to control precisely a diameter of rings or tubular components. Skelp - Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot-rolled strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and welding operations required for pipe production. Skid Marks - Visibly colder "stripes" on slabs caused by contact with water-cooled skids in a pusher-type reheat furnace. Skim Core (Skimmer) - "A flat core or tile placed in a mold to skim a flowing stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it hold back slag and dirt while clean metal passes underneath to the downsprue. See Core Strainer" Skim Gate - A gating arrangement which changes the direction of flow of molten metal and prevents the passage of slag and other undesirable materials into the mold cavity. Skimming - Removing or hold back dirt or slag from the surface of the molten metal before or during pouring. Skin Passed - Steel which has been processed through the Skin Mill (Temper Mill). Skin Roll - Product to be sent to the Skin Mill for its next operation. Skin-Drying - Drying the surface of the mold by direct application of heat. Skip - An area of uncoated sheet which is frequently caused by equipment malfunciton. SLA - Stereolithography Apparatus Slab - The most common type of semi-finished steel. Traditional slabs measure 10 inches thick and 30-85 inches wide (and average about 20 feet long), while the output of the recently developed "thin slab" casters is approximately two inches thick. Subsequent to casting, slabs are sent to the hot-strip mill to be rolled into coiled sheet and plate products. Slab Caster - A continuous caster used to form slabs. Slab Core - Flat, plain core. Slab Haulers - Huge hydraulic lift trucks that carry up to six slabs at a time. They move slabs between the caster, open heath area, and the hot strip mill. Slack - Excess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow movement of the strip.

Slag - The impurities in a molten pool of iron. Flux such as limestone may be added to foster the congregation of undesired elements into a slag. Because slag is lighter than iron, it will float on top of the pool, where it can be skimmed. Slag Inclusion - Nonmetallic solids entrapped in solid metal. Slag Trap - An enlargement, dam, or extrusion in the gating or runners system in a mold for the purpose of preventing molten slag particles from entering the mold cavity. Slave Valve - A spool type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a pilot valve to move the position of its spool. Slicking (Sleeking) - Smoothing the surface of molds. Slide Gate - A valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of the valve body as a means of stopping flow. Slinging - A coating defect consisting of random spots of coating deposited on coated sheets or adjacent machinery that appear raised above the surrounding substrate. Slinging and misting are synonymous, with misting being fine droplets. Slip Casting - In ceramics, a pouring slip, a water suspension of finely ground clay, into a plaster of paris mold. After it hardens it is dried and fired. Slippage Scratch - See “Scratch, Tension”. Slit - To slit steel is simply to cut it. The most common slitter available is a pair of scissors. The slitters used in the mill have circular blades that resemble washers. These rotate as the steel passed through them. The slitters hace a payoff reel and a take-up reel which pass the steel through the slitter knives. Between these two reel are two shafts,one above the steel and one below the steel. The round slitter knives are placed on the shafts and adjusted so that they cut off the edges of the steel to produce a good edge and/or cut the steel into narrow strips of the width the customer wants. Slit Edge - The relatively smooth edge produced from side trimming or slitting. See Mill Edge. Slitter - 1) Area on the Pickler where the strip is sidetrimmed (slit) to its proper width. 2) Sidetrims the edges of the strip to certain width in the customer's specifications, or the vertical cutting of coil material to form narrow strip product. Slitter Hair - See “Hair, Slitter”. Slitter Heads - Mechanical housings that hold internal and external parts of the slitter knives. Slitting - Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips to match customer needs. Because steel mills have limited flexibility as to the widths of the sheet that they produce, service centers normally will cut the sheet for the customer.

Slitting Stock - Slitting stock is produced with the knowledge that the product will be further processed by mill customer. Mill produces the final gauge but not the final width. The customer will do additional slitting/shearing. Slivers - Slivers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and to a tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing, or finishing. Tearing is attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the open hearth, or burning during reheating or soaking. Sludge - Material that develops during the plating process. It accumulates in the plater cells and is removed every eight weeks. Slug - A metal blank for forging or impacting Sluice Water - Raw water that is boosted in pressure to approximately 180 psi. This water is used by the Venturies for soot blowing and tap-out, as ditch water (sluice water) for tapping the boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and as fill for boiler raw water hydrostatic tests. Slurry - A term loosely applied to any clay-like dispersion. It may be use to wash ladles or other refractory linings to impart a smooth surface; as a bonding addition to molding sand; as a thin loam over specially made molds or as a mixture to fine joints or cracks of a core, etc. Small Side - Used to describe the side of the weld with the narrower width. Small Winch - The tool used to position the big winch's cable and hook. It is located at the Coal Bucket Operator's door leading to the unloading tracks. Smelt - To melt ores,seperating the metallic constituents. Smelter - Facility is used to extract metal concentrates found inside mined ore. The ore will often contain more than one kind of metal concentrate and this facility also separates them. Smelting - A metallurgical thermal process in which a metal is separated in fused form from nonmetallic materials or other undesired metals with which it is associated. Smith Hammer - Any power hammer where impression dies are not used for reproduction of commercially exact forging. SMLS - Seamless pipe with no weld in the circumference. Smothering Ring - Ring that has 16 steam jets and sits on V.C. Hood that helps to keep dirt and flames in boiler while on 02 blow. Smudge - A smear on the plate that can be caused by sanding a roll (mainly in the hot rinse). Snake - Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.

Snaking - A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This condition is caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or rewinding operation. Snubber - Hydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from unwinding while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler. Snubber Roll - A small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll. Soaking - Prolonged heating of a metal, furnace or ladle at a selected temperature. Sodium Silicate - See Water Glass Soft Skin Rolled Temper (No. 4 Temper) - In low carbon-rolled strip steel, soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a pinch pass or skin rolling (a very light rolling). Softening - A process used to soften metals through annealing or tempering. Sold - That material which has a tendency to resist any attempt to change its size or shape. Soldering - Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low melting points -- most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the soft solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper, or nickel bases and use of these alloys with melting points higher than 800 (degrees) F. is generally termed brazing. Solenoid - Electrically activated switch which allows a pneumatic signal to be applied or removed from a valve or other device to control its function. Solenoid Valve - A spool type, magnetic coil controlled hydraulic directional valve. There are single solenoid (one coil), and double solenoid (two coil) type valves. Solidification - The physical process of change from a liquid to a solid state. Solution Annealing - Solution annealing is a process performed on steels. In our case, these aare primarily the 300 series stainless. The process consists of heating the material up to a temperature above 1950°F and holding it long enough for the carbon to go into solution. After this, the material is quickly cooled to prevent the carbon from coming out of solution. Solutio-annealed material is in its most corrosion-resistant and ductile (farmable) condition. Solvent - A cleaning solution used to dissolve grease and oil. Solvent pop - Blistering caused by entrapped solvent during baking, possibly caused by short flashoff or improper solvent balance. Soot Blower - Same as a deslagger. A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls.

Soot Pit - Hoppers located in the exhaust side of the boiler that serve the purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that are carried in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained every turn by a Venturi type suction system. Sorbite - Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. In a truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix. The trend is to call this structure tempered martensite. Sorbite (obsolete) - A fine mixture of ferrite and cementite produced either by regulating the rate of cooling of steel or tempering steel after hardening. The first type is very fine pearlite difficult to resolve under the microscope; the second type is tempered martensite. Sorry Weld - Weld which computer passes by; the computer is told not to cut this weld - No. 9 Tandem. Spacers - Steel plates used to separate coils stacked on top of each other in batch annealing. Spalling - The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a surface. Spangle - Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to "freeze" naturally on the sheet galvanize. Achieved by adding antimony to the hot dip bath. Spangle Free - A galvanized product in which the spangle formation has been suppressed; accomplished by eliminating Antimony and Lead in the molten zinc bath during the production of Hot Dipped Galvanized. Galvannealed is always spangle free. Spanner Wrench - Special wrench used in tightening arbor nuts. Spark Testing - This is an inspection method for quickly determining the approxiamte analyst of steel. It is intended primarily for the separation of mixed steel and when properly conducted,is a fast, accurate and economical method of separation. It consists in holding the sample against a high speed grinding wheel and noting the character and color of the spark which is compared with samples of known analysis. Spary Quenching - After solution heat treating, a mode of quenching in which a spray of water is directed upon material just removed from the furnace. SPEC - specification Special Bar Quality (SBQ) - SBQ represents a wide variety of higher-quality carbon and alloy bars that are used in the forging, machining and cold-drawing industries for the production of automotive parts, hand tools, electric motor shafts and valves. SBQ generally contains more alloys than merchant quality and commodity grades of steel bars, and is produced with more precise dimensions and chemistry.

Special Killed - 1.) Low carbon aluminum killed steels used mainly for extra deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 2) Steel deoxidized by silicon or aluminum or in combination to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs during solidification of the metal. Special Metals - Designates all alloys and metals produced at USSM other than stainless steels and precipitation hardenable stainless steels. Categories of special metals would include nickel,nickel base alloys,cobalt base alloys,titanium and titanium base alloys,glass sealing alloys (iron-nickle),etc. Special Treatment - A treatment applied to electrogalvanized to enhance corrosion resistance. Specialty Steel - Steels such as electrical, alloy or stainless steels. These generally are produced in smaller volumes to meet the specific needs of customers. Specialty Tube - Refers to a wide variety of high-quality custom-made tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and special metallurgical properties. Specialty tubing is used in the manufacture of automotive, construction and agricultural equipment, and in industrial applications such as hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers. Because of the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows general economic conditions. Specific Gravity - "A numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared with the weight of an equal volume of water at 39 B0F (3.9 B0C), for which the specific gravity is taken as 1,000 kg/m3. See also Density " Specific Heat - Equivalent to thermal capacity, or the quantity of heat required to produce a unit change in the temperature of a unit mass. Specific Volume - Volume of one gram of a substance at a specific temperature, usually 68 B0F (20 B0C). Specifications - The chemical composition and dimensions of products made by the plant. The specifications include all processes required to achieve the finished product. Specimen - That portion of a sample taken for evaluation of some specific characteristic or property Spheroidizing - A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but generally slightly below the critical range, usually followed by a relatively slow cooling. Spheroidizing causes the graphite to assume a spheroidal shape, hence the name. Spheroidizing Annealing - A subcritical annealing treatment intended to produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases. Spheroidite - A cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.

Spheroidized Cementite (Divorced Pearlite) - The globular condition of iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment. Spiegeleisen (Spiegel) - Alloy of iron and manganese used in basic and acid open hearth steelmaking practice. A high manganese pig iron, usually containing 15% or 20 Mn and 4.5-6.5% C. Spindle - Part of the slitter head shaft that holds the spacers, knives, fibers, and nuts. Spiral Test - A method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by pouring molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The length of such casting, under standardized conditions, is taken as the fluidity index of that alloy. Splash Core - A core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of the mold at places where metal impinges with more than normal force. Splash cores are commonly used at the bottom of large rammed pouring basins, at the bottom of long downsprues, or at the ingates of large molds. Splice - The end joint uniting two webs. Split - 1) IMIS action for a smaller produced coil that has been split from a larger consumed coil. 2) (Stripped) The process of unloading any or all coils from stools/bases in the Batch Anneal. Split Count - Field incremented by one each time a consumed IPM is split into smaller coils which are then assigned individual IPM's. Split Wind - Tying all of the blowers into one main header to feed wind to more than one furnace. Spongy Casting - A casting in which the metal is porous and dendritic. Spooled Coil - A coil having edges that are turned up (like a spool of thread). Spot - (or Coupon) A round disk of steel cut from the strip used in determining Rockwell hardness and coating weight. The disk has a diameter of 2.52 inches, and an area of 5 square inches. Spot Check - A coil processed on the plater and sent to the Side Trimmer to check for defects. Spot, Lube - A non-uniform extraneous deposit of lube on the coated sheet. Spot material - Metal or finished products available for prompt delivery. Spot Welding - An electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion is limited to a small area. The pieces being welded are pressed together between a pair of water-cooled electrodes through which an electical current is passed during a very short interval so that fusion occurs over a small area at the interface between the pieces.

Spout - A trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to the ladle. Spreader Hooks - Lifting device used by crane to move coils. Consists of a heavy top bar and two manually adjustable arms. Spring-Back - An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured as the increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from the mandrel about which it was held. The measurement is employed as an indicator of the extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses that has been achieved by the transformation of elastic strain to plastic strain during heating or stress relieving. Sprue Base - An enlargement or rounded section at the bottom of the downsprue, used to help streamline the flow of metal into the runner, lowering the velocity. Sprue Bottom - A print attached to the top or squeeze board of a mold to make an impression in the cope indicating where the sprue should be cut. Sprue Cutter - A metal tool used in cutting the pouring aperture, the sprue hole. Sprue Hole - The opening through which the metal is poured into the cope to run into the casting cavity. Squareness - Characteristic of having adjacent sides or planes meeting at 90 degrees Squeeze Board - A board used on the cope half of the mold to permit squeezing of the mold. Squeeze Head - In certain type of molding machines, a stationary or movable plate against which a filled mold is compressed, in order to complete the compacting of the sand. Squeezer Machine - A power-operated, usually pneumatic, device used to pack sand into a flask. SR - See Single Reduced. SR Plate - Single Reduced Plate. This product comes from the Temper Mills and goes to the Tin Mill for processing but does not get any further cold reduction. SRI - See Steel Recycling Institute. SRL - Single random length- line pipe with 17.5’ minimum average length Stabilization - A term applied to a number of processes: a)A type of heat treatment to relieve internal stresses. b)The retarding or prevention of a particular reaction by the addition of stabilising element. c)a thermal and/or mechanical treatment given to magnetic material in order to increase the permanency of its magnetic properties or condition.

Stabilizing - A low temperature thermal treatment designed to prevent agesoftening in certain strains hardened alloys containing magnesium Stabilizing Anneal - A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a temperature below that of a full anneal in order to precipitate the maximum amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the steel to corrosion. Stack - 1) A component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual function of that system. 2) The boiler exhaust pipe. Each stack is equipped with a stack cap for isolating the boiler from atmosphere and two butterflies for directing the gases to either A & B and C & D scrubbers. Stack Test - A full width sample of chem-treat steel saved for metallurgical testing. Stagger Wind - Uneven winding of coil on delivery end; used for shearplate. Stagger Wrap - Offsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the askania handle so that the coil does not wrap straight. Staging Area - A small (3-20 coil) area of floor space, usually at the delivery end or the entry end of an operating unit. These are areas where inventory is being loaded on or removed from an operating unit. Stain - A defect on the plate causing a discoloration of the plate. Stain, Heat Treat: - A discoloraation due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal surface during heat treatment. Stain, Oil - Suface discoloration which may vary from dark brown to white and is produced during thermal treatment by imcomplete evaporation and/or oxidation of lubricants on the surface Stain, Saw Lubricant - A yellow to brown area of the surface discoloration at the ends of the extruded length. It is the residue of certain types of saw lubricants if they are not removed from the metal prior to the thermal treatment Stainless Steel - Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium generally 10% more. These are highly resistant to corrosion attack by organic acids, weak mineral acids, atmospheric oxidation, etc. Stall - Term used to indicate that the line has tension on it, but is not moving. Stand - 1) A component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a number of stacks. 2) Sets of rolls; Both Temper Mills consist of two stands. Some are four rolls; two backup rolls and two work rolls. Some are work rolls only. Stand (Batch Anneal) - (Batch Anneal) Same as "stool."

Stand-by Pump - A pump in a hydraulic or morgoil system that will kick on automatically if the running pump should shut down because of electrical problems. Standard Cost Code - 1.) Accounting field connected to unit standards for doing specific prodcuts; will vary by unit. 2) Code entered into IMIS to identify the incoming product and to identify the process applied to the product by the side trimmer. Standard Deviation - A statistical quantity used to describe the variation of a measurable attribute about some average value. Standard Gold - A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the United States the alloy contains 10% Cu. Standard Pattern - A pattern of high-grade material and workmanship in daily use or at frequent intervals. A pattern used as a master to make or check production patterns. Standard Samples - A sample of know composition used to calibrate an instrument or method of analysis. Standard Shapes - Refractory units stocked by manufacturers or made from stock molds. Standardize - Act of recalibrating the x-ray gauge equipment. Start-UP - The first turn after the line has been down. Starting Heat - Heat cycle setting on the welder for the start of the weld. Station Tie - Name of the transformer in the power house that ties the 23KV bus in the power house with the 6.9 KV bus that is called the 'Synchronizing Bus'. Starvation - Non-uniform coating application which results in absence of coating in certain areas. Stave Construction - Attaching staves to polygonshaped heads in the building of cylindrical bodies; also, standard method used in making semicircular core boxes. STC - Short thread and coupling (OCTG casing connection) STD - Standard reference to wall thickness of pipe ( sch 1/8-10”) Steam Blowing Process - A process that puts water droplets on steel leaving the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. See Minimized Spangle and Spangle Free. Steam Chest - The inside of the turbine housing.

Steam Demand - The necessary amount of steam generation required at any point in time to satisfy the power house, turbo blowers, and any additional needs of the steel-making process. Steam Drum - The upper drum/drums of the boiler. This is where the feed water is introduced, continuous blow down takes place, the water level is controlled, and the steam is released at the surface of the water and exits to the superheater elements. Steam Flow - The measured amount of steam generated by the boiler at any given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour. Steam Hammer - A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each stroke may be varied. Steam Header Line - High pressure line which connects the boiler to the power house manifold and through which the steam is delivered. Steam Header Valve - Electrically or manually operated stop valve located in line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off the system when needed. Steam Pressure - The amount of pressure that the steam has. It is either high pressure @800 lbs. or low pressure @ 210 lbs. Steam Seal - A type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine by putting steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a turbine. Steam Temperature - The temperature of the steam as it enters the turbine. Steam Trays - Items that let water pass through steam lines without losing steam pressure. Steckel Mill - A reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil boxes at each end. Steel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of the reversing mill and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the coil box, and sent back through the Steckel stands and recoiled. By reheating the steel prior to each pass, the rolls can squeeze the steel thinner per pass and impart a better surface finish. Steel - An iron-base alloy usually containing carbon and other alloying elements. In carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon content is about 2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. The dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as the 5% level of total metallic alloying elements. Steel is differentiated from two general classes of iron - namely, cast irons, which have high carbon concentrations, and relatively pure irons, which have low carbon concentrations. Steel Drum - Center insert that keeps a coil from collapsing. Used on DR material. Steel Insert - Small corrugated insert used to keep coils from collapsing before rewinding.

Steel Intensity - The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product. Intensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed to cyclical demand. The amount of steel used in vehicles and the popularity of alternative materials affect the intensity, or how much steel is needed per unit produced. The state of the economy, however, determines the number of units. Steel Service Center Inventories - End-of-period material stocks reported by the Steel Service Center Institute (SSCI). Steel Spec - Ordered steel grade based on chemistry. Steel Strapping - Banding and packaging material that is used to close and reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons, coils, crates, and skids. Steel Substrate - Base metal which may be coated or plated. Steel-Intensive Products - Consumer products such as automobiles and appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel, exhibit a high demand correlation with steel. Steels, SAE - Common designation for the standard grades of steel approved by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Steeped Construction - In patternmaking, the courses of material that when fastened together resemble steps. Steering Roll - A device or set of rolls used to position the passline of the strip. Stellite - Proprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining their hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures; contains W, Co, Cr and C. Stencil - Identification painted on pipe. Specification, size, wall test pressure, methoc of maufacture and mill are usually indicated. Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) - Equipment used for computerized building of three-dimensional models and patterns. Enables the data representation of a CAD solid model to be directly converted into a plastic model of a casting. Sticker - Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots caused by overheating during box annealing. Sticking - Adherence of foil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the normal ease if unwinding Stock Allowance - Material added to a part to allow for surface preparation or precise dimensioning by machining. Stock Core - Core of standard diameter usually made on a core machine and kept on hand, sawed to required length.

Stool - The platform on which coils are stacked on a base. Also known as "stand." Stool Plate - Plate on a mold machine on which stools are mounted. Stooling - Supporting green sand cores in machine molding while pattern is being withdrawn. Stop-Cock Valve - See PitCock Valve. Stopper Head - A refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod, usually clay and graphite, seated in a ladle's nozzle. Stopper Rod - A device in a bottom-pour ladle for controlling the flow of metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod consists of a steel rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper head. It may also be a single piece manufactured from graphite. Stopping-Off - Filling in a portion of a mold cavity which is not to be cast. Storage Bins - Used for storage of raw materials to ensure a necessary quantity required for sinter production. Straight-Chrome - An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of stainless steels the principal alloying element of which is chromium in varying amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%. Straightness - The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line in the direction of measurement Strain - The amount of elongation or compression that occurs in a metal at a given stress or load. Generally in terms of inches elongation per inch of material. Strained Casting - A phrase used to describe the result when molten metal is poured into the mold at too fast a rate or under too great metallstatic pressure, causing the cope to rise slightly from the drag and resulting in an oversize casting. Strainer - A filtering device which is used to remove large particles of contamination from drive oil or morgoil. Strainer Basket - A metal filtering basket which is part of a strainer assembly. Strainer Core - See Core Strainer Streak (Stripe) - A superficial band or elongated mark which produces a nonuniform surface appearance. A streak is often described by source. Streak, Bearing - A longitudinal discoloration that can occur where there are large changes in wall thickness as a result of uneven cooling. These streaks usually appear lighter than the surrounding metal.

Streak, Bright - A bright superficial band or elongated mark which produces a nonuni8form surface appearance. Streak, Buff - A dull continuous streak caused by smudge buildup on a buff used at shearing or other operation. Streak, Burnish - A bright region on the sheet caused by excessive roll surface wear. Streak, Coating - A banded condition caused by non-uniform adherence of roll coating to a work roll. It can be created during hot and/or cold rolling. If generated in the hot rolling process, it is also called “Hot Mill Pickup”. Streak, Cold - See “Streak, Heat”. Streak, Diffusion - Surface discoloration which may vary from gray to brown and found only on Alclad products. Streak, Dirt - Surface discoloration which may vary from gray to black, is parallel to the direction of rolling, and contains rolled foreign debris. It is usually extraneous material from an overhead location that drops onto the rolling surface and is shallow enough to be removed by etching or buffing Streak, Grease - A narrow discontinuous streak caused by rolling over an area containing grossly excessive lubricant drippage. Streak, Grinding - A streak with a helical pattern appearance transferred to a rolled product from work roll. Streak, Heat - Milky colored band(s) parallel to the rolling direction which vary in both width and exact location along the length. Streak, Herringbone - Elongated alternately bright and dull chevron markings. Streak, Leveler - A streak on the sheet surface in the rolling direction caused by transfer from the leveler rolls. Streak, Roll - A non-uniform surface appearance parallel to the rolling direction. Streak, Structural - A non-uniform appearance on an etched or anodized surface caused by heterogeneities (variabilities) remaining in the metal from the casting, thermal processes or hot working stages of fabrication. Streamline Flow - Steady flow of liquid without turbulence. Generally, not experienced in metalcasting. Strength, Retained - Compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength attained by a sand mixture after being subjected to a cycle or cycles of heating and cooling which approximate foundry practice.

Strength - Properties related to the ability of steel to oppose applied forces. Forms of strength include withstanding imposed loads without a permanent change in shape or structure and resistance to stretching. Strength, Baked - Compressive, shear, tensile, or transverse strength of a molded sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 230 B0F (110 B0C) and then cooled to room temperature. Stress - Force per unit area, often thought of as force acting through a small area within a plane. It can be divided into components, normal and parallel to the plane, called normal stress and shear stress, receptively. True stress denotes the stress where force and area are measured at the same time. Conventional stress, as applied to tension and compression tests, is force decided by the original gauge length. Shearing strain (or shear strain) is the change in angle (expressed in radians) between two lines originally at right angles. When the term strain is used alone it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) - Slow growth of cracks in stainless steel caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress and exposure to a corrosive environment. Stress Corrosion Failure - A phenomenon which occurs when metal under stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically. Stress, Relieving - A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time. This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses induced by quenching, normalizing, machining, cold working, or welding. Stress, Residual - Those stresses setup up in a metal as a result of nonuniform plastic deformation or the unequal cooling of a casting. Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Spontaneous failure of metals by cracking under combined conditions of corrosion and stress, either residual or applied. Stress-corrosion Cracking - Failure by cracking under the combined action of corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual). Cracking may be either intergranular or transgranular, depending on the metal and the corrosive medium. Stress-Rupture Test - A tension test performed at constant temperature, the load being held at such a level as to cause rupture. Also known as creep-rupture test. Stretch Forming - A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape. This method is more rapid than hammering and beating. Stretcher Leveling - Leveling where a piece of metal is gripped at each end and subjected to a stress higher than its yield strength to remove warp and distortion. Sometimes called patent leveling.

Stretcher Straightening - A process for straightening rod, tubing, and shapes by the application of tension at the ends of the stock. The products are elongated a definite amount to remove warpage. Stretcher Strains - Long vein-like marks appearing on the surface of certain metals, in the direction of the maximum shear stress, when the metal is subjected to deformation beyond the yield point. Also termed Luders Lines. (Not a defect in No. 5 dead soft temper.) Stretcher Strains - Irregular lines that develop on steel during the drawing or stretching process. See fluting. Striation - A coating defect consisting of a series of near parallel lines or channels in the cured coating. Striation is a type of flow mark, which is caused by some contaminant, such a silicone flowout. Striation is similar to ribbing, but striation is usually smaller in size and not always parallel. Strike-Off - Operation of removing excess sand from top or core box or flask. Stringer - 1) A defect caused by the coating dies allowing excess coating to accumulate on the edge of the strip. 2) The last coil threaded through the line before a shutdown. The stringer coil remains in the line until start up. Strip - Thin, flat steel that resembles hot-rolled sheet, but it is normally narrower (up to 12 inches wide) and produced to more closely controlled thicknesses. Strip also may be cut from steel sheet by a slitting machine (see Sheet Steel). Strip Cooler - Set of adjustable air nozzles that blow compressed air on the strip to help achieve zinc drying. Strip Steel Chart - A chart that shows how much water pressure is going to the strip. Stripper Pins - On certain molding machines, a series of pins (usually four in number) which support the rammed flask-half at the parting surface so that the mounted pattern may be drawn by lowering. Stripping - Removing the pattern from the mold or core box from core. Stripping Time - In oil-oxygen and nobake mixture, the moment when the core box may be satisfactorily drawn from the core, or pattern from the sand. Strobe Light - A light that is used throughout the line to help 'see' defects. The strobe light is mainly used at the reflow areas. Structural Quality - Material applicable to the various classes of structures, indicated by the standard specifications, which is suitable for the different mechanical operations employed for the fabrication of such structures. Structural quality (the characteristics of which are defined in the standard specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials) represents the quality of steel produced under regular or normal manufacturing conditions.

Structural Streak - See “Streak, Structural”. Structurals - Steel product group that includes I-beams, H-beams, wide-flange beams and sheet piling. These products are used in the construction of multi-story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge trusses, vertical highway supports, and riverbank reinforcement. Structure (Cast Structure) - The size and disposition of the constituents of a metal as cast. Styroform Pattern - Expendable pattern of foamed plastic, especially polystyrene, use in manufacturing casting by the Full_Mold process. Sub - A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends. Subcutaneous Blowhole - Blowholes at or near the surface of solidified metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. May also be called pinhole porosity. Subgrain - A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in orientation from neighboring portions of the same crystal. Generally, neighboring subgrains are separated by low-angle boundaries. Substation - Name given to an area that is an electrical power distribution center. A substation may contain several feeders of different voltages, transformers, and the associated circuit breakers and instrumentation for protection. Subzero Treatment - Refrigeration of steel to promote transformation of retained austenite. Suck-In - A Defect caused when one face of a forging is sucked in to fill a projection on the opposite side. Surface Tear - Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can be caused by insufficient ingot scalping, Suction Filter - A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil as it leaves the system's storage tank before it enters the pump. Sulfide Staining - A coating defect consisting of a dark grey-black colored residue on tinplate which occurs when a break in the coating permits a high sulfur food to contact the tinplate. Sulfur - A nonmetallic element, melting point 444 B0C (831.2 B0F) occurring as an undesirable tramp (trace) element in most ferrous alloys. Sulfur Prints - A macrographic method of examining for the distribution of sulfide impurities, in which a sheet of wet acidified bromide paper is placed on the polished surface to be examined. Superalloy - An alloy developed for very high temperature use where relatively high stresses are encountered and where oxidation resistance is needed.

Supercooling - Lowering the temperature of a molten metal below its liquidus during cooling. Superduty Fireclay Brick - Having pce above 33 with less than 1.0 percent linear shrink in the 1599 B0C (2910 B0F) reheat test, and less than 4.0 percent loss in panel spalling test preheated at 1649 B0C (3000 B0F). Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test - Form of Rockwell hardness test using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration. Used for determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections or small parts, or where large hardness impression might be harmful. Superheat - Any increment of temperature above the melting point of a metal; sometimes construed to be any increment of temperature above normal casting temperatures introduced for the purpose of refining, alloying or improving fluidity. Superheated Steam - Steam that has passed through the superheater elements and has become saturated with heat to a temperature of approximately 850 degrees. Higher steam temperature allows for greater expansion of the steam in it's end use and thus more work can be performed by a given amount of steam. Superheater Elements - Bank of boiler tubes whose purpose is to increase the steam temperature under the same pressure before it exits the boiler. Only steam passes through the superheater elements. This bank of tubes is in the hottest fire in the boiler. Superheating - (1) Heating a phase to a temperature above that of a phase transformation without the transformation taking place. (2) Heating molten metal to a temperature to obtain more complete refining or greater fluidity. Supersaturated - Metastable solution in which the dissolved material exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal equilibrium at the temperature and under the other conditions that prevail. Supersonic Reflectoscope - An instrument for sending, receiving, and measuring sound waves over 20,000 cycles per second. Supersucker - A truck that is used to remove sludge from the plater cells and plater distribution tank. Support Pin - Large steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in place. Supramor - An electromagnetic flaw detection ink for the rapid detection of subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals. Surface Contamination - A defect referring to a particle or substance foreign to the typical surface generated during normal steel production. Such a foreign substance may be in the form of a film, oxide growth, imbedded material, etc., and may cause discoloration, poor lacquer adhesion, container forming problems, corrosion, etc.

Surface Critical - An order specification which indicates the end use requirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform, "defect free" surface. Surface Finish - (Tin Mill Products) The ground roll finishes are 7B, a smooth finish, normally for melted coatings intended for special applications; 7C, the standard mill finish, for either melted or unmelted coatings is the finish used for most applications. The blasted roll finishes are 5B, a shot blast finish (SBF) with a melted tin coating; 5C, a shot blast finish with an unmelted tin coating, principally for crowns and closures; 5D, a shot blast finish with and unmelted tin coating primarily for D&I cans. Surface Hardening - A generic term covering several processes applicable to a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench hardening only, a surface layer that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes commonly used are induction hardening, flame hardening and shell hardening. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. Surface Imperfections - A superficial defect that mars the surface of steel and is detrimental to the end use; examples include blisters and roll mark defects. Surface Inclusion - An inclusion or non-metallic particles that shows through at the surface of the steel. (See also Inclusion) Surface Oil Oil which - Oil which is applied for corrosion protection or other special purposes. Surface Protection Air Liquide (SPAL) - The use of liquid argon, liquid nitrogen, or carbon dioxide snow to minimize the reaction of air and molten metal that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The liquid or snow is fed onto the surface of the molten metal where it vaporizes, displacing the air thus reducing slag and oxygen levels. Surface Roughness - The texture or "pattern" of a steel surface determined by the grit on the roll or the grind on a brite roll. Surface Texture - The roughness, waviness, lay or other characteristics of the surface of a part. Surfacing - Depositing a filer metal on a metal surface by any method to obtain certain desired properties or dimensions. Surge Valve - A valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a blower and to vent it to atmosphere. Survival Power - The amount of power a mill must generate to keep power on critical areas (e.g. blast furnace, BOP, etc.) in the event that we should lose feeders 206 and 208 from Mon Power. Swage - Operation of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area by revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with concave working surface; useful for rounding out work after its preliminary drawing to size.

Swell - A casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section due to the displacement of sand by metal pressure. Swing Frame Grinder - A device for grinding large castings where the work remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted, is usually suspended from a hoist. Switch - The process of returning empty cars to the yard and getting cars loaded with coal. Switchgear - Enclosures that house circuit breakers, metering and protective relaying equipment and also distributes electrical power. Switching - An action by the Load Dispatcher of opening or closing various circuit breakers in the plant for various reasons such as work by line gang, work by breaker gang, restoring lost power. Synchronize - The act of bringing one electrical system (or generator) into perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical system. For example, the A phase of system 1 would be reaching its peak at the exact same time as the A phase of system 2. It is only when you have this synchronization that you can close a circuit breaker and tie the two systems together. Synthetic Molding Sand - Any sand compounded from selected individual materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture of the proper physical and mechanical properties from which to make foundry molds. System Sand - "Foundry sand used in making molds and which eventually becomes the bulk of the sand used in the mechanical system or mechanized unit. See also Sand " System Start - Button on the oil system's control panels which is pushed after the pump selections have been made in order to start the system. System Stop - Button on the oil systems' control panel that is pushed to shut down the system. SAE - Abbreviation for Society of Automotive Engineers. This organization has specified common and alloy steels and copper base alloys in accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation of the composition of the metal. The last two digits always indicate the carbon content, usually within 0.05%. Salt Spray Test - An accelerated corrosion test in which the metal specimens are exposed to a fine mist of salt water solution either continuously or intermittently. Scab - A defect consisting of a flat volume of metal joined to a casting through a small area. It is usually set in a depression, a flat side being separated from the metal of the casting proper by a thin layer of sand.

Scab (scabby) - A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded. Scale - A layer of oxidation products formed on a metal at high temperature. Scaling - (1) Oxidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide. (2) Removal of scale from metal. Scaling - Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high temperatures. Scalped Extrusion Ingot - A cast, solid, or hollow extrusion ingot which has been machined on the outside surface. Scalping - Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before fabrication. Scarf Joint - A butt joint in which the plane of the joint is inclined with respect to the main axes of the members. Scleroscope Test - A hardness test where the loss in kinetic energy of a falling metal tup, absorbed by indentation upon impact of the tup on the metal being tested, is indicated by the height of rebound. Scrap - Material unsuitable for direct use but usable for reprocessing by re-melting. Scratch Brushed Finish - Finish obtained by mechanically brushing the surface with wire bristle brushes, by buffing with greaseless compound or by cold rolling with wire bristled rolls on scratch etched finish. Seam - On the surface of metal, an unwelded ford or lap which appears as a crack, usually resulting from a defect obtained in casting or in working. Seam Welding - An electric-resistance type of welding process, in which the lapped sheet is passed between electrodes of the roller type while a series of overlapping spot welds is made by the intermittent application of electric current. Secondary Hardening - Tempering certain alloy steels at certain temperatures so that the resulting hardness is greater than that obtained by tempering the same steel at some lower temperature for the same time. Segregation - Nonuniform distribution of alloying elements, impurities or phases. Segregation - Nonumiform distribution of alloying elements, impurities or microphases. Segregation - In an alloy, concentration of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid.

Segregation Banding - In homogeneous distribution of alloying elements aligned on filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working. Self Diffusion - The spontaneous movement of an atom to a new site in a crystal of its own species. Self-Hardening Steel - A steel containing sufficient carbon or alloying element, or both, fo form martensite either through air hardening or, as in welding and induction hardening, through rapid removal of heat from a locally heated portion by conduction into the surrounding cold metal. Semi-Steel - Cast iron (not steel) of high quality, obtained by using a large percentage of steel scrap with the pig iron. Semifinished Steel - Steel in the form of billets, blooms, itc., requiring further working before completion into finished steel ready for marketing. Semikilled Steel - Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide and thus offset solidification shrinkage. Semikilled Steel - Steel that is completely deoxided and contains sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidifacation shrinkage. Semikilled Steel - Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage. Sendzimir Mill - A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2 1/2-in diam. each, backed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these backed up by bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that rotating it increases the pressure between bearings and backup rolls. Shear - A type of cutting operation in which the metal object is cut by means of a moving blade and fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades that may be either flat or curved. Shear - That type of force that causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the same body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. Shear Crack - A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses. Shear Steel - Steel produced by forge welding together several bars of blister steel, providing a more homogeneous product. Shear Strength - The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are offset a specified minimum amount.

Sheet - A flat-rolled metal product of some maximum thickness and minimum width arbitrarily dependent on the type of metal. Sheet is thinner than plate. Shell Molding - Forming a mold from thermosetting resin-bonded sand mixtures brought in contact with pregeated (300 to 500 (degrees) F) metal patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the pattern. Also called Croning process. Shielded-Arc Welding - Arc welding in which the arc and the weld metal are protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of decomposition of the electrode covering, or a blanket of fusible flux. Shore Hardness Test - Same as scleroscope test. Short - Brittle. Shortness - A form of brittleness in metal. It is designated as cold, hot, and red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs. Shot Blasting - Cleaning surface of metal by air blast, using metal as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center. Shrinkage Cavity - A void left in cast metals as a result of solidification shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center. Siliconizing - Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated temperature. Silky Fracture - A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or silky appearance. Silver Solders - Alloys of silver, copper, sinc and other metals, melting between 650 and 875 (degrees) C. used for making strong yet moderately ductile joints that resist corrosion. Single-Action Press - A forming press that operates with a single function, such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding down the bland or ejecting the formed work. Sintered Carbide - Composite, containing carbides of extremely refractory metals, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, etc., cemented together by a relatively lowmelting metal, such as cobalt acing as a matrix. Sintering - Bonding of adjacent surfaces of particles in a mass of metal powders, or in a compact, by heating Sintering - Converting powder into a continuous mass by heating to a temperature considerably below fusion, usually after preliminary compacting by pressure. Skelp - A piece or strip of metal produced to a suitable thickness, width, and edge configuration, from which pipe or tubing is made.

Skelp - A plate of steel or wrought iron from which pipe or tubing is made by rolling the skelp into shape longitudinally and welding or riveting the edges together. Skin - A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal object, in composition, structure or other characteristics. Skull - A layer of solidified metal or dross on the wall of a pouring vessel often when metal has been poured. Slab - A piece of metal, intermediate between ingot and plate, at least twice as wide as it is thick. Slack Quenching - The process of hardening steel by quenching from the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the particular steel, resulting in incomplete hardening and the formation of one or more transformation products in addition to or instead of martensite. Slag - A product resulting from the action of a flux on the nonmetallic constituents of a processed ore, or on the oxidized metallic constituents that are undesirable. Usually slags consist of combinations of acid oxides with basic oxides, and neutral oxides are added to aid fusibility. Slag - A nonmetallic product resulting form mutual dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in smelting and refining operations. Slip - Plastic deformation by irreversible shear displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic direction and on a definite crystallographic plane. Slip Direction - The crystallographic direction in which translation of slip takes place. Slip Line - Trace of a slip plane on a viewing surface. Slip Plane - The crystallographic plane on which slip occurs in a crystal. Slit Edges - The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width by rotary slitters. Slitting - Cutting sheet or strip metal to width by rotary slitters. Sliver (defect) - Loose metal piece rolled down onto the surface of the metal during the rolling operations. Soaking - Prolonged heating of a metal at selected temperature. Solder Embrittlement - Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy, associated with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries.

Solid Solution - A single solid homogeneous crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species. Solid Solution - A solid crystalline phase containing two or more chemical species in concentrations that may vary between limits imposed by phase equilibrium. Solidus - In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing the temperatures at which various components finish freezing on cooling or begin to melt on heating. Solute - The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to the lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved in the solvent. Solution Heat Treatment - A heat treatment in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooled rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. Solution Heat Treatment - Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution. The alloy is left in a supersaturated, unstable state, and may subsequently exhibit quench aging. Solution Heat Treatment - A process in which an alloy is heated to a suitable temperature long enough to allow a certain constituent to enter into solid solution and is then cooled rapidly to hold the constituent in solution. The metal is left in a supersaturated, unstable state and may subsequently exhibit age hardening. Solvent - The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to the greater or major extent; the component that dissolves the solute. Solvus - In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points representing the temperature at which solid phases with various compositions coexist with other solid phases; that is, the limits of solid solubility. Sorbitic Pearlite - Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the proper conditions, from the decomposition of austenite; has a fine, lamellar appearance. Space Lattice (crystal) - A system of equivalent points formed by the intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners of the unit cells. Space-Centered (concerning space lattices) - Body-centered. Spalling - The cracking and flaking of particles out of a surface. Specific Gravity - A numerical value representing the weight of a given substance as compared with the weight of an equal volume of water, for which the specific gravity is taken as 1.0000.

Spectograph - An optical instrument for determining the presence or concentration of minor metallic constituents in a material by indicating the presence and intensity of specific wave lengths of radiation when the material is thermally or electrically excited. Spectograph (X-rays) - An instrument using an extended surface -- a photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen -- for receiving the X-ray diffraction pattern. Spelter (Prime Western Spelter) - A low-grade of Virgin Zinc containing approximately 98% Zinc used in Galvanizing processes. Speroidizing - Heating and cooling to produce a spheroidal or globular form of carbide in steel. Spheroidizing methods frequently used are: 1. Prolonged holding at a temperature just below Ae1. 2. Heating and cooling alternately between temperatures that are just below Ae1. . 3. Heating to temperature above Ae1 or Ae3 and then cooling very slowly in the furnace or holding at a temperature just below Ae1. 4. Cooling at a suitable rate from the minimum temperature at which all carbide is dissolved, to prevent the reformation of a carbide network, and then re-heating in accordance with methods 1 or 2 above. (Applicable to hypereutectoid steel containing a carbide network. Speroidizing Annealing - A subcritical annealing treatment intended to produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases. Spheroidized Structure - A microstructure consisting of a matrix containing spheroidal particles of another constituent. Spheroidizing - Any process of prolonged heating and slow cooling of steel which will convey the carbide content into rounded or spheroid form. Spheroidizing - Heating and cooling to produce a spheroidal or globular form of carbide in steel. Spiegel - High-manganese pig iron, containing 15-30% manganese, approximately 5% carbon, and less than 1% silicon used in the manufacture of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open-hearth process. Spinning - The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow shapes by pressing the metal against a rotating form (spinning chuck) by a tool. Spot Welding - Welding of lapped parts in which fusion is confined to a relatively small circular area. It is generally resistance welding, but may also be gas-shielded tungsten-arc, gas-shielded metal-arc, or submerged-arc welding. Spring Steel Strip - Any of a number of strip steels produced for use in the manufacture of steel springs or where high tensile properties are required marketed in the annealed state, hard rolled or as hardened and tempered strip. Spring Temper - In brass mill terminology, Spring Temper is eight numbers hard or 60.50% reduction.

Stabilizing Treatment - A thermal treatment designed to precipitate material from solid solution, in order to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability under service at slightly elevated temperatures. Stablizing Treatment - Any treatment intended to stabilize the structure of an alloy of the dimensions of a part. (1) Heating austenitic stainless steels that contain titanium, columbium, or tantalum to a suitable temperature below that of a full anneal in order to inactivate the maximum amount of carbon by precipitation as a carbide of titanium, columbium, or tantalum. (2) Transforming retained austenite in parts made from tool steel. (3) Precipitating a constituent from a nonferrous solid solution to improve the workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability. Stainless Steel - Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety, but always containing a high percentage of chromium. These are highly resistant to corrosion attack by organic acids, weak mineral acids, atmospheric oxidation, etc. Stamping - A term used to refer to various press forming operations in coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing. Steel - An iron-base alloy, malleable in some temperature range as initially cast, containing maganease, usually carbon, and often other alloying elements. In carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon is about 2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. The dividing line between low-alloy and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as being at about 5% metallic alloying elements. Steel is to be differentiated from two general classes of irons: the cast irons, on the high-carbon side, and the relatively pure irons such as ingot iron, carbonyl iron, and electrolytic iron, on the low-carbon side. In some steels containing extremely low carbon, the maganese content is the principal differentiating factor, steel usually containing at least 0.25%; ingot iron contains considerably less. Steel - Iron, malleable in at least one range of temperature below its melting point without special heat treatment, substantially free from slag, and containing carbon bore than about 0.05% and less than about 2.00%. Other alloying elements may be present in significant quantities, but all steels contain at least small amounts of manganese and silicon, and usually as undesirable constituents. Sterling Silver - A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the remainder being unspecified but usually copper. Strain - A measure of the relative change in the size of a body. Linear strain is the change per unit length of a linear dimension. True (or natural) strain is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gauge length. Shearing strain is the change in angle (expressed in radians) between two reference lines originally at right angles. When the term is used alone, it usually refers to linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Strain - A measure of the change in the size or shape of a body, referred to its original size or shape. Linear strain is the change per unit length of a linear dimension. True strain (or natural strain) is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gauge length. Conventional

strain is the linear strain referred to the original gauge length. Shearing strain (or shear strain) is the change in angle (expressed in radians) between two lines originally at right angles. When the term strain is used alone it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction of the applied stress. Strain - Deformation produced on a body by an outside force. Strain Aging - Aging induced by cold work. Strain Aging - Aging induced by cold working. Strain Hardening - An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower than the recrystallization range. Strain Hardening - An increase in hardness and strength caused by p;astic deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Stress - Force per unit area. True stress denotes stress determined by measuring force and area at the same time. Conventional stress, as applied to tension and compression tests, is force divided by original area. Nominal stress is stress computed by simple elasticity formula. Stress - Deforming force to which a body is subjected, or, the resistance which the body offers to deformation by the force. Stress Relief - Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses, such as those resulting on a metal from work hardening or quenching. Stress Relieving - Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses. Stress-corrosion Cracking - Failure by cracking under the combined action of corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual). Cracking may be either intergranular or transgranular, depending on the metal and the corrosive medium. Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Failure by cracking under combined action or corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual). Cracking may be either intergranular or transgranular, depends on metal and corrosive medium. Stretcher Leveling - A method of making metal sheet or strip dead flat by stretching. Stretcher Strains - Elongated markings that appear on the surface of some materials when deformed just past the yield point. These markings lie approximately parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress and are the result of localized yielding Same as Luders lines. Stretcher Strains - Elongated markings that appear on the surfaces of some materials when they are deformed just past the yield point. These markings lie

approximately parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress and are the result of localized yielding. Strip - A sheet of metal whose length is many times its width. Strip Steel (cold rolled) - A flat cold rolled steel product (Other than Flat Wire) 23 15/16 and narrower; under .250 in thickness, which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness and temper on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel. Structure - The arangement of parts; in crystals, expecially, the shape and dimension of the until cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms within it. Sub-boundary Structure (subgrain structure) - A network of low-angle boundaries (usually with misorientations or less than one degree) within the main grains of a microstructure. Subcritical Annealing - An annealing treatment in which a steel is heated to a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled slowly to room temperature. Substitutional Solid Solution - A solid solution in which the solvent and solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the crystal structure of the solution. Substrate - The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of whether the layer is base metal. Sulfide Spheroidization - A stage of overheating in which sulfide inclusions are partly or completely spheroidized. Sulfur - Chemical symbol S) Element No. 16 of the periodic system; atomic weight 32.06. Non-metal occurring in a number of allotropic modifications, the most common being a pale-yellow brittle solid. In steel most commonly encountered as an undesired contaminant. However, it is frequently deliberately added to cutting stock, to increase machinability. Sulfur Print - A macrographic method of examining distribution of sulfide inclusions. Superalloy - An alloy developed for very high temperature service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory, and shock) are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required. Supercooling - Cooling to a temperature below that of an equilibrium phase transformation without the transformation taking place. T&C - Threaded and coupled. Male (pin) threads are cut into and cut into pieces and a coupling provides female threads for both lengths joined. Ta - Chemical symbol for Tantalum

Table Mill - In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high volume production of smalldiameter rolled rings. Table Test - A quality test taken to visually inspect the plate. Tach Roll - Roll used for measuring line speed. Tachometer - An instrument used to measure the revolutions per minute (rpm) of a rotating shaft of a turbine. Tackiness - A coating defect consisting of a stickiness of a cured coating. Blocking is caused by tackiness. Taconite - Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron. It is the primary ore used in blast furnaces. Domestic supplies of iron-rich ores (greater than 50% iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so integrated steel companies now process the lowergrade taconite to make it useful. Tail - Slag that has cooled to a solid phase at the spout. Tail End - 1) The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 2) The portion of the coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry reels and the outer diameter on the delivery reels. Tail Mark - See “Mark, Roll Bruise”. Tailing Heat - Heat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the weld. Tailings - The end-product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in close proximity of a mining area. Some will often contain some metal that can be extracted. Tailored Blanks - A section of sheet or strip that is cut-to-length and trimmed to match specifications for the manufacturer's stamping design for a particular part. Because excess steel is cut away (to save shipping costs), all that remains for the stamper is to impart the three-dimensional shape with a die press (see Blanking). Take-up - Steel block where material is wound when rolling or slitting. Tandem Mill - A cluster of rolling mills where mill stands are in tandem. At WSC, this terminology generally refers to WSC's cold reducing mills. Tangential Sprays - Sprays that cool down exhaust heat before it enters the scrubber duct work. Tank - A storage receptacle for hydraulic oil, morgoil, drive oil or grease. Tank Line - Any hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a system to the system's storage tank.

Tantalum - A rare metal of silver white color having excellent corrosion resistance and a high melting point. It is widely used for chemical process equipment and specialised aero-space and nuclear applications. Tap - o drain molten steel from a steelmaking furnace. Tap Out System - System which includes the tap-out box, Venturi (dough-nut), sluice ditch, and ash collection box. Here the hot slag is tapped off of the bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for further processing Tape - Used for holding the end of flap down on steel coil. Tape Measure - Tool used to measure the width of the coil. Taper Section - A section made at an acute angle to a surface of interest, thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. A sectioning angle 5(degrees) 43 achieves a depth magnification of 10: 1. Tapping Out - The process of removing molten slag from the bottom of a boiler. Te - Chemical symbol for Tellurium. Tear, Speed - A series of surface cracks perpendicular to the extruding direction. Speed tearing normally occurs in corner radii or extremities of a section and is caused by localized high temperature Telescoped - Term given when the winding of a coil gradually becomes concave or convex. Telescoping Coil - A coil that has not wound properly whose sidewall protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit reel causes this condition. Tellurium - Its main use in the steel industry is as an additive in leadbearing freecutting steels to further improve their machinability. Its presence in the steel is either within the manganese sulphide paarticle where it is parially soluble, or as particles combined with lead or manganese. For certain applications it offers significant improvements in machinability but the added cost is a factor that should be taken into account. Temper - A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal treatment and having characteristics structure and mechanical properties. A given alloy may be in the fully softened or annealed temper, or it may be cold worked to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers produced by cold working (rolling or drawing) are called "quarter hard", "half-hard" and "three quarters hard", and are determined by the amount of cold reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the annealed temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat-treated temper and the heat-treated and artificially aged temper. Other tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal treatments and include that temper produced by cold working after heat treating, and that produced by artificial aging of alloys that are as-cast, as-extruded, as-forged and heat treated, and worked.

Temper (Met.) - The state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench or cold working or a combination of same in order to bring the metal to its specified consistency. Each branch of the metal producing industry has developed its own system of temper designations. In flat-rolled products including sheet and strip steel, tin mill products, stainless strip, aluminum sheet and copper base alloy strip they are shown as follows Temper Brittleness - Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within or cooled slowly through a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests at room temperature or lower temperatures. Temper Code - Industry-standard code that indicates the hardness of the steel. Temper Colors - Before the use of instruments such as pyrometers, colors were used to judge temperature when hardening and tempering. For example, on carbon tool steel where the tempering range may typically be from 200oC to 350oC, the color change with the rise in temperature giving light straw at around 210oC, Purple 275oC, and Grey at 330oC, The practice wtill continues in workshops where controlled heat treatment facilities are not available. Temper Mill - A relatively light cold rolling operation that may be used on hot rolled, cold rolled and some coated steel such as galvanized. Temper rolling hot rolled sheet helps to improve flatness, minimize coil breaks and fluting and alter mechanical properties. Temper rolling cold reduced and coated sheet steel improves surface finish, alters mechanical properties and reduces the tendency of the steel to flute during fabrication. Temper Rolled - A product that has been processed at the Temper Mill. Temper Rolling - Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of cold rolling following annealing (usually 1/2 to 1 1/2%) to forestall stretcher strains. Also termed Pinch Pass or Skin Rolled. Temper Rolling - A cold-rolling process that develops the proper stiffness temper in steel, improves flatness, and imparts a desired surface finish. Temper Stressing - Quenching in water from the tempering temperature to improve fatigue strength. Temper Variation - Considered a defect when variation of the hardness or forming properties of single reduced plate as generally compared to the temper designation of the plate. Temperature - Degree of warmth or coldness in relation to an arbitrary zero measured on one or more of accepted scales, as Centigrade, Fahrenheit, etc. Temperature, Holding - 1) Temperature above the critical phase transformation range at which castings are held as a part of the heat treatment cycle, 2) The temperature maintained when metal is held in a furnace, usually prior to pouring.

Temperature, Pouring - The temperature of the metal as it is poured into the mold. Tempered and Polished Spring Steel Strip - 90/1.03 carbon range (Also known as clock spring steel.) This product, while similar to general description under heading of Tempered Spring Steel Strip, is manufactured and processed with great and extreme care exercised in each step of its production. Manufactured from carbon range of .90/1.03 with Rockwell range C 48/51. Clock spring quality has been ground and polished with edges dressed. It is usually supplied hard blue in color and has a wide range of uses, such as coiled and flat mechanical springs, ignition vibrator springs, springs for timing devices, springs for the electric and electonic fields, steel tapes, rules, etc. Tempered Martensite - Martensite that has been heated to produce to BCC iron and a fine dispersion of iron carbide. Tempered Spring Steel Strip - Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock spring) strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to meet specifications. Where specification calls for blue or straw color, same is accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper temperature depending on color required. Blue is developed at approximately 600 (degrees) F. Tempering - Also known as drawing, the process by which steel or iron is softened by reheating it at a considerably lower temperature than that at which its previous hardening was done. Tempering (Also termed 'drawing.') - A process of re-heating quench-hardened or normalized steel to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. The primary purpose of tempering is to impart a degree of plasticity or toughness to the steel to alleviate the brittleness of its martensite. Tensile Strength - The maximum stress in uniaxial tension testing which a material will withstand prior to fracture. The ultimate tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load applied during the test divided by the original cross-sectional area. Tensile Test - (Tension Test) A destructive mechanical test whereby strength and ductility properties are measured. Tension Level - Stamco Leveler in #5 Galvinized line - levels the steel. Tension Leveling - A mechanical operation where coil metal is stretched beyond it’s yield point. Tension Scratch - See “Scratch,Tension”. Terne Plate - Sheet steel, coated with a lead-tin alloy. The percentage of tin is usually kept as low as possible because of its high cost; however, about 15% is normally necessary in order to obtain proper coating of the steel, since pure lead does not alloy with iron and some surface alloying is necessary for proper adhesion.

Test Flat - A means of testing "by coils," for customers who buy "by coil". The coil is put on the cutting line, about 100 sheets cut to check flatness, back the coil off, and, determine whether coil will be acceptable to the customer. Test Gauge - A measuring device used to check hydraulic pressure in different components of a hydraulic system. Test Lug - An ear like projection cast as part of the casting and later removed for testing purposes. Test Sample - A piece of the strip used by various departments to test or evaluate the quality of the steel. The size and place of the sample taken will vary. Test Water - A boiler water sample taken for a chemical test. Texture - In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of crystal orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with preferred orientation, in which the distribution is not random. Thermal Conductivity - The property of matter by which heat energy is transmitted through particles in contact. For engineering purposes, the amount of heat conducted through refractories is usually given in Btu per hour for one square foot of area, for a temperature difference of one degree Fahrenheit, and for a thickness of one inch, Btu/hr B7ft B7F/in. Thermal Contraction - The decrease in a linear dimension and volume of a material accompanying a change of temperature. Thermal Expansion - The increase in a linear dimension and volume of a material accompanying a change of temperature. Thermal Fatigue - Failure resulting from rapid cycles of alternate heating and cooling. Thermal Flattening - Similar to stress relieving in that the metal is passed through a continuous furnace, but tension is also applied elongating the metal to improve over-all flatness. Thermal Shock - Stress developed by rapid and uneven heating of a material. Thermal Spalling - Breaking up of refractory from stresses which arise during repeated heating and cooling. Thermal Stability - Resistance of a material to drastic changes in temperature. Thermal Stresses - Stresses in metal, resulting from non-uniform distribution of temperature. Thermography - 1) The technique of obtaining a photographic record of heat distribution in a solid or fluid.

Thickness Gage or Feeler Stock - A hardened and tempered, edged, ground, and polished thin section, high carbon strip steel. Usually 1/2 in width and in thicknesses from .001 to .050 manufactured to extremely close tolerances. It is used primarily for determining measurement of openings by tool and die makers, machinists, and automobile technicians. It is prepared in handy pocket size knife-like holders containing an assembly of various thicknesses. Also prepared in standard 12 lengths with rounded ends and in 10 ' and 25' coils. Universally used in the metal industry. Thomas Process - The continental name for the basic Bessemer steel making process, now superseded by modern day BOS plants Threader Coil - 1) A narrow width coil of TU plate with a base weight between 75# to 100#. This coil is used anytime the line is to be shut down or on a line start-up. 2) The last coil threaded through the line. The threader coil remains in the line until start up. 3) A coil fed into the line only to make a connection between sizes. Threading Table - Extension plate to assist in threading the coil end into the McKay leveler. Three-Piece Can - Three-piece cans consist of a body and two ends. The body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing or welding. The two ends are attached using a double-rolled seam. The curl on the end, containing the seal compound and its flange on the can body are indexed and rolled flat. The sealing compound between fold gives an hermetic seal. Three-Quarter Hard Temper - (A) In stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades three-quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness reduction. Throttle Valve - A manual valve used to regulate the amount of steam entering the turbine. Ti - Chemical symbol for Titanium Tie Bar, Rod - Bar or rod-shaped part of the casting added to prevent distortion caused by uneven contraction between separated members. Tight Flask - A type of flask which remains on mold during pouring. Lugs are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for pouring. Time Delay - The amount of time between the booster pumps starting and the main pumps starting. This is the time it takes the computer to examine the A.G.C. or C.V.C. hydraulic system for start-up. Time Temperature - An isothermal transforamtion diagram showing the relationship between temperature and the time taken. Tin - Chemical symbol Sn. Element No. 50 of the periodic system; atomic weight 118.70. Soft silvery white metal of high malleability and ductility, but low tensile strength; melting point 449 (degrees) F., boiling point 4384 (degrees) F., yielding

the longest molten-state range for any common metal; specific gravity 7.28. Principal use as a coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys. Tin Free Steel - 1) Single or double reduced black plate having a thin coating of chromium and chromium oxide applied electrolytically. Weirton's trade name is Weirchrome and the coating weight is 5 mg/sq. ft. or 0.000003 inches thick. 2) Carbon steel that is coated with chromium rather than tin. Weirton's trade name is Weirchrome and the coating weight is 5 mg/sq. ft. or 0.000003 inches thick. Tin Mill - Continuous tin-plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet to be used in food and beverage cans and other containers. Tin Mill Product - Tin Plate, Tin Free Steel, or Black Plate. Tin Plate - Tinplate is low carbon mild steel coated on both top and bottom surfaces with an electrolytic deposition of tin. The deposited tin exists as alloyed and free tim and has a passivated surface as well as a coating of oil. Tin-Free Steel - Chromium-coated steel. Because it is used in food cans just like tin plate, it ironically is classified as a tin mill product. Tin-free steel is easier to recycle because tin will contaminate scrap steel in even small concentrations. Tin/Chrome Plating - A plating process whereby the molecules from the positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel. The thickness of the coating is readily controlled through regulation of the voltage and speed of the sheet through the plating area. Tinplate - Thin steel sheet with a very thin coating of metallic tin. Used primarily in can-making. Titanium - Chemical symbol Ti. Element No. 22 of the periodic system; atomic weight 47.90; melting point about 3270 (degrees) F.; boiling point over 5430 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 4.5. Bright white metal, very malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its principal functions as an alloy in the making of steel. (1) Fixes carbon in inert particles (a) reduces martensitic hardness and hardnability in medium chromium steels. (b) prevents formation of austenite in high-chromium steels. (c) prevents localized depletion of chromium in stainless steel during long heating. Now finding application in its own right because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance. Tolerances - A customer's specifications can refer to dimensions or to the chemical properties of steel ordered. The tolerance measures the allowable difference in product specifications between what a customer orders and what the steel company delivers. There is no standard tolerance because each customer maintains its own variance objective. Tolerances are given as the specification, plus or minus an error factor; the smaller the range, the higher the cost. Toll Processing - The act of processing steel for a fee ("toll"). Owners of the steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform needed operations on the material (or may not have the open capacity). Therefore, another steel mill or service center will slit, roll, coat, anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.

Ton - "Unit of measure for steel scrap and iron ore. GROSS TON 2,240 pounds. LONG (NET) TON 2,240 pounds. SHORT (NET) TON 2,000 pounds. Normal unit of statistical raw material input and steel output in the United States. METRIC TON 1,000 kilograms. 2,204.6 pounds or 1.102 short tons." Tonghold - The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the stock with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging used to manipulate the piece during the forging operation, usually trimmed off. Tongs - Metal holder used to handle metal pieces. Tool - A term usually referring to the dies, mandrels, etc., used in the production of extruded or drawn shapes or tube Tool Steel - Any high-carbon or alloy steel used to make a cutting tool for machining metals and for metal-casting dies. Tool Wear - A gradual deterioration of tools and dies. In the case of fabrication of stainless steels, the surface oxides of the stainless gradually either abrade or build up on the tooling. Other factors (high hardness,non-metallic inclusions) can also accelerate tool wear. Tooling Plate - A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross section of thickness 0.250 inch or greater and with edges either as-cast, sheared or sawed with internal stress levels controlled to achieve maximum stability for machining purposes to tool and jig applications. Tooling Points - The fixed positions on the casting surfaces used for references during layout and machining. Top Dross - Skimmings for the continuous galvanize pot. Composition consists of approximately 87% zinc. 5% aluminum, and 6% to 8% iron. Torn Surface - A deep longitudinal rub mark resulting from abrasion by extrusion or drawing tools. Torpedo Car - The hot metal car used to carry molten iron from the blast furnace to steelmaking units. Torsional Strength - The resistance of a bar to twisting. Closely related to its shear strength. Toughness - The ability of the metal to absorb energy and to deform plastically during fracture. Toughness values obtained in testing depend upon the test temperature, the rate of loading, the size of the test specimen, as well as the presence of a notch and its acuity. Tower - 1) Consist of sets of mounted rolls. The top rolls are in a fixed position but the bottom rolls are mounted on a moveable carriage. The carriage is controlled by cables that can move the carriage up or down in the tower. When the carriage is lowered extra strip is stored in the tower. This strip is used when a weld is being

made. 2) Tower for loops of steel (#5 Galvanize); allows entry end to shut down without stopping production; also a tower at which allows the coating to freeze on the steel. Tower Oven - Vertical, continuous core oven with suspended shelves attached to sprocket-driven chains. Tracer Steam - Companion line to help maintain proper oil temperature. Tracking - Side-to-side movement of the strip through any operating unit. Traffic Mark - Abrasion which results from relative movement between contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of a traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface. Trailerload - quantities of commodities, including primary and secondary metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each, which is the standard weight limit on U.S. highways. Tramp - Combustion air. Tramp Element (Trace) - Contaminant in the components of a furnace charge, or in the molten metal or casting, whose presence is felt to be either unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the casting. Transducer - A device used to change a pressure (force) that acts upon it into an electrical signal. Transfer - Transferring strip from #1 to #2 reel on a continuous unit. Transfer Cars - Electric rail cars which move coils in the Tin Mill from the C.A. lines to the Temper Mill stock floor, or from the DR Mills to the Plater stock floor. (a.k.a. the Hoopey railroad.) Transfer Ladle - A ladle that may be supported on a monorail or carried in a shank and used to transfer metal from the melting furnace to the holding furnace or from furnace to pouring ladles. Transfer Pump - A pump used to move hydraulic oil from one storage tank to another. Transferring Boilers - Term used for the process of changing from primary operating boiler to the standby boiler. Transformation (Temperature) Range - The critical temperature at which a change in phase occurs. To distinguish between the critical points in heating and cooling those in heating are referred to as the Ac points (c for Chauffage or heating) and those in cooling, Ar. (r for Refroidissement)

Transformation Ranges (transformation temperature ranges) - Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of these ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling. Transformer - An electrical device that uses a magnetic field to change a given voltage or current to a higher or lower voltage or current. Transit Rust - This rust defect occurs when strip or plate becomes wet from rain or snow during transit; or from damaged containers exposing plate in transit. Strip or plate will generally exhibit a pattern of rust on the edge going inwards due to capillary action. Transition Temperature - (1) An arbitrarily defined temperature within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics determined usually by notched tests are changing rapidly such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to promarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. Commonly used definitions are transition temperature for 50% cleavage fracture, 10-ft-lb transition temperature, and transition temperature for half maximum energy. (2) Sometimes also used to denote the arbitrarily defined temperature in a range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature. Transmitter - Where signal comes from for gauges on the boiler. Transverse Bow - See “Bow,Transverse”. Transverse Direction - A direction perpendicular to the direction of working Transverse Strength - A measurement of strength when the load is applied acrosss the longitudinal flow of the frain of a metal. Certain impurities such as sulphur have a detrimental effect on the transverse strength. This can be minimised by the inclusion modification process. Transverse Test - A test taken at right angles to the principal direction of rolling or forging. Traverse - Transfer car used to move coils on and off, or toward and away, from the reel. Traverse Car - Used to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from the reel. The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and down. Tread Plate - Sheet or plate having a raise figured pattern on one surface to provide improved traction. Trees - A series of vertical spray nozzles arranged in fourteen groups of three nozzles on each tree. The spray from the trees is directed at the rebound panels to maximize particulate removal from the exhaust gases. Trim Inclusion - Edge trimming accidentally wound into a roll of foil

Trip - To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To disturb the logic of boiler. Trip Out - One or more circuit breakers opening up and stopping the flow of power. Triple Spot Test - See Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating. Trojan Horse - A barrel shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir and a vacuum tank. Oil travels from the defoaming tanks into the seal oil reservoir. It then flows into the vacuum tank compartment where gases and vapor are liberated from the oil. The oil is then drawn from the bottom of the vacuum tank through a differential pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals. Troosite (obsolete) - A previously unresolvable rapidly etching fine aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first product is tempered martensite; for the latter, fine pearlite. Trowel Steel - Hardened and tempered spring steel. .90 to 1.05 carbon content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat -- Rockwell C 50. Used in the manufacture of plastering trowels. Truckload - quantities of commodities, including primary and secondary metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each, which is the standard weight limit on U.S. highways. Truss Spring Steel - Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon content about .70 -- Manganese .74. Must be formed very severely and must be as free as possible from decarburization. TTT Curve - An abbreviation ot Time Temperature Transformation Curve. Tube Bloom - This term is not recommended. The term “Tube Stock” is preferred. Tube Stock - A semifinished tube suitable for the production of drawn tube. Tube, Alclad - Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core habing on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion. Tube,Arc-Welded - Tube made from sheet or plate but welded by either gastungsten or gas-metal arc-welding method with or without the use of filler metal. Tube, Brazed - A tube produced by forming and seambrazing sheet. Tube, Butt-Welded - A welded tube, the seam of which is formed by positioning on edge of the sheet against the other for welding.

Tube, Drawn - A tube brought to final dimensions by cold drawing through a die. (Note: this product may be produced from either seamless or non-seamless extruded stock or from welded stock). Tube, Embossed - A tube the outside surface of which has been roll-embossed with a design in relief regularly repeated in a longitudinal direction. Tube, Extruded - A tube formed by not extruding. (Note: This product may be either seamless or non-seamless.) Tube, Finned - Tube which has integral fins or projections protruding from its outside surface. Tube, Fluted - A tube or nominally uniform wall thickness having regular, longitudinal,concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations. Tube, Heat-Exchange - A tube for use in apparatus in which fluid inside the tube will be heated or cooled by fluid outside the tube. The term usually is not applied to coiled tube or to tubes for use in refrigerators. (Note: this product is typically seamless drawn tube.) Tube, Helical-Welded - A welded tube produced by winding the sheet to form a closed helix and joining the edges of the seam by welding Tube, Lap-Welded - A welded tube the seam of which is formed by longitudinally lapping the edges of the sheet for welding Tube, Lock-Seam - A tube produced by forming and mechanically lock-seaming sheet. Tube, Open-Seam - A shape normally produced from sheet of nominally uniform wall thickness and approximately fubular form but having a longitudinal unjointed seam or gap of width not greater than 25 percent of the outside diameter or greatest over-all dimension. Also referred to as “Butt-Seam Tube.” Tube, Redraw - This term is not recommended. The term “Tube Stock” is preferred. Tube, Seamless - A tube that does not contain any line junctures (metallurgical welds) resulting from the method of maufacture. (Note: This product may be produced by die and mandrel or by hot piecer processes. Tube produced by porthole die extrusion, bridge die extrusion or welding processes aare generally considered “Non-Seamless.”) Tube, Sized - A tube that, after extrusion, has been cold drawn a slight amount to minimize ovality. Tube, Stepped Drawn - A drawn tube whose cross section changes abruptly in area at intervals slong its length. Tube, Structural - Tube c ommonly used for structural purposes

Tube, Welded - A tube produced by forming and seam-welding sheet longitudinally Tube - A hollow wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section, which is symetrical and is round, a regular hexagon or octagon, elliptical, or square or rectangular with sharp or round corners, and that has uniform wall thickness except as affected by corner radii. Tubing-Electrical Metallic - A tube having certain standardized length and combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness thinner than that of “Rigid conduit,” commonly designated by nominal electrical trade sizes, for use with compression-type fittings as a protection for the electric wiring Tubing - When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used within the casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending on conditions and well life, tubing may have to be replaced during the operational life of a well. Tubular Conductor - A tubular product suitable for use as an electric conductor. Tuffriding - A form of surface hardening, the process involves nitrogen but does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding. Tukon Hardness Test A method for determining microhardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers squarebase pyramid indenter. Tumbling - The process for removing scale from forgings in a rotating container by means of impact with each other and abrasive particles and small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and roughness from forgings by impact with each other, together with abrasive material in a rotating container. Tundish - The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which molten steel is poured. Tungsten - Chemical symbol W. Element No. 74 of the periodic system; atomic weight 183.92. Gray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and malleable when specially handled. It is immune to atmospheric influences and most acids, but not to strong alkalis. The metal is used as filament and in thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio tubes. (1) Forms hard abrasion -- resistant particles in tool steels. (2) Promotes hardness and strength at elevated temperatures. Tunnel Furnace - Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is placed upon cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the furnace. Turbine - Steam driven mechanical device used to drive a piece of machinery. Turning - A method for removing the surface from a cicular piece by bringing the cutting edge of a tool against it while the piece is rotated. Turning Gear - A motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator is down. The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping. Turntable - The base on which a centrifugal casting mold rests.

Twin - Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation relationship; one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the twin. The orientation of the twin is either a mirror image of the orientation of the parent across a twinning plane or an orientation that can be derived by rotating the twin portion about a twinning axis. Twin, Deformation - A twinned region produced by a shear like distortion of the parent crystal structure during deformation. In ferrite, deformation twins form on {211} planes. Twist - A condition wherin a transverse axis held in the plane of the strip would rotate about the longitundianl axis when moved along the strip. Two-High Mill - A stand having only two rolls. Some two-high mijlls are reversing with screw-downs to adjust the rolls; others are one way only and may or may not have srew-downs for roll adjustment and may or may not be a part of continuous mill. Two-tone - A sharp color demarcation in the appearance of the metal due to a difference in the work roll coating. Type D - Base-metal steel, aluminum killed; sometimes required to minimize severe fluting and stretcher strain hazards for severe drawing applications. Tack Welds - Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weld in proper alignment while the final welds are being made. Tandem Mill - Arrangement of rolling mills, in direct line, allowing the metal to pass from one set of rolls into the next. Tapping - Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle. Tarnish - Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of oxide or sulfide. Teeming - Pouring metal into ingot molds. Teeming - Pouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The term applies particularly to the specific operation of pouring either iron or steel into ingot molds. Telescoping - Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the edge of the coil is conical rather than flat. Temper - (1) In heat treatment, re-heating hardened steel or hardened steel or hardened cast iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose of decreasing the hardness and increasing the toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper is sometimes used, but inadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure, mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working.

Temper Brittleness - A reversible increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature in steels heated in, or slowly cooled through, the temperature range from about 700 to 1100 F (375 to 575 C). Temper Brittleness - Brittleness that results when certain steels are held within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests at or below room temperature. Temper Rolling - Light cold rolling of sheet steel. The operation is performed to improve flatness, to minimize the formation of stretcher strains, and to obtain a specified hardness or temper. Tempering - Re-heating a quench-hardened or normalized ferrous alloy to a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate desired. Tempering - In heat treatment, re-heating hardened steel to some temperature below the A1 temperature for the purpose of decreasing hardness and/or increasing toughness. The process also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. Tensile Strength - In tensile testing, the ratio of the maximum force sustained to the original cross-sectional area. Tensile Strength - In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original crosssectional area. Also called ultimate strength. Tensile Strength (Also called ultimate strength) - Breaking strength of a material when subjected to a tensile (stretching) force. Usually measured by placing a standard test piece in the jaws of a tensile machine, gradually separating the jaws, and measuring the stretching force necessary to break the test piece. Tensile strength is commonly expressed as pounds (or tons) per square inch of original cross section. Ternary Alloy - An alloy that contains three principal elements. Thermal Analysis - A method of studying transformations in metal by measuring the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. Thermocouple - A device for measuring temperatures by the use of two dissimilar metals in contact; the junction of these metals gives rise to a measurable electrical potential with changes in temperature. Three-Quarter Hard Temper - (A) In stainless steel strip tempers are based on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium-Nickel grades three-quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness reduction. Tin Plate Base Box - A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of pounds per Base Box (112 sheets 14 x 20) a unit peculiar to the tin industry. This corresponds to it's area of sheet totaling to 31.360 square inches of any gage and is applied to tin plate

weighing from 55 to 275 pounds per base box. To convert to decimal thickness multiply weight per base box by .00011. Tin Plating - Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated is made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing a decomposable tin salt. Tinning - Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or by electro-deposition; also by spraying. Tolerance Limit - The permissible deviation from the desired value. Tong Hold - The portion of a forging billet, usually on one end, that is gripped by the operator's tongs. It is removed from the part at the end of the forging operation. Common to drop-hammer and press-type forging. Tool Steel - Any high carbon or alloy steel capable of being suitably tempered for use in the manufacture of tools. Torsion - A twisting action resulting in shear stresses and strains. Toughness - Property of resisting fracture or distortion. Usually measured by impact test, high impact values indicating high toughness. Toughness - Capacity of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. Toughness - Ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing. It is usually measured by the energy absorbed in a notch impact test, but the area under the stress-strain curve in tensile testing is also a measure of toughness. Trace - Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to determine quantitatively. Transformation - A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite. Transformation Range - Temperature range over which a chemical or metallurgical change takes place. Transformation Ranges (Transformation Temperature Ranges) - Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of the ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling. Transformation Temperature - The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels: Ac(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which the solution of cementite in

austentite is completed during heating. Ac1 The temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating. Ac3 The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating. . Ac4 The temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite during heating. . Ae(cm) Ae1 Ae3 Ae4 The temperatures of phase changes at equilibrium. . Ar(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which precipitation of cementite starts during cooling. . Ar1 The temperature at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed during cooling. . Ar3 The temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during cooling. . Ar4 The temperature at which delta ferrite transforms to austentie during cooling. . M(s) (or Ar) The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. . M(f) The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling. .NOTE: All these changes except the formation of martensite occur at lower temperatures during cooling than during heating, and depend on the rate of change of temperature. Transformation Temperature - The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used: -A1-The temperature of the eutectoid transformation. -A3- The temperature at which pro-eutectiod ferrite begins to separate from austenite under conditions of slow cooling. . -Acm- The temperature at which pro-eutectoid cementite begins to separate from austenite under conditions of slow cooling. M(f)- The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite finishes during cooling. . M(s)-The temperature at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. Transformation Temperature - The temperature at which transformation occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. Transition Temperature (ductile-brittle transition temperature - An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily cleavage. Transverse - Literally, 'across', usually signifying a direction or plane perpendicular to the direction of working. Trepanning - A type of boring where an annular cut is made into a solid material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid cylinder. Triple Point - The intersection of the boundaries of three adjoining grains, as observed in a section. Troosite - Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears dark, and is not resolved by the microscope. Tukon Hardness Test - A method for determining microhardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square-base pyramid indenter. Tumbling - Cleaning articles by rotating them in a cylinder with cleaning materials.

Tungsten Carbide - Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition varying between WC and W(2)C; imbedded in a matrix of soft metal, such as cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide Tools. Twin, Annealing - A twin produced as the result of heat treatment. Twin, Crystal - A portion of a crystal in which the lattice is a mirror image of the lattice of the remainder of the crystal. Twist - A winding departure from flatness. U - Chemical symbol for Uranium. U.S.S. Gauge - A gauge system used for carbon steels but not appropriate for stainless steels where thickness is specified in decimals. However, salesperson should always question customer when unsure as to whether U.S.S. or decimal is being specified. For example, 16 gauge for U.S.S. is .058” not .016”. U.S.S. does not stand for Ulbrich Stainless Steel. Ultimate Analysis - In chemistry, this is a quantitive analysis in which percentages of all elements in the substance are determined. Ultimate Tensile Strength - The highest load applied in breaking a tensile test piece devided by the original cross-sectional area of the test piece. Ultimate Strength - --The maximum conventional stress, tensile, compressive, or shear, that a material can withstand. Ultrasonic Cleaning - Immersion cleaning aided by ultrasonic waves which cause microagitation. Ultrasonic Inspection - A means of locating defects in steel. When acoustic energy in the ultrasonic range is passed through steel, the sound waves tend to travel in straight lines, rather than diffusing in all directions as they do in the audible range. If there is a defect in the path of the beam it will cause a reflection of some of the energy, depleting the energy transmitted. This casts an acoustic shadow which can be monitered by a detector placed opposite the transducer or energy source. If the acoustic energy is introduced as a very short burst, then the reflected energy coming back to the originating transducer can also be used to show the size and depth of the defect. Ultrsonic techniques can be used to detect deeply located defects or those contained in the surface layer. Skill and experience are required in interpreting the results portrayed on the cathode ray tube. Ultrasonic Testing - A nondestructive test applied to sound-conductive materials having elastic properties for the purpose of locating inhomogeneities or structural discontinuities within a material by means of an ultrasonic beam. Ultrasonic Waves - Waves of ultrasonic frequency. They include longitudinal, transverse, surface, and standing waves.

Uncover Temperature - The temperature of the coil after processing at the batch anneal - approx. 180 degrees. Undercooling - See Supercooling Undercure - (Blocking) If the initial cure is carried out below that necessary for full polymerization undercure may result in subsequent "blocking" or sticking of coated sheets. Underwind - Steel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the entry reel into the side trimmer. Underwrap - The direction which coils are being wrapped or unwrapped. If coil is underwrapping the reel is turning and the steel is fed from the bottom. Unkilled Steel - A wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it evolves gas and blowholes during solidification. UNS - Defines the chemical analysis (Unified Numbering System) as a joint responsibility of the SAE and ASTM. Upgrading - In castings, the removal and repair of discontinuities to raise the quality level of the casting beyond that which can be economically achieved by good foundry practice. Upend Forging - A forging in which the metal is so placed in the die that the direction of the fiber structure is at aright angles to the faces of the die. Upper Yield Point (also Yield Point) - Denoted in yield point phenomenon as a distinct break from the elastic region accompanied by a drop in load, yet prior to plastic deformation in the stress-strain curve in a low-carbon steel. Upset - Working metal in such a manner that the cross-sectional area of a portion or all of the stock is increased and length is decreased. Upset Forging - A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of bar, billet or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by pressure upon hot or cold metal between dies operated in a horizontal plane. Upsetter (Forging Machine) - A machine, with horizontal action, used for making upset forgings. Upsetting - (1) A metal working operation similar to forging. (2) The process of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets by flattening the end of wire. Uranium - A white malleable metal which is softer than steel. Its specific gravity is 18.7, it melts at a temperature of 2400oC.

Urea Formaldehyde Resin - A thermosetting product of condensation from urea or thio-urea and formaldehyde, soluble in water and used as a sand binder in core and mold compounds. Used Beverage Cans - (UBCs) scrap aluminum beverage cans, although sometimes applied to steel cans as well (steel has a microscopic share of the beverage can market in America but a much larger share in Europe and elsewhere). Ultimate Strength - The maximum conventional stress, tensile, compressive, or shear, that a material can withstand. Ultrasonic Frequency - A frequency, associated with elastic waves, that is greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded as being higher than 15 kc per sec. Universal Mill - A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls. Upset - (1) The localized increase in cross-sectional area resulting from the application of pressure during mechanical fabrication or welding. (2) That portion of welding cycle during which the cross-sectional area is increased by the application of pressure. Utility Sheet Aluminum - Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and suitable for general building trade usage. Vacuum Arc Remelting A process used for producing advanced steels to the most demanding and critical specifications, paarticularly in such areas as aerospace applications. The steel is first produced to a very close analysis and the resulting ingot is sl Vacuum - A negative pressure that pulls the exhaust steam out of a turbine. Vacuum Annealing - Vacuum is best characterized as a lack of atmosphere (i.e. air,oxygen or other gases). Hence when metals or alloys are heated to high temperatures in a vacuum furnace, there is essentially no oxygen present to oxidize and discolor the surface of the material. Unfortunately, vacuum annealing is not condusive to strand annealing (i.e. uncoiling, heating and recoiling). Titanium rolled Ulbrich is annealed in coil form in vacuum furnaces by outside heat treaters. Vacuum Arc Remelting A process used for producing advanced steels to the most demanding and critical specifications, paarticularly in such areas as aerospace applications. The steel is first produced to a very close analysis and the resulting ingot is sl - NULL Vacuum Breaker - A valve used to break the vacuum on the exhaust of a turbine. Vacuum Casting - A casting in which metal is melted and poured under very low atmospheric pressure; a form of permanent mold casting where the mold is inserted into liquid metal, vacuum is applied, and metal drawn up into the cavity.

Vacuum Degassing - An advanced steel refining facility that removes oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum) to produce ultra-lowcarbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications. Normally performed in the ladle, the removal of dissolved gases results in cleaner, higherquality, more pure steel Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) - "WHAT Process for further refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. WHY The amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless steel, VOD is an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using VOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the EAF into a separate vessel, where it is heated and stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top of the vessel. Substantial quantities of undesirable gases escape from the steel and are drawn off by a vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel further. " Vacuum Refining - Melting in a vacuum, usually by electrical induction, to remove gaseous contaminants from the metal. Vanadium - Chemical symbol V. Element No. 23 of the periodic system; atomic weight 50.95. Gray-white, hard metal, unaffected by atmospheric influences or alkalis but soluble in most strong acids; melting point 3119 (degrees) F.; boiling point about 6150 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 5.87. It cannot be electrodeposited. Its principal functions as an alloy in the making of tool steels. (1) Elevates coarsening temperature of austenite (promotes fine grain). (2) Increases hardenability (when dissolved) (3) Resists tempering and causes marked secondary hardening. Varnish - A colorless, transparent finish applied over a decorative system to protect the substrate and inks and improve gloss. VARS - (or KVAR) Unit used to measure the part of the electrical power that is used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or transformer so that the motor or transformer will work. You get no work output from VARS, but they are always in the circuit. Vegetable Oils - Oils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil core manufacture. Linseed oil is an example. Veins - A discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a raised, narrow, linear ridge that forms upon cracking of the sand mold or core due to expansion of the sand during filling of the mold with molten metal. Vent Mark - A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance of metal into a die vent hole.

Venting - Perforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a mold cavity to assist in the escape of the gases. Venturi Throat Dampers - North and South. Common to both boilers. Venturi Valve - Valve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a 360 B0 pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its shape. Water is fed through the Venturi at a high-pressure level and the water flow develops suction on the line that can be used for various purposes. Venturis - Perform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by introducing water to waste heat gases. Vertical Axis Casting Machine - A centrifugal casting machine in which the axis of rotation of the mold is vertical. Vessel Cover - (also called 'Hood') Section of the boiler tubes that are located directly over the steel making vessel. The tubes are in the entry area of the heat and waste gases during steel making. Vibrator Reed Steel - Hardened, tempered and white polished wxtra precision rolled. Carbon content about 1.00. Steel must withstand great fatigue stresses. Vicers Diamond Pyramid Hardness Tester - Patented indentation hardness machine. See Hardness Vickers Hardness (Test) - Standard method for measuring the hardness of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces; the surface is subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a pyramid shaped diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is measured under a microscope and the Vickers Hardness value read from a conversion table. Vinyl - Vinyl resins are copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate as the major film formers. They offer toughness, flexibility, and adhesion and are considered flavor-free. Vinyl Alkyd - A type of resin consisting of a physical mixture of vinyl with alkyd to improve performance characteristics such as flexibility. Virbrator - A device, operated by compressed air of electricity, for loosening and withdrawing patterns from a mold, or for vibrating a hopper or chute to promote the flow of material from the hopper or chute. Viscosity - The resistance of fluid substance to flowing, quantitatively characteristic for an individual substance at a given temperature and under other definite external conditions. Void - A shrinkage cavity produced in casting during solidification.

Volt - Unit of measurement that describes the difference in potential between two points in a circuit. The greater the difference in potential, the more push the electrons that are flowing in the circuit have. Voluntary Restraint Agreements (VRAs) - A compromise reached between the U.S. government and foreign steel-exporting nations. Instead of the United States imposing punitive duties on subsidized steel imports, the foreigners would "voluntarily" limit their steel exports to the United States. Voss - Leveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten the strip. Voss Leveler - A set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a flat shape. Vacancy - A type of structural imperfection in which an individual atom site is temporarily unoccupied. Vacuum Melting - Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air, as well as to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the solidification may also be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure. Veining - A type of sub-boundary structure that can be delineated because of the presence of a greater-than-average concentration of precipitate or solute atoms. Virgin Metal - Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before. W - Chemical symbol for Tungsten, from wolfram. Walking Beam - A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc., across a cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be conveyed rests on a metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift up and move forward between the stationary grid, thus lifting the material and "walking" it forward, before returning to make another stroke. Walking Beam Furnace - A type of continuous reheat furnace in which the billet or slab moves through distinct heating zones within the furnace: By controlling the speed through the zones, steelmakers can achieve precise rolling temperatures and consume less fuel during operation. Waloon Process - An early two-hearth process for making wrought iron by refining cast iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a hearth furnace known as a finery; re-heating for forging was carried out in a second hearth furnace known as a chafery. Warpage - Deformation other than contraction that develops in a casting between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion occurring during annealing, stress relieving, and high-temperature service. Wash - A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal flowing over the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough spots and excess metal on the casting surface. Also call cuts.

Washburn Core - A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of attachment to the casting. The thin core heats quickly and promotes feeding of the casting. Riser removal cost is minimized. Waste Heat - The heat produced by the steel-making process, which is used to heat the boilers and produce steam. Waster Coil - A coil with a weight greater than 5000 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications and cannot be sold as a prime coil. These coils get an index number of 800011. Wasters - Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams and buckled plates. Generally fit for re-melting purposes only. Watch Main Spring Steel - Usually supplied cold rolled and annealed in large widths and cut and hardened by the spring manufacturers. Carbon content about 1.15 and Tungsten .17, extra precision rolled. Water Based - (Aqueous) A coating in which the film forming ingredients are dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system containing water as the major solvent. Water Column - Device to which the water glass is mounted. The water column is connected to the top and bottom of the steam drum through piping and the water seeks the same level in the column as it is in the boiler. This coupled with the water glass and level controller allows the water level in the boiler to be controlled and measured. Water Glass - The water glass is mounted to the water column and has a series of vertical buttons which change color from green to red to indicate the level of water in the column. Green represents water and red indicates steam. This allows for visual observation of the water level in the boiler at all times. Water Lance - A pipe connected by a hose to a water supply. The lance is used to wash slag from the boiler tubes. Water Test - To subject a casting to water pressure in such a manner that any porous areas will show leakage. Watt (or KW) - It is the part of the electrical power that actually does the work or gets consumed in a circuit. To find watts, multiply the current times the voltage times the power factor. Wave - Out-of-flat condition generally introduced during cold-rolling of metal or alloy coils. Edge waves are more common and generally can be minimized by allowing for “dropping a cut” during edge slitting. It is also possible to produce wavy edges during slitting. Wavy - Not flat. A slight wave following the direction of rolling and beyond the standard limitation for flatness.

Wavy Edges - A term used to describe a quality defect in which the edge of the strip is wavy. Wax Pattern - 1) A precise duplicate, allowing for shrinkage, of the casting and required gates, usually formed by pouring or injecting molten wax into a die or mold, 2) wax molded around the parts to be welded by a termite welding process. Wear - The undesired deterioration of a component by the removal of material from its surface. Web - (1) A single thickness of foil as it leaves the rolling mill. (2)A connecting element between ribs, flanges, or bosses on profile and forgings. Wedge - In any given coil the variance in width from one edge to the opposite edge. Because USSM buys narrow width (12” to 14”) coils slit from wider coils, the wedge effect presents an on-going problem in shape and gauge control. Wedge Roll - A roll used to stabilize the plate as it enters the slitter knife area. Weigh-Strip-Weigh - A coating weight test. Weirbrite Clear - A dried-in-place chromate treatment applied to Weirzin to provide a bright finish and excellent corrosion protection for non-painted applications. Weirchrome - (or tin free steel) Also Electrolytic Chromium Coated Sheets (ECCS) or TFS. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which chromium and oxides of chromium have been electrodeposited; primarily used for drawn applications, can ends and closures. Weirchrome - Weirton Steel trade name for Electrolytically Chrome Coated Sheet (ECCS); See Electrolytic Chrome Coated Sheets. Weirite - Single reduced product. Weirlite Mill - A cold reduction rolling mill which further reduces (20 to 45%) the gauge of steel that has already been reduced at the tandem mill and has been annealed. This mill is used to produce double reduced (DR) tin mill products at WSC. Weirzin - Electrolytic zinc coated steel. Coating weights range from 0.025 oz./sq. ft to 0.20 oz./ sq/ ft. This can be given a variety of post treatments to enhance corrosion resistance and paintability. Weld, Incomplete - The junction line of metal that has passed through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), seperated and not completely refoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity Weld Bead - The built-up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from the filler metal or the melting of the parent metal. Weld Line - See “Seam,Extrusion.”

Weld Ticket - A red or green ticket used to identify location of a weld in a coil. These tickets are placed in the sidewall of a coil while the coil is being produced. Weldability - The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A number of factors affect weldability including chemistry,surface finish,heat-treating tendencies, etc. Welder Board - A "U" shaped wooden trough used to guide hand welder Welder Box - Special electrical outlet receptacle to accommodate plug from hand welder. Located at several places throughout the line. Welder Clamps - Devices used to hold the strip securely in place while a weld is being made. Welder Pinch Roll - A roll located on the 3-high tower used to run the strip into and out of the welder. Welder Stick - A tool used to lift and hold the edge of the strip to be welded. This purpose is to check the alignment of the edges. Welding Electrode - A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in electric arc welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply molten metal or alloy at the point where the weld is to be accomplished. Welding Flash - Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of welding or melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary blindness can result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed. Welding Rod - A rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in joining by welding. Welding Shielded-Arc - Electric-arc welding in which the molten weld metal is protected from the atmosphere. An inert gaseous atmosphere or fluxcoated electrode may be employed. Welding Stress - That stress resulting from localized heating and cooling of metal during welding. Welding, Arc - Welding accomplished by using an electric arc that can be formed between a metal or carbon electrode and the metal being welded; between two separate electrodes, as in atomic hydrogen welding or between the two separate pieces being welded, as in flash welding. Welding, Autogenous - Method of uniting two pieces of metal by melting their edges together without solder or any added welding metal, as by the thermite process that employs a medium of finely divided aluminum powder and oxide or iron by which a temperature of some 2982.2 B0C (5400 B0F) is obtained. Well level - The amount of water that is in the pump hole. It is measured in feet.

Wet Film Thickness - Wet film thickness can be measured using the PFund Gauge. A spherical section of glass is pressed into the wet coating. The diameter of the spot is measured in mm and wet film thickness correlated to dry film thickness. Wet Scrubber (Gas Washer) - In air pollution control, a liquid (usually water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases. Wettability Test - The degree to which a metal that has passed through a die forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not completely rejoined. Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity. Wetting - A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such intimate contact that the adhesive force between the two phases is greater than the cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is wetted, on being removed from the liquid bath, will have a thin continuous layer of liquid adherring to it. Foreign substances such as grease may prevent wetting. Addition agents, such as detergents, may induce wetting by lowering the surface tension of the liquid. Whiskers - Thin hair-like growths on metal that are barely visible to the naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are formed,probably because they are free from defects. White Annealing - A heat treatment process carried out on pickled steel with the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered the steel during the pickling operation thus removing any tendency to hydrogen embrittlement. White Iron - A cast that is essentially free of graphite and most of the carbon content is present as separate grains of hard Fe3C. white iron exhibits a white,crystalline fracture surface because fracture occurs along the iron carbide platelets. White Rust - A coating metal oxide, such as zinc oxide, which develops when the oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with the coating material (such as galvanized coating). See Sacrificial Barrier. White Ticket - Ticket used to identify coil. The white ticket contains the coil IPM number, and is placed in the sidewall of the coil. Wide-Flange Beam - A structural steel section on which the flanges are not tapered, but have equal thickness from the tip to the web and are at right angles to the web. Wide-flange beams are differentiated by the width of the web, which can range from 3 inches to more than 40 inches, and by the weight of the beam, measured in pounds per foot. Widmanstatten Structure - A structure characterized by a geometric pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase on certain crystallographic planes in the parent phase. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related cystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. Width Variation - Product whose width fluctuates above and below the customer's finished width tolerance.

Widths - The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the length or the gauge (thickness). If width of the steel strip is not controlled during rolling, the edges must be trimmed. Wild Steel - Steel which has not been completely deoxidized and reacts violently after casting due to liberation of gases of cooling. Winch Drive - (Clutch) A hydraulic piston that applies pressure to clutch plates to obtain the required motor amperage, controlling loop tension on the winch drive. Wind Box - The box-type structure of the boiler, located on the burner deck that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air registers. Combustion air is delivered to the windbox where it is distributed by means of the air registers to all four burners. Wire, Alclad - A composite wire product comprised of an aluminum-alloy wire having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum-alloy coating that is anodic to the alloy to which it is bonded, thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion Wire,Cold-Heating - Wire quality suitable for use in the manufacture of coldheaded products such as ribets and bolts. Wire, Drawn - Wire brought to final dimensions by the drawing through a die. Wire, Extruded - Wire produced by hot extruding. Wire,Flattened and Slit - Flattened wire that has been slit to obtain square edges. Wire,Flattened - Wire having two parallel flat surfaces and round edges produced by roll-flattening round wire Wire - A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross section, which is square or rectangular with sharp or rounded corners or edges or is round, hexagonal or octagonal and whose diameter or greatest perpendicular distance between parallel faces is less than 0.375 inch. Wizard Control - Control used to set auto valves at specific points. WMB, WHB and Extra WHB Grades - Spring steel wires produced from aced openhearth steels. Wolfram - The alternative name for tungsten Woody Fracture - A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance due to the elongation of the individual grains. This may be accentuated by the presence of slag or by a banded structure. It is grey and dull and is characteristic of ductile but nonhomogeneous material such as wrought iron

Wootz - A carbon steel containing 1 to 1.6% C produced by melting a bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in a crucible. The process originated in India as early as the 3rd century A.D. Work Hardening - Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e. in hardness) produced by cold working. Same as strain hardening Work Roll Balance - Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the work rolls up in place. Work Rolls - Two, smaller, rolls of a four-high stand of the Weirlite Mills, Tandem Mills, and the Temper Mills. These rolls, through the use of hydraulic pressure, are responsible (along with the backup rolls) for the shape of the steel. Wrap, Loose - A condition in a coil due to insufficient tension which creates a small void between adjacent wraps. Wringer Rolls - A set of rubber rolls that removes water or solution from the plate. Wrinkling - A coating defect consisting of the formation of small ridges or folds in the coating which resemble the surface of a prune, but are usually smaller in size. Wrought Iron - An iron produced by direct reduction of ore or by refining molten cast iron under conditions where a pasty mass of solid iron with included slag is produced. The iron has a low carbon content. Wrought Metals - An easily welded or forged metal containing approximately 0.2 percent carbon and total impurities less than 0.5 percent. Wrought Prodcut - A product that has been subjected to mechanical working by such process as rolling,extruding,forging,etc. Wustite - The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide range of compositions they do not quite include the stoichiometric composition FeO. WZN - Weir zinc product from the #1 Plater. Water Hardening - Process of hardening high carbon steels by quenching in water or brine, after heating. Wedge - A hardwood stick used as a forming tool in spinning. Weld - A union made by welding. Weld Bead - A deposit of filler metal from a single welding pass. Weldability - Suitability of a metal for welding under specific conditions. Welding - A process used to join metals by the application of heat. Fusion welding, which includes gas, arc, and resistance welding, requires that the parent metals be

melted. This distinguishes fusion welding from brazing. In pressure welding joining is accomplished by the use of heat and pressure without melting. The parts that are being welded are pressed together and heated simultaneously, so that recrystallization occurs across the interface. Welding - Joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat or pressure, or both, with or without filler metal, to produce a loxalized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface. Wetting Agent - A surface-active agent that produces wetting by decreasing the cohesion within the liquid. Widmanstatten Structure - A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure was originally observed in meteorites but is readily produced in many other alloys with certain heat treatment. WMB, WHB and Extra WHB Grades - Spring steel wires produced from aced openhearth steels. Work Hardening - Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e. in hardness) produced by cold working. Work Hardening - Same as strain hardening. Workability - The characteristic or group of characteristics that determines the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes. Wrought Iron - Iron containing only a very small amount of other elements, but containing 1-3% by weight of slag in the form of particles elongated in one direction, giving the iron a characteristic grain. Is more rust-resistant than steel and welds more easily. Wrought Iron - A commercial iron consisting of slag (iron silicate) fibers entrained in a ferrite matrix. Wustite - The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide range of compositions the do not quite include the stoichiometric composition FeO. X-Ray - Form of radiant energy with wavelength shorter than that of visible light and with the ability to penetrate materials that absorb or reflect ordinary light. X-rays are usually produced by bombarding a metallic target with electrons in a high vacuum. In nuclear reactions it is customary to refer to photons originating in the nucleus as gamma rays and to those originating in the extranuclear part of the atom as x-rays. X-Ray Crystallography - X-ray photographs of metals are a means of providing information which in many cases cannot be obtained by microscopic methods. The line produced by each element or phase are characteristic and their general pattern enables the crystalline structure to be identified. The scale of the pattern can be used

to determine accurately the size of the unit cell and therefore the distance apart of the individual atoms. From the relative intensity of the lines it is possible to deduce the distribution throughout the unit cell, the various types of atoms in an alloy or the degree of preferred orientation in the material. X-Ray Gauge Recorder - Equipment used to produce a gauge chart that records thickness measurements. X-Ray Gauge Unit - Equipment used to measure thickness of steel. The unit is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry end of the line. X-Rays - Light rays, excited usually by the impact of cathode rays on matter, which have wave lengths between about 10-6 cm, and 10-9 cm; also written X-rays, same as Roentgen rays. Yarways - A measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of drums. Yellow Brass - 65% copper and 35% zinc. Also known as High Brass. A copper-zinc alloy, named for its yellow hue. Formerly a very popular alloy, but now largely replaced by Cartridge Brass. Yellowing - A coating defect consisting of a physical change of a coating in which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it ages, or after rebaking. Yield - "The ratio of the quantity of finished shipments to the total raw steel produced, adjusted for changes in inventory and any slabs that are purchased from outside. Yield has significantly improved during the past decade, primarily as the result of the industry's conversion to continually cast steel, whose yield is superior to that of traditional ingot teeming. Tons of finished steel products, divided by total tons of charged steel, as a percentage" Yield of a coil - For non-standard grades of steel, price is affected by the weight ordered. Yield of coil is the expected ship weight of a single coil of a particular type of steel and is used in the calculation of price. Yield Point - The first stress in a material less than the maximum obtainable stess at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Also known as upper yield stress. Yield Point Elongation - Corresponds to a region of non-homogeneous deformation when a sample is subjected to tensile testing. Yield Ratio - The ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength. Yield Strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain. Also known as proof stress. Young's Modulus - The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched wire, Young's Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross-sectional area to

the elongation per unit length. The values of Young's Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes per square cm. See Modulus of Elasticity Yield Point - The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Only certain metals exhibit a yield point. If there is a decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and lower yield points. Yield Point - The load per unit of original cross section at which, in soft steel, a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load. Yield Strength - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from propertionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. Young's Modulus - The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched wire, Young's Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross-sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The values of Young's Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes per square cm. Zinc - Chemical Symbol Zn. Element No. 30 of the periodic system; atomic weight 65.38. Blue-white metal; when pure, malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperatures; melting point 787 (degrees) F.; boiling point 1665 (degrees) F., specific gravity 7.14. Can be electrodeposited; it is extensively used as a coating for steel and sheet zinc finds many outlets, such as dry batteries, etc. Zinc-base alloys are of great importance in die casting. Its most important alloy is brass. Zircon - The mineral zircon silicate, ZrSiO4, a very high melting point acid refractory material used as a molding material in steel foundries. Zirconia - ZrO2 an acid refractory up to 2500 B0C (4532 B0F) having good thermal shock resistance and low electrical resistively. Zirconium - Silvery-white, metallic element, mp 1860 B0C (3380 B0F), a powerful deoxidizer when added to molten steel. Z-Mill - The full name for z-mill is Sendzimir mill. A Z-mill operates with a very small diameter work roll, normally about 2 inches, backed up by a number of rolls in a pyramid-shaped stack. This roll set up allows you to exert extremely high forces through the work roll and yet keep the work roll from extreme flexing. The take-up roll on the Z-Mill also exerts a tension on the coil as it comes through the mill. The combination of high pressure and tension makes the mill capable of rolling material thin and flat. Zn - Chemical symbol for Zinc Zr - Chemical symbol for Zirconium Zyglo®. - A method for nondestructive surface inspection of primarily non-magnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of Magnaflux Corp.