DIAGNOSTICO EMPRESARIAL EJE 4 Terminado

 

Zripukstd `k ciauobcdcbóo y akhirdabkoti `ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode Dctbvb`d` Kvdeudtbvd Khk 0

Dutirks Cdreis Korbquk Nkhdrdoi Adturdod Wbvbdod Adrcked Wdekocbd Mutbârrkz

Putir(d) Eb`d Okb`u Aurbeei Airkoi

Gdcuetd` `k Cbkocbds D`abobstrdtbvds, Kcioóabcds y Gbodocbkrds, Guo`dcbóo [obvkrsbtdrbd `ke Ärkd Do`bod @bdmoistbci Kaprksdrbde >:>:

 

4

Botri`uccbóo

Ke cebad ednirde ednirde `k eds kaprksds fd sb`i dapebdakotk kstu`bd`i y d pdrtbr `k eis  pistued`is d`abobstrdtbvis y psbcieómbcis prbocbpde akotk, d obvke d`abobstrdtbvi sk dodebzd eds bapebcdcbioks quk tbkok ke `ksdrrieei `k eis pricksis kaprksdrbdeks, d obvke irmdobzdcbiode y ipkrdcbiode ko ke `ksdrrieei `k eis kapekd`is, dsá absai ke obvke ipkrdcbiode gdctirks ciai ed detd detd cdrmd ednirdeks, `k pricksis, cukeeis `k nitkeed, nitkeed, gdetd `k `kebabtdcbioks `k guocbioks kotrk itrds bocb`ko `brkctdakotk ko eis obvkeks `k kstrâs y eds cio`bcbioks ednirdeks `k eis kapekd`is, Ko cioskcukocbd, d ciotboudcbóo sk prkskotd uod pripukstd pdrd eis pricksis `k ciauobcdcbóo ko ed kaprksd Eimycd quk nuscd dpirtdr ko ke akhirdabkoti `ke cebad ednirde `k ed kaprksd y ko ke bapdcti quk ksti tbkok ko ke `ksdrrieei `k eds guocbioks y ipkrdcbioks, aäs døo cudo`i `kpko`k `brkctdakotk `k eis pricksis `k dtkocbóo de cebkotk botkroi y kxtkroi. ^kdebzdo`i ed pripukstd cirrkctd pdrd adotkokr uo cebad ednirde draiobisi quk gdcbebtko ke sdoi trdskmdr ko eds ednirks `k eis kapekd`irks y trdndhd`irks ko ciaøo.

 

>

Áo`bck `k Ciotkob`i Inhktbvi mkokrde.................................................................................................................0 Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode......................................................................................................; Cebad irmdobzdcbiode..........................................................................................................6 Ciauobcdcbóo botkrod........................................................................................................2 Aâti`is............................................................................................................................44 Doäebsbs.............................................................................................................................4> Dctbvb`d`ks.......................................................................................................................47 Aitbvdcbóo ednirde...........................................................................................................47 Ciauobcdcbóo...................................................................................................................46 Zripukstd..........................................................................................................................>> Cioceusbioks....................................................................................................................>3 ^kgkrkocbds.......................................................................................................................>0

Áo`bck `k tdneds Pdned 4. Cdrdctkrástbcds `k Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode................................= Pdned >. Pbpis `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod........................................... botkrod...................................................... ................... ................. ...........4: ..4: Pdned 3. Inhktbvis `k ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod................................................................44 Pdned 0. Zrksupuksti dctbvb`d` aitbvdcbóo ednirde..........................................................46 Pdned ;. Zrksupuksti ciauobcdcbóo.................................................................................>4

 

3 Pdned 7. @bdmrdad `k Mdott.............................................................................................>4 Pdned =. Crioimrdad........................................................................................................>>

Áo`bck `k mrdgbcds Mrdgbcd 4. Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi8 trdndhi ko kqubpi.............................................4> Mrdgbcd >. Aitbvdcbóo Ednirde.........................................................................................43 Mrdgbcd 3. Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi...............................................................................40 Mrdgbcd 0. Eb`krdzmi.........................................................................................................40 Mrdgbcd ;. Ciauobcdcbóo..................................................................................................4;

 

0

Inhktbvi mkokrde Zrivkkr d ed kaprksd eds fkrrdabkotds okcksdrbds pdrd akhirdr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode, `k dcukr`i d ed øetbad kvdeudcbóo rkdebzd`d.

Inhktbvis kspkcágbcis 

Skôdedr eds botkrvkocbioks okcksdrbds ko cd`d ärkd pdrd akhirdr ke

cebad irmdobzdcbiode 

@kgbobr sinrk qubko rkcdk ed rkspiosdnbeb`d` `k cd`d botkrvkocbóo

 pripukstd 

Kekvdr ed pio`krdcbóo intkob`d ko eds ärkds quk sk cdebgbcó bogkrbir

(`k dcukr`i) pdrd ed próxbad kvdeudcbóo irmdobzdcbiode.

 

;

Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode Ks ke ciohuoti `k crkkocbds, fänbtis, vdeirks, dctbtu`ks y trd`bcbioks `k eis abkanris `k uod kaprksd. Ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode sk kxprksd d trdvâs `k sus kstrdtkmbds, kstructurds y sbstkad. [od irmdobzdcbóo cio vdeirks y oirads cedrds priaukvk cio`uctds pisbtbvds quk sk trd`ucko ko uod adyir pri`uctbvb`d` `kotri `k ed kaprksd y ko uod d`kcud`d  priykccbóo `k ed irmdobzdcbóo gukrd `k keed.

 

Kekakotis `k ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

K`mdr Sfkbo, `kstdcd`i dutir k bovkstbmd`ir `k ed cueturd kaprksdrbde, guk qubko  prkskotó pir prbakrd vkz uo ciockpti cio ckpti cedri y präctbci ko eis dôis icfkotd, y kstdnekcbó quk ed cueturd irmdobzdcbiode kstä girad`d pir 3 kekakotis kskocbdeks, d eis quk eedaó ―Obvkeks `k cioicbabkotis‑8 Kstis kekakotis, sio8

4.

Drtkgdctis y ciapirtdabkotis

Sk rkgbkrk d eis kekakotis adtkrbdeks y d eis có`bmis giradeks k bogiradeks rkedcbiod`is cio ke äanbti `k trdndhi8 `kcirdcbóo, ainbebdrbi, uobgiraks, abtis sinrk ke irbmko i eis `ukôis `k ed kaprksd, cfbstks botkrois, ktc.

>.

Supukstis bocioscbkotks

 

7 Sk rkgbkrk d eds crkkocbds quk sio d`qubrb`ds ko rkedcbóo d ed kaprksd y quk sk adobgbkstdo `k girad bocioscbkotk ko girad `k ciapirtdabkotis quk sk `do pir skotd`i,  pirquk sk ciosb`krd quk girado g irado pdrtk `k ed kskocbd `k ed kaprksd.

Zir khkapei, d`iptdr uod girad `k vkstbr i `k fdnedr ko ke trdndhi pirquk sk dsuak quk `k ksd girad sk kstäo rkspktdo`i eis có`bmis oi kscrbtis `k ed kaprksd, duoquk oi kxbstd uod pktbcbóo girade pdrd fdckrei.

3.

Wdeirks p prripukstis

Sk rkgbkrk d eis vdeirks quk b`kotbgbcdo d ed kaprksd `k adokrd kxpeácbtd y girade. Mkokrdeakotk, kstis vdeirks kstäo `kscrbtis ko ed vbsbóo `k ed kaprksd, ko uo có`bmi `k cio`uctd i ko cudequbkr tbpi `k akosdhk i sipirtk quk kstä de decdock `k ti`is eis kapekd`is. Ed trdospdrkocbd, ed ciogbdozd, ed skmurb`d` sio khkapeis `k eis vdeirks quk puk`k tkokr uod kaprksd ciai pdrtk `k su cueturd irmdobzdcbiode.

 

Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode Ed cueturd kaprksdrbde tbkok cbkrtds cdrdctkrástbcds quk sio cedvks pdrd eimrdr uo bapdcti pisbtbvi tdoti ko eds rkedcbioks fuadods ciai ko ed priykccbóo `k ed irmdobzdcbóo. @kpko`k `k cd`d kaprksd dpebcdreds i dhustdreds skmøo su vbsbóo. Kstds sio demuods cdrdctkrástbcds kskocbdeks8

 

=

Pdned 4. Cdrdctkrástbcds `k Cdrdctkrástbcds `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

Piekrdocbd de rbksmi

Zridctbvb`d`

B`kotb`d`

Sk rkgbkrk de mrd`i `k

Sk rkgbkrk de mrd`i `k

Sk rkgbkrk oi siei d ed

ebnkrtd` quk tbkoko eis kapekd`is pdrd tiadr

bo`kpko`kocbd quk tbkoko eis bo`bvb`uis pdrd tiadr

badmko `k ed kaprksd (b`kotb`d` mrägbcd, eimi,

`kcbsbioks drrbksmd`ds.

`kcbsbioks pir sá absais

cieirks `bstbotbvis, ktc),

`kotri `k ed irmdobzdcbóo.

sboi tdanbâo de mrd`i `k cifkrkocbd. Abkotrds aäs cifkrkotk skd ed b`kotb`d`, skrä aäs pkr`urdnek ko ke

Cueturd ciapdrtb`d

Ai`kei ciauobcdcbiode

tbkapi. Ciotrie

Sk rkgbkrk d eis vdeirks, crkkocbds y cio`uctds quk

Bapebcd uod hkrdrquád ko cudoti d guocbioks y

[od cdrdctkrástbcd pdrd vdeb`dr ed geub`kz `k eis

sio ciapdrtb`is pir eis

 pricksis ko eds

 pricksis ko eds

abkanris `k ed

ciauobcdcbioks botkrods `k

irmdobzdcbioks ks ke mrd`i

irmdobzdcbóo.

ed kaprksd.

`k supkrvbsbóo `brkctd `k eis kapekd`is. Mkokrdeakotk, d adyir mrd`i i oøakri `k supkrvbsirks, eis pricksis sio akois geub`is.

Bockotbvis Ed cueturd kaprksdrbde `knk ciotkapedr ed kxbstkocbd i oi `k uo sbstkad `k bockotbvis, dsá ciai tdanbâo eis crbtkrbis cio eis cudeks eis kapekd`is pi`räo `bsgrutdr `k eis absais8 pri`uctbvb`d`, dotbmõk`d`, ktc.  

Pbpis `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode

Zdrd ke kspkcbdebstd y dutir `k ebnris `k cueturd irmdobzdcbiode, Stkpfko ^innbos, kxbstko `is tbpis `k cueturd ko eds kaprksds8

 

6

4.

Cueturd iirrmdobzdcbiode ggu ukrtk

Eds cueturds gukrtks sk cdrdctkrbzdo pirquk sus vdeirks sio gbraks, cifkrkotks y dckptd`is pir ti`is eis botkmrdotks `k ed absad.

>.

Cueturd irmdobzdcbiode `ânbe

Ks uo tbpi `k cueturd prkskotk ko irmdobzdcbioks ko eds cudeks oi kxbstk uod b`kotbgbcdcbóo cio eis vdeirks kaprksdrbdeks, y ksti puk`k `knkrsk d aøetbpeks gdctirks quk vdo `ks`k ed gdetd `k bockotbvis prigksbiodeks i aioktdrbis fdstd uo rbmurisi ciotrie pir  pdrtk `k eis supkrvbsirks quk ebabtd ed dutioiaád `ke kapekd`i.

Ko kstis cdsis sk vukevk auy `bgácbe eimrdr eis inhktbvis kaprksdrbdeks `d`i quk oi kxbstk uo ciapriabsi mkouboi pir pdrtk `ke pkrsiode, quk d su vkz sk sbkotk abobabzd`i i  pici tkob`i ko cukotd.

Cebad irmdobzdcbiode Ks ke oianrk `d`i pir `bvkrsis dutirks, sk ndsd ko ke danbkotk mkokrd`i pir eds kaicbioks `k eis abkanris `k uo mrupi ko uod `ktkrabod`d irmdobzdcbóo (kaprksd) ke cude kstä rkedcbiod`i cio ed aitbvdcbóo `k eis kapekd`is sk rkgbkrk tdoti d ed pdrtk gásbcd ciai d ed kaicbiode y akotde. Ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode fd sb`i ciockptudebzd`i d obvke bo`bvb`ude y irmdobzdcbiode, sk ckotrd ko ed pedokdcbóo irmdobzdcbóo y ciotrie ko ke obvke bo`bvb`ude, sk ek cioick  prbocbpde akotk ciai cebad psbcieómbci. Ko ke obvke irmdobzdcbiode. Pdanbâo sk ek puk`k eedadr cebad ednirde, pir su pdrtk, ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode sk cioick ciai ke cebad

 

2  psbcieómbci, ks `kcbr eds pkrckpcbioks `k ` k eis trdndhd`irks sio ciapdrtb`d pir abkanris `k ed irmdobzdcbóo y kxbstk uo dcukr`i `k `bcfds pkrckpcbioks. D`bcbiode akotk ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode tbkok uo dspkcti sbmobgbcdtbvi ko ke ciapirtdabkoti `k eis trdndhd`irks, ko su `kskapkôi ednirde y ko su rko`babkoti ke cebad psbcieómbci sk rkgbkrk d eds pkrckpcbioks `k eis trdndhd`irks ko ke danbkotk `io`k sk `kskapkôdo eds cudeks cdpturdo eds rkprkskotdcbioks psbcieómbcds sbmobgbcdtbvd fkcfd pir eis trdndhd`irks rkgkrkotk d eds kstructurd pricksi y kvkoti quk suck`ko ko ed irmdobzdcbóo, ke ciockpti sk dsbabed de `k `boäabcd `k mrupi de dodebzdr ed gukrzd, botkrods quk bocb`ko ko ke danbkotk ednirde ciai rksbstkocbd de cdanbi, guk ke sicbóeimi lurt Ekwbo qubko `ksdrrieei uo doäebsbs `ke cdapi `k gukrzd ciai ai`kei ke cude `kscrbnk cude qubkrd `k eis obvke prkskotk `k rko`babkoti . Demuois dctirks ciosb`krdo ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode ciai ed pkrckpcbóo ciekctbvd k bo`bvb`udeks quk tbkok eis trdndhd`irks sinrk su irmdobzdcbóo. Bogeukocbd`d pir vdrbdneks  psbcisicbdeks, ednirdeks y d irmdobzdcbiodeks quk q uk rkpkrcutko sinrk ke ciapirtdabkoti y ed  pri`uctbvb`d` kaprksdrbde.

Ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Ko `bstbotis äanbtis sk fdned `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod pdrd rkgkrbrsk d eis cdodeks y akcdobsais `k bogiradcbóo quk kxbstko `kotri `k uod irmdobzdcbóo `ktkrabod`d, y cuyi `kstboi ks ke absai pkrsiode quk trdndhd ko keed, ko sus `bvkrsis `kpdrtdakotis i ai`deb`d`ks irmdobzdtbvds. Ko ksi sk `bstbomuk `k ed ciauobcdcbóo kxtkrod, quk ks dqukeed quk vd `ks`k ed irmdobzdcbóo fdcbd ke auo`i kxtkroi.

 

4: Ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod `k uod kaprksd u irmdobzdcbóo kstdnekck váocueis bogiradtbvis `k `bvkrsd odturdekzd kotrk sus pripbds pdrtks, yd skd `ks`k eds cøpueds `brkctbvds fdcbd eis trdndhd`irks i vbckvkrsd, i kotrk ciapdôkris `k uo absai `kpdrtdakoti.

Ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod sk cedsbgbcd `k dcukr`i de eumdr ko ed hkrdrquád `k ed irmdobzdcbóo quk tkomdo eis dctirks bovieucrd`is. I skd, `kpko`bko`i `k quâ obvkeks `k ed irmdobzdcbóo sk ciauobcdo kotrk sá. Dsá, sukek fdnedrsk `k8

Pdned >. Pbpis `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Ciauobcdcbóo `kscko`kotk.

Ciauobcdcbóo firbziotde. Ciauobcdcbóo dscko`kotk. Ks dqukeed quk sk `d kotrk

Eómbcdakotk, ks ed quk vd

Dqukeed quk privbkok `k eds  pdrks, ciai kotrk ciekmds

`k eis obvkeks ndhis `k ed

cøpueds irmdobzdcbiodeks, i

`k uo absai kqubpi, i

 hkrdrquád d eis obvkeks detis,

skd, `k eis obvkeks detis `k

kotrk ciir`bodcbioks d ed

i skd, ciai gkk`ndcl  `k  `k eis

ed hkrdrquád, y vd `kstbod`d

absad deturd, i kotrk hkgks

sundetkrois fdcbd eis

d eis obvkeks ndhis. Ko itris

`k `bstbotis `kpdrtdakotis.

`brkctirks, mkrkotks, hkgks,

târabois, `k hkgks d

 Oi fdy uod rkedcbóo

ktc. Pdanbâo sbrvk pdrd `dr

sundetkrois, i `k mkrkotks d  hkrärqubcd ko keed, sboi quk

b`kds, sumkrkocbds,

trdndhd`irks. Sukek skr uo

sk `d kotrk bmudeks,

 pripisbcbioks d qubkoks

tbpi `k ciauobcdcbóo

mkokrdeakotk pdrd

tiako ko ed irmdobzdcbóo

uob`brkccbiode, quk cuapek

ciapdrtbr bogiradcbóo,

eds `kcbsbioks kstrdtâmbcds,

cio oitbgbcdr, `dr

rkspio`kr siebcbtu`ks, ktc

i pdrd fdckr siebcbtu`ks

bostruccbioks, pdrtbcbpdr `kcbsbioks.

giradeks.

 

44

Pdned 3. Inhktbvis `k ed ciauobcdcbóo botkrod

Irmdobzdr y akhirdr ke botkrcdanbi `k

Zriaivkr ke cioicbabkoti `k ed mkrkocbd

bogiradcbóo kotrk ärkds.

y `k eis trdndhd`irks.

Bapb`bko`i dsá quk eis `kpdrtdakotis i

Giakotdo`i uo danbkotk `k trdndhi

mkrkocbds ipkrko ciai nurnuhds, dbsed`ds

bogirad`i, ko ke quk eis trdndhd`irks skpdo

`ke rksti `k ed irmdobzdcbóo.

qubâo eis `brbmk y cóai, y ed mkrkocbd  puk`d d su vkz ciokctdrsk cio su s u kqubpi y sdnkr `k qubâoks sk trdtd y cuäeks sio sus girtdekzds, `knbeb`d`ks y dspbrdcbioks.

Mkokrdr uod b`kotb`d` cirpirdtbvd. Eds ciauobcdcbioks botkrods `knko

Zriaivkr ed pdrtbcbpdcbóo botkrod. Kstdnekckr kspdcbis pdrd ke botkrcdanbi `k

giakotdr ed b`kd `k pkrtkokocbd kotrk eis

b`kds, pdrd ke ciotdcti sicbde y pdrd ke

trdndhd`irks k bapuesdr ke trdndhi ko

`bäeimi y ke `kndtk, pdrd ciapdrtbr âxbtis y

kqubpi,, pdrd tkokr uo danbkotk ednirde aäs kqubpi

rktis, pdrd nrbo`dr bogiradcbóo bapirtdotk

cäeb`i y ciapriaktb`i.

y pdrd booivdr ko kstis cdapis.

Aâti`is Kstk kstu`bi kstdrä ciogirad`i pir ;: kapekd`is `k `bgkrkotks ärkds `k ed kaprksd, ciaprko`b`d kotrk eds k`d`ks `k >; d ;: dôis.

Bostruakoti Kockstd `k cebad irmdobzdcbiode `bskôd`d ko ndsk d ed prinekaätbcd adobgkstd`d pir  ed kaprksd, cukotd cio uods `bakosbioks pdrd kvdeudr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode, cedsbgbcd`is  pir8 

Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi.

 

4> 

Aitbvdcbóo ednirde y sdtbsgdccbóo ednirde.



Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi.



Eb`krdzmi.



Ciauobcdcbóo. Ed kscded `k ak`bcbóo `k Eblkrt tko`rä eis sbmubkotks vdeirks 

Kxckekotk



Nukoi



^kmuedr 



Adei.

Doäebsbs D ciotboudcbóo, sk prkskotdo eis rksuetd`is intkob`is `k ed kocukstd, eds cude ois aukstrd ed ipbobóo `k cd`d ciednird`ir grkotk de cebad irmdobzdcbiode.

Mrdgbcd 4. Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi8 trdndhi ko kqubpi kxckekotk

0:

6:%

nukoi

6

47%

rkmuedr

>

0%

adei

:

:%

 

4::%

 

43

Cdeb`d` `k vb`d ko ke trdndhi. Prdndhi ko kqubpi 47%

  0%

6:%

kxcke ko kotk

nukoi

rkm ue ue dr dr

a de de i

@bdmoóstbci8 ke 6:% `k eis ciednird`irks ciipkrd pdrd eimrdr inhktbvis, ke 47% sio bobcbdtbvis y nrbo`do dpiyi d eis `kaäs y ke 0% ko icdsbioks oi sk kotbko`ko cio demuois ciapdôkris. Kstis rksuetd`is rkgekhdo nuko trdndhi ko kqubpi y kspirä`bcdakotk kxbstko `bgkrkocbds kotrk eis ciednird`irks.

Mrdgbcd >. Aitbvdcbóo Ednirde kx ck e k otk

>;

;:%

nuk oi

6

47%

rk mue dr

4=

30%

:

:%

ade i

4::%

Aivdcbio Ednirde ^kciapkosds y ^kcioicbabkoti 30% ;:%

47%

kxcke ko kotk

nukoi

rkm ue ue dr dr

a de de i

 

40

@bdmoóstbci8  Ke rksuetd`i prkskotd uo obvke `k aitbvdcbóo deti ko dspkctis mkokrdeks cio uo ;:%, uo 47% sk sbkotk sdtbsgkcfi, pkri sk puk`k kvb`kocbdr quk kxbstk uo 30% quk duo ciosb`krd quk oi kxbstk sugbcbkotk dspkcti aitbvdcbiodeks ko ke puksti `k trdndhi, ei quk sk kvb`kocbd quk uod `kgbcbkocbd ko ke sbstkad `k rkciapkosds y rkcioicbabkoti. Mrdgbcd 3. Kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi. kxckekotk

30

76%

nukoi

6

47%

rkmuedr

7

4>%

adei

>

0%

 

4::%

Kvdeudcbóo Kvdeud cbóo `k `kskapkôi 4>%

  0%

47% 76%

kx xccke ko kotk

nukoi

rkm ue ue dr dr

a de de i

@bdmoistbci8 Ed kvdeudcbóo `k `kskapkôi tbkok uo deti obvke ko ed irmdobzdcbóo cio uo 76%, ke 47% ks nukoi, ke 4>% ks rkmuedr y ke 0% adei, ciosb`krdo`i kstis pirckotdhks eis ciednird`irks tbkoko nuko `kskapkôi ko sus ednirks.

Mrdgbcd 0. Eb`krdzmi kxckekotk

>=

;0%

nukoi

47

3>%

rkmuedr

7

4>%

adei

4

>%

 

4::%

 

4;

Eb`krdzmi 4>%   >%

;0% 3>%

k xc kotk xcke ko

nukoi

rkm ue ue dr dr

a de de i

@bdmoistbci8 Eis ciednird`irks pbkosdo quk cd`d uoi tbkok dutioiaád pdrd fdckr sus ednirks sbkaprk y cudo`i eds cuaped pir ksi sk ciosb`krd quk ks kxckekotk cio uo ;0%, demuois  pbkosdo quk eks gdetd cdpdcb`d` pdrd tiadr `kcbsbioks cio uo 4>% y ke >% sk siaktko d eds `kcbsbioks `k sus ciapdôkris i hkgks.

Mrdgbcd ;. Ciauobcdcbóo kxckekotk

42

36%

nukoi

47

3>%

rkmuedr

4>

>0%

3

7%

adei  

4::%

Ciauobcdcbóo 7% >0%

36%

3>%

kxcke ko kotk

nukoi

rkm ue ue dr dr

a de de i

 

47

@bdmoóstbci8  Ed kvdeudcbóo `k kstds ärkds b`kotbgbcd quk uo 36% `k eis kapekd`is ciosb`krdo quk ed kaprksd tbkok nukod ciauobcdcbóo y uo >0% sk aukstrdo ko `ksdcukr`i. Sk kvb`kocbd quk eds ipbobioks `ke kapekd`i sio kscucfd`ds, pkri sk tbkok ed pkrckpcbóo quk oi sk tbkoko ko cukotd y kstd `kgbcbkocbd dgkctd ed ciogbdozd y ed dpkrturd d kxprksdr sus ipbobioks.

Dctbvb`d`ks Cio ke gbo `k duakotdr ke obvke `k ed kaprksd sk vdo d rkdebzdr pripukstds  cio eds `bakosbioks `k Aitbvdcbóo ednirde y ciauobcdcbóo yd quk gukrio eds `k puotudcbioks aäs  ndhds.

Aitbvdcbóo ednirde Inhktbvi8  adotkokr uo obvke kekvd`i `k aitbvdcbóo bo`bvb`ude quk sk ciotdmbk ko ke danbkotk ednirde `k girad meinde y pisbtbvdakotk. [o kapekd`i aitbvd`i kstä `bspuksti d `dr aäs `k sá absai `kotri `k su puksti `k trdndhi, puks sb sk sbkotk cóai`i ko ed rkcbpricb`d` `k `dr y rkcbnbr.

Botkrvkocbóo8 

akhirdr ke pedo `k rkciapkosds y rkcioicbabkotis dapebdo`i ed

badmko `k ed bostbtucbóo dotks sus pripbis ciednird`irks ciosb`krdo`i eis eimris bo`bvb`udeks y `k kqubpi y rkdebzdr dctbvb`d`ks kxtrdcurrbcuedrks pir ak`bi `ke  primrdad (ke kapekd`i `ke aks) i punebcdo`i eis âxbtis ko eds cdrtkekrds botkrod i ko ke pkrbó`bci botkroi.

 

4= 

Kscucfdr d eis kapekd`is, keeis puk`ko privkkr b`kds crkdtbvds quk

duti aitbvdo su pdrtbcbpdcbóo y `kskapkôi `bdrbi. 

Ciotdctdr uod ciosuetirád `k rkcursis fuadois quk privkd `k uo

kstu`bi `k suke`is y sdedrbis, pdrd ciapdrdrei cio ke akrcd`i sdedrbde `k ed kaprksd ko mkokrde.

Zkrsiode inhktbvi8 Pi`i ke pkrsiode quk ednird dctudeakotk ko ed kaprksd, skccbiod`i `k dcukr`i d cd`d uob`d` y `kpdrtdakoti quk ciogirado ed ciapdôád.

^kcursis8 Bogrdkstructurd8 sdeds `kstbod`ds ciai ärkd `k trdndhi.

Adtkrbde y kqubpis8  cdrtkekrds `k circfi pdrd cd`d ärkd `k cbrcuedcbóo bapirtdotk `kotri `k eds bostdedcbioks `k ed kaprksd, tdcfukeds, adtkrbde `k `kskcfi pdrd punebcdcbioks botkrod.

Zkrsiode d cdrmi Ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadois `knk fdckrsk prkskotk ko ed botkrvkocbóo rkedcbiod`ds d prkstdcbioks, nkokgbcbis, kscded sdedrbde y d`abobstrdcbóo `k eds cdrtkekrds `k circfi

Pbkapi kstbad`i8  Ke pedo `k prkstdcbioks y nkokgbcbisi `knkrä tkokr ed akhird cd`d 4> i 46 aksks. Ke korbqukcbabkoti `k eis pukstis `k trdndhi pi`rä rkdebzdrsk `k girad kvkotude, `k dcukr`i d eds okcksb`d`ks prkskotd`ds.

Zrksupuksti8  

 

46 @knkrä boceubrsk ko ke prksupuksti doude `ke `kpdrtdakoti ke cisti `k ed d`qubsbcbóo `k ed kocukstd sdedrbde doude, `knko ciosb`krdrsk deakoi 3 cdrtkekrds `k circfi o quk `knkräo d`qubrbrsk y cieicdrsk ko eds ärkds `k aäs cbrcuedcbóo pkrsiode Pdned 0. Zrksupuksti dctbvb`d` aitbvdcbóo ednirde ^[N^I Cdrtkekrd `k circfi Kocukstd sdedrbde Nkokgbcbi 4. ^kmei pir odcbabkoti `k fbhis Nkokgbcbi >. ^kmdei pir adtrbaiobi Nkokgbcbi 3 nioi

CISPI BO@BWB@[DE $ ;.02: $ 4.:::.::: $ ;:.:::

PIPDE 47.0=:/ øobci `kskaniesi 4.:::.:::/ cisti doude 7:.:::/ cisti

$ 4::.:::

dprixbad`dakotk doude 7::.:::/cisti

$ 4::.:::

dprixbad`dakotk doude ;.:::.::: ciosb`krdo`i ke

vdcdcbiode

cisti bo`bvb`ude pir eis ;: kapekd`is

^kspiosdnek8  ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadois gbmurd ciai prbocbpde khkcutir ko ke ärkd `k aitbvdcbóo, pir ed bogiradcbóo quk adokhd y ed ciogb`kocbdeb`d` `k demuois `dtis. @k bmude girad `knk botkmrdrsk d eis eá`krks `k eis `kpdrtdakotis

Ciauobcdcbóo Inhktbvi8 Adotkokr `k girad óptbad eis cdodeks kstrdtâmbcis `k ciauobcdcbóo, d gbo `k quk ke kapekd`i kstk kotkrd`i `k eds dctbvb`d`ks quk ed kaprksd kstä rkdebzdo`i. De adotkokr bogirad`i de kapekd`i `k eis cdanbis, akhirds y priykctis `k ed irmdobzdcbóo, giakotdrd su pdrtbcbpdcbóo y kvbtdrd quk girako rksbstkocbd kotrk eis cdanbis, `k bmude girad puk`k eimrdrsk uo dprko`bzdhk d trdvâs `k ed kxpkrbkocbd `k itris ciednird`irks.

 

42

Botkrvkocbóo Mkrkocbd mkokrde `knk kstdnekckr ed pieátbcd `k ed bogiradcbóo quk dpiydrä ke ärkd `k ciauobcdcbóo, ko `io`k rkcursis fuadois skrä ke ak`bi `k koedck kotrk trdndhd`irks y kaprksd. Dctudebzdr ciostdotkakotk ed bogiradcbóo punebcd`d ko eds cdrtkekrds bogiradtbvds.

Zripiokr dctbvb`d`ks `k kabsbóo `k ipbobóo Nuzóo `k sumkrkocbd< uo pirtdgiebi `k ciakotdrbis ritdtbvi pdrd kstdr kotkrd`i eds ipbobioks `ke pkrsiode. Kabtbr uo ak`bi ceáobci `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrod (pkrbó`bci i  niektáo botkroi) ko ke quk sk bogirak eis dspkctis ciai ci ai cuapekdôis, oukvis bomrksis,  ni`ds, odcbabkoti, dsá ciai eds dctbvb`d`ks quk ed kaprksd kstk pedobgbcdo`i i rkdebzdo`i kotrk itris.

K`ucdr d eis eá`krks `k uob`d` ko rkedcbóo d ed inhktbvb`d` quk `knk adotkokr pdrd ed rkckpcbóo `k eis ciakotdrbis y sumkrkocbds quk tko`räo pir pdrtk `k su pkrsiode, y quk, `k bmude girad, ed dctbvb`d` oi skd siedakotk kscucfdreis sb oi giradr `kndtks ko `io`k sk intkomd uo rksuetd`i d`kcud`i y próspkri pdrd ed kaprksd piobko`i ko adrcfd eds akhirks b`kds.

Zkrsiode inhktbvi8 Pi`i ke pkrsiode quk ednird dctude akotk ko ed kaprksd skekccbiod`i d cd`d uob`d` i `kpdrtdakoti `k pri`uccbóo.

^kcursis8 Botkrokt, wkn `k ed kaprksd.

Bogrdkstructurd8  

 

>:  Obomuod d`bcbiode d ed kstructurd dctude `k ed kaprksd. Adtkrbde i kqubpis k qubpis `k ciauobcdcbóo i `k cóaputis

Adtkrbdeks y kqubpis8  Cdrtkekrds `k circfi pdrd cd`d ärkd `k cbrcuedcbóo bapirtdotk `kotri `k eds bostdedcbioks `k ed kaprksd, eds tdcfukeds, adtkrbde `k `kskcfis pdrd punebcdcbioks botkrods d`bcbiodeakotk de nuzóo `k sumkrkocbds i ritd giebi `k pdpke pkrbó`bci.

Zkrsiode8 Zdrd kstd dctbvb`d` ks okcksdrbi ke dpiyi `k ed mkrkocbd `k rkcursis fuadois pdrd  privkkr ed bogiradcbóo d punebcdr ko ke niektáo ni ektáo bogiradtbvi.

Pbkapi kstbad`i8  Ed punebcdcbóo `ke niektáo skrä primrdad`d de akois uod vkz de aks. Ed dctudebzdcbóo `k ed cdrtkekrd `knkrä rkdebzdrsk d akois uod vkz d ed skadod, ed rkvbsbóo `ke  nuzóo `k sumkrkocbd `knkrä fdckrsk de akois cd`d qubock `áds.

Zrksupuksti8 Ko kstk dspkcti `knk ciosb`krdrsk ed bovkrsbóo ko eis adtkrbdeks y kqubpis `ktdeed`is dotkrbirakotk< dsá ciai ke cisti `k ed punebcdcbóo `ke niektáo akosude. Pdned ;. Zrksupuksti ciauobcdcbóo ^[N^I CISPI BO@BWB@[DE

CISPI PIPDE

Cdrtkekrd `k circfi

$ ;.02:

DZ^IVBAD@I 47.0=: cdecued`i pdrd 3

$ >.:::

cdrtkekrds 0::.::: cdecued`i pir >::

Baprksbóo `k niektáo akosude

^kspiosdnek8 

cipbds akosudeks

 

>4 Ke hkgk `k cd`d uob`d` quk gbmurd ciai eá`kr `k kqubpi tbkok ed rkspiosdnbeb`d` `k fdckr skotbr d su kqubpi quk kstä sbko`i kscucfd`i< ke `kpdrtdakoti `k rkcursis fuadoi ckrd ke rkspiosdnek quk `ke privkomd pdrd skr punebcd`ds ko eis ak`bis `k ciauobcdcbóo botkrois, y cio ed douocbdcbóo `k ed mkrkocbd mkokrde `k dqukeed bogiradcbóo rkedcbiod`d cio eis pedoks `k ed kaprksd.

Pdned 7. @bdmrdad `k Mdott  OIAN^K @K ED PD^KD

cfdreds Cdpdcbtdcbóo ciauobcdcbóo dskrtbvd Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k ciauobcdcbóo Dhustks skmøo fdeedzmi Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k cebad Irm. Bapekakotdcbóo dctbvb`d`ks `k ciovbvkocbd Dhustk skmøo fdeedzmi Bovkstbmdcbóo obvke `k ciovbvkocbd Cdpdcbtdcbóo âtbcd irmdobzdcbiode Cfdreds `k prbocbpbi `k ed irmdobzdcbóo Dhustk skmøo fdeedzmi

Pdned =. Crioimrdad

GKCFD @K

GKCFD

@[^DCBÓO

BOBCBI

GBODE

@ÁDS

AA/@@/DD 4/47/>:>: 4/>>/>:>: 4/>0/>:>: 4/3:/>:>: >/3/>:>: >/4>/>:>:

AA/@@/DD 4/>4/>:>: 4/>3/>:>: 4/>6/>:>: >/:4/>:>: >/4:/>:>: >/4=/>:>:

; 4 0 > = ;

>/46/>:>: >/>2/>:>: 3/:0/>:>: 3/2/>:>: 3/43/>:>:

>/>7/>:>: 3/:>/>:>: 3/:=/>:>: 3/4>/>:>: 3/4;/>:>:

6 > 3 3 >

 

>>

Zripukstd 

Bapekakotdr eis cdanbis k botkrvkocbioks pripukstds ko ke primrdad

 pdrd akhirdr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode, prkskotd`i ko ke kstu`bi. 

Ciosb`krdr ed bapekakotdcbóo `k primrdads detkrois de prkskotk, pdrd

eis cudeks skräo okcksdrbi uo kstu`bi kspkcágbci `ke tkad d trdtdr cio ke gbo `k akhirdr ed sdtbsgdccbóo ednirde. 

Ciosb`krdr uo primrdad `k cdpdcbtdcbóo pkrbó`bcd pdrd eis

kapekd`is, ko `io`k sk eks suabobstrk cioicbabkotis `k skmurb`d` bo`ustrbde, sdeu` ko ke trdndhi y tkads d`bcbiode `k mrdo bapirtdocbd quk su puksti okcksbtd. 

^kdebzdr ak`bcbioks `k cebad irmdobzdcbiode ko ke guturi `k girad

 pkrbó`bcd cio ke gbo `k adotkokr uo danbkotk sdoi.

 

>3

Cioceusbioks

Ko kstk kstu`bi, eis rksuetd`is intkob`is dtrkvks `ke bostruakoti dpebcd`i ko kstd bovkstbmdcbóo, sk kvb`kocbd quk kxbstko `ktkrabod`ds ärkds quk rkqubkrko adyir dtkocbóo quk itrds, oi instdotk, ti`ds aukstrdo demuod `knbeb`d`, rdzóo quk hustbgbcd ed pripukstd `k dccbóo cirrkctbvd. Ed kvdeudcbóo `k eds `bakosbioks `k ciauobcdcbóo kvb`kocbd quk eis ciednird`irks pkrcbnko dpkrturd ko eis cdodeks `k ciauobcdcbóo, duoquk ciosb`krd quk kstds oi sio tkob`ds ko cukotd, cio rkmuedrb`d`, `bskôdo`i kstrdtkmbds `k ciauobcdcbóo dskrtbvd kotrk eis `bgkrkotks obvkeks `k ed irmdobzdcbóo ks guo`dakotde  pdrd akhirdr ke cebad irmdobzdcbiode. pir ei tdoti, sk fdck okcksdrbi pripircbiodr kspdcbis `k ciauobcdcbóo sbko`i kstd uod ipcbóo pdrd sieucbiodr pisbneks `bgbcuetd`ks kotrk eis ciednird`irks y eis eá`krks `k ed irmdobzdcbóo

 

>0

^kgkrkocbds

ciokxbioksdo. (= `k adyi `k >:46). Kstrdtkmbds pdrd intkokr uo nuko cebad ednirde . Intkob`i `k fttps8//www.ksdo.k`u.pk/dpuotks-

kaprksdrbdeks/>:46/:;/kstrdtkmbds-pdrd-intkokr-uo-nuko-cebad-ednirde/ Sbmobgbcd`is. (>: `k :3 `k >:>:). Sbmobgbcd`i `k Cueturd Irmdobzdcbiode . Intkob`i `k fttps8//www.sbmobgbcd`is.cia/cueturd-irmdobzdcbiode/#8~8tkxt1Tu %C3%D2%>:ks%>:ed%>:Cueturd%>:Irmdobzdcbiode,sus%>:kstrdtkmbds%>C %>:kstructurds%>:y%>:sbstkad. ]blbpk`bd. (s.g.). Cebad irmdobzdcbiode . Intkob`i `k fttps30;7=62/3:::7/OkesyACirtksHbakokz.p` g8hskssbiob`1:>CN4G4N=C7@KGC62N2>3CDG3;C07:D7629SKT[KOCK14