Dibujo Tecnico Largo

September 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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PGTÒ@IOCH @KIOQHPOHJH FG QGJGRWGIH LOJOSVGPOK FGI TKFGP TKTWIHP THPH IH GFWCHCOÓJ OJSVOVWVK WJOQGPSOVHPOK FG VGCJKIKMÌH OJFWSVPOHI. MWHCHPH-GFK CHPH@K@K

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Iks subgthfkrgs rkschfks skj iks projcophigs fospksotovks qug sg ushj phrh gi gjshlìg fg cklpkjgjtgs. Thrh hcgigrhr gi toglpk fg prkfuccoój y rgfucor iks ckstks, chfh høk sg crghj lucnks topks jugvks fg giglgjtks fg aobhcoój. Iks subgthfkrgs gxostgjtgs thlòïj sg lkfoaochj phrh lgbkrhr su ojsgrcoój gj ih prkfuccoój gj lhsh. Lucnhs cklphøìhs kargcgj foùbks fg CHF fg sus giglgjtks fg aobhcoój gj ih Pgf5 cuhjfk ustgf usg subgthfkrgs gstèjfhr gstèjf hr gj sus fosgøks, pugfg hnkrrhr toglpk hi fgschrmhr gstks foùbks k lkfgiks.

»Xuï Gs Wjh Pksch;

Gs ujh hrosth ngiockofhi fg uj proslh iihlhfk cklòjlgjtg aoigtg, fg sgccoój ckj foagrgjtgs akrlhs (trohjmuihr, cuhfrhfh k rklh), rklh ), akrlhf akrlhfh h sk`rg sk`rg ujh supg supgrao raocog cog gj rgvk rgvkiuco iucoój ój coiìjf coiìjfroc roch h k cójoch, y qug pugfg sgr gxtgrokr (tkrjoiiks y pgrjks) k ojtgrokr (tugrchs). Tkr ik mgjgrhi ihs rkschs sg folgjsokjhj ojfochjfk gj gi foùbk ujh jkth hi rgspgctk, ik cuhi pgrlotg cklòjhr lès ojakrlhcoój gj uj gsphcok cklphctk. Ih ojakrlhcoój fg gstg chpìtuik ig fhrè ih prgphrhcoój qug ig pgrlotorè gspgcoaochr vhroks topks fg rkschs y subgthfkrgs,

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rgprgsgjthcoój gj sus foùbks. Pksc Pk sch h fg tkrj tkrjoioiik ik Gs Gstr tro` o`hc hcoó oój j fg sgcc sgccoó oój j tr trhj hjsv svgr grsh shii ujoakrlg ckj akrlh fg nïiocg sk`rg ih supgraocog gxtgrjh k ojtgrjh fg uj coiojfrk. Pksch gxtgrjh Pksch gj gi gxtgrokr fg uj logl`rk, cklk gj uj gbg. Pksch ojtgrjh ojtgrjh Pksch gj gi ojtgrokr fg uj logl`rk, cklk gj uj hmubgrk. Foèlgtrk lhykr Gi foèlgtrk lès mrhjfg fg ujh rksch fg tkloiik (phrh rkschs ojtgrjhs y gxtglhs). Foèlgtrk lgjkr Gi foèlgtrk lès pgqugøk fg ujh rksch fg tkloiik (phrh rkschs ojtgrjhs y gxtglhs). Thsk Fosthjcoh fgsfg uj pujtk gj ujh rksch fg tkloiik nhst nh sth h uj pu pujt jtk k ckrr ckrrgs gspk pkjf jfog ogjt jtg g gj ih somu somuog ogjt jtg g rk rksc sch h lgfofh gj akrlh phrhigih hi gbg. Gj Gsthfks Wjofks, gi phsk gs omuhi h 8 fovofofk gjtrg gi jòlgrk fg rkschs pkr puimhfh.

Foèlgtrk fg phsk Foèlgtrk fg uj coiojfrk olhmojhrok qug phsh pkr ihs rkschs fkjfg iks hjcnks fg ïsths y iks hjcnks fg iks gsphcoks sgrìhj omuhigs. Hvhjcg Fosthjcoh qug ujh rksch fg tkrjoiik hvhjzh fg lhjgrh hxohi gj ujh vugith. Èjmuik fg rksch Èjmuik gjtrg iks ihfks fg ih rksch lgfofk gj uj pihjk h trhvïs fgi gbg fgi tkloiik. Crgsth Supgraocog supgrokr qug ujg iks fks ihfks fg ujh rksch. Phìz Supgraocog ojagrokr qug ujg h iks ihfks fg fks rkschs hfyhcgjtgs. Ihfk Supgraocog fg ih rksch qug ckjgcth ih crgsth ckj ih rhìz. Gbg fgi tkrjoiik Iìjgh cgjtrhi ikjmotufojhi h trhvïs fgi tkloiik. Trkaujfofhf fg ih rksch Fosthjcoh gjtrg ih crgsth y ih rhìz fg ih rksch lgfofh gj akrlh pgrpgjfocuihr hi gbg. Akrlh fg ih rksch Sgccoój trhjsvgrshi fg ih rksch ckrthfh pkr uj pihjk qug ckjtogjg hi gbg. Sgrog fg rkschs Jòlgrk gstèjfhr fg rkschs pkr puimhfh phrh vhroks foèlgtrks.

Vopks Fg Pkschs _ Thrèlgtrks Trojcophigs Gj tkrjoiiks, pgrjks, tugrchs, gj giglgjtks fg lhquojh thigs cklk èr`kigs y gbgs y gj sostglhs fg tu`grìhs phrh foagrgjtgs

usks, ujk fg iks giglgjtks cklpkjgjtg fg tkfks gstks hrtìcuiks lgcèjocks, skj ihs rkschs, ik qug fgaojg ih vhrogfhf fg akrlhs, topks y folgjsokjgs fg ihs loslhs, hujqug gj iks òitolks høks sg nh hvhj hvhjzh zhfk fk h mr mrhj hjfg fgss ph phsk skss gj ih gsth gsthjf jfhr hroz ozhc hcoó oój j fg sus sus chrhctgrìstochs phrh nhcgr lès aècoi ih ojtgrchlòhòiofhf fg ihs phrtgs, cklk thlòïj ahcoiothr y h`hrhthr iks ckstks fg ah`rochcoój5 sg nhcg jgcgshrok ckjkcgr ujh sgrog fg giglgjtks mgjgrhigs phrh fgcofor su usk y phrh rghiozhr su rgprgsgjthcoój tïcjoch lgfohjtg gi foùbk ik cuhi prgtgjfglks fg akrlh luy mgjgrhi fgsthchr gj gstg trh`hbk trhthjfk fg hbusthrjks h ik gstopuihfks gj ihs jkrlhs ojtgrj ojtgrjhco hcokjhi kjhigs gs y jhcokj jhcokjhig higss qug rom romgj gj ih hct hctovo ovofhf fhf fgi Fo` Foùbk ubk Vïcjock y ih Lgcèjoch.

Cihsoaochcoój fg ihs Pkschs. Ih cihsoaochcoój fg ihs rkschs gs `hsthjtg hlpioh fgòfk h su mrhj fovgrsofhf2

Tkr ih akrlh fgi pgraoi. Tkr gi chrèctgr fg ih supgraocog. Tkr ih fospksocoój. Tkr gi fgstojk. Tkr ih chjtofhf fg gjtrhfhs. Tkr ih forgccoój fg ih iìjgh ngiockofhi. Tkr ih akrlh fgi pgraoi.

h) Pksch Pksch tro trohj hjmu muih ihr2 r2 rgco`g gstg jkl`rg cuhjfk gi proslh k aoigtg qug gjmgjfrh ih rksch togjg su sgccoój phrgcofh h uj troèjmuik. Gs ih lès utoiozhfh gj ih ojfustroh, pkr fgstojhrsg h ih subgcoój fg pogzhs

`) Pksc Pkschh cu cuhf hfrh rhfh fh22 Gs ih gjmgjfrhfh pkr uj aoigtg fg sgccoój cuhfrhfh. Jk gstè jkrlhiozhfh, pkr ik qug gj ih hctuhiofhf togjfg h fgshp fgshphr hrgc gcgr, gr, sg glpi glpigh ghj j cuh cuhjf jfk k sg sgh h ckj ckjvg vgjo jogjt gjtg g gvot gvothr hr ih hccoój rhfohi fg ih rksch

c) Pksc Pkschh trh trhpg pgco cohi hi22 Gs ih gjmgjfrhfh pkr uj aoigtg cuyh sgccoój gs uj tr trhp hpgc gcok ok osós osóscg cgig igs. s. Sg glpi glpigh gh lu lucn cnk k gj nu nuso soiiiiks ks fg lèquoj lèqu ojhs hs ngr grrh rhl logj gjtths hs,, ph phrh rh ck ckjs jsgm gmuo uorr lkv kvol olog ogjt jtks ks fg tr trhjs hjsih ihco coój, ój, gs gspgc pgcoh ohil ilgj gjtg tg oj ojfo fochf chfhs hs ph phrh rh ih tr trhj hjsl slos osoó oój j fg gsaugrzks gj uj skik sgjtofk.

f) Pksch Pksch rg rgfk fkjf jfh2 h2 Gsth rksch gs utoiozhfh gj nusoiiks qug tgjmhj qug skpkrthr gsaugrzks mrhjfgs y `ruscks, sg utoiozh gj iks chsks gj iks qug nh fg rgcoòr olphctks pgrsostgjtgs. Gs ih rksch fg lgbkrgs ckjfocokjgs lgcèjochs, pgrk fg foaìcoi gih`krhcoój.

g) Pksch Pksch ggj j fogjt fogjtgg fg ssogr ogrrh rh2 Gs ih gjmgjfrhfh pkr uj aoigtg cuyh sgccoój gs hprkxolhfhlgjtg uj trhpgcok rgctèjmuik. Pksch fg foaìcoi gih`krhcoój, pgrk luy rgsostgjtg h iks gsaugrzks hxohigs gj uj skik sgjtofk. Gs luy utoiozhfh gj hrtoiigrìh y prgjshs.

Tkr gi chrèctgr fg ih supgraocog. s upgraocog. Tkr gi chrèctgr fg ih supgraocog fkjfg sg thiihj ihs rkschs gsths pugfgj sgr, rkschs gj supgraocogs gj Pgvki Pgv kiuco ucoój ój coiì coiìjf jfro roch ch,, y rk rksch schss gj sup supgra graoc ocog ogss gj rg rgvk vkiu iuco coój ój cójochs.

Tkr ih fospksocoój. Tkr su fospksocoój ihs rkschs pugfgj sgr gxtgrokrgs k ojtgrokrgs.

Tkr gi fgstojk. Cuhjfk sg pihjtgh ih cihsoaochcoój htgjfogjfk hi fgstojk jks gsthlks rgaorogjfk h ih hpiochcoój k usk qug sg fhrè hi giglgjtk qug prgsgjth ih rksch, gj gstg chsk pugfgj sgr2

h) Fg sub subgc gcoó oój j. Gstg gs gi chsk fg iks Vkrjoiiks ckj tugrchs, Tgrjks y gspèrrhmks utoiozhfks ckj gstg aoj.

Pgprgsgjthcoój Fg Pkschs. Wjh rksch gs ujh rhjurh ngiockofhi qug sg rghiozh sk`rg ujh supgra sup graoc ocog og coiì coiìjf jfro roch ch,, ih cu cuhi hi pu pugfg gfg sg sgrr oj ojtg tgro rokr kr k gxtg gxtgro rokr. kr. Ih rgprgsgjthcoó rgprgsgj thcoój j rghi fg ihs rkschs foaogrg fg ih qug sg utoi utoiozh ozh gj iks pihjks pih jks pkrqug pkrqug sg glp glpigh igh ujh rgpr rgprgsgj gsgjthc thcoój oój sol sol`ói `óioch och fg ihs loslhs. Gj ih rgprgsgjthcoój sol`óioch fg ujh rksch, soglprg sg hckth ih rksch sk`rg gi foèlgt foèlgtrk rk lhykr, qug ckojcofg ckj ih iìjgh mrugsh cuhjfk gs uj rkschfk gxtgrokr, cklk gs gi chsk fgi gbg y gi

chsquoiik fg ihs olèmgjgs qug sg lugstrhj h ckjtojuhcoój, y ckj ih iìjgh aojh fg ih rksch cuhjfk sg trhth fg uj hmubgrk rkschfk, gs fgcor, uj rkschfk ojtgrokr. Gbg rkschfk Gbg rkschfk. Chsquoiik rkschfk Chsquoiik rkschfk Hmubgrk cogmk rkschfk Hmubgrk cogmk rkschfk

Vkrjoiiks Iks tkrjoiiks skj giglgjtks fg ujoój cuyh aujcoój projcophi gs ih subgcoój fg fks pogzhs, hujqug cklk ojfochlks hjtgrokrlgjtg thlòïj pugfg tgjgr ih aujcoój fg trhjsakrlhcoój fg lkvologjtk. Gj gstg chsk sg ig sugig iihlhr nusoiik. Gj gi tkrjoiik pkfglks fostojmuor fks phrtgs2

h) Ch`gzh. Gs gi giglgjtk fg hmhrrg phrh su ckikchcoój. `) Cug Cugrpk rpk,, gsp gspomh omh k vèsthm vèsthmk k. Gs ih zkjh fkjfg thiihfh ih rksch. Tgrjks Wj pgrjk gs ih ujoój fg uj tkrjoiik y fg ujh tugrch. Sg glpigh phrh gjshlìhr pogzhs phshjtgs soj rkschr, ’aomurh =?L“. Gxostgj fostojtks topks fg pgrjks gj aujcoój fg su utoiofhf, sogjfk gi lès cklòj gi fg ch`gzh ngxhmkjhi.

Somjks ckjvgjcokjhigs phrh rglhcngs y tkrjoiiks, (WJG 8467 – 78). Gsth jkrlh ckjtglpih ih pksoòiofhf fg qug gj iks foùbks fg thii thiigr gr,, iks iks rg rgl lhc hcng ngss y tkr krjo joiiiks iks sg rgp gprg rgsg sgjt jtgj gj fg akr krl lh solp so lpioioaoaoch chfh fh.. Su rgp rgprg rgsg sgjt jthc hcoó oój j sol` sol`ói óioc och h fg fgpg pgjf jfgrè grè fg su suss chrhctgrìstochs2 Gj gi chsk fg iks rglhcngs, fg su foèlgtrk gj `rutk, fg qug tgjmh ih ch`gzh rgfkjfghfh pkr hl`ks ihfks, k ih ch`gzh supgrokr glùtofh, ih ojagro ojagrokr kr glùt glùtofh, ofh, hl`hs glùt glùtofhs, ofhs, rglhcnhfk gj gi lkjthbg k thihfrhfk gj gi lkjthbg. Gj chsk fg iks tkrjoiiks, tkrjoi iks, fgpgjfgr fgpgjfgrè è fgi foèlgtrk fg ih rksch, fg qug sgh phshjtg, fg qug sg hikbg gj hmubgrk rkschfk, fg qug sg ckikqug gj gi lkjthbg y fg qug rgquogrh thihfrk gj gi lkjthbg.

Jkrlhs Fg Pkschs Fg Vkrjoiiks. Pkschs aujfhlgjthigs. Sostglh lïtrock2 @S 31632 OSK rkschs lïtrochs. @S 6>0=2 OSK rkschs lojohturhs k aojhs. @S 6>612 OSK rkschs trhpgcohigs k trhpgzkofhigs. @S 082 rkschs phrh ckjgxokjgs y tu`ks fg phrgfgs fgimhfhs. Sostglh ojmiïs2 @S >62 rkschs wnotwkrtn. @S ?32 rkschs fg ih `rotosn hssocohtokj (@H) FOJ 6== Pksch cójoch jhcokjhi hlgrochjh k JTV2 @S ?6?/=? HJSO @8 .04.3 8?=1

Pksch ujoaochfh jkrlhi (ckrrogjtg), k WJC HJSO/HSLG @8.8 8?>? Pksch ujoaochfh fg phsk aojk, k WJA HJSO/HSLG @8.8 8?>? Jkrlhs fg rkschs fg tkrjoiiks.

f2 foèlgtrk jklojhi k lhykr `èsock2 gs gi phrèlgtrk qug sg utoiozh phrh fgsomjhr tkfks iks topks fg rkschs. foèlgtrk trk jklojhi y fl2 foèlgtrk lgfok2 foèlgtrk gjtrg gi foèlg gi lgjkr.

fo2 foèlgtrk lgjkr2 fosthjcohs gjtrg fks pujtks kpugstks sotuhfks gj gi akjfk.

T2 phsk fg ih rksch2 gs ih fosthjcoh lgfofh phrhigihlgjtg hi gbg gjtrg fks noiks ckjsgcutovks. •

Hjmuik fg rksch2 Hjmuik akrlhfk pkr fks aihjcks.

•

Crgsth2 supgraocog gxtgrokr fg ujoój fg iks aihjcks.

•

Noik2 gs chfh ujk fg iks vïrtocgs fg ihs crgsths.

• FOJ2 636, 637, 713 Vkrjoiik fg lhropksh sg utoiozh phrh pogzhs qug sg lkjthj y fgslkthj ckj mrhj argcugjcoh. Sorvg phrh nhcgr ujokjgs soj mrhj hprogtg.

• FOJ2 386, 381 Vkrjoiiks hutkrrkschjtgs phrh cnhph ih rksch ih rghiozh gi prkpok tkrjoiik hi ojtrkfucorsg gj ih cnhph lgtèioch fg pgqugøk gspgskr k fg lhtgrohi ìhjfk (pièstock).

• FOJ2 1?48, =783, =781, =?=8, =?=0, =?=3, =?=6, =?=1, =>=?, =?>8, =?>0, =?>3. Vorhakjfks ih rksch ih rghiozh gi prkpok tkrjoiik hi ojtrkfucorsg gj ih lhfgrh.

• Vkrjoi Vkrjoiik ik fg ch` ch`gzh gzh ngxhmk ngxhmkjhi jhi22 Wjoój fg pogzhs ckj mrhj hprogtg.

FOJ2 730, 77>, 148, ?38, ?33, ?14, ?18, 1?86, =?16. WJG-GJ2 06487 WJG-GJ OSK2 6486, 6481, 648=, 648>, 7>=1, >=17. • Vk Vkrj rjoi oiik ik fg ch ch`g `gzh zh rh rhju jurh rhfh fh22 Gj uj hvgiihjhfk gs pksoìg kcuithr ih ch`gzh soj jgcgsofhf fg uj mrhj hprogtg.

FOJ2 13, 16, 1>, >6, >7, >1, >=, >>, ?8, 646, ?04, ?08, ?00, ?03, ?07, ?13, ?16, =?1?. WJG –GJ OSK2 804=, 87>4, 044?, 0484. Gj ih somu somuog ogjt jtg g thì thìh h sg gj gjul ulgr grhj hj iks iks pg pgrj rjks ks,, tugr tugrch chs, s, hrhjfgi hrhj fgihs hs y tkr tkrjoi joiiks iks rksc rkschfk hfkss lès utoioz utoiozhfks hfks hct hctuhi uhilgj lgjtg tg y gi gstèjfhr FOJ k fg ktrk topk phrh iks qug sg nhj fosgøhfk2

FO FOJ J >6

Vkrj Vkrjoioiik ik fg Gstu Gstuah ah/L /Lèqu èquoj ojh h lo loioiolï lïtr troc ock k ch`g ch`gzh zh co coiìiìjfr jfroc och h

rhjurhfh FOJ 807 H

Hrhjfgih pihjh Vopk H

FOJ 807 @

Hrhjfgih pihjh Vopk @

FO FOJ J 83 83= = Hr Hrhj hjfg fgih ih f fg g kj kjfui fuihfh hfh FOJ 387 Vug Vugrch rch fg lhr lhropk opksh sh sóiofh sóiofh FO FOJ J 63? Vu Vugr grch ch fgim fgimhf hfh h ngx ngxhm hmkjh kjhii FOJ 77= Vug Vugrch rch cuh cuhfrhf frhfh h lo loiol iolïtr ïtroch och FOJ 7=8 7=8 Vorhak Vorhakjfk jfk ph phrh rh lhf lhfgrh grh fg fg ch`g ch`gzh zh ngx ngxhmk hmkjhi jhi

FOJ 143 Tgr Tgrjk jk fg chr chrrkcg rkcgrìh rìh k ch`g ch`gzh zh f fg g ckc ckck k FOJ ?80 Vkrjo Vkrjoiik iik fg ch`gzh coiìj coiìjfroch froch Hiigj Hiigj/@rost /@rostki ki FOJ ?83 ?83 Trosok Trosokjgrk jgrk H Hiig iigj j puj pujth th pi pihjh hjh iiosh osh FOJ ?86 ?86 Trosok Trosokjgrk jgrk H Hiig iigj j puj pujth th có cójoc joch h ios iosh h FOJ ?81 ?81 Trosok Trosokjgrk jgrk H Hiig iigj j pujt pujth h cójo cójoch ch gst gstroh rohfh fh FO FOJ J ?36 Vu Vugr grch ch ngxh ngxhmkj mkjhi hi ck cklò lòj j FOJ ?13 Vkrjo Vkrjoiik iik fg Gstua Gstuah/Lèqu h/Lèquojh ojh hvgii hvgiihjhfk hjhfk rhjurhfk FOJ ?11 ?11 Vkrjoiik Vkrjoiik fg Gstua Gstuah/Lèqu h/Lèquojh ojh hv hvgiihj giihjhfk hfk cójchvk cójchvk T Tnoiio noiiops ps FOJ ?>0 ?>0 Vug Vugrch rch fg sg sgmuro murofhf fhf ngxhmk ngxhmkjhi jhi Jy Jyikj ikj (t (topk opk T) FOJ ?>7 ?>7 Vugrch fg sgm sgmurofhf urofhf ngxhmk ngxhmkjhi jhi f fgimhfh gimhfh Jyikj (topk V) FOJ ?>1 ?>1 Vugrch Vugrch Co Cogmh gmh fg sgmur sgmurofh ofhf f ngxhmkj ngxhmkjhi hi Jy Jyikj ikj FOJ 87>= Vugrch Cogmh fg sgmurof sgmurofhf hf ngxhmkjhi FOJ 1=?= Hrhjfg Hrhjfgihs ihs fgjthfhs fgjthfhs FOJ 1?08 Tgrjk ch`gzh Aih Aihjmg jmg ngxhmkjhi ngxhmkjhi FOJ 1?03 Vugrch Aihj Aihjmg mg ngxhmkjh ngxhmkjhii FOJ =?>4 Hrhjfgih fg rgskrtg fg sgccoój cuhfrhfh FO FOJ J =?> =?>8 8 Vk Vkrj rjoioiik ik ch ch`g `gzh zh fg phj hu hutk tkrrk rrksc schjt hjtg g (c (cki kih h fg ph phtk tk)) Tnoiiops FOJ =?>0 Vkrjoiik hvgiihjhfk hutkrrkschjtg (ckih fg phtk) Tnoiiops FOJ =?>7 Vkrjoiik fg Gstuah/Lèquojh ch`gzh fg phj Tnoiiops FOJ =??8 Tgrjk Hiigj/@rostki ch`gzh hvgiihjhfh

OSK =3>4 Tgrjk Hiigj/@rostki ch`gzh fg `któj

Vopks Fg Tgrjks Jkrlhs SHG Gi pgrjk gs ujh pogzh lgtèioch y coiìjfroch qug gstè fosgøhfh gj hcgrk k nogrrk projcoph projcophilgjt ilgjtg. g. Fgjtrk fg su gstructurh, cugjth ckj ujh ch`gzh gj ujk fg sus gxtrglks y ujh rksch gj gi ktrk, pgrlotogjfk ujor fks k lès pogzhs lgfohjtg ujh tugrch.

»Cuèigs skj iks topks fg pgrjks jkrlhs SHG; Tgrjk ch`gzh ngxhmkjhi SHG mrhfk 02 Gstè fosgøhfk gj hcgrk fg `hbk chr`kjk y sg utoiozh gj trh`hbks fkjfg sg jgcgsoth lucnh rgsostgjcoh h ih ckrrksoój. Sg pugfg ofgjtoaochr pkrqug jk cugjth ckj lhrchs gj ih ch`gzh.

Tgrjk ch`gzh ngxhmkjhi SHG mrhfk 72 Gstè fosgøhfk gj hcgrk fg `hbk chr`kjk, rgvgjofk y tglpihfk. Hi sgr hithlgjtg rgsostgjtg h chrmhs, sg utoiozh gj ih ojfustroh fgi sgctkr hutklktroz y lgthilgcèjock. Sg fostojmug fg iks fglès topks fg pgrjks pkrqug iigvh trgs iìjghs gj su ch`gzh.

Tgrjk ch`gzh ngxhmkjhi SHG mrhfk >2 Gstè fosgøhfk ckj hcgrk fg lgfok chr`kjk y tglpihfk ckj ujh hi hitth

rgsostgjcoh

phr hrh h

trh` h`h hbhr gj

ojfustroh

hutkl klkt ktrroz

y

lgth lg thil ilgc gcèjo èjoch ch.. Gs Gstè tè ah ah`ro `roch chfk fk ck ckj j ujh pru prug` g`h h fg ch chrm rmh h fg 804.444 TSO y sg foagrgjcoh fgi hjtgrokr pgrjk pkrqug cugjth ckj sgos iìjghs gj ih ch`gzh.

Tgrjk gj hcgrk ojkxofhìg2 Skj rgsostgjtgs h ih ckrrksoój y sg pugfgj utoiozhr gj sgctkrgs fg ih ojfustroh gj iks qug sg nhcg uj lhjgbk fg hiolgjtks, tgxtoigs k ih`krhtkroks5 ojciusk gj ojfustrohs lhrojhs. Gstk gs pkrqug skj pgrjks qug pugfgj gsthr gj ckjthctk ckj shigs y ècofks.

Tgrjk ch`gzh rgfkjfh2 Gstg topk fg pgrjk thlòïj gs ckjkcofk cklk pgrjk chrruhbg k ckcng. Su ch`gzh gs corcuihr cklk ih ch`gzh fg uj nkjmk, su vèsthmk cugjth ckj uj cugiik cuhfrhfk qug gvoth ih rkthcoój y su `hsg fg hpkyk gs pihjh. Gs utoiozhfk phrh ujor lhfgrh ckj lhfgrh, lhfgrh ckj cglgjtk k lhfgrh ckj lgthi. Ckj gstks pgrjks sg fosgøhj y ah`rochj chlhs phrh chrrkcgrìhs k chlokjgs.

Tgrjk Hiigj ckj ch`gzh coiìjfroch2 Gstè fosgøhfk ckj ujh ch`gzh coiìjfroch qug gj su ojtgrokr togjg uj nugck ngxhmkjhi pkr fkjfg sg ojtrkfucg ih iihvg Hiigj, yh sgh phrh hprgthr k skithr. Gs luy utoiozhfk gj lhquojhroh y pkr gstk, gstè ah`rochfk `hbk iks iojghlo iojghlogjt gjtks ks fg ih jkrlh SHG gj mrhfk mrhfk > y gj OSK gj mrh mrhfk fk >.>, 84.? y 80.?.

Tgrjk Hiigj hvgiihjhfk2 Sg utoiozh thlòïj thlòïj gj phrtgs fkjfg ih ch`gzh fgi tkrjoiik tkrjoiik qugfh h rh rhss fg ih sup supgraoco cog g qug gstè ujogjf jfk k. Su gjshlìg y fgsgjshlìg sg nhcg ckj ujh iihvg topk Hiigj (`rostki).

Tgrjk @uttkj2 Gi pgrjk @uttkj gstè ah`rochfk phrh sgr hprgthfk ckj iihvg topk Hiigj, pgrk su ch`gzh rgfkjfghfh y soj aoiks ih nhcgj gspgcohi phrh iumhrgs fkjfg nhy trèaock fg pgrskjhs y fg ckshs, pkr gbglp gbglpik, ik, gj ihs `hjfhs trhjspkrthfkrhs.

Tgrjk prosokjgrk2 Gstg pgrjk sg utoiozh gj chsks fkjfg gs jgcgshrok hpiochr uj mrhj lklgjtk fg hprogtg.

Tgrjk ngxhmkjhi aihjmg2 Gstg pgrjk topk aihjmg togjg cklk vgjthbh fg fosgøk gi tgjgr lhykr èrgh fg ckjthctk gj su ch`gzh ckj ih pogzh h ujor, ikmrhjfk uj lgbkr hmhrrg y gvothjfk su haikbhlogjtk pkr vo`rhcoój. Tugfg vgjor ckj gstrìhs phrh ujh lgbkr ujoój y ckj gstg pgrjk sg giolojh ih utoiozhcoój fg hrhjfgihs.

Cnhvgths (Cuøhs) »Xuï skj y phrh qug sorvgj; Skj Sk j pogzh pogzhss fg hc hcgr grk k qu qug g rgp rgpks kshj hj phr phrco cohi hilg lgjt jtg g sk sk`rg `rg ujh ujh gjchbhfurh fgi gbg iihlhfh chbh fg cuøh, y qug pgjgtrhj gi rgstk fg su ikjmotuf fgjtrk fg uj hikbhlogjtk fgi cu`k iihlhfh cuøgrh. Sg utoiozhj phrh aobhr hi gbg phrtgs fg lèquojhs, thigs cklk gjmrhjgs, pkighs, lhju`roks k `rhzks fg comùgøhi gtc. Fg thi

akrl akrlh h qu qug g gi lkv kvol oloogj gjttk fg ih pogz pogzh h sg tr trhj hjsl slot oth h hi gbg gbg k vocgvgrsh. Cuhjfk ihs augrzhs rgihtovhs jk skj mrhjfgs, sg glpigh ujh cuøh rgfkjfh, ujh cuøh fg soiigth k ujh cuøh pihjh. Thrh trh`hbk pgshfk skj lès hfgcuhfhs ihs cuøhs rgcthjmuihrgs. Ihs cuøhs sg ah`rochj fg hcgrk aujfofk ckj ujh rgsostgjcoh h ih trhccoój fg ujks =44 LTh. Gsths fg`gj tgjgr ujh rgsostgjcoh y tgjhcofhf lhykrgs h ihs fg ihs pogzhs fg lèquojhs qug vhj h ujor, fg thi akrlh qug jk sg fgakrlgj.

Vopks fg Cnhvgths Cnhvgth Ikjmotufojhi. Gs uj proslh fg hcgrk gj akrlh fg cuøh fg sgccoój rgcthjmuihr k cuhfrhfh. Tugfg tgjgriks gxtrglks rgfkjfghfks. Hpiochcoój2 Sg utoiozh phrh nhcgr skiofhroh ujhs pogzhs sk`rg uj èr`ki lktroz soj pksoò pks oòioiofh fhf f fg fg fgsp spih ihzh zhlo logjt gjtk k rgi rgiht htov ovk k gj gjtr trg g hl hl`h `hss pogz pogzhs hs,, pufogjfk trhjslotor uj mrhj phr lktroz.

Cnhvgth Lgfoh Iujh2 Gs uj sgmlgjtk corcuihr fg hcgrk ckj uj gspgskr fgtgrlojhfk. Hpiochcoój2 Su akrlh sglocorcuihr ahcoioth ih lgchjozhcoój fgi cnhvgt cnh vgtgr grk k gj gi èr`ki èr`ki,, pg pgrk rk ih gxcgs gxcgsov ovh h pr prka kauj ujfo fofh fhf f fg gstg gstg cnhv cnhvgt gtgr grk k pu pugf gfg g cklp cklprk rklg lgtg tgrr ih rg rgso sost stgj gjco coh h fg fgii èr èr`k `ki5i5 gj ckjsgcugjcoh, sg utoiozh cuhjfk sg fgsgh trhjslotor uj pgqugøk phr lktroz.

Cnhvgth Vhjmgjcohi2 Skj fks cugrpks ckrrgspkj ckrrgspkjfogjt fogjtgs gs fg sgccoój rgcthjmu rgcthjmuihr, ihr, ckj ujh fg su suss sup supgra graoc ocog ogss oj ojci cioj ojhf hfhs. hs. Ih Ihss cu cuøh øhss th thjm jmgjc gjcoh ohig igss sg glpi gl pigh ghj j cuh cuhjf jfk k sg fg`gj fg`gj tr trhj hjsl slototor or au augrz grzhs hs fg rk rkth thco coój ój lu luyy mrhjfgs gj iks fks sgjtofks, phrh giik sg ojsthihj soglprg fks phrgs fg cuøhs ckj uj èjmuik fg 804² h ih pgroagroh fgi gbg, phrh k`tgjgr ujh ujoój gxhcth.

Ahctkrgs qug ojaiuygj gj gi fosgøk fg cnhvgths Ih fostroùcoój fg iks gsaugrzks gj ih supgraocog fg ihs cnhvgths gs luy cklpiochfh. Fgpgjfg fgi hbustg fg ih cnhvgth y fg ihs rhjurhs fgi gbg y gi cu`k gj iks cuhigs gxostgj augrzhs fostroùofhs. Hfglès, ihs tgjsokjgs jk skj ujoakrlgs h ik ihrmk fg ih cnhvgth gj forgccoój hxohi, sogjfk lèxolhs gj iks gxtrglks. Gi phr gs h`skròfk pkr ujh augrzh thjmgjcohi A sotuhfh gj ih supgraocog fgi gbg. V < Ar Ihs tgjsokjgs fg ckrthfurh y fg cklprgsoój gj ih cnhv cnhvgt gth h sg chic chicui uihj hj h ph phrt rtor or fg ih augr augrzh zh A y sg glpi glpigh gh uj ckgaocogjtg fg sgmurofhf suaocogjtglgjtg mrhjfg.

Ahiihs gj ihs cnhvgths Gj iks cugrpks sklgto sklgtofks fks h gsaugr gsaugrzks zks tkrsokjhig tkrsokjhigss gs tìpock qug iks lhtgrohigs fòctoigs ahiigj pkr ckrtg, gj sus ao`rhs ojtgrjhs. Gj iks lhtgrohigs gsakrzhfks h cklprgsoój, pkr ik rgmuihr ahiihj pkr hpihsthlogjtk fg su gstructurh y sg fgakrlhj fgòfk h su rgihcoój hjcnk/h hjcn k/hitu iturh. rh. Gjt Gjtkjc kjcgs, gs, fg ujh lhj lhjgrh grh sgj sgjcoi coiih ih fg fgc fgcori orik, k, ihs cnhvgthss pihjhs lès hjcnhs qug prkaujfhs cnhvgth prkaujfhs ahiihj gj cklprg cklprgsoój, soój, y ihs qug skj lès prkaujfhs qug hjcnhs ahiihj gj ckrtg.

Pgprgsgjthcoój fg cnhvgths y igjmùgths. Gbg y chsquo chsquoiik iik ckj igjmù igjmùgth gth qug pgrlot pgrlotg g mork y fgspihzhlogj fgspihzhlogjtk tk hxohi. Ihss cnhv Ih cnhvgt gths hs y igjm igjmùg ùgth thss skj skj gigl giglgj gjtk tkss jk jkrl rlhi hioz ozhf hfks ks fgst fg stoj ojhf hfks ks h uj ujor or fk fkss pogz pogzhs hs gj gjsh shl` lìh ihfh fhss cklk cklk uj ujh h uj ujoó oój j fgslkjthìg. Ihs cnhvgths skj proslhs fg hcgrk fg sgccoój rgcthjmuihr iomgrhlgjtg ojciojhfhs qug sg hikbhj fgjtrk fg iks cnhvgtgrks, vo vost stk ks

gj

gi hphr hrtthf hfk k

fg

rgpr prg gsgjthcoój

fg

giglgjtks

jkrlhiozhfks. Ihss igjm Ih igjmùg ùgth thss thl` thlòï oïj j skj skj pr pros oslh lhss fg hcgr hcgrk k fg sgcc sgccoó oój j rgcthjmuihr, pgrk ckj ihs chrhs phrhigihs. Ih foagrgjcoh ckj ihs hjtgrokrgs gs qug logjtrhs qug ujh cnhvgth sorvg phrh pkfgr trhjslotor uj mork h ih vgz qug ojlkvoiozh hxohilgjtg ihs pogzhs ujofhs, ih igjmùgth so qug pgrlotg gsg fgspihzhlogjtk hxohi. Hfglès, ih cnhvgth ikmrh ih ujoój pgragcth gjtrg ihs fks pogzhs, thjtk rgspgctk h rkthcoój cklk h trhsihcoój, prkfucogjfk ik qug sg iihlh uj gjcnhvgthfk akrzhfk. Gj gi chsk fg ih igjmùgth sg prkfucg uj gjcnhvgthfk io`rg pkrqug pgrlotg gi fgspihzhlogjtk hxohi fgi gbg.

PGSKPVGS Gs uj kpgr grhf hfk kr giès èsttock chp hph hz fg hilhcgj cgjhr gjgr grm mìh y fgsprgjfgrsg fg giih soj suaror fgakrlhcoój pgrlhjgjtg cuhjfk cgshj ihs augrzhs k ih tgjsoój h ihs qug gs sklgtofk.

Thrh su ah`rochcoój sg glpighj hcgrks fg mrhj gihstocofhf, hujqug phrh himujhs hpiochcokjgs gspgcohigs pugfgj utoiozhrsg gi ck`rg gjfurgcofk y gi ihtój.

Pgskrtgs fg trhccoój2 Gstks rgskrtgs skpkrthj gxciusovhlgjtg augrzhs fg trhccoój y sg chrhctgrozhj pkr tgjgr uj mhjcnk gj chfh ujk fg sus gxtrglks, fg foagrgjtgs gstoiks2 ojmiïs, higlèj, chthièj, lurcohjk, morhtkrok, hòg h` ogrt rtk, k, cg cgrr rrhfk hfk k fg fk fkì ìgs gs gs gspo porh. rh. Gst Gstks ks mh mhjcn jcnks ks pg pgrl rlototgj gj lkjt jth hr

iks rg rgsskrtgs

fgtrhcc ccooój

gj

tkfh fhss

ihs

pksocokjg jgss

olhmojhìgs.

Pgskrtgs fg cklprgsoój2 Gstks rgskrtgs gstèj gspgcohilgjtg fosgøhfks phrh skpkrthr augrzhs fg cklprgsoój. Tugfgj sgr coiìjfrocks, cójocks, ocójocks, fg phsk aobk k chlòhjtg.

Pgskrtgs fg tkrcokj2 Gs uj rgskrtg qug trh`hbh h tkrsoój k morhjf morhjfk, k, gsk gs, lgfohjtg ih gihstocofhf gs chphz fg hilhcgjhr gjgrmìh lgcèjoch cuhjfk gs morhfk y pugfg fgvkivgrih cuhjfk sg io`grh gj akrlh fg mork.

Xuï gs ih skifhfurh y cuèjtks topks fg skifhfurh gxostgj Ih skifhfurh gj uj prkcgsk fg aobhcoój fg fks k lès pogzhs (jkrlhilgjtg fg lgthi) qug lgfohjtg chikr y/k prgsoój sg aujfg phrtg fg focnhs pogzhs k sg høhfg uj lhtgrohi fg hpkrtg, sg bujthj y hi gjarohrsg sg prkfucg ih ujoój fg giihs. Hujqug gi prkcgsk mgjgrhi gs gi gxpiochfk hjtgrokrlgjtg, gxostgj fostojtks topks fg skifhfurh fgpgjfogjfk fgi rgsuithfk qug

sg quogrh k`tgjgr. H ckjtojuhcoój, fgthiihlks himujks fg gstks topks fg skifhfurh y sus chrhctgrìstochs.

Skifhfurh Vom (Mhs ojgrtg Vujmstgjk) Ih sk skif ifhf hfurh urh fg Mh Mhss Oj Ojgrt grtg g Vu Vujm jmst stgj gjk k (V (VOM OM)) ush gi ch chik ikr r mgjgrhfk pkr uj hrck giïctrock qug mkipgh gjtrg uj gigctrkfk fg tujmstgjk y ih pogzh gj ih qug sg trh`hbh. Gstk pgrlotg qug gj gi èrgh fg ujoój sg ausokjg lgthi. Sg pugfg trh`hbhr soj rgiigjk k hmrgmhjfk gi rgiigjk lgfohjtg uj chìg ckjsuloìg. Ihs skifhfurhs ckj VOM skj fg luy hith chiofhf y sg pugfgj prkfucor gj uj hlpiok ckjbujtk fg lhtgrohigs ckj mrkskrgs qug vhj nhsth > k 84 loiìlgtrks, sogjfk luy hfgcuhfk phrh lhtgrohi gj nkbhs.

Skifhfurh LOM (Lgthi Ojgrtg Mhs) – LHM (Lgthi Hctovg Mhs) Ih skifhfurh LOM-LHM sg iihlh hsì pkrqug fgpgjfg fgi mhs qug sg ojygctg (Lgthi Ojgrt Mhs k Lgthi Hctovg Mhs) y sg iigvh h ch`k pkr hrck `hbk mhs prktgctkr ckj gigctrkfk ckjsuloìg. Gi hrck sg prkfucg lgfohjtg uj gigctrkfk akrlhfk pkr uj noik ckjtojuk y ihs pogzhs y qugfh prktgmofk pkr uj mhs ojgrtg k pkr uj mhs hctovk, fg hnì su jkl`rg. Gs uj prkcgsk luy prkfuctovk y fg luy ùgjh chiofhf y ihs skifhfurhs pugfgj tgjgr gspgskrgs fgsfg 4,= h 1 ll.

Skifhfurh Giïctroch pkr Hrck ckj Gigctrkfk Pgvgstofk Gj gstg gstg topk topk fg skif skifhf hfur urh h sg pr prkf kfuc ucg g uj ujh h foag foagrg rgjc jcoh oh fg pktgjcohi gjtrg gi gigctrkfk y ihs pogzhs h skifhr. Gi chikr qug

prkfucg gi hrck giïctrock aujfg gi gxtrglk fgi gigctrkfk y gi lgthi fg ih pogzh.

Gstg topk fg skifhfurh sg utoiozh sk`rg tkfk phrh gspgskrgs lgfok-mrhjfgs. Cuhjfk ihs ckjfocokjgs fg trh`hbk skj ahvkrhìgs, ih skifhfurh gs ih akrlh lès gckjóloch fg gagctuhr ujokjgs. Tkr giik, ihs ujokjgs gagctuhfhs gj gi thiigr skj jkrlhilgjtg skifhfhs. Cuhjf Cu hjfk k nh nhcg cg ah ahitith h ga gagc gctu tuhr hr uj ujok okjgs jgs gj ih k` k`rh rh (l (lkj kjth thbg bg)) mgjgrhilgjtg sg htkrjoiihj, pgrk gs argcugjtg qug gsths ujokjgs sg prgphrgj gj gi thiigr skifhjfk ihs cnhphs, gtc. Xug sg jgcgsothj gj ujh ujoój htkrjoiihfh. Gj skifhfurh, ih lhjgrh fg cólk gstèj ckikchfhs ihs pogzhs h ujor sg fgjklojh topks fg bujths fg ujoój k bujths fg skifhfurh pksoìgs.

Gxostgj cojck topks fg ujokjgs `èsochs2 ih ujoój h tkpg, gj èjmuik, gj V, gj skihpg, gj èjmuik y fg `krfg.

Chrhctgrìstochs fg iks fostojtks topks fg ujoój. Vo Vopk pkss fg ujo ujoój ój (`krfgs) Chfh topk fg bujth togjg ujh sgrog fg vgjthbhs g ojckjvgjogjtgs qug fg`g ckjkcgr gi fosgøhfkr, yh qug ih chiofhf aojhi fg ih k`rh skifhfh fgpgjfgrè jk sóik fg ih tïcjoch y nhòiofhf phrh rghiozhr ih skifhfurh sojk thlòïj fgi topk fg bujth. Cklk rgcklgjfhcokjgs mgjgrhigs, sg cothj ihs somuogjtgs2

Cuhjfk ih ikjmotuf fgi ckrfój skifhfurh h gbgcuthr jk tgjmh ujh ikjmotuf supgrokr h 744 ll, phrh su rghiozhcoój sg cklgjzhrè pkr uj gxtrglk y sg sgmuorè nhsth gi ktrk. So focnh ikjmotuf gstè cklprgjfofh gjtrg 744 y 8.444 ll, gi ckrfój sg gbgcuthrè gj fks trhlks, cklgjzhjfk pkr gi cgjtrk. Thrh Th rh ikjm ikjmototuf ufgs gs lhyk lhykrg rgss fg 8.44 8.444 4 ll sg gbgc gbgcut uthr hrè è pk pkr r ckrfkjg ckrf kjgss phr phrcoh cohigs igs,, tgr tgrloj lojhjf hjfk k chf chfh h trh trhlk lk fój fójfg fg cklgjzó cklgjzó gi hjtgrokr. Thrtgs ckrfój Hsoloslk, cuhjfk ihs pogzhs h skifhr akrlgj gsquojh gj sus gxtrglks, iks ckrfkjgs fg skifhfurh prhctochfks jk fg`grèj tgrlojhr gj ihs prkpohs gsquojhs fg ihs pogzhs k fg giglgjtks fg ihs loslhs, sojk qug fg`grìhj prkikjmhrsg hirgfgfkr fg ih gsquojh, soglprg qug ih prkikjmhcoój pugfh nhcgrsg gj gi loslk pihjk qug gi ckrfój, y gj ujh ikjmotuf hi lgjks omuhi h trgs vgcgs ih mhrmhjth (h) fgi ckrfój. Thrh pkfgr gsckmgr gi topk fg ujoój nhy qug ckjkcgr y gvhiuhr gvhiuhr iks ahctkrgs fg iks qug fgpgjfg. Skj trgs2 gsaugrzk, gspgskr y ckstg.

Gsaugrzk2 Fg`g Fg `g tgjg tgjgrs rsg g gj cugj cugjth th gi topk topk fg gsau gsaugr grzk zk h qu qug g gsth gsthrè rè sklgtofh ih pogzh, yh sgh h trhccoój, cklprgsoój, aigxoój, olphctk, gtc. Vhlòïj gs jgcgshrok ckjkcgr so ih chrmh gs ckjsthjtg k vhrohìg gj gi toglpk, yh qug gj gstg òitolk chsk pugfgj hphrgcgr prkìglhs fg ahtomh.

Gspgskr2 Gi gs gspg pgsk skrr fg iks lh lhttgr groohigs higs h sk skiifh fhrr gs uj ahct ahctkr kr qu qug g fgtgrlojh gi topk fg bujth qug sg pugfg hpiochr.

Ckstg2 Ih akrlh fg ih bujth fg ih skifhfurh ojaiuorè gj gi ckstg aojhi, pkr ik qug fg`grè ckjsofgrhrsg h gagctks gckjólocks.

Sol`kikmìh fg ih Skifhfurh Iks sìl`kiks, cklk gj cuhiquogr ktrk chsk, skj utoio utoiozhfks zhfks phrh prgco prg cosh shrr y gj gjtg tgjf jfgr gr lg lgbk bkrr ih oj ojak akrl rlhco hcoój ój qug qug fg fgsg sghl hlks. ks. Ih sol`kikmìh fg ih skifhfurh gs utoiozhfh phrh mrhaochr fosgøks sk`rg uj pihjk. Wtoiozhfk gj ih ojmgjogrìh (ojfustrohs). Hyufh hi ojmgjogrk h nhcgr trh`hbks fg akrlh prèctoch y prgcosh, k`gfgcogjfk cogrths rgmihs. Hlgrochj ]gifojm Skcogty (H]S) gsthìgcoó uj ckjbujtk fg sìl`kiks `èsocks phrh skifhfurh y su hpiochcoój gj ih ojfustroh. Iks sìl`kiks fg skifhfurh sg utoiozhj phrh ojakrlhr mrèaochlgjtg ujh sgrog fg ojstruccokjgs. Jk sg jgcgsothj ihrmhs gxpiochcokjgs phrh gjtgjfgrihs. gjtgjfgrihs. Jgcgshrohlgj Jgcgshrohlgjtg, tg, phrh pkfgr gjtgjfgr y mrhaoc mrhaochr hr ik ikss fo fosgø sgøks ks sk` sk`rg rg gi pi pihj hjk, k, jg jgcgs cgsotothl hlks ks sh sh`g `grr qu quï ï totopk pkss fg sìl`kiks sg utoiozhj `èsochlgjtg.

Hpiochcoój fg ih Sol`kikmìh fg ih Skifhfurh Ih Iìjg Iìjgh h fg Pg Pgag agrg rgjc jcoh oh.. Gj tk tkfk fk fo fosgø sgøk k fg sk skif ifhf hfurh urh,, sg glpo gl pogz gzh h trh rhzh zhjf jfk k uj ujh h iìjg iìjgh h nk nkro rozk zkjt jthi hi iihl iihlhf hfh h Iìjg Iìjgh h fg Pgagrg Pga grgjco jcoh. h. Fg Fgsfg sfg fo focnh cnh iìiìjg jgh h sg or orèj èj hmrgm hmrgmhj hjfk fk ik ikss fgl fglès ès sìl`kiks sìl`ki ks phrh ckl cklpiglgj piglgjthr thr gi fo fosgøk. sgøk. Cuhjfk p prkcgfgl rkcgfglks ks h

nhcgr ih skifhfurh, iks prkcgfologjtks orèj ckikchfks pkr fg`hbk k bujtk h ih iìjgh fg rgagrgjcoh. H ih vgz, ujh aigcnh sg sgøhihrè øhihrè gi iumhr k ’bujth“, fkjfg sg prkcgfgrè h skifhr. Ih bujth gs gi iumhr fkjfg sg prkcgfg h skifhr. Iks fks ihfks fg ujh ’bujth“ skj sgøhihfks ckj ujh aigcnh. Gxost Gxo stgj gj hi himu mujks jks fosgø fosgøks ks fkjfg fkjfg gj gjckj ckjtr trhl hlks ks foùb foùbhfh hfhss fk fkss aigcnhs. Wjk kpugstk hi ktrk, sgmòj cklk sg quogrh hrlhr gi trh`hbk fg ojmgjogrìh. Chfh aigcnh rgprgsgjth ujh kpcoój óptolh phrh rghiozhr ih skifhfurh.

Sìl`kiks fg skifhfurh Cklpiglgjthroks. Skj hqugiiks qug cklpiglgjthj gi trh`hbk fg skifhfurh. Gi sìl`kik h`rgvohrè cogrths ojstruccokjgs qug sghj jgcgshrohs phrh gi mrèaock gj gi pihjk. Ih `hjfgrh fkjfg sg gjcugjtrh ujofh h ih Iìjgh fg Pgagrgjcoh. Wjh Wj h `h `hjfg jfgrh rh sk sk`rg `rg ih iìiìjg jgh h fg rga rgagrg grgjc jcoh oh,, jk jkss oj ojfo foch ch qug qug ih skifhfurh sg nhrè gj chlpk k logjtrhs sg gstï ah`rochjfk. Gi Cìrcuik vhcìk gjtrg ih iìjgh fg rgagrgjcoh y ih aigcnh. Gstg sìl`kik gs utoiozhfk phrh sgøhihr qug ih skifhfurh fg`g fhrsg hirgfgfkr k gj tkfk gi cìrcuik. Ih ’ckih“. Høhfg ojakrlhcoój hfocokjhi sk`rg gi pihjk. Gs gi iu iumh mhrr fkjf fkjfg g sg ck ckik ikchr chrè è oj ojak akrlh rlhco coój ój qu qug g hy hyuf ufg g hi tr trh` h`hb hbk k fg skifhfurh.

Bujths Skifhfhs Ihs ujokjgs skifhfhs sg nhcgj pkr lgfok fg hpiochcoój fg skifhfurh, hckrfg h ih vhrogfhf fg tu`k qug ckrrgspkjfg, ògj sgh

fg hcgrk (hi chr`ój k ojkxofhìg) k ògj fg TQC y CTQC. Gstg topk fg ujokjgs sg cihsoaochj gj fks topks2

Skifhfhs h Vkpg (@utt ]gif, @.].) Sg ush phrh ih lhykrìh fg ihs ujokjgs fg tu`grìhs fg prkcgsk y sgrvocok, sk`rg tkfk gj foèlgtrks lhykrgs. Gstg topk fg ujoój gs tkthilgjtg fg argjtg hi gspgskr òsgihfk fg tu`grìh h tu`grìh k fg hccgskrok (himujh ckjgxoój k vèivuih) h tu`grìh.

Chbh phrh Skifhr k thlòïj ckjkcofk cklk Gjcnuag y Skifhfk (Skcegt ]gif, S.].) Sg ush projcophilgjtg phrh tu`grìhs y ckjgxokjgs fg foèlgtrks lgjkrgs. Su ujoój gs pkr lgfok fg ojmrgshr ih tu`grìh h ujh chvo ch vofh fhf f (c (chb hbh) h) qu qug g pg pgrl rlootg ih pg pgjg jgtr trhc hcoó oój j fg ih tu` u`gr grììh, kchsokjhjfk qug ih skifhfurh qugfg gj ih supgraocog gxtgrokr, ckj gi argjtg fgi hccgskrok.

Bujths Lgcèjochs Gstg topk fg ujokjgs sg nhcg pkr lgfok fg `rofhs, tkrjoiiks y glphqugthfurhs. Tgrlotgj gi ojtgrchlòk fg ujokjgs soj hagcthr ih ojtg ojtgmr mrof ofhf hf fg iks gigl giglgj gjttks bujt bujthf hfks ks.. Gs Gsttg topk opk fg buj ujtth òjochlgjtg ckjsofgrh ih ujoój fg ujh `rofh ckj ktrh `rofh, soj olpkrthr gi cólk sg ujoó ih `rofh hi tu`k5 hpioch ik loslk phrh ihs tugrchs ujoój, ihs cuhigs pgrtgjgcgj hi mrupk fg bujths lgcèjochs, pgrk jk pkr ih rgihcoój qug tgjmhj ckj gi tu`k (ògj sgh ujofh h tu`k pkr lgfok fg skifhfurh k rksch) sojk pkr gi hprogtg qug sg fh ckj ih prkpoh tugrch.

Glphqugthfurhs Sg ushj phrh nhcgr uj sgiik rgsostgjtg hi aiubk gjtrg fks `rofhs. Tugfg sgr fg mklh, ao`rh, hcgrk ojkxofhìg, piklk, pièstocks cklk GTFL GT FL,, Qo Qotó tój, j, Vgai Vgaiój ój,, y fgl fglès. ès. Vkfk Vkfk ck ckjt jthc hctk tk fg sup supgra graoc ocog og lgtèioch h sgr bujthfh ckj ktrh pkr lgfok fg tkrjoiiks k òriks, fg`g iigvhr glphqugthfurh glphqugthfurh hprkpohfh hprkpohfh phrh ihs prgsokj prgsokjgs, gs, tglpgrh tglpgrhturhs turhs y aiubks ckjfucofks. Gstk jk hpioch phrh ujokjgs topk `hrroi, fkjfg gi lgthi hi hprgthrsg aujmg cklk glphqug, thi gs gi chsk fg ih ujooój qug sg fh gj ihs tugrch uj rchs ujoój (ih tugr grcch ckj su ckjtrhtugrch), k ògj gj ckjgxokjgs rèpofhs fg `hrroi (ihtój) phrh hmuh y mhs.

Vkrjoiiks y Gspèrrhmks Skj Sk j iks iks gigl giglgj gjtk tkss qu qug g hp hpro rogt gthj hj ihs ihs `r `rof ofhs hs,, y iks iks nhy nhy gj foag fo agrg rgjt jtgs gs mrh mrhfk fkss fg hc hcgrk grk y th thl` lòï oïj j gj foag foagrg rgjt jtgs gs totopks pks fg ojkxofhìg. Iks tkrjoiiks togjgj ujh ch`gzh aobh y ktrh io`rg, gj ih phrtg io`rg sg ckikchj tugrchs phrh aobhriks y ikmrhr gi hprogtg. Iks gspèrrhmks thlòïj skj ckjkcofks cklk pgrjks, skj fg rksch ckjtojuh y ckj hl`ks gxtrglks io`rgs. Wshj tugrchs pkr hl`ks gxt hl`ks gxtrgl rglks ks.. H ik ikss gs gspè pèrrh rrhmks mks k pg pgrj rjks, ks, th thl` lòï oïj j sg ig igss ckjkcg cklk Stu` @kits. _h sgh gi usk fg tkrjoiiks k gspèrrhmks, gi hprogtg sg nhcg gj hl`ks gxtrglks fg gstg giglgjtk hi loslk toglpk. Wjk morhjfk h ih fgrgcnh y gi ktrk h ih ozquogrfh. Gj hl`ks chsks sg pugfg utoiozhr rkjfhjhs phrh lgbkrhr gi hprogtg.

Pkschfhs Gsth Gs thss bujt bujths hs pgrl pgrlototgj gj uj ujh h aèco aècoii ojst ojsthi hihc hcoó oój, j, rg rglk lkco coój ój k rgglpihzk fg tu`grìhs, vèivuihs y ckjgxokjgs5 sg utoiozhj cuhjfk sg ckjsofg ckjsofgrh rh uj fgslkjthbg fgslkjthbg auturk, lhjtg lhjtgjolog jologjtks jtks argcugjtgs, cuhjfk jk gs pksoìg ih hpiochcoój fg skifhfurh gj su ojsthihcoój k cuhjfk nhy aiubk fg ckjfuccoój gj ihs tu`grìhs. Gstg topk fg ujoój gs cklòj phrh lgfofhs fgsfg 8/>″ 3ll, nhsth 1″ 870ll.

Hccgskroks phrh tu`grìhs Hccgskroks2 Gs gi ckjbujtk fg pogzhs lkifghfhs k lgchjozhfhs qug ujofhs h iks tu`ks lgfohjtg uj prkcgfologjtk fgtgrlojhfk ak akrl rlhj hj ih ihss iìiìjg jghs hs gs gstr truc uctu turhi rhigs gs fg tu tu`g `grì rìhs hs fg uj ujh h pihjt pihjth h fg prkcgsk. Iks hccgskroks sg gspgcoaochj pkr gi foèlgtrk jklojhi fg ih tu`grìh, gi jkl`rg fgi hccgskrok y gi lhtgrohi. Sg hmruphj gj trgs cihsgs mgjgrhigs2

Pkschfkss Skifhfks Pkschfk Skifhfks @rof @rofhs hs Hccgsk Hccgskroks roks Pkschf Pkschfks2 ks2 Sg ush ushj j mgjgrhilgjtg gj ojsthihcokjgs fg tu`grìhs fg 0 ¼ puimhfhs fg foèlgtrk, k lgjks. Sg ush uj cklpugstk (hcgotg y piklk) gj ihs ckjgx ckj gxok okjg jgss rks rksch chfhs fhs ck cklk lk iu iu`ro `roch chjt jtg g y ph phrh rh sg sgiiiihr hr cu cuhiq hiquo uogr gr orrgmuihrofhf.

Ih rksch jkrlhiozhfh hlgrochjh gs fg fks cihsgs2 cójoch y phrhigih. Ih rksch cójoch, togjg ujh ckjocofhf fg 8/81 pkr puimhfh gj ihs rkchs gxtgrjhs k ojtgrjhs. Ckj gsth ckjocofhf sg aobh ih fosthjcoh qug ih tu`grìh gjtrh gj gi hccgskrok y sg hsgmurh uj hckpihl hckp ihlogj ogjtk tk hbusth hbusthfk. fk. Sg ofgjto ofgjtoaoc aoch h gst gsth h rks rksch ch gj iks fo` foùbk ubkss cklk JTV y sg pugfgj foùbhr ckj ih ckjocofhf k soj giih. Ihs rkschs phrhigihs sg ofgjtoaochj gj iks foùbks JTVS y sg ushj gj chsks gspgcohigs, hsì cklk thlòïj togjgj gi loslk jòlgrk fg

aoigtgs pkr puimhfh qug ihs cójochs. Sg fg`g supkjgr qug tkfhs ihs rkschs fg tu`grìh skj cójochs h lgjks qug sg gspgcoaoqugj ik ckjtrhrok.

Hccgskroks skifhfks2 Sg ushj cuhjfk ihs ckjgxokjg ckjgxokjgss fg`gj sgr pgrlhjgjtgs y gj iìjghs fg hith prgsoój y tglpgrhturh. Ktrhs vgjth vgj thbh bhss sk sk`rg `rg ik ikss hccg hccgsk skrok rokss fg `r `rof ofhs hs k rks rksch chfk fkss sk skj2 j2 ih ihss tu`grìhs skifhfhs skj lès aècoigs fg hosihr, sg pugfgj ckikchr lès cgrch ihs ujhs fg ihs ktrhs y pgshj lgjks. Iks gxtrglks fg ih tu`grìh y iks hccgskroks sg òsgihj phrh pkfgr hcklkfhr ih skifhfurh. Sg pugfgj ushr hjoiiks fg glphilg cuhjfk ih tu`grìh skifhfh sg fg`g fgslkjthr pgroófochlgjtg. Trkp kpkr krco cokj kjhj hj ujh ujh akrl akrlh h rè rèpo pofh fh fg Hccg Hc cgsk skrrok okss fg `r `rof ofhs hs22 Tr fgshrlhr tu`grìhs. Ihs `rofhs sg ujgj h iks gxtrglks fg ihs tu`grìhs tu`grì hs pkr lgfok fg skifhf skifhfurh, urh, rksch k skihpèjfkih skihpèjfkihs. s. Ihs chrhs fg ihs `rofhs sg hckpihj gjtkjcgs pkr lgfok fg pgrjks, cuyk thlhøk y gsphcohlogjtk sg fgtgrlojh pkr gi thlhøk y prgsoój fg trh`hbk fg hckpihlogjtk. skj hccg hccgsk skro roks ks fg akrl akrlh h curv curvh h qu qug g sg utoi utoioz ozhj hj phrh phrh Ckfks2 skj chlòhr ih forgccoój fgi aiubk fg ihs iìjghs thjtks mrhfks cklk ik gspgcoaoqugj gspgcoa oqugj iks pihjks k foùbk foùbkss fg tu`grìhs. Iks ckfks gstèjfhr skj hqugiiks qug vogjgj iostks phrh ih prg-ah`rochcoój fg pogzhs fg tu`grìhs y qug skj aujfofks gj ujh skih pogzh ckj chrhctgrìstochs gspgcìaochs.

Vrhlhs @ofolgjsokjhigs Wjh trhlh gs gi rgsuithfk fg ih phrtocoój fgi pihjk fg lhjgrh ojaojoth pkr lgfok fg ujh aomurh k lugstrh giglgjthi fgjklojhfh ’lktovk“. Gi lktovk, giglgjtk fg folgjsoój aojoth, sg rgpotg fg lhjg lh jgrh rh ckjs ckjsth thjt jtg g mg mgjg jgrh rhjf jfk k uj ro rotl tlk k fg èr èrgh ghss oiol oiolotothf hfk, k, ckjstot ckjs totuyg uygjfk jfk ih fol folgjs gjsoój oój ojaojo ojaojoth. th. Ihs pkf pkfglk glkss cihsoa cihsoaoch ochrr fg lhjgrh mgjgrhi2

8) Sg Sgmò mòj j ih FO FOST STKS KSOC OCOÓ OÓJ J fg fgii lk lkto tovk vk,, gj OSKL OSKLÏV ÏVPO POCH CHS S y trhl hlh h os oskl klït ïtro roch ch ih fosp fospks ksoc ocoó oój j fgi fgi NKLGKLÏVPOCHS2 Gj ih tr lkto lk tovk vk somu somug g uj ujh h pr prkm kmrg rgso soój ój hr hrot otlï lïttoch och fk fkjf jfg g gi ro rottlk gs ckjsthj ckjst hjtg tg.. Gj ih nklg nklgkl klgt gtrì rìh h ih pr prkm kmrgs rgsoó oój j kr krmhj mhjoz ozht htov ovh h gs mgklïtroch y gi rotlk gs hagcthfk pkr uj ckgaocogjtg k utoiozhjfk ih sucgsoój fg Ao`kjhcco. VPHLH OSKLÏVPOCH VPHLH NKLGKLÏVPOCH 0)

Sgmòj

ih

AKPLH

fgi

lktovk,

gj

PGMWIHPGS

g

OP OPPG PGMW MWIH IHPG PGS. S. Ihs Ihs tr trhl hlhs hs rg rgmu muihr ihrgs gs gst gstèj èj ck ckjst jstototuo uofh fhss pk pkr r lktotovks lk vks qu qug g sk skj j aoaomur murhs hs rg rgmu muih ihrgs rgs,, gi tr troè oèjm jmui uik k gq gquo uoiè iètg tgrk rk,, gi cuhfrhfk y gi ngxèmkjk rgmuihr skj cklpkjgjtgs fg gsths trhlhs. Gj kpksocoój, ihs orrgmuihrgs gstèj akrlhfhs pkr lktovks qug skj aomurhs orrgmuihrgs. VPHLHS PGMWIHPGS VPHLHS OPPGMWIHPGS 3) Sgmòj gi JÒLGPK fg lktovks, gj WJOVHPOHS, @OJHPOHS, VGCOHP VGC OHPOHS OHS,, gtc gtc.. Sg fgjklo fgjklojhj jhj trh trhlhs lhs ujo ujothr throhs ohs hqu hqugii giihs hs qug pksggj uj skik lktovk cklk aomurh qug prkfucg ih phrtocoój ojaojoth fgi pihjk. @ojhrohs, cuhjfk prgsgjthj fks lktovks mgjgrhfkrgs, tgrc tgrcoh ohro rohs hs,, tr trgs gs lk lktotovk vks, s, cuht cuhtgr grjh jhro rohs hs,, cuht cuhtrk rk lk lktotovk vks, s, y hsì hsì sucgsovhlgjtg.

Jkrlhs Hpiochfhs Thrh Ih Ah`rochcoój Fg Vu`grìhs _ Ihs Ojsthihcokjgs Nofrèuiochs Gj gi fgshrrkiik g olpiglgjthcoój fg ojsthihcokjgs nofrèuiochs, gxostgj ujh sgrog fg rgquosotks k chrhctgrìstochs qug fg`gj fg culpi cul pior or ih ihss ch chøg øgrì rìhs hs k tu tu`k `ks, s, glpi glpigh ghfh fhss gj ih ihss oj ojst sthi hihc hcok okjg jgss giïctrochs, fg hcugrfk h su hpiochcoój k usk. Gstks rgquosotks ckjso ckj sost stgj gj au aujf jfhl hlgjt gjthi hilg lgjt jtg g gj cul culpi pior or cogrt cogrths hs prk prkpo pogfh gfhfg fgss lgcèjochs y tgjgr cogrths chrhctgrìstochs fg rgsostgjcoh hi lgfok, hi qug sgrèj gxpugsths. Gsths chrhctgrìstochs gstèj fgtgrlojhfhs aujfhlgjthilgjtg pkr iks somuogjtgs phrèlgtrks2 pkr gi lhtgrohi, gi lïtkfk fg ah`rochcoój y trhthlogjtk tïrlock rgcoòfk. Ckj Ck j gi aoj aoj fg kr krfg fgjh jhr, r, uj ujoaoakr krlh lhrr y hsgm hsgmur urhr hr ih chio chiofh fhf f y sgmu sgmuro rofh fhf, f, sg nhj nhj gsth gsthì ìgc gcof ofk k jkrl jkrlhs hs qug qug sg pr prgk gkcu cuph phj j y gjchrmhj fg tkfks gstks hspgctks. Fgòfk h qug jk sg olpkjg jojmòj topk fg shjcoój gckjóloch phrh olpkjgr gxomgjcohs fg ah`rochcoój, jk gxostg ujh jkrlh òjoch y sg nhj fgshrrkiihfk jkrlhs gspgcìaochs gspgcìaochs phrh chfh topk fg hpioch hpiochcoój. coój. Ihs jkrlhs lès glpighfhs gj ih ah`rochcoój fg tu`grìhs g ojsthihcokjgs nofrèuiochs skj2

Jkrlhs HJSO Ihs jkrlhs HJSO, pkr sus somihs gj ojmigs Hlgrochj Jhtokjhi Sthjfhrfs Ojstotutg (Ojstotutk Jhcokjhi Hlgrochjk fg Gstèjfhrgs) y gs logl` ogl`rk rk fg ih OSK. SK. Ih Ihss jk jkrl rlhs hs HJSO HJSO ùsc ùschj hj qug ihs chrhctgrìstochs y ih ah`rochcoój fg iks prkfuctks sghj ckjsostgjtgs, qug ihs pgrskjhs glpiggj ihs loslhs fgaojocokjgs y tïrlojks, y qug iks prkfuctks sghj glpighfks fg ih loslh akrlh. Ihs jkrlhs

HJSO skj hpiochìgs gj chso ih lhykr phrtg fg ihs ojfustrohs fg hccgskroks lgtèiocks k utgjsoioks. Hctuhilgjtg ihs jkrlhs HJSO y ihs jkrlhs HSLG skj ihs loslhs skj ihs loslhs, jk gxostg foagrgjcoh himujh gjtrg giihs, hi lgjks ik qug ckjcogrjg hi fosgøk fg tu`grìhs.

Jkrlhs HJSO phrh folgjsoój fg tu`grìhs Nhy fks projcophigs jkrlhs qug sg hpiochj h ihs folgjsokjgs fg ih tu`grìh, ihs cuhigs skj2

HJSO / HSLG @31.84 Gsth jkrlh sg hpioch h tu`ks ckj cksturh y soj cksturh fg hcgrk akrbhfk.

HJSO / HSLG @31.8? Gsth jkrlh sg hpioch h tu`ks ckj cksturh y soj cksturh fg hcgrk oj ojkx kxof ofh` hìg ig.. Hi Himu mujhs jhs pg pgrsk rskjh jhss gj ih oj ojfus fustr troh oh th thl` lòï oïj j nhcgj nhcgj rgagrgjcoh h ihs tu`grìhs fg hcgrk ojkxofhìg cklk Sthjfhrf (S) y Gxtrh Augrtg (^S) Ktrhs jkrl Ktrhs jkrlhs hs hpiochf hpiochfhs hs h tu` tu`grì grìhs hs skj ihs jkrlh jkrlhss HJSO @81.7 nhsth 06“ y @81.8 cihsg H fgsfg 00“ , glpigh glpighfhs fhs phrh foèlg foèlgtrk trk ojtgrokr fg tu`grìhs fg NFTG loiolïtrochs phrh lhtgrohigs fg hcgrk chr`kjk, ojkxofhìg, ojkxofhìg, mhivhj mhivhjozhfk, ozhfk, rgvgstofks y aihjmgs aihjmgs gspgcohigs. gspgcohigs. Tkr ktrh phrtg, gj gi èrgh fg fosgøk fg tu`grìhs ihs jkrlhs HJSO pr proj ojco coph phig igss skj, skj, ih jk jkrl rlh h @3 @38. 8.8 8 ph phrh rh cgjt cgjtrh rhig igss tïrl tïrloc ochs hs g ojsthihcokjgs fg prkfuccoój fg vhpkr y/k gjgrmìh, ih jkrlh @38.3 phrh pihjths pgtrkquìlochs y ih jkrlh @38.6 phrh ckjstruccoój fg kigkfuctks.

Jkrlhs HSVL Ihs jkrlhs fg ih Hlgrochj Skcogty akr Vgstojm hjf Lhtgrohis pkr sus somihs gj ojmigs HSVL (Skcogfhf Hlgrochjh fg Gjshyks y Lhtg Lh tgro rohi higs gs)) crghfh crghfh gj 8> 8>?>, ?>, gs ih oj ojst stototuc ucoó oój j qug rg rgmu muih ih ik ikss cófomks, jkrlhs y gstèjfhrgs phrh ihs prug`hs h rghiozhr gj iks lhtgrohigs. Ih lhy hyk kr hpk pkrrthcoój fg ih HSVL nh sofk ih gsthjfhrozhcoój fg hcgrks. Ih HSVL HSVL nh kr krmh mhjo jozh zhfk fk ihs ihs lò lòititop opig igss jk jkrl rlhs hs gj mr mrup upks ks sgphrhfk sgph rhfks. s. Vkf Vkfhs hs hqug hqugiih iihss qug sg rga rgaogrg ogrgj j h lgt lgthig higss agr agrrks rksks ks (nogrrk y hcgrks), iigvhj gi prgaobk H, gbglpik H380. Ihs qug sg rgaogrgj h lgthigs jk agrrksks, iigvhj gi prgaobk @, gbglpik @100. Hqugiihs qug iigvhj u ujh jh fkìg fgsomjhcoój cklk H=>?/H=>?L-??, utoiozhj ujofhfgs fgi sostglh ojmiïs cklk lïtrochs, iks fìmotks fgspuïs fgi muokj sg rgaogrgj hi høk fg puìochcoój fg ih jkrlh. Nhy jkrlhs qug sg rgaogrgj h rgquosotks mgjgrhigs qug skj jgcgshroks gj uj mrhj jòlgrk fg jkrlhs gspgcìaochs y nhy ktrhs qug skj gspgcìaochs phrh uj topk fg hpiochcoój phrtocuihr. Tkr ktrk ihfk, uj loslk lhtgrohi, pugfg gsthr ojciuofk gj vhrohs jkrlhs.

Jkrlhs HSVL phrh lhtgrohigs fg ckjstruccoój fg tu`grìhs y pogzhs gspgcohigs. Ih mhlh fg lhtgrohigs utoiozhfks gj gi fosgøk fg tu`grìhs gs luy hlpioh, soj gl`hrmk, sg fgsthchj cuhtrk mrupks projcophigs. Nhy fks jkrlhs mgjgrhigs hpiochfhs phrh chøgrìhs y phrh tu`ks.

H7342 Gspgcoaochcoój gstèjfhr fg iks rgquosotks mgjgrhigs phrh chøgrìhs gspgcohiozhfhs fg hcgrks hi chr`kjk y hcgrks highfks.

H6742 Gspgcoaochcoój gstèjfhr fg iks rgquosotks mgjgrhigs phrh tu`ks fg hcgrks hi chr`kjk hcgrks highfks agrrotocks y hcgrks highfks hustgjotocks. Gsths fks jkrlhs gjiosthj ujh sgrog fg rgquosotks qug fg`gj fg culpior iks tu`ks y chøgrìhs phrh tgjgr ujh hith chiofhf. Himujhs fg gstk gstkss rgq rgquo uoso sotk tkss skj skj22 pr prkcg kcgsk sk fg ah ah`ro `roch chco coój ój,, ck cklp lpkso ksoco coój ój quìloch fgi lhtgrohi glpighfk, rgquosotks lgcèjocks fg tgjsoój, vhrohòiofhf fg pgsk, vhrohòiofhf fg foèlgtrk ojtgrokr y gxtgrokr, prug`hs lgc prug`hs lgcèjo èjochs chs,, cgrtoao cgrtoaochfk chfk fg chi chiofh ofhf, f, glp glphqu hqugth gthlog logjtk jtk,, gjtrg ktrhs.

Ihss Jk Ih Jkrl rlhs hs HSVL HSVL Lè Lèss Ws Wshf hfhs hs Gj Ik Ikss Lh Lhtg tgro rohi higs gs Fg Ckjstruccoój Fg Vu`grìhs Skj2 H081 Mr ]C@ Hcgrk hi chr`ój H370 Mr IC@ Hcgrk hi chr`ój phrh `hbhs tglpgrhturhs H08= Mr ]C1 Hcgrk ckj 8.07% fg crklk, 4.7% fg lkio`fgjk H0=1 Vopk 684 Hcgrk ojkxofhìg 83% crklk H0=1 Vopk 381 Hcgrk ojkxofhìg >% jìqugi ckj lkio`fgjk H8?= Hccgskroks fg nogrrk lhighìg H 873->0 Gspgcoaochcokjgs phrh rgcu`rologjtk fg zojc gj chiogjtg phrh pogzhs fg nogrrk y hcgrk Gsth Gs thss jkrl jkrlhs hs gspg gspgco coaoaoch chj j ih cklp cklpks ksoc ocoó oój j qu quìl ìloc och h y ihs ihs prkpogfhfgs qug togjgj iks lhtgrohigs utoiozhfks phrh ih ah`rochcoój

fg tu`grì tu`grìhs, hs, hsì cklk ihs prug`hs lgcèjo lgcèjochs chs y gspgco gspgcoaochc aochcokjgs okjgs h iks cuhigs sg sklgtgj.

Sostglh Fg Pgprgsgjthcoój Fg Qosths Gs uj lïtkfk mrèaock fg rgprgsgjthcoój fg uj k`bgtk rghi (gj trgs folgjsokjgs) gj uj òjock pihjk (fks folgjsokjgs). Tihjks Tih jks prkygcco prkygccoój ój tgxtks tgxtks phrh giik, giik, sg k`t k`togj ogjg g ujh olh olhmgj mgj lgfohjtg ih prkygccoój fg nhcgs pgrpgjfocuihrgs h fks pihjks projcophigs fg prkygccoój, nkrozkjthi (TN) y vgrtochi (TQ), hfglès fgi hpkyk fgi pihjk fg pgraoi (TT). Gi k`bgtk qugfh rgprgsgjthfk pkr su hizhfk (vosth arkjthi y prkygcco prkygc coój ój gj gi pihj pihjk k vg vgrt rtoc ochi hi)) y su pi pihj hjth th (v (vos osth th su supgr pgrok okrr y prkygccoój gj gi pihjk nkrozkjthi)5 thlòïj sg pugfg rgprgsgjthr su pgraoi (vosth ihtgrhi, cklk prkygccoój huxoiohr gj gi pihjk fg pgraoi).

Gj gi Foùbk Vïcjock gxostgj fks sostglhs qug jkrlhiozhj ihs fospksocokjgs fg vosths krtkmkjhigs2 Sostglh Gurkpgk fg rgprgsgjthcoój, y Sostglh Hlgrochjk fg rgprgsgjthcoój.

Sostglh gurkpgk fg rgprgsgjthcoój Gj gi Sostglh Gurkpgk fg rgprgsgjthcoój, gi k`sgrvhfkr gstè pkr fgihjtg fg ih pogzh y, fgtrès fg ih pogzh gsthrè gi pihjk fg prkygccoój.

K`sgrvhfkr – Togzh – Tihjk fg prkygccoój Gi k`sgrvhfkr prkygcth ih vosth fg ih pogzh, nhsth gi pihjk fg prkygccoój, k`tgjogjfk ih vosth prkygcthfh.

Sìl`kik Sostglh Gurkpgk Gi sìl` sìl`ki kik k qu qug g jk jkss oj ojfo foch ch qu qug g gst gsthl hlks ks tr trh`h h`hbh bhjf jfk k ckj gi So Sost stgl glh h Gu Gurkp rkpgk gk fg rg rgpr prgsg gsgjt jthc hcoó oój, j, gs gi qu qug g hp hphrg hrgcg cg gj ih ozquogrfh.

Qosths Fg`hb Fg `hbk k sg pu pugf gfgj gj vg vgrr ih ihss vost vosths hs fg fgsf sfg g ih rg rgprg prgsgj sgjth thco coój ój osklïtroch h ih rgprgsgjthcoój krtkmkjhi gj gi Sostglh Gurkpgk.

Sostglh hlgrochjk fg rgprgsgjthcoój Gj gi chsk chsk fg fgii So Sost stgl glh h Hl Hlgr groc ochj hjk k fg rg rgpr prgs gsgj gjth thco coój ój,, gi k`sgrvhfkr gstè pkr fgihjtg fgi pihjk fg prkygccoój y ih pogzh gstè fgtrès fgi pihjk fg prkygccoój.

Sìl`kik Sostglh Hlgrochjk Sìl`kik qug jks ojfoch qug gsthlks trh`hbhjfk ckj gi Sostglh Hlgrochjk.

Qosths Fg`hb Fg `hbk k sg pu pugf gfgj gj vg vgrr ih ihss vost vosths hs fg fgsf sfg g ih rg rgprg prgsgj sgjth thco coój ój osklïtroch h ih rgprgsgjthcoój krtkmkjhi gj gi Sostglh Hlgrochjk.

Fohmrhlh Giïctrock

Vhlòïj Vhlòïj ckjkco ckjkcofk fk cklk uj gsqugl gsquglh h giïctr giïctrock ock k gsqugl gsquglètock ètock

gs ujh rgprgsgjthcoój mrèaoch fg ihs foagrgjtgs ckjgxokjgs qug iigvh ih ojsthihcoój fg uj corcuotk giïctrock y pugfg hpiochrsg h

ojsthihcokjgs rgsofgjcohigs g ojsthihcokjgs ojfustrohigs, thlòïj sg ushj gj gi èrgh fg ih gigctrójoch. Gstks foh Gstks fohmrh mrhlhs lhs lugstr lugstrhj hj iks foagrgj foagrgjtgs tgs ckl cklpkj pkjgjt gjtgs gs fgi corcuotk fg lhjgrh solpig y ckj foùbks k sìl`kiks ujoakrlgs fg hcugrfk h jkrlhs, y ihs ckjgxokjgs fg hiolgjthcoój y fg sgøhi gjtrg iks fostojtks fospksotovks, gs ujh akrlh gstèjfhr fg trh`hbk phrh rghiozhr pihjks.

Iks Sìl`kiks Wshfks Gj Ih Fohmrhlhcoój Giïctroch Skj fg usk gsthjfhrozhfk, pkr ik thjtk, su somjoaochfk gs gi loslk h gschih lujfohi, thlòïj ih akrlh fg usk fg iks fohmrhlhs gs ih loslh h gschih lujfohi. Fg`glk Fg`glkss sh`gr qug tkfks iks topks fg fohm fohmrh rhlh lhss skj skj fg omu muhi hi ol olpk pkrt rthj hjco coh h yh qu qug g h lg lgfo fofh fh glpgzhlks h crghr ih ojsthihcoój giïctroch kcuphrglks cuhiquogrh fg gstks fohmrhlhs. Iks gstèjfhrgs k jkrlhs gj iks gsquglètocks vhrìhj fg uj phìs h ktrk y nhj chlòhfk ckj gi toglpk. Gi sìl`kik phrh uj rgsostkr (k rgsostgjcoh) lkstrhfk hquì fhth fg iks fìhs gj iks qug sg nhcìhj fg uj hihl`rg ihrmk gjvugitk gj thi lhjgrh qug jk prkfubgrh ojfucthjcoh phrèsoth (hrrkiihfk sì ih prkfucorìh). Gstks rgsostkrgs fg noik fg hihl`rg hnkrh sg utoiozhj sóik gj hpiochcokjgs fg hi hith th pk pktg tgjc jcoh oh,, y ik ikss rg rgso sost stkrg krgss lès lès pg pgqu qugø gøks ks sg lkif lkifgh ghj j ushjfk chr`ój cklpugstk (ujh lgzcih fg chr`ój y lhsoiih) k ah`rochfks cklk uj coiojfrk hosihjtg (k phstoiih) rgvgstofk ckj ujh pgiìcu pgi ìcuih ih fg lgthi. lgthi. Thr Thrh h oiustr oiustrhri hriks, ks, iks gsq gsqugl uglhs hs gurk gurkpgk pgkss fg corcuotks nhj rgglpihzhfk gi sìl`kik gj zomzhm pkr uj rgctèjmuik sgjcoiik, h vgcgs ckj gi vhikr gj knloks gscrotk fgjtrk. Wj sìl`kik lgjks cklòj gs solpiglgjtg ujh sgrog fg pocks h uj ihfk fg ih

iìiìjg jgh h qu qug g rgp rgprgs rgsgj gjth th hi ck ckjf jfuc uctk tkr, r, gj iu iumhr mhr fg nhc nhcoh oh ht htrès rès y hfgihjtg cklk sg lugstrh hquì. Ktrks sìl`kiks, cklk gi fg ih ièlphrh, thlòïj nhj tgjofk lucnhs vhrohcokjgs ckj gi trhjscursk fg iks høks. Gs ojckrrgctk qug iks chìgs k hihl`rgs crucgj (k ojvhfhj) pkr gjcolh fgi cugrpk fg iks sìl`kiks

Fohmrhlh fg ckjgxoój Wj fohmrhlh fg ckjgxoój gs cklk uj pgqugøk `krrhfkr qug sg nhcg hjtgs fg ih ojsthihc ojsthihcoój oój giïctroc giïctroch. h. Gi cuhi sg nhcg gj uj phpgi fg cuhiquogr lgfofh y qug jks sorvg phrh uj pgqugøk hjèiosos fg ujh ojsthihcoój yh sgh mrhjfg k pgqugøh, ujk fg iks k`bgtovks gs nhcgr lkfoaochcokjgs hi corcuotk hjtgs fg pkjgrik gj uj pihjk. Gstks fohmrhlhs skj fg mrhj usk gj jugstrks prolgrks cklogjzks fg ojsthihcokjgs giïctrochs, pgrk jk skik gstèj iolothfks hi èrgh gscki gsc kihr hr tï tïcj cjoc och, h, gstè gstè fo fohmr hmrhl hlhco hcoój ój lu lugs gstr trh h ck ckj j gxh gxhct ctototuf uf ih chjtofhf fg chìgs qug gjtrhj h uj cklpkjgjtg.

Fohmrhlh fg lkjthbg Wj fohmrhlh fg lkjthbg gs hqugi qug sg nhcg prgvok h ujh ojsthihcoój giïctroch y hjtgs fg phshr ih ojsthihcoój giïctroch h uj pihjk gj uj fohmrhlh ujoaoihr. Gstg topk fg fohmrhlh jks lugstrh fg ujh akrlh luy fgthiihfh ihs fovgrshs ojsthihcokjgs fgjtrk fg iks corcuotks corcuotks gs ih qug lès ushrglks h ih nkrh fg ih`krhr, pgrk jk fg`g ushrsg cklk prgsgjthcoój aojhi fg uj pihjk giïctrock.

Fohmrhlh ujoaoihr Gj gstg topk fohmrhlh pkfglks k`sgrvhr ih chjtofhf fg chìgs qug phsh pkr uj pkiofuctk k tu`grìh fg ckjfuctk giïctrock, thlòïj gstks fohmrhlhs skj ihs lès ushfks phrh pkfgr prgsgjthr uj

prkygctk h jugstrk ciogjtg yh qug hi skik rgprgsgjthr ihs tu`grìhs fkjfg ckrrg gi chìghfk giïctrock gi pihjk pugfg sgr lès vosoìg, pkr ik mgjgrhi skj gi topk fg fohmrhlh qug ushrglks phrh ih crghcoój fg uj pihjk giïctrock.

Fohmrhlh fg ìkqugs Gstg fohmrhlh gstè akrlhfk pkr uj ckjbujtk fg rgctèjmuiks fgjtrk fg iks cuhigs sg fgscro`g fg akrlh `rgvg ih aujcoój fg chfh ujk fg giiks, iks rgctèjmuiks sg ckjgcthj pkr lgfok fg agcnhs qug ojfochj ih forgccoój fg ih corcuihcoój fg ih ckrrogjtg k fgi aiubk fg ih pktgjcoh, skik sg ushj phrh rgagrgjcohs mgjgrhigs, hcklphøhfks ckj prgsupugstks fg k`rhs. Iks sìl`kiks, trhzks, iìjghs y fglès giglgjtks fg uj pihjk giïctrock gstèj jkrlhiozhfks.

Ihs Jkrlhtovhs Lès Cklujgs Xug Vogjgj Hpiochcoój Gj Su Pghiozhcoój Skj2 Akrlhtks (Jkrlhs WJG 8401, OSK 767=)2 gsthìgcgj ihs akrlhs y folgjsokjgs fgi phpgi ushfk phrh foùbhr. Gscrotu Gscro turh rh (Jkrl (Jkrlhs hs WJ WJG G 843 8436, 6,OS OSK K 34 34?> ?>)2 )2 sg hsgm hsgmurh urhj j hspgctks cklk ih igmoòiofhf, ih nklkmgjgofhf y ih hptotuf phrh gi locrkaoilg. Iìjghs jkrlhiozhfhs (WJG 8430,OSK 80>)2 gstopuih gi topk fg iìjgh, ih fgsomjhcoój y ihs hpiochcokjgs mgjgrhigs. Hckthcoój (Jkrlhs WJG843?, OSK 80?)2 fgaojg ihs phuths fg hckthcoój.

Pgprgsg Pgp rgsgjth jthcoó coój j foï foïfro froch ch (Jk (Jkrlh rlhss WJG 843 8430, 0, OSK 80> 80>)2 )2 lugstrh ckjsofgrhcokjgs phrh ih rgprgsgjthcoój foïfroch fg iks k`bgtks. Mrèaocks fg ih Sol`kikmìh Giïctroch sg romg gj ih jkrlh gurk gu rkpgh pgh GJ 14 1418= 18= hp hprk` rk`hfh hfh pk pkrr ih CG CGJG JGIG IGC C (Ckl (Cklototï ï gurkpgk gurk pgk fg jkr jkrlhi lhiozh ozhcoó coój j gig gigctr ctrktï ktïcjo cjoch) ch) `hb `hbk k ih Jkr Jkrlh lh Ojtgrjhcokjhi OGC 184>0. Wjh vgz ckjkcofhs ihs jkrlhs hpiochìgs hi prkcgsk qug sg vhyh h rgh rghioz iozhr, hr, rgs rgsuit uith h jgc jgcgshr gshrok ok sgi sgigcc gccokj okjhr hr ih ski skiuco ucoój ój lès hfgcuhfh.

Gjmrhjhbgs K Pugfhs Fgjthfhs Sg fg fgjk jklo lojh jh gj gjmr mrhj hjhb hbg g ru rugf gfhs hs fgjt fgjthf hfhs hs hi lg lgch chjo josl slk k utoiozhfk phrh trhjslotor pktgjcoh fg uj cklpkjgjtg h ktrk fgjtrk fg ujh lèquojh. Iks gjmrhjhbgs gstèj akrlhfks pkr fks rugfhs fgjthfhs, fg ihs cuhigs ih lhykr sg fgjklojh ckrkjh‟ y ih lgjkr „poøój „poøój‟.‟. Wj gjmrhjh gjmrhjhbg bg sor sorvg vg phrh phrh trh trhjsl jsloto otorr lkv lkvolo ologjt gjtk k cor corcui cuihr hr lgfohjtg ckjthctk fg rugfhs fgjthfhs. Wjh fg ihs hpiochcokjgs lèss ol lè olpk pkrt rthj hjtg tgss fg iks iks gj gjmr mrhj hjhb hbgs gs gs ih trh rhjs jsl losoó osoój j fg fgii lkvologjtk fgsfg gi gbg fg ujh augjtg fg gjgrmìh, cklk pugfg sgr uj lktkr fg cklùstoój ojtgrjh k uj lktkr giïctrock, nhsth ktrk gbg sotuhfk h cogrth fosthjcoh y qug nh fg rghiozhr uj trh`hbk.

Vopks Fg Gjmrhjhbgs Gbgs phrhigiks Coiìjfrocks fg fogjtgs ngiockofhigs Fkìg ngiockofhigs

Gbgs pgrpgjfocuihrgs Ngiockofhigs cruzhfks Cójocks fg fogjtgs rgctks Cójocks fg fogjtgs ngiockofhigs Cójocks nopkofgs Fg rugfh y tkrjoiik soj aoj Tkr hpiochcokjgs gspgcohigs sg pugfgj cothr Tihjgthroks Ojtgrokrgs Fg crglhiigrh Tkr ih akrlh fg trhjslotor gi lkvologjtk sg pugfgj cothr Vrhjslosoój solpig Vrhjslosoój ckj gjmrhjhbg Vrhjslosoój cklpugsth. Vrhjslosoój lgfohjtg chfgjh k pkigh fgjthfh Lgchjoslk poøój chfgjh Tkigh fgjthfh

Lgchjoslk Fg Crglhiigrh. Gi lgchjoslk fg crglhiigrh hpiochfk h iks gjmrhjhbgs ik ckjstotuygj ujh `hrrh ckj fogjtgs ih cuhi gs ckjsofgrhfh cklk uj gjmrhjhbg fg foèlgtrk ojaojotk y uj gjmrhjhbg fg fogjtg fogjt g rgctk fg lgjkr foèlgtrk, y sorvg phrh trhjsakrlhr trhjsakrlhr uj

lkvologjtk fg rkthcoój fgi poøój gj uj lkvologjtk iojghi fg ih crglhiigrh. Gstks giglgjtks fg trhjslosoój lgcèjoch skj ah`rochfks gj hcgrk y gj jyiój. Gjmrhjhbg coiojfrock fg fgjthfk rgctk Crglhiigrhs Gjmrhjhbgs cójocks fg fgjthfk rgctk

Vopks Fg Crglhiigrhs Gj Ih Hctuh Hctuhio iofh fhf f Sg Tu Tugf gfgj gj Fost Fostoj ojmu muor or Vrgs Vrgs Vopk Vopkss Fg Crglhiigrh2 Crglhiigrh lgcèjoch2 Sostglh lès `èsock fg crglhiigrh, gi vkihjtg jk cugjth ckj jojmòj topk fg hsostgjcoh phrh gi usuhrok fgi vgnìcuik y pkr ik thjtk, sugig tgjgr uj lkvologjtk lès furk.

Crglhiigrh ckj hsostgjcoh nofrèuioch2 Gj gstg sostglh sg ojciuyg ujh `kl`h nofrèuioch qug mgjgrh ujh prgs prgsoój oój glpigh glpighfh fh phrh ahc ahcoio oiothr thr gi lkv lkvol ologjt ogjtk k fgi vkihjt vkihjtg g cuhjfk gsth morh. Gsth `kl`h pugfg sgr fg fks topks, sg pugfg gjck gj ckjt jtrh rhrr gj gi sost sostgl glh h fg pk pkig ighs hs,, gs ih lè lèss utoi utoioz ozhf hfh h y gs tkthilgjtg lgcèjoch, k ujh `kl`h sgrvk lktkrh, qug cugjth ckj uj lktkr giïctrock qug sg hctovh cuhjfk sg hccokjh gi vkihjtg.

Crglhiigrh Lgcèjoch Ckj Ckiuljh Fg Forgccoój Hsostofh Tkr Sgrvk Lktkr2

Gj gstg chsk, sg glpigh ujh crglhiigrh lgcèjoch y gj ih ckiuljh fg forgccoój sg ojsthih uj sgrvk lktkr qug sg hccokjh cuhjfk ih vkihjtg morh.

Iks Trojc rojcop ophi higs gs Gig iglg lgjt jtk ks Gj Wj Wjhh Pu Pugf gfhh Fg Fgjt jthf hfhh Coiìjfroch Fg Fogjtgs Pgctks Skj2 Corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh2 Gs hqugiih corcujagrgjcoh sgmòj ih cuhi sg rghiozh ih thjmgjcoh tgóroch fgi gjmrhjhbg. Gj ih aomurh sg lugstrhj fks rugfhs fgjthfhs gj ihs qug sg nhj foùbhfk sus rgspgctovhs corcujagrgjcohs prolotovhs, pufogjfk hprgcohrsg ih thjmgjcoh fg ihs loslhs y gi ckjthctk fg iks fogjtgs fg hl`hs rugfhs. Ihs corcujagrgjcohs prolotovhs fg fks rugfhs qug gjmrhjhj togjgj ih loslh vgikcofhf iojghiµ.

Foèlgtrk prolotovk (Fp)2 Gs gi foèlgtrk ckrrgspkjfogjtg h ih corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh.

Foèlgtrk gxtgrokr (Fg)2 Vhlòïj fgjklojhfk foèlgtrk tkthi, gs gi ckrrgspkjfogjtg h ih corcujagrgjcoh gj ih cuhi gstè ojscroth ih rugfh fgjthfh.

Foèlgtrk ojtgrokr (Fo)2 Ckjkcofk

thlòïj

cklk

foèlgtrk

fg

akjfk,

gs

gi

ckrrgspkjfogjtg h ih corcujagrgjcoh qug ioloth ojtgrokrlgjtg h iks fogjtgs.

Thsk corcuihr (T)2

Gs ih fosthjcoh gjtrg fks pujtks nklóikmks fg fks fogjtgs ckjsgcutovks, lgfofh sk`rg ih corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh. Thrh qug fks ru rugf gfhs hs gjm gjmrh rhjg jgj j hl hl`h `hss totogjg gjgj j qu qug g tg tgjgr jgr gi lo losl slk k ph phsk sk corcuihr

Julgrk fg fogjtgs (z) Lófuik (l)2 Gs gi ckc ckcog ogjt jtg g qu qug g rgs rgsui uith th fg fo fovo vofo forr gi foèl foèlgt gtrk rk pr prol olototov ovk, k, gxprgshfk gj loiìlgtrks, gjtrg gi jòlgrk fg fogjtgs fg ih rugfh.

Hiturh fgi fogjtg (n)2 Lgfofh fgsfg gi akjfk fgi fogjtg h ih crgsth.

Hiturh fg ih ch`gzh fgi fogjtg (nc)2 Lgfofh fgsfg ih corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh h ih crgsth fgi fogjtg.

Hiturh fgi pog fgi fogjtg (np)2 Lgfofh fgsfg gi akjfk fgi fogjtg h ih corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh.

Gspgskr fgi fogjtg (g)2 Lgfofk sk`rg ih corcujagrgjcoh prolotovh.

Vgrlojkikmìh Fg Wjh Crglhiigrh Iks lgchjoslks fg crglhiigrh y poøój skj h lgjufk utoiozhfks cklk phrtg fg uj hccokjhlogjtk iojghi sgjcoiik, fkjfg ih rkthcoój fg uj vkihjt vkihjtg g morhfk lhjuhilgjt lhjuhilgjtg g k pkr uj lktkr sg ckjvogrtg gj uj lkvologjtk iojghi.

Jkrlhilgjtg, ih crglhiigrh rgco`g forgcthlgjtg ihs chrmhs qug sg kpkjgj h su lkvologjtk, pkr ik qug gi poøój fg hthqug sugig sgr pgqugøk, fg lkfk qug ih rgihcoój gjtrg gi fgshrrkiik fgi poøój y gi fgi vkihjtg ckj gi qug sg hccokjh rgfucg ckjsofgrhìglgjtg gi phr fg mork mork jgcg jgcgshr shrok ok.. Cu Cuhj hjfk fk ih ihss au augr grzhs zhs fg hcco hccokj kjhl hlog ogjt jtk k jgcgshrohs

skj

lhykrgs,

sg

ojciuygj

gjmrhjhbgs

fgsluitopiochfkrgs ojtgrlgfoks, k sostglhs fg tkrjoiik soj aoj. Gi lgchjoslk poøój-crglhiigrh trhjsakrlh gi lkvologjtk morhtkrok fg uj gbg, gj gi qug vh lkjthfk uj poøój, gj lkvologjtk rgctoiìjgk, hi gjmrh gjm rhjhr jhr ik ikss fo fogj gjtg tgss fg fgii po poøó øój j ck ckj j ik ikss fo fogjt gjtgs gs fg uj ujh h `h `hrrh rrh proslètoch (crglhiigrh) qug sg fgspihzh ikjmotufojhilgjtg.

Gjmrhjhbgs Coiìjfrocks Fg Fogjtgs Pgctks Gi gjmrhjhbg coiìjfrock rgctk gs uj topk fg gjmrhjhbg akrlhfk pkr fks rugfhs coiìjfrochs ckj fogjtgs phrhigiks h iks gbgs fg mork fg ihs fks rugfhs. Cklk ckjsgcugjcoh, gstg gjmrhjhbg sg glpigh phrh trhjslotor lkvologjtk gjtrg fks gbgs phrhigiks. Gj gi ckjthctk gjtrg ihs rugfhs gjmrhjhfhs hphrgcgj gsaugrzks thjmgjcohigs (qug prkvkchj aigxoój aigxoój y tkrsoó tkrsoój j fgi èr`ki fg trhjslosoój trhjslosoój)) y rhfohi rhfohigs gs (qug prkvkchj sóik aigxoój).

Gjmrhjhbgs Ngiockofhigs. Gi gjmrhjhbg coiìjfrock ngiockofhi gs ujh rugfh fgjthfh qug pksgg fogjtgs ojciojhfks ojciojhfks kìocuks rgspgct rgspgctk k hi gbg fg rkthcoój rkthcoój fg ih rugfh rug fh.. Gs Gstk tk nhcg nhcg qug pu pugf gfhj hj tr trhj hjsl slototor or pk pktg tgjc jcoh oh gj gjtr trg g gbgs gbgs

phrhigi phrh igiks. ks. Gj gstks gstks gjm gjmrhj rhjhbgs hbgs gi lkv lkvolo ologjt gjtk k sg trh trhjsl jslotg otg fg lkfk omuhi h iks gjmrhjhbgs rgctks, pgrk ckj lhykrgs vgjthbhs.

Gjmrhjhbgs Coiìjfrocks Pgctks. Iks gjmrhjhbgs coiìjfrocks fg fogjtgs rgctks sg glpighj phrh trhjslotor gi mork gjtrg gbgs phrhigiks. Tkr su mgklgtrìh, h chfh lklgjtk skik gstè gj ckjthctk ujh phrgbh fg fogjtgs, thi y cklk pugfgs hprgcohr gj ih hjolhcoój fgi hphrthfk hjtgrokr. Giik supkjg qug tk tkfh fh ih pktg pktgjco jcoh h (v (vgi gikc kcof ofhf, hf, au augr grzh zh)) sg tr trhj hjsl slototg g h chfh chfh ojsthjtg lgfohjtg ujh phrgbh fg fogjtgs, fg hnì qug gstg topk fg gjmrhjhbgs sóik sg glpigg phrh trhjslotor vgikcofhfgs pgqugøhs k lgfohs. Ktrk fg sus ojckjvgjog ojckjvgjogjtgs jtgs gs qug mgjgrhj `hsthjtg ruofk, pkr ik qug jk sorvgj phrh hpiochcokjgs soigjcokshs. Gj iks gjmrhjhbgs ojtgrokrgs, fgjklojhfks thlòïj pihjgthroks k hjuihrgs, iks fogjtgs gstèj thiihfks gj ih phrtg ojtgrokr fg ih rugfh, y ujh fg giihs sg fospkjg gj gi ojtgrokr fg ih ktrh rugfh. Gstg topk fg gjmrhjhbg lhjtogjg gi sgjtofk fg ih vgikcofhf hjmuihr y gs luy glpighfk cuhjfk nhy prkìglhs fg gsphcok.

Gjmrhjhbgs Coiìjfrocks Ngiockofhigs. Ihs rugfhs ngiockofhigs togjgj iks fogjtgs ojciojhfks rgspgctk hi gbg, gj akrlh fg nïiocg, pufogjfk sgr focnh ojciojhcoój nhcoh ih fgrgcnh k nhcoh ih ozquogrfh (cklk gj ih rugfh lkstrhfh gj

aktkmrhaìh). Ih trhjslosoój fgi mork fg ujh rugfh h ktrh sg rghiozh pkr vh vhro rohs hs phrgb phrgbhs hs fg fogj fogjtg tgss gj gjmrh mrhjh jhfk fks, s, ik qug qug supk supkjg jg uj hulgjtk hulg jtk ckj ckjsof sofgrh grhìg ìg fg ih pkt pktgjc gjcoh oh h trh trhjsl jsloto otor, r, rgspgct rgspgctk k hi gjmrhjg rgctk. Hfglès, rgsuithj ujks gjmrhjgs lès soigjcoksks. Sg glpighj phrh trhjslotor trhjslotor gi lkvol lkvologjtk ogjtk gjtrg èr`kigs qug sg cruzhj (h ?4² k h èjmuiks fgaojofks), k gjtrg èr`kigs phrhigiks, cuhjfk sg fgsgh qug ih trhjslosoój sgh ik lès suhvg y ujoakrlg pksoìg, k cuhjfk sg trhth fg trhjslotor mrhjfgs vgikcofhfgs.

Gjmrhjhbgs Cójocks Pgctks. Iks gjmrhjhbgs cójocks togjgj akrlh fg trkjck fg ckjk y su fgjthfk pugfg sgr, hi omuhi qug gj iks gjmrhjhbgs coiìjfrocks, rgctk k ngiockofhi. Iks gjmrhjhbgs cójocks fg fogjtgs rgctks pgrlotgj trhjslotor gi lkvologjtk gjtrg èr`kigs qug sg ckrthj gj gi loslk pihjk, ckj uj èjmuik lhykr, lgjkr k mgjgrhilgjtg h ?4². Mgjgrhj lès ruofk y trhjslotgj lgjks pktgjcoh qug iks ngiockofhigs, pkr ik qug gj ih hctuhiofhf sg glpighj gj pkcks fosgøks jugvks, lès ògj sg utoiozhj gj ih rgckjstruccoój fg trhjslosokjgs fkjfg hjtgs thlòïj gxostìh uj gjmrhjhbg fg gstg topk.

Gjmrhjhbgs Cójocks Ngiockofhigs. Iks gjmrhjhbgs cójocks ngiockofhigs sg glpighj thlòïj phrh trhjslotor gi lkvologjtk gjtrg èr`kigs qug sg cruzhj k sg ckrthj gj gi gsphcok. Ih foagrgjcoh ckj gi cójock rgctk gs qug pksggj ujh

lhykr supgraocog fg ckjthctk, y kargcgj ihs loslhs vgjthbhs qug kargcg gi fgjthfk ngiockofhi gj ihs rugfhs coiìjfrochs, gs fgcor, kargcgj uj aujcokjhlogjtk lès mrhfuhi, skj lès soigjcoksks, y gspgcohilgjtg hfgcuhfks phrh trh`hbhr h hiths vgikcofhfgs. Fgpgjfogjfk fg su mgklgtrìh sg nhìh fgi fgjthfk gj gsporhi k gj hrck, qug, h su vgz, pugfg sgr h fgrgcnhs k h ozquo ozquogrfhs. grfhs. Gj ih aktkmrhaìh fg ih ozquogrfh, k`tgjofh fgi chtèikmk fg Eknhrh Mghr Ojfustry Ck., Itf., sg k`sgrvh cihrhlgjtg ujk y ktrk sgjtofk fgi fgjthfk. Su rgprgsgjthcoój mrèaoch sgmòj ih Jkrlh WJG 8-466-=7 gs luy soloihr h ih fgi gjmrhjhbg cójock rgctk.

Iks Gjmrhjhbgs Nopkofgs2 Skj fg akrlh luy phrgcofh h iks gjmrhjhbgs cójocks, y gj iks cuhigs iks gbgs jk sg ckrthj, sojk qug sg cruzhj. Gstèj akrlhfks pkr uj poøój rgfuctkr fg pkcks fogjtgs y ujh rugfh fg lucnks fogjtgs. Ih fospksocoój fospksocoój ngiockofhi gj hrck fgi fgjthf fgjthfk k pgrlotg uj lhykr ckj ck jthc hcttk fg iks fogjt gjtgs fgi poøój ckj iks fg ih ck ckrrkjh, k`tgjoïjfksg lhykr rkùstgz gj ih trhjslosoój. Su lgchjozhfk gs luyy cklp lu cklpioioch chfk fk y sg utoi utoioz ozhj hj ph phrh rh giik giik lè lèqu quoj ojhs hs thii thiihf hfkr krhs hs gspgcohigs.

Sol`kikmìh Fg Wj Gjmrhjhbg Mgjgrhcoój fg sìl`kiks mgklïtrocks. Ihs projcophigs rgmihs skj ihs somuogjtgs2

Ckjsostg gj uj sìl`kik projcophi, gi cuhi pugfg gsthr sgmuofk fg ujk k lès su`ìjfocgs y pksoìglgjtg fg uj supgrìjfocg. Gi sìl`kik projcophi gs ujh igtrh lhyòscuih k lojòscuih. Ih igtrh fg`g sgr ujh fgi hiah`gtk ihtojk k mrogmk, gscroth gj chrhctgrgs cursovks. Gi su`ìjfocg julïrock gs uj jòlgrk gjtgrk, fgcolhi k julgrhi rklhjk, olprgsk gj chrhctgrgs rklhjks. Gi sìl`kik jk ckjtogjg lès fg uj su`ìjfocg julïrock. Vkfks iks su`ìjfocgs skj gscrotks gj ih loslh iìjgh `hbk ih iìjgh fgi sìl`kik projcophi.

Sol`kikmìh Fg Ihs Crglhiigrhs Jkrlhs Fg Crglhiigrhs Tkr ik mgjgrhi phrh ih ah`rochcoój fg gsths pogzhs lgcèjochs gsttèj rg gs rgm mofh fhss pk pkrr ihs jkrl rlhs hs OSK, CKQGJOJ, FOJ, gt gtcc. Fgpgjfogjfk fg chfh phìs u rgmoój skj ihs jkrlhs phrh gi usk y ah`rochcoój ckrrgcth fg ih pogzh.

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