Diagnostico de Faltas

March 21, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Krupi ha \msta`gs \ms ta`gs ha h a Zitˏaelmg aelmg -Hapgrtgàeti -Hapgrtg` aeti ha Aekaefgrm Aekaefgrmgg Açatrmlg, atrmlg, Qemvarsmhgha Qemvarsmhg ha Oahargc ha \getg Lgtgrmeg, Lgtgr meg, 66:8:-=::, Ocirmge¸ipicms, ipicms, \L †

EA\L “ E¸ ulcai ulcai ha Aearkmg, \msta`gs a Liùemlg¶ll˓ias, ˓ias, Qemvarsmhgha Oahargc hi Zgr¸g

GB\XRGLX Hua ti tfa lietmeuius melragsa me aearky ha`geh, wmtfiut tfa lirras lirraspieh piehmek mek me meva vast` stàe aett me kaearg kaeargtmi tmie e geh trges`mssmie lgpglmty, piwar systa`s fgva baae ipargtm gtmek ek lcisa ti tfamr tfamr cm`mts. cm`mts. Xfus, Xfus, tfa usa io tiics oir suppirt sup pirtmek mek tfa ipargtm ipargtmie ie ms assae assaetmg tmgcc me irh irhar ar ti melragsa racmgbmcmty, rahulmek tfa eu`bar geh/ir hurgtmie io eie-prikrg``gbca metarruptmies, iptm`mzmek tfa usa io gssats gssats.. Gm`mek Gm`mek ti rahula rahula tfa hurgtm hurgtmie ie io me metar tarrup rup-tmies,, savargc tmies savargc rasagrlf rasagrlf wirns wirns fgva fgva baae pubcmsfah pubcmsfah haslrmbmek tiics havacipah tfa tgsn. tgs n. Xfasa Xfa sa tiics wiuch wiuch ti basuppirt usah usah hurmek hur mekoguct ragchmgkeisms tmà tmà ipargtmie, gotar lietmekaelmas wmtf ha﬇emtmva metarruptmies baoira stgrtmek stgrtmek tfa rastirgtmi rastirgtmie e prilass. prilass. Xfms pgpar hmslussas m`pirtget gspalts io tfa oguct hmgkeisms pribca` geh tfa talfemquas ìra oraquaetcy a`pciyah ti ìhac geh tglnca tfms pribca`. NA][IRH\4

Oguct Hmgkeisms, Ziwar Xrges`mssmie \ysta`s, geh Grtm﬇lmgc Metaccmkaela.

RA\Q@I I liestg liestget etaa guàe guàeti ti eg ha`geh ha`gehg, g, sa` i lirras lirraspiepieGrtmki subàtmhi a` 78/:6/: 78/:6/:2 2 7g. Ravms˓ g gi i a` 26/:8/:< Glamti sib raliàehg¶ll˓ g gi ˓i hi Ah. Gssil. Zrio. Kcguli Xgrgeti

haeta guàeti eg lgpglmhgha ha karg¶ll˓ gi g˓i a trges`mss˓ggii ha aearkmg açatrmlg, atrmlg, ta` cavghi is i s smsta`gs ha pitˏaelmg aelmg g ipargra` lghg vaz `gms pr¸ixmìs ixmìs his saus cm`mtas. cm`mtas. Asta ogti tireg m`praslmeh¸ m`praslmeh¸ķvac i usi ha oarrgàetgs ha gpimi gj iparg¶ll˓˓ggi, i, lgpgzas ha guàetgr g lie﬇gbmcmhgha hi smsta`g, rahuzmehi rahuzmehi i e¸ uàri uàri a/iu hurg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha pgrghgs e˓ggii prikrg`ghgs hgs mestgcg¶ll˓ ias. i˓as. Eg taetgtmvg ha rahuzmr g hurg¶ll˓ gi g˓i hgs metarrup¶ll˓ ias, i˓as, tˏa` a` smhi pubcmlghis pubcmlgh is trgbgcfis trgbgcfi s aevicvaehi oarrgàetgs hasaevicvmhgs pgrg usi eg iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi a` ta`pi ragc, li` g ﬇egcmhgha ha hgr gpimi gi hmgke¸ istmli istmli ha ogctgs. Xgms oarrgàetgs oarrgàetgs sarmg` a`prakghgs gp¸is is lietmekˏ l ietmekˏaelmgs aelmgs li` hascmkgàetis hascmkg` aetis ha﬇emtmvis, h a﬇emtmvis, getas ha hgr me¸ķlmi ķlmi gi g i prilassi pri lassi ha h a rali`pism¶ rali` pism¶ll˓ gi g˓i hg raha. Asta grtmki hmsluta gspaltis m`pirtgetas hi hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctg ogctgss a gs t¸ alemlgs alemlgs `gms utmcmzghgs utmcmzghgs pgrg ìhacgr ìhacgr a trgtgr asta pribca`g. ZGCG_RG\-LFG_A4

Hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs, \msta`gs ha Xrges`mss˓ gi, gi, Metacmkˏaelmg aelmg Grtm﬇lmgc. Grtm﬇lmgc .

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˓ MEXRIHQ¶ LGI

A` smsta s msta`gs `gs açatrmlis atrm lis ha h a pitˏ pi tˏaelmg aelm g u` krgeha krge ha e¸ e uàri u ¸àri ha àesgkaess a gcgràs àesgkae gc gràs ¸a trges`mtmhi trges` mtmhi gi laetri ha lietrica lietri ca gp¸ iiss g ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha hmst¸urbmis. urbmis. Xgms hmst¸ urbmis urbmis s˓gi gi privilghis pir hmoaraetas tmpis ha ogctgs, pihaehi ilirrar a` qugcquar pgrta hi smsta`g.

Ravmstg Lietrica & Guti`g¶l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

271

Is aqumpgàetis ha prita¶ll˓˓ggii s˓gi gi raspies¸gvams gvams pir hataltgr g ilirrˏ i lirrˏaaelmg elmg h haa u` haoamti hao amti a gkmr gk mr gpriprmghgàeta gpripr mghgàeta ha ìhi g msicgr siàeta g pgrta haoamtuisg hi smsta`g (sacatmvmh (saca tmvmhgha). gha). Zgrg Zgrg qua i rastgbacal rastgbacalmàe màeti ti hi smsta`g smsta`g ilirrg i `gms rgpmhgàe rgpmhgàeta ta piss¸ piss¸ķvac, ķvac, ha ìhi g avmtgr avmtgr hgeis gis liesu`mhiras a jg a`prasg oirealahirg, oirealah irg, ¸a assaelmgc qua g astm`g¶ll˓˓ggii his avaetis qua prihuzmrg` u`g hatar`meghg saq¨ saqu uˏ ˏaelmg ha gcgràs ilirrg ha oir`g r¸gg-äelmg pmhg, pralmsg a sakurg (Liutti Omcfi at Omcfi at gc., gc., 7===). Gtug¶ll˓ ias i˓as melirratgs hg prita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, gssm` liì pribca`gs ha islmcg¶ll˓ ias i˓as a sibrataes˓ias ias gp¸iiss g ilirrˏaelmg aelmg hg ogctg cavg` g hascmkgàetis a` krgehas pripir¶ll˓ ias i˓as (Kiàs at gc., gc., 2::2), qua hm﬇luctg` g gvgcmg¶ll˓gi ˓gi pacis iparghiras sibraa g lgusg sibr lgusg memlmgc memlmgc his hascmkgàetis hascmkgàetis.. Iutris Iutris pribcapribca`gs tgm tgmss liì liì ogcfgs ogcfgs a` uemhgh uemhghas as tar`me tar`megms gms raìtg raìtgss (QXR), eis lgegms ha liùemlg¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, iu eg gqumsm¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha hghis, m`pcmlg` a` meoir`g¶ll˓ gi g˓i meli`pcatg iu lirri`pmhg, i qua hm﬇luctg gmehg `gms g tgraog ha hmgke¸istmli. istmli. Lgba rassgctgr qua, gça` a` hastg ha stg ge¸ g e¸gcmsa gcmsa a` ta`pi ragc hg lgusg his hascmkgàetis, u`g ge¸gcmsa gcmsa `gms hatgcfghg hatgcfgh g ¸a oamtg pistarmiràeta (ge¸gcmsa gcmsa p¸ is-ìrta) is-ìrta) pir aekaefam-

I prilassghir prilassghir ha gcgràs gcgràs ¸a u`g oarrgàet oarrgàetgg qua vmsg ﬇ctrgr gcgràs rahuehgetas. \ug oue¶ll˓ gi g˓i ¸a gkrupgr, gkru pgr, saca saca-lmiegr a gprasaetgr gi iparghir gpaegs is gcgràs `gms m`pirtgetas (@urtg _gca at _gca at gc., gc., 2::2) Zir iutri cghi, i hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs buslg aelietrgr g lgusg iu gs lgusgs qua harg` irmka` g hatar`meghis ¸ m`pirtgeta qua is hghis utmcmzghis pir astg gcgràs. A oue¶ll˓gi ˓gi sadg`, ha praoarˏ aelmg, aelmg, karghis paci p aci `¸iihuci huci ha prilass pril assgà gàet etii ha gcgrà gcgràs. s. I `¸ihuci ihuci ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs hava gprasaetgr krgeha sulassi a` astm`gr g sa¶ll˓ ggi ˓i hi smsta`g (cmefg ha trges`mss˓ggi, i, bgrrgàeti iu trgesoir`ghir) trgesoir` ghir) qua qu a hau irmka` gis hascmkgàetis, has cmkgàetis, gça` a` ha mhaetm﬇lgr g gtug¶ll˓ ggi ˓i m`pr¸iprmg iprmg ha raçaass a hmsduetiras hmsduetira s (Ou (Ou at gc., gc., 7==1). 7==1). Asta Asta `¸ihuci ihuci axmka i usi oarrgàetgs li`putglmiegms ghaqughgs jg iparg¶ll˓ gi g˓i a` ta`pi ragc, u`g vaz qua q ua asta ¸a ragcmzghi ie-cmea . G atgpg ha ge¸gcmsa gcmsa p¸is-ìrta is-ìrta lirraspieha g u`g pasqumsg bgstgeta hatgcfghg sibra gs lgusgs hg ogctg, gçaa` ` ha mhaetm﬇lgr mhaetm﬇ lgr piss¸ķvams ķvams ogcfgs ogc fgs iu lie﬇r`gr l ie﬇r`gr g lirratg iparg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha raç as as a hmsduetiras. Zir sar u`g ogsa bgstgeta trgbgcfisg a qua axmka krgeha pralms˓gi, gi, ieha s˓gi gi utmcmzg-

ris gi, g˓i,etis quas hg li` meoir`g¶ ll˓ ias i˓aslurhg saq¨ saq u uˏ ˏaelmg aelprita¶ mg hall˓ avaeti ava htrgbgcfg` g liet l ietme mekˏ kˏaelmg ael mg ags tg`b¸ t g`b¸ a` a` li li` ` l ur¨ha vgs ha lirraeta a taes˓ggii rakmstrghgs pir islmç ikrgois ikrgois iu rakmstrghiras hmkmtgms ha parturbg¶ll˓ ias. i˓as. Asta Asta prilass prilassi, i, ragcmzghi i﬊-cmea ragcmzghi i﬊-cmea , ¸a bgstgeta trgbgcfisi a raquar liesmhar¸ gvac gvac liefalmàeti a fgbmcmhgha fu`geg (Lfgmr`ge at gc., gc., 7==6).

his tihis is tmpis ha hghis h ghis hmspie hmspi e¸ķvams, astg ¸a eir`gcei r`gcàeta ragcmzghg ragcmzghg i﬊-cmea i﬊-cmea .

I rglmil¸ķemi ķemi ta`pirgc ta`pir gc ¸a liesmhar liesmharghi ghi pir _gca & Rgìs (7==1) liì lfgva eg sicu¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha pribca`gs a` ta`pi ragc. Msti, pims quast˓ quastias ˓ias ta`pirgms ogza` pgrta hi prilassi ha sicu¶ll˓ gi g˓i utmcmzghi pacis iparghiras a pacis aekaefamris ha prita¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, iu sadg, gs lielcus˓ias ias ibtmhgs pacis aspalmgcmstgs hapaeha` his ta`pis ha ilirrˏ i lirrˏ aelmg aelmg a hg irha` lrieiçikmlg ikmlg his avaeti avaetis, s, gça` a` his metarv metarvgcis gcis ha ta`pi qua sapgrg` is hmvarsis avaetis.

2

I prilassi ha guti`gtmzg¶ll˓˓ggii hg ge¸gcmsa gcmsa ha iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha hmsduetiras a raç aass ta` smhi ìtmvi ha pasqumsg f¸g `gms ha trmetg geis (Hycmglli & Nrgyegn, 7=?=). I hasaev hasaevicvm` icvmàeti aeti ha u`g oarrgàe oarrgàetg tg li`putglmi li`putglmiegc egc pgrg hmgke¸istmli ie-cmea istmli ie-cmea  ha ha ogctgs a` smsta`gs sm sta`gs ha pitˏ p itˏaeaelmg ast¸g cieka hi trmvmgc, hghi i vicuà ha meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as a melartazgs melartazgs hgs meoir`g¶ meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias hmspie¸ hmspie¸ķvams gi iparghir, gçaa` ` hi astrassa astr assa a g urkˏaelmg aelm g hg h g smtug s mtug¶¶ll˓ gi g˓i (Rihrmkuaz at (Rihrmkuaz at gc. gc.,, 7==?). G tgraog ha mhaetm﬇lgr is avaetis qua prihuza` u`g hatar`meghg saq uˏ u ¨ˏaelmg aelmg ha gcgràs liesmsta bgsmlgàeta bgsmlgà ha < oue¶ll˓ias4 ˓ias4 saq¨ karaelmgàeti ha gcgràs, hmgke¸ istmli istmlieta ha ogctgs a ge¸gcmsa gcmsa p¸is-ìrta. is-ìrta.

Is smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs, gs rahas eaurgms, g çikmlg ikmlg hmousg, is gckirmtìs gckirmtìs kae¸atmlis, atmlis, g buslg tgbu a gs rahas rahas ha Zatrm liestmtua` gs prmelmpgms t¸ alemlgs alemlgs gpcmlghgs gi pribca`g ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs.

˓ HI ZRIBCA@G HAOMEM¶ LGI

Hurgeta krgehas lietmekˏaelmgs, aelmgs, g iparg¶ ip arg¶ll˓˓ggii ha raçaass ha prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i a hmsduetiras aspgcfghis paci smsta`g açatrmli atrmli h¸ g irmka` g u` krgeha vicuà ha àesgkaes ha gcgràs, qua hapaehaehi hg hmspiembmcmhgha hi smsta`g ha liùemlg¶ ll˓ gi g˓i s˓gi gi aevmghis, duetgàeta li` iutris vgciras suparvmsmieghis, gis laetris ha lietrica hi smsta`g (Fgehslfme at gc., gc., 7==?). Gp¸ is is g ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha hmst¸urbmis urbmis li` hascmkgàetis ha﬇emtmvis, g prmirmhgha prmirmhg ha ¸a rastgurgr i smsta`g açatrmli atrmli gtmekmhi. Ei aetgeti aetgeti,, getas hastg atgpg ¸a ealass¸ grmi4 grmi4 Mhaetm﬇lgr i(s) li`pieaeta(s) qua ast˓gi gi a` ogctg (sacalmiegr g fmp¸itasa itasa `gms priv¸gvac)> gvac)> Aoatugr `geibrgs pgrg msicg msicgrr i li`pieaet li`pieaetaa li` • Aoatugr haoamti, lgsi sadg ealass¸grmi grmi mespa¶ll˓ gi g˓i pir pgrta hgs aqumpas ha `geutae¶ll˓˓gi> gi>

• Rastgurgr gs pgrtas hi smsta`g gtmekmhgs paci hascmkgàeti, `gs qua e˓gi gi ast˓ gi gi a` ogctg>

27? Ravm Ravmstg stg L Lietr ietrica ica & Guti Guti`g¶ `g¶ l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

˓gi • Lgsi fgdg ealassmhgha, gs aqumpas ha `geutae¶ll˓gi s˓gi gi hascilghgs pgrg qua i haoamti pissg sar lirrmkmhi (msti kargcàeta ilirra qugehi gcku`gs prita¶ll˓ ias i˓as iparg`, bciquagehi i aqumpgàeti pritakmhi)>

Ogcfgs a` raç aass iu hmsduetiras, a ogctgs `¸ uctmpcgs, uctmpcgs, • Ogcfgs li`pcmlg` i prilassi ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs. ogctgs. Ei prmàmri lgsi g ogctg ¸a acm`meghg acm`megh g gtrgv¸aass hg prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha ratgkugrhg, m`pcmlgehi a` u`g krgeha ¸grag grag hascmkghg. Ei sakuehi lgsi, i e¸ uàri uàri ha li`bmeg¶ll˓ ias i˓as piss¸ piss¸ķvac tireg i pribca`g ha hmgke¸ istmli istmli bgstgeta li`pcaxi, havmhi g sug egturazg li`bmegt¸ii-rmg>

• Omegcàeta, rastgurgr g(s) pgrta(s) ieha ilirrau i haoamti. Hastgs atgpgs, g prmàmrg lirraspieha gi hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs ogctgs.. Li` g saca saca¶¶ll˓ gi g˓i hg fmp¸itasa itasa lirratg, liesakua-sa `mem`mzgr i ta`pi ha metarrup¶ll˓˓ggii a i rmsli ha gkrgvgr g smtug¶ll˓gi ˓gi iu hgem﬇lgr aqumpgàetis, racmkgehi-is mehavmhgàeta.

ggi ˓i ha hghis lirri`pmhis> lirri`pmhis> • Gqumsm¶ll˓ • Ogcfg ei smsta`g ha trges`mss˓gi gi ha hghis a uemhghas tar`megms raìtgs> ˓ias, qugehi i vicuà ha hghis • Zarhg ha meoir`g¶ll˓ias, g sar trges`mtmhi trges`mtmhi oir ùmti krgeha. krgeha. Astg smtug¶ smtug¶ll˓˓ggii piha surkmr hurgeta g ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha ogctg axtra`gàeta krgva li` ùmtis hascmkgàetis>

Q`g krgeha vgrmahgha ha hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓gi ˓gi ¸a me messtgcghg ei smsta`g aç aatrmli, trmli, hapaehaehi hi aqumpgàeti g sar pritakmhi pritakmhi a hi sau e¸ķvac ha taes˓ taes˓ggi. i. Lghg Lghg tmp tmpii ha hmspismtmvi ha prita¶ll˓˓ggii ¸a hitghi hitg hi ha lartis lart is lrmt¸armis armi s lgpgzas ha hataltgr i astghi geir`gc hi li`pieaeta aç açatrm at rmli li..

Ea` a` tihgs tihgs gs su subas bastg tg¶¶ll˓ias ˓ias pissua pissua` ` rakmst rakmstri ri ha • E saq¨ saq u uˏ aelm g ha avaetis> avaeti s> ¨ˏaelmg

• M`pralms˓gi gi eis ei s ta`pis ta` pis ha ilirrˏ i lirrˏaaelmg elmg his avaetis> a vaetis>

G gpcmlgbmcmhgha ha u` smsta`g ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs hapaeha hapae ha ha hmoaraetas tmpis ha raças as ha prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i g sara`

• Gcgràs qua surka` pacg p acg ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha avaetis avaetis salueh¸ ggrmis rmis piha` piha` sar oglmc` oglmcàe aeta ta `mstur `msturghi ghiss li` gcgràs lgusghis pacg parturbg¶ll˓gi ˓gi prm`¸grmg> grmg>

liesmharghis (Fgehslfme at (Fgehslfme at gc., gc., 7==?)4 as hmoaraelmgm hmo araelmgmss (trgesoir`ghir (trges oir`ghiras, as, karghiras)> kar ghiras)> • Raças

• Hm﬇luchgha a` smùcgr avaetis rgris a ogctg ha hghis fmst¸iirmlis rmlis praduhmlg i prikrassi ha trgbgcfis eg ¸grag, u`g vaz qua assas li`p˓ia` grag, ia` g bgsa pgrg i hasaevicvmàeti ha ìhacis>

• R Raç açaass ha hmstˏ hms tˏgelmg gelmg (cmefgs)> • Raç R aças as ha sibrali sib ralirraet rraetaa mestgetˏ mest getˏgeai geai iu ta`pirmzghi, li` iu sa` uemhgha hmralmiegc (cmefgs a trgesoir`ghiras)>

• G axparmˏaelmg aelmg hi iparghir s¸ i piha sar ibtmhg eg pr¸ gtmlg, gtmlg, `gs ogctgs savargs ilirra` piulgs vazas. G axparmˏaelmg aelmg ghqumrmhg ghq umrmhg sibra u`g hatar`meghg hatar`me ghg ogctg, ogct g, ea` sa`pra sa`p ra ¸a ggpcm pcml¸ l¸gvac gvac sibra s ibra g ilirrˏ i lirrˏaaelmg elmg ha iutrgs (Ou (Ou at gc., gc., 7==1).

Raç aças as ha sibralirraeta s ibralirraeta ha eautri eautr i ta`pirmzghi, ta`p irmzghi, li` • R iu sa` uemhgha hmralmiegc (cmefgs a trgesoir`ghiras).

Kargcàeta, is raç as as gs mestgetˏ geais geaista`pirmzghgs pritaka` i aqumpgàeti, aequgeti qua uemhghas sarva` liì ratgkugrhg. Iutris tmpis ha raças, as, tgms liì4 Bulfficz a ta`pargturg, ei lgsi ha trgesoir`ghiras> raçaass hg tacaprita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, ei lgsi hgs cmefgs (ralap¶ll˓ gi g˓i a pgrtmhg hg tacaprita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, lfgvaa ha bciquami hg pirtghirg, atl.)> a raç lfgv aass utmcmzghis a` hmsduetiras (bgmxg prass˓ggii ha \O?, hmslirhˏgelmg gelmg ha p¸icis, icis, atl.), tg`b¸ a` a` piha` pi ha` sar liesmharghis. I tmpi tmp i a g qugetmhgha ha meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as hmspie hmspi e¸ķvams hapaeha` hapae ha` axlcusmvgàeta hi smsta`g sm sta`g açatrmli atrmli a` li liesmharg¶ esmharg¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. Zribca`gs mearaetas gj tgraog ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs aevicvaehi raç ra çaas, s, hmsduetiras, hmsduetiras , lgegms lg egms ha h a liùemlg¶ liùem lg¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, aetra iutris, hava` sar cavghis a` liesmharg¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. G àtihicikmg ha sicu¶ll˓ ggi ˓i g sar m`pcaàetghg hava sar aslicfmhg cavgehi-sa a` lietg is sakumetas ogtiras4

Zir ﬇`, i hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs iu astm`g¶ll˓ gi g˓i hg sa¶ll˓ gi g˓i a` ogctg ¸a ha﬇emhi liì u` pribca`g ha ti`ghg ha halms˓ gi, gi, ieha v¸grmgs grmgs fmp¸itasas itasas (sa¶ll˓ias ˓ias a` ogctg), pravmgàeta oirùcghgs, li`pata` aetra sm, lgbaehi gi iparghir iu gj oarrgàetg li`putglmiegc ha gpimi, sacalmiegr g `gms priv¸gvac gvac (Zgrn at (Zgrn at gc., gc., 7===).

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˓ HA HGHI\ \M\X \M\XA@ A@G G HA GWQ WQM\ M\MML ¶ GI

Is smsta`gs \LGHG (\uparvmsiry (\uparvmsiry Lietric geh Hgtg Glqumsmtmie) a/iu qumsmtmie) a/iu A@\ (Aearky (Aearky @gegkàet \ysta`s ) s˓ ggii gs prmelmpgms prmelmpgms oietas ha meoir`g¶ meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as hmspie¸ķvams ķvams gis iparghiras hi laetri ha lietrica, gs qugms pissmbmcmtg` u` hmgke¸ istmli istmli ie-cmea , getas hg atgpg ha rastgurg¶ll˓ ggi ˓i hi smsta`g. Xmpmlgàeta, astas smsta`gs s˓gi gi li`pistis pir li`putghiras pgrg prilassgàeti his hghis, uemhghas tar`megms tar` megms raìtgs raìtgs (QXR) (QXR) aspgcfghgs aspgcfghgs kaikrg﬇lg kaikrg﬇lgàe àeta ta

Ravmstg Lietrica & Guti`g¶l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

27;

pgrg licatg a aevmi his hghis hgs subastg¶ll˓ iias ˓as a usmegs, smsta`gs ha liùemlg¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, a metaroglas fià`-`¸gqumeg. gqumeg.

pubcmlghis eastg grag ¸grag utmcmzg meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias sibra is astghis ha raças as a hmsduetiras hmsduetira s (Rihrmki (R ihrmki at gc., gc., 7==?).

Gs meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as hmspi hmspie e¸ķvams gis iparghiras iparg hiras (saq¨ (saq u uˏ ae lmgg ha ¨ˏaelm avaetis a tipicikmg hi smsta`g) tg`b¸ a` a` s˓ gi gi a`prakghgs pacis aekaefamri aekaefamriss ha prita¶ prita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, pgrg pgrg prihu¶ prihu¶ll˓gi ˓g i ha u` hmgke¸istmli istmli `gms pralmsi i﬊-cmea . Ast Astaa hmgke hmgke¸istmli ¸istmli tg`b¸a` a` varm﬇lg, gça` a` hg lgusg hg ogcfg, sa i li`pirtgli`pir tgàeti his hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i oim ghaqughi. Astas

Zir iutri cghi, is smsta`gs ha hmstrmbum¶ll˓gi ˓gi e˓gi gi s˓gi gi t˓ggii ba` ìemtirghis. ìemtirghis. A` ùmtis smsta`gs smsta`gs ha hmstrmbum hmstrmbum¶¶ll˓˓ggii axmstaetas, e˓gi gi f¸g g hmspiembmcmhgha ha rakmstrghiras ha saquˏ u elmg h haa avaetis a ti`ghgs ha ta`pis ta`p is pralmsgs pral msgs sibra si bra ¨ˏaaelmg g iparg¶ll˓˓gi gi ha raç aass a hmsduetiras (Xai & Kiim, 7==6). G ìemtirg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hastas smsta`gs kargcàeta sa rastrmeka

aekaefamris aekaefam ris lietg` tg`b¸a` a` li` meoir`g¶ meoir`g ¶ll˓ ias i˓as licatghgs pacis islmçikrgois, ikrgois, iu pacis rakmstrghiras hmkmtgms ha parturbg¶ll˓gi ˓gi (RHZ). Asta liedueti ha hghis h ghis ¸a assaelmgc assaelmg c pgrg g gvgcmg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hg iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hg prita¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, `gs hurgeta liehm¶ll˓ iias ˓as axtra`gs piha` prihuzmr u`g sibralgrkg ha meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as (Bacc at (Bacc at gc., gc., 7==6).

g raças as a hmsduetiras hmsduetira s gt¸a g sg sg¸¸ķhg ha bgmxg taes˓gi g i hgs subastg¶ll˓ias. ˓ias.

Q` his `gmiras pribca`gs racgtmvis gi rakmstrghir hmkmtgc ha parturbg¶ll˓ias ˓ias ast¸ g racglmieghi gi krgeha e¸ u uàri àri ha parturbg¶ll˓ias ˓ias a hghis rakmstrghis. Xgc pribca`g piha sar lietireghi li` i hasaevicvmàeti ha ritmegs lgpgzas ha hmstmekumr ogctgs trgesmt¸irmgs irmgs a iutris avaetis trgesmt¸ irmis irmis qua e˓gi gi raprasaeta` u`g ogctg par`geaeta. Ei Brgsmc, Brg smc, gs li`pgefmgs li `pgefmgs aeark¸atmlgs atmlgs ast˓gi gi substmtumehi is islmçikrgois ikrgois lievaelmiegms pacis rakmstrghiras hmkmtgms ha parturbg¶ll˓ ias, i˓as, rasuctgehi a` baeao baeao¸¸ķlmis gj iparg¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, aetra is qugms lmtg`-sa (Kiàs at (Kiàs at gc., gc., 7===)4

• Iparg¶ll˓ gi g˓i lie﬇¸gvac gvac (lie﬇gbmcmhgha his hghis raoaraetas g u`g parturbg¶ll˓ gi)> g˓i)> • Bgeli ha hghis a` àmis li`putghirmzghis (fmst¸ iirmli rmli li` glassi r¸gpmhi)> gpmhi)> • Karaelmgàeti metakrghi li` is rakmstris privaemaetas hg prita¶ll˓gi ˓gi hmkmtgc> • Laetrgcmzg¶ll˓ gi g˓i hgs meoir`g¶ll˓ ias> i˓as> • Oue¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha cilgcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha haoamtis “ smùcg¶ll˓˓iias as ragcmzghgs pacis aekaefamris hg ACAXRI\QC, ìstrg` u` arri `¸ahmi ahmi ha

• Ziha axmkmr u` e¸ķvac ha liefalmàeti `gms gpriouehghi hi qua faur¸ faur¸ķstmli, u`g vaz qua qu a g ouelmiegoue lmiegcmhgha his hmspismtmvis lietmhis eg subastg¶ll˓gi ˓gi piha sar oir`gcàeta trgeslrmtg. A` e¸ķvac Laetrgcmz Laetr gcmzghi4 ghi4 ihuci pgrg sacalmiegr g pgrta • Ealassmhgha ha u` `¸ihuci hi smsta`g smsta `g g sar gegcmsghg, gegcmsgh g, msti ¸a, a, mhaetm﬇lgr mha etm﬇lgr gs pgrp grtas hi smsta`g gtmekmhgs pacg ogctg> gi g˓i a krgeha lgpglmhgha • Ealassmhgha ha li`pgltg¶ll˓ ha trges`mss˓gi gi ha hghis (a` krgeha vicuà, sa oir oamtg u`g ge¸gcmsa gcmsa saàcfgeta gj qua sarmg ragcmzghg a` e¸ķvac ha subastg sub astg¶¶ll˓ gi). g˓i). G`bis is tmpis ha hmgke¸iistmli stmli lietg` gmehg li`4 \aq¨ uˏ u aˏelmg ha ta`pi a` qua is avaeti avaetiss ilirra`, ilirra`, • \aq äelmg par`mtmehi gegcmsgr i hasa`paefi his hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, gça` a` ha g duhgr ei prilassi prilass i ha cilgcmzgci lgcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha ogctgs (easta lgsi, is raçikmis ikmis hgs subastg¶ll˓ ias i˓as hava` astgr smelriemzghis)>

Ravmstg Lietrica & Guti`g¶l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

27=

Lumhghis eg `geutae¶ `geutae¶ll˓gi ˓g i hg bgsa ha hghis, pims • Lumhghis a`birg axmstg` ùmtis hghis, astas piha` sar me¸uutams lgsi e˓gi gi sadg` trgtghis ghaqughgàeta.

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¸ ˓ @AXIHI\ HA \ICQ¶ LGI

G cmtargturg prip˓ia ia g utmcmzg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha smsta`gs metacmkaetas eg tgraog ha hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs. G utmcmzg¶ll˓ ggi ˓i hg hgss t¸alalemlgs ha metacmkˏaelmg aelmg grtm﬇lmgc grtm﬇lmg c (MG) ¸a ealass¸grmg grmg havmhi jg gusˏaaelmg elmg ha u`g oirùcg¶ll˓gi ˓gi gegçķtmlg ķtmlg a﬇lgz, lgpgz ha siculmiegr i pribca`g. Aetra gs hmvarsgs t¸alemlgs alemlgs ha MG, hastglg`-sa is smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs, gs rahas eaurgms, g çiikmlg kmlg hmousg a is gckirmtìs kae¸atmlis. atmlis. G gpcmlg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha iutris `¸atihis, atihis , tgms liì rahas ha Zatrm, tg`b¸a` a` ¸a aelietrghg eg cmtargturg. Xgms t¸alemlgs alemlgs surka` liì sicu¶ll˓ ias i˓as pri`mssirgs, ieha g egturazg faur¸ faur¸ķstmlg a sm`b¸icmlg icmlg hi rglmil¸ķemi ķemi aevicvmhi egs tgraogs hi iparghir piha sar ìhacghg. Is rasuctghis ibtmhis li` gpcmlg¶ll˓ias ˓ias ha smsta`gs metacmkaetas a` smsta`gs ha pitˏ p itˏaelmg aelmg ìstrg` ` istrg` qua q ua g utmcmzg¶ u tmcmzg¶ll˓ ggi ˓i ha t¸alemale mlgs ha metacmkˏaelmg aelmg grtm﬇lmgc grtm﬇lmg c ¸a ghaqughg a bgstgeta privamtisg, lgpgz ha siculmiegr pribca`gs eis qugms gs t¸ alalemlgs trghmlmiegms ha prikrg`g¶ll˓gi ˓gi e˓gi gi gprasaetg` bies rasuctghis (_gca & Rgìs, 7==1). A` smsta`gs açatrmlis atrmlis ha pitˏaelmg, aelmg, gp¸is is g ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha u`g ogctg, i iparghir ealassmtg sacalmiegr gs àesgkaes `gms racavgetas, axtrgmr u`g lielcus˓gi gi g pgrtmr his hghis hmspie¸ hmspie¸ķvams, a gkmr gpriprmghgàeta gpriprmghgàeta ha ìhi g rastgbacalar rastgbacalar i smsta`g gi sau astghi astghi sakuri. Lgba gi iparghir halmhmr sa piha iu e˓gi gi racmkgr is aqumpgàetis gtmekmhis gtmekmhis paci hascmkgàet hascmkgàeti. i. G hmspism¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha u`g oarrgàetg li`putglmiegc ha gux¸ gux¸ķcmi gj ti`ghg ha halms˓ gi, gi, duetgàeta li` i smsta`g ha suparvms˓gi, gi, pihar¸g tiregr `gms r¸gpmhg gpmhg astg tgraog a hm`meumr is rmslis lgusghis pir u`g `¸g metarpratg¶ll˓gi ˓gi his avaetis smegcmzghis, prmelmpgcàeta eis lgsis ha sibralgrkg ha meoir`g¶l˓ lias. i˓as.

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bgsa ha liefalmàetis raprasaetghg eg oir`g4 sa  (lie (liehm¶ll˓˓ggi)... i)... aet˓ gi gi (lielcus˓ (lielcus˓gi/g¶ gi/g¶ll˓gi). ˓gi). Iutrg gctaregtmvg gctaregt mvg ¸a g his smsta`gs bgsaghis a` lgsis, qua –trgbgcfg`‐ li` lgsis ilirrmhis, ha oir`g sm`mcgr gi qua glietala li` u`g passig, qua vgm ghqumrmehi axparmˏaelmg aelmg ei halirrar his geis a qua raca`brg ilirrˏaelmgs aelmgs pgssghgs pgrg rasicvar eivis pribca`gs pr ibca`gs (Cao¸avra, avra, 7==?). \akuehi Rihrmkuaz at Rihrmkuaz at gc. (7==?) i smsta`g sms ta`g aspalmgcmstg aspalm gcmstg ¸a u`g hgs t¸alemlgs alem lgs ha sicu s icu¶¶ll˓ gi g˓i pgrg i hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs `gms aslicfmhg pacis pasqumsghiras, hasha qua [iccaebark (7=6?) sukarmu g sug utmcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ei trgtgàeti ha gcgràs. gcgr às. A`birg A`birg ùmti ùmti raqumsmtg raqumsmtghi hi pacis pasqumsghipasqumsghiras, piulgs pasqumsgs pasqumsgs oirg` titgcàe titgcàeta ta hasaev hasaevicvmhg icvmhgss a gpcmlghgs gpcmlghgs a` smsta`gs smsta`gs ragms. Aetra Aetra is trgbgcfis m`pcaàetgh pcaà etghis is a` lg`pi, Rihrmkuaz Rihrmkuaz   at gc., gc., hastglg` i CGMHG, hasaevicvmhi pgrg g a`prasg ha aearkmg aspgeficg Mbarhricg, a` iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hasha 7=6=. I usi ha smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs ei hmgke¸istmli istm li ha ogc ogctgs tgs ¸a prgtmlgàeta meavmt¸gvac, gvac, u`g vaz qua i iparghir ealassmtg ha rasuctghis hmratis eg oir`g sm`b¸icmlg, icmlg, o¸glams glams ha sara` gegcmsghis (Lfmkgear at (Lfmkgear at gc., gc., 2:::). Liesaq Liesaquaetau äetaàeta, a`b irg sadg` sadg utmcmzghis utmcmll˓ iutris iu tris `¸atihis atihis metacmkˏ aelmg aelmga`birg grtm﬇lmgc grtm﬇lmg c eg`sicu¶ gi g˓zghis i hi pribca`g, ogz-sahaealass¸ grmi grmi i smsta`g aspalmgcmstg eg mhaetm﬇lg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha aqumpgàetis a gcgràs aevicvmhis (smeti`gs), gssilmgehi-is li` gs priv¸gvams gvams axpcmlg¶ll˓ ias i˓as (lgusgs). Is smsta`gs smsta`gs aspalmgcmst aspalmgcmstgs gs kargcàe kargcàeta ta gprasaetg gprasaetg` ` u`g grqumtaturg grqumtatu rg liestmtu¸ķhg ķhg pir trˏaass `¸ihucis ihucis prmelmpgms prmelmpgms44 u`g bgsa ha liefalmà liefalmàeti, eti, u` ìtir ha meoarˏ meoarˏaelmg aelmg a u`g metarogla li` i usu¸grmi. grmi. I liefalmàeti liefalm` aeti sibra i hi`¸ hi`¸ķemi ¸a raprasaetghi eg bgsa ha liefalmàeti hi \A, qua ¸a oir`ghg pacg bgsa ha rakrgs a pacis ogtis, gr`gzaeghis eg à`¸irmg irmg ha trgbgcfi. Zir iutri iu tri cghi, i ìtir ha meoarˏaelmg aelmg ¸a i àlgemsì ` algemsì ha lietrica hi smsta`g qua gvgcmg a gpcmlg gs rakrgs lieoirà gs meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as lietmhgs eg à`¸irmg irmg ha trgbgcfi. G grqumtaturg t¸ķpmlg ha u` \A piha p iha sar vmstg eg Omkurg 7 (Bmttaeliurt, 7==6).

\ms \msta` ta`gs gs aspal aspalmgc mgcmst mstgs gs ?.7.7

\msta`gs aspalmgcmstgs (\A”s) s˓gi gi prikrg`gs ha li`putghir qua gr`gzaeg` i liefalmàeti ha aspalmgcmstgs a` u` hatar`meghi hatar`meg hi hi`¸ hi`¸ķemi a i utmcmzg`, utmcmzg `, li`bmeghi g `¸aatihis ha meoarˏ meo arˏaaelmg, elmg, pgrg rasicvar ra sicvar pribca`gs pri bca`gs qua s˓gi gi su﬇lmaetaàeta ﬇lmaetaàe ta li`pcaxis a/iu ha hmo¸ hmo¸ķlmc ìhacgka` pir àmi ha `¸atihis ati his gegçķtmlis ķtml is lievaelm li evaelmiegm iegmss (Oamkaebgu` (Oamka ebgu`,, 7=62). G oir`g `gms liù` ha gr`gzaegr i liefalmàeti faur¸ķstmli ¸a g hgs rakrgs ha prihu¶ prihu ll˓ ¶gi. ˓g i. East Eastaa lgsi, lgsi, i liliefalmàeti axtrg¸ķhi ķhi his aspalmgcmstgs aspalm gcmstgs h¸g irmka` g u`g

_getgkaes _getgkaes ei usi ha smsta`g smsta`gss aspalmgcmst aspalmgcmstgs gs

Aetra gs prmelmpgms Aetra prmelmpgms vgetgkae vgetgkaess a` sa m`pcaàet m`pcaàetgr gr u` smsta`g aspalmgcmstg hastglg-sa4 ggi ˓i ha sibralgrkg hi iparghir, pir axlassi • G rahu¶ll˓ ha gcgràs, meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as a rastrm¶ll˓ias> ˓ias>

• Zravae¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha arris fu`geis> • Ratae¶ll˓ gi g˓i hi liefalmàeti hg iparg¶ll˓ gi> g˓i> lg a gkmcmhgha egs halms˓iias as ipargtmvgs> • @gms sakurge¶lg

22: Ravm Ravmstg stg L Lietr ietrica ica & Guti Guti`g¶ `g¶ l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

?.7. ?.7.< <

Bgsa ha liefalmàeti @a`ürmg ha trgbgcfi

Bgsa ha rakrgs

Gpcml Gpcmlg¶ g¶ l l˓ ˓ g gi i gi hm hmgke gke¸ istmli ¸ istmli ha ogctgs

Ei lgsi hi hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs, is smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs raprasaetg` u`g gctaregtmvg v¸ggcmh c mhg, g, pir¸aa` ` tˏa` a` pripr ibca`gs racgtmvis g ùhge¶lgs lgs eg tipicikmg hg raha, i qua m`pcmlg eg oirùcg¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha u` krgeha e¸u uàri àri ha rakrgs, liesu`mehi ùmti ta`pi hurgeta g ogsa ha m`pcaàetg¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Iutris Iutris pribca`gs pribca`gs li` racg¶ll˓˓ggii g aastg stg t¸alemlg alem lg s˓ggii g hm﬇luchgha ha cmhgr li` hghis lirri`pmhis, a g ea-

@itir ha meoaräelmg

lassmhgha ha krgeha hmspiembmcmhgha ha u` aspalmgcmstg fu`gei. Omkurg 74 Grqumtaturg ha u` \A. ˓gi hg oarrgàetg pacis • @gmir oglmcmhgha ha glamtg¶ll˓gi usu¸ grmis, grmis, d¸g qua g às`g piha axpcmlgr g oir`g pir àmi hg qugc lfakiu g sug lielcus˓ggii a ouelmieg ha oir`g saàcfgeta gi rglmil¸ķemi ķemi fu`gei.

Liesmhara pir axa`pci, g prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i hmoaraelmgc ha bgrrgs, qua ta` pir ﬇egcmhgha hascmkgr tihis is hmsduetiras liealtghis gj bgrrg. Easta lgsi, lgsi, u`g rakrg qua lirraspiehg g astg smtug¶ll˓ ggi ˓i piha sar aslrmtg liì4 \A g prita¶ ll˓gi ˓gi prmelmpgc hg bgrrg (6;) ipariu, A tihis is ˓ ilirhmsduetiras liealtghis gj bgrrg gbrmrg`, AEXGI

rau u`g ogctg eg bgrrg. ?.7. ?.7.2 2

Cm`m Cm`mtg tg¶ l˓ li ¶ ˓ ias as his smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs

Gpasg r his smsta`gs Gpasgr smsta` gs aspalmgcmstg aspa lmgcmstgss liestmtu¸ķra` ķra` u`g sicusi cu¶ll˓gi ˓gi v¸gcmhg, gcmhg, gckues ogtiras cm`mtg` c m`mtg` g sug a﬇lmˏaelmg, aelmg, saehi i prmelmpgc g hm﬇luchgha, a` gcku`gs gpcmlg¶ll˓ iias, ˓as, ha sa ghqumrmr, raprasaetgr a vgcmhgr i liefalmàeti ha oir`g sm`pcas a li`pcatg.

• Eg atgpg ha gqumsm¶ll˓ ggi ˓i ha liefalmàeti f¸g ealassmhgha ha hmspiembmcmhgha ha u` aspalmgcmstg fu`gei li` metarassa a` licgbirgr a qua taefg oglmcmhgha ha liùemlg¶ll˓ gi g˓i li` i aekaefamri ha liefalmàeti, qua hasaevicvar¸g i smsta`g aspalmgcmstg> • Is smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs e˓ggii s˓gi gi lgpgzas ha kaeargcmzgr, iu sadg, cm`mtg`-sa g raspiehar ha glirhi li` gs meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias lietmhgs a` sug bgsa ha liefalmàeti, saehi melgpgzas ha tmrgr lielcus˓ias ias sibra gcki qua e˓gi gi astadg lietmhi eg às`g (@ghge & Biccmekar, 7==;)> • Gs ilirrˏaelmgs aelmgs ha ogctgs o gctgs krgvas s˓gi gi rgrgs, u`g vaz qua is smsta`gs ha aearkmg s˓gi gi bgstgeta lie﬇¸gvams. gvams. Ciki, ea` àsì à sì u` aekaefamri aekaefam ri axparmaeta axp armaeta hat¸ ha t¸a` a` liefalmàeti sibra tihis is tmpis ha ogctgs piss¸ piss¸ķvams, saehi sa ehi pirtgeti p irtgeti hmo h mo¸¸ķlmc vgcmhgr vgcmhg r g bgsa b gsa ha liefalmàeti>

Liesmhargehi g pissmbmcmhgha ha ogcfg ha u` iu `gms hmsduetir hmsdu etiras, as, g rakrg rakrg piharmg sar aslrmtg aslrmtg liì4 \A

g prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i prmelmpgc hg bgrrg (6;) ipariu, A ea` tihis is hmsduetiras liealtghis gj bgrrg gbrmrg`, A g prita¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha ogcfg ha hmsduetir ipariu, A ipariu g prita¶ll˓˓ggii ha ratgkugrhg raìtg (cmefg iu trgesoir`ghir ghdglaeta ˓ ilirrau u`g ogctg eg bgrrg. gj bgrrg), AEXGI

Ciki, gs rakrgs piha` sar acgbirghgs li` bgsa eg smùcg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hg liirhaeg¶ll˓˓gi gi his raç aass ha prita¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, liesmliesmhargehi sugs ziegs ha gtug¶ll˓ ggi ˓i a ta`pis ha iparg¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. _gciras gegçikmlis ikmlis ha lirraeta a taes˓gi, gi, tg`b¸a` a` pi piha` ha` sar utmcmzghis.

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Rah Rahas as Eau Eaurgm rgmss Grt Grtm﬇l m﬇lmgm mgmss

Gs rahas rahas eaurgm eaurgmss grtm﬇l grtm﬇lmgm mgmss (REG) (REG) liestm liestmtua tua` ` u`g oir`g ha gprixm`g¶ll˓ gi g˓i uemvarsgc ha oue¶ll˓ias, ˓ias, qua gprasaetg u` hasa`paefi sgtmsogt¸irmi irmi hurgeta g metarpratg¶ll˓gi ˓gi a lcgssm﬇lg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha pghr˓ias ias li`pca li`pcaxis xis.. Astgs Astgs s˓ ggii tg`b¸a` a` bgstgeta bgst geta vars¸gtams gtams a piha` gpraehar lietmeugàeta, gça` a` ha gprasaetgra` lgpglmhgha ha kaeargcmzg¶ll˓˓gi gi a gcti hasa`paefi li`putglmiegc, havmhi gi sau oirta pgrgcacmsì (Butcar at (Butcar at gc., gc., 7==;).

• \msta`gs aspalmgcmstgs e˓gi gi hava` lietar meoir`g¶ll˓˓iias as li`pcatgs (askitgàeti ha tihgs gs pissmbmcmhghas). hghas ). Zirtge Zirtgeti, ti, is pridatmstgs pridatmstgs s˓gi gi melgpgzas ha pravar sug a﬇lmˏaelmg aelmg a` smtug¶ll˓ias ˓ias e˓gi gi tastghgs>

Gs rahas eaurgms s˓gi gi mespmrghgs eis prilassis a astruturgs larabrgms, saehi li`pistgs pir e¸is is qua ralaba` meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as a gs trgesoara` àhmgeta lieax˓ias ias pieharghgs aetra lg`ghgs, a` kargc ha﬇emhgs liì ha aetrghg, iluctgs ilu ctgs a ha h a sg s g¸ķhg ķhg..

gi gprasaetg` bi` hasa`paefi qugehi g oir¶llgg • E˓gi brutg ha buslg e˓gi gi puhar sar substmtu¸ substmtu¸ķhg pir aetaehmàeti.

Kargcàeta, i eaurˏiemi iemi (m) (Omk. 2) ha u`g hatar`meghg lg`ghg (n ) ralaba meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias ha aetrghg, ùctmpcmlg-

Ravmstg Lietrica & Guti`g¶l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

227

guàeti ei e¸ uàri uàri ha lieax˓ lieax˓ ias ias hg raha eaurgc, hm﬇luctgehi g sug gpcmlg¶ll˓˓ggii a` smsta`gs ragms ha krgeha krg eha pirta. pirta. Nm` & Zgrn Zgrn (7== ķhi> • E˓gi gi ealassmtg` ha rakrgs axpçķlmtgs ķlmtgs pgrg g haslrm¶ll˓ gi g˓i hi asqua`g ha prita¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. \iàeta hghis sibra g iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha raçaass a h hmsduetiras msduetiras gssilmghis gssilm ghis g u`g hah atar`meghg ogctg s˓gi gi ealass¸grmis grmis (]gek at (]gek at gc., gc., 7==8). Msti, pims i prilassi ha gpraehmzgka` hg `gmirmg hgs rahas sa h¸g gtrgv¸aass ha axa`pci axa` pcis> s> • Ziha` gpraehar gpraehar guti`gtmlg guti`gtmlgàet àetaa eiv eivis is lae¸ ggrmis rmis ha ogctg, bgstgehi ghmlmiegr-sa eivis hghis gi lie dueti ha tramegàeti> metr¸ķesali par`mta p ar`mta gu• Rgpmhaz - i sau pgrgcacmsì metr¸ àetgr g vacilmhgha ha raspistg> glmc glmc m`pcaàetg¶ll˓ gi g˓i - u`g vaz qua g às`g às`g utmcmzg • O¸ axa`pcis hurgeta i tramegàeti. ?.2.2 ?.2 .2

Has Hasvge vgetgk tgkaes aes

ias ha tramegàeti hapaeha` his astghis ha • Zghr˓ias raç raças a s a hms hmsdue duetir tiras, as, i qua piha m`pcml m`pcmlgr gr a` u`

• Meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as ha astghis ha raç aass a hmsduetiras “ \ue at gc. (7==6) liesmharg` astgs meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as liì saehi mesu﬇lmaetas, pims lgsi ilirrg u`g ogctg eg cmefg ha trges`mss˓gi, gi, is hmsduetiras hm sduetiras a raças as gssilmghi gss ilmghiss g astg cmefg piha` ogcfgr, ipargr melirratgàeta iu gprasaetgr u` hasa`paefi geir`gc, praduhmlgehi i hmgke¸istmli istmli ﬇egc. Zirtge Zirtgeti, ti, is àsìs àsìs sukara` qua i smsta`g sadg liesmharghi liì u` tihi, iu sadg4 cmefg ha trges`mss˓gi, gi, hmsduetiras, hmsduetira s, raças, as, hmspihmspi smtmvis ha racmkgàeti a g saq¨ saq uˏ u elmg ha ta`pi a` ¨ˏaaelmg qua lghg avaeti ilirra> • Hm﬇luchgha a` sa kgrgetmr u` rasuctghi lie﬇¸gvac gvac “ pims ¸a hmo hmo¸¸ķlmc aspalm﬇lgr u` liedueti ha gìstrgs (pghr˓ias ias ha tramegàeti) smkem﬇lgtmvgs ([ae & Lfgek, 7==;)> \msta`gs ha pitˏ aelmg aelmg ha krgeha krgeha pirta raquara` raquara` • \msta`gs u`g raha eaurgc ha krgeha aslgcg, saehi hmo hmo¸¸ķlmc hatar`megr is pasis ¸itmìs itmìs a` tarìs ha pralms˓gi gi a asoir¶li li li`putglmi li`putglmiegc, egc, gç a` a` ha rasuctgr rasuctgr a` u`g caetg lievarkˏ aelmg aelmg hg raha hurgeta i prilassi ha tramegàeti. Zirtgeti, g ibtae¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha ìhacis `gms glamt¸ gvams gvams oir¶lg lg u`g rahu¶ll˓gi ˓gi eg hmàes˓ gi gi hg raha (@irm, 7==?)>

• Ealassmhgha ha sa hatar`megr i tg`gefi hg raha, iu sadg, i e¸ uàri uàri ha eaurˏiemis iemis a lg`ghgs hg raha> irmlis lietaehi lietaehi meoir`g¶ meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias sibra sibra ogc ogc-• Hghis fmst¸irmlis tgs sarmg` i mhagc pgrg sa tramegr g raha, `gs msti a` u`g gpcmlg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ragc ea` sa`pra ast¸g hm hmsp spie¸ ie¸ķķvac, va c, u`g vaz qua gs ogctgs ilirra` ha `geamrg gcagt¸irmg irmg a e˓gi gi s˓gi gi t˓gi gi oraq¨ oraquaetas> u äetas>

• Ogctg ha lrmt¸ armis armis qua hatar`mea` g qugetmhgha ha hghis ealass¸grmis grmis gi gpraehmzg gpraehmzghi hi hg raha. Ziulis Ziulis hghis m`pcmlg` a` ìhacis meghaqughis, aequgeti qua ùmtis hghis rasuctg` a` u` tramegàeti bgstgeta haìrghi a, pir vazas, parhg hg lgpglmhgha ha kaeargcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi (oaeˏiàei iàei liefalmhi liì sibratramegàeti)> ˓gi e˓ggii ¸a ùmti glamti, glam ti, • I gckirmtì ha ratripripgkg¶ll˓gi pims raquar ùmtgs mtarg¶ll˓ iias, ˓as, saehi m`pirtgeta m`pirtgeta g utmcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha gckirmtì ha gpraehmzghi li` bigs lgrgltar¸ lgrg ltar¸ķķstmlgs stm lgs ha lievarkˏ lievar kˏaelmg aelm g ((@irm @irm,, 7==?) 7 ==?)>>

222 Ravm Ravmstg stg L Lietr ietrica ica & Guti Guti`g¶ `g¶ l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

Gs ra raha hass e˓ gi gi liesakua` liesakua` rasic rasicvar var a﬇lmaeta a﬇lmaetaàe àeta ta • Gs pr prib ibca ca`g `gss a` qua qua g me meoi oir` r`g¶ g¶ll˓ ggi ˓i privae privaemaet maetaa hg saq¨ saq uˏ u a aelmg ˏ elmg ha avaetis li`p˓ ia i a pgrta assaelmgc pgrg ¨ i hmgke¸istmli. istmli. ?.2. ?.2.< <

Gpc Gpcml mlg¶ g¶ l˓ l˓ gi gi gi hmgke hm gke¸ istmli istmli ha ogctgs ¸

Ei lgsi hi hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs, i pribca`g ¸a oirù-

Eüs pgssmvis (ha aetrghg)

Aetrghgs

.. .

Eüs asliehmhis (iluctis)

.. .

Eüs gtmvis (ha sgàhg)

.. .

cghi liì u` ll˓ raliefalmàeti ihmsduetira as, ieha ieha shmo hmoaaraetas li`bmeg¶ ias ˓ias ha h a astghis ast ghis haharaç rapghr˓ ças as a ias, hmsduetiras s˓ggi i mhaetm﬇lghgs (]gek (]gek at at gc., gc., 7==8). Eg prmàmrg lg`ghg ta`-sa u` e¸i pgrg lghg vgrm¸gvac gvac ha aetrg aetrghg hg (O (Omk. mk. piha` sar m`pcaàetghgs li` `gmir oglmcmhgha, u`g vaz qua gpraeha` pir axa`pcis, a gprasaetg` krgeha rgpmhaz eg sicu¶ll˓˓ggii hi pribca`g. pribca`g . Zir¸a`, a`, ¸a ealass¸grmi grmi ìhacgr àcfir i pribca`g, ha ìhi g hm`meumr gi `¸gxmì gxmì i e¸ uàri uàri ha eaurˏ iiemis emis eg lg`ghg ha aetrghg, a avmtgr qua g a﬇lmˏaaelmg elmg hg raha sadg praduhm praduhmlghg lghg pir piss¸ķvams ķvams ùhge¶lgs lgs eg tipicikmg hi smsta`g smsta`g ìemtirgh ìemtirghi. i. Iutrg hm﬇luchgha hm﬇luchgha g sar cavghg a` liesmharg¶ll˓˓ggii ¸a g quast˓ quas t˓ggii hi rglmil¸ rglm il¸ķķemi em i ta`pirgc.

?.<

Gckirmtìs kae¸ a atmlis tmlis

Is Gckirmt` Gckirmtìs is Kae¸atmlis atmlis (GKs) s˓gi gi gckirmtìs ha itm`mzg¶ll˓ gi g˓i a buslg bgsaghis eis àlgemsìs ha saca¶ll˓ ggi ˓i egturgc egtur gc a kae¸ kae¸atmlg. atmlg. G tairmg tairmg aùcg aùcg i prilassi prilassi hg egturazg ieha is `gms gptis vaela` a sa raprihuza` a, liesaq¨ liesaq u uaetaàeta, aäetaàeta, is `gms orglis sa axtmekua`. I `¸atihi liesmsta memlmgcàeta ha u`g pipucg¶ll˓gi ˓gi oir`ghg pir u`g s¸arma arma ha bmts (strmek  “ “ raprasaetgehi is lriìssiìs), siì s), qua ¸a trgesoir trge soir`ghg `ghg pir trˏas as iparghi ipa rghiras ras kae¸atmatmlis4 saca¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, raprihu¶ll˓ gi g˓i a ùtg¶ll˓ gi g˓i (Kichbark, 7=6=). Lghg strmek    (lriìssiì) Lghg strmek (lriìssi` i) raprasaetg r aprasaetg u`g piss¸ķvac ķvac sicu¶ll˓ gi g˓i hi pribca`g g sar itm`mzghi, a lghg bmt (iu krupi ha bmts), raprasaetg i vgcir gssilmghi g hatar`meghgs vgrm¸ gvams gvams hi pribca`g (kaea). Gs sicu¶ll˓ias ˓ias s˓gi gi lcgssm﬇lghgs pir u`g oue¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha gptmh˓gi gi ( ﬇teass ) qua hasa`paefg i pgpac hi g`bmaeta. g`bmaeta. I pgr lriìssiì lriìssiì a oue¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha gptmh˓ gi gi raprasaetg` rapr asaetg` i mehmv¸ķķhui hui (Kichbark, (Kichb ark, 7=6=). 7= 6=). Ralaetaàeta, astg eivg lcgssa lcg ssa ha `¸atihis atihis bgsaghis a` t¸aalemlgs lem lgs ha itm`mzg¶ itm` mzg¶ll˓gi ˓giA`birg ta` smhirasuctghis gpcmlghg gihapribca`g hmgke¸ istmli istmli ha ogctgs. smùcg¶ll˓ ias i˓ha as ìstra` qua asta `¸atihi atihi ¸a bgstgeta pri`mssir a` smsta`gs ha pitˏaelmg aelmg ha krgeha pirta, ea` sa`pra ¸a o¸ o glmc ¸glmc astgbacalar u` ìhaci `gta`¸gtmli gtmli lgpgz ha haslravar i li`pirtgàeti hi smsta`g ha prita¶ll˓ ggi ˓i ([ae & Lfgek, 7==;). I metarassa pir asta gckirmtì ta` guàetghi ha oir`g smkem﬇lgtmvg, u`g vaz qua i àsì oireala u` àlgemsì ha buslg bgstgeta ribusti, gça` a` ha sa bgsagr a` m`pirtgetas lielamtis bmiçiikmlis kmlis (@mrgehg aatt gc., gc., 7==?). Is gckirmtìs kae¸atmlis atmlis liì saehi u` prilassi ieha sa karg u`g pipucg¶ll˓˓ggii memlmgc gcagtirmgàeta, gvgcmg-sa astg,, a lrmg`-sa astg lrmg`-sa eivgs eivgs pipucg¶ pipucg¶ll˓ias ˓ias pir àmi ha iparghiras kae¸ atmlis. atmlis. Is mehmv¸ mehmv¸ķhuis li` bi` hasa`paefi s˓ ggii sacalmieghis a pgrtas hastas s˓gi gi li`bmeghgs, lrmgehi

l¸ iipmgs pmgs `gms oirtas, sm`pcasàeta paci usi ha saca¶l˓ lgi g˓i a raprihu¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Gpasgr hastg hastg gpgraeta gpgraeta sm`pcmlmhgha sm`pcmlmhgha,, lgba rassgctgr qua i prilassi ha buslg axmka u`g substgelmgc oir¶llgg li`putglmiegc qua piha` mevmgbmcmzgr sug utmcmzg¶ll˓ gi g˓i a` gpcmlg¶ll˓ias ie-cmea ˓ias ie-cmea  ([ae ([ae & Fge, 7==1). Is ìhacis gprasaetghis eg cmtargturg s˓gi gi bgstgeta pri`mssiras, pims p ims mehapaeha` mehap aeha` hg tipicikmg tip icikmg hg raha. Zir¸ a`, a`, gckues hastas utmcmzg` hghis sibra g lie﬇gbmcmhgha ha iparg¶ll˓ gi g˓i his hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, qua ea` sa`pra ast˓ggii hmspie¸ hmsp ie¸ķvams ķvams a s˓ggii ha hmo¸ h mo¸ķlmc ķlmc gqumsm¶ gqu msm¶ll˓gi ˓gi (hapaeha` hi ìhaci a ogbrmlgeta, hg `geutae¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, ta`pi ha usi, gtugcmzg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hg liirhaeg¶ll˓gi ˓gi his hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓gi). ˓gi). Hapaehaehi hi krgu ha hapralmg¶ll˓ gi g˓i his gcgràs ralabmhis,, gs oirùcg¶ bmhis oirùcg¶ll˓ias ˓ias gt¸a aet˓ aet gi ˓gi astuhghgs gprasaetg` hm﬇luchghas a` prihuzmr u` hmgke¸ istmli istmli lirrati.

?.8 ?.8

Ra Raha hass ha Zat atrm rm

Gs rahas ha Zatrm s˓gi gi rahas li` pieharg¶ll˓ ias i˓as egs racg¶ll˓ ias i˓as ha fluxi, ieha i acaàeti s ¸a lfg`ghi ha cukgr (piha sar metarpratghi liì u`g liehm¶ll˓gi, ˓gi, u` astghi pgrlmgc, u`g asparg, asp arg, u` u ` prilahmàeti, pril ahmàeti, aetra iutris), iutris) , gi mev¸ m ev¸as as ha ¸ bgstgeta astghi. A liù` raprasaetgr g raha ha Zatrm pir krgois liestmtu¸ķhis ķhis ha e¸iiss cukgras a e¸ is is trgesm¶ll˓ ias. i˓as. Xgms e¸is is s˓gi gi metarcmkghis pir àmi ha u` iu `gms grlis (Lgrhisi & _gcatta, 7==;). @gms pralmsgàeta, gs rahas ha Zatrm piha` sar liesmharghgs liì saehi u`g oarrgàetg kr¸g﬇lg g﬇lg li` krgeha lgpglmhgha pgrg ìhacgr a gegcmsgr smsta`gs g avaetis hmslratis hmslr atis.. Ghmlmiegc` Ghmlmiegcàet aeta, a, gs rahas ha Zatrm Zatrm piha` p iha` sar utmcmzghgs pgrg smùcgr gs gtmvmhghas hmeˏg`mlgs g`mlgs a lielirraetas his smsta`gs ([gek & Xgek, 7==;). \akuehi Ci at Ci at gc. (7==;), gs rahas ha Zatrm liestmtua` u`g axlacaeta axlacaeta oarrgàe oarrgàetg tg pgrg ìhacgr i smsta`g smsta`g ha prita¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. I prilass prilassii ha hmgke¸ hmgke¸ istmli istmli liesmsta a` `gempucg¶ll˓ iias ˓as `gtrmlmgms bgstgeta sm`pcas a gprasaetg bies rasuctghis. ?.8.7

Q`g brava ravms˓ ravms˓ gi gi sibra gs rahas ha Zatrm Zatrm

Gs rahas ha Zatrm (Omkurg 8) s˓gi gi liestmtu¸ķhgs ķhgs pir hims tmpis ha e¸is is a grlis. Is e¸is is lirraspieha` g hims lieduetis hmsduetis4 cukgras \ , tgc qua, qua, \0 {s7, s2,..., s ` }, ` 5 :, raprasaetghis ra prasaetghis pir l¸ķrlucis –I‐> –I‐> trgesm¶ trg esm¶ll˓ias ˓ias X , liesmhargehi qua X0 qua X0 {t7, t2,..., t e }, e 5 :, raprasaetghis pir bgrrgs–|‐. Is grlis mehmlg` g hmra¶ll˓ ggi ˓i hi prilassi a lirraspieha` g hims lieduetis hmsduetis4 grlis ha aetrghg agrli ha hmralmieghi sg sg¸¸ķhg. Is grlis aetrghg s˓gi gi mehmlghis pir u` ha sm ha (cukgr) g t d (trgesm¶ ll˓gi), ˓gi), aequgeti qua is ha sg sg¸¸ķhg s˓gi gi mehmlghis pir u` grli hmralmieghi

228 Ravm Ravmstg stg Lietr Lietrica ica & Guti Guti`g¶ `g¶ l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

hg trgesm¶ll˓ gi g˓i pgrg i cukgr ([gek & Xgek, 7==;).

?.8.2 ?.8 .2

Qtmcmzgehi-sa is lielamtis ha astghis a avaetis, is cukgras raprasaetg` is astghis, a gs trgesm¶ll˓ias, ˓ias, is avaetis. Is cukgras ha aetrghg a sg sg¸¸ķhg hg trgesm¶ll˓gi ˓gi raprasaetg` is astghis getas a gp¸iiss g iilirrˏ lirrˏaelmg aelmg hi avaeti, raspalra spaltmvgàeta.

G priprmahgha hmeˏ g`mlg g`mlg hg raha rah a ¸a ha﬇emhg ha﬇e mhg pacgs p acgs `grlgs a axalu¶ll˓gi ˓gi hg raha, saehi g astruturg hg raha ast¸ggtmlg. tmlg. G axalu¶ll˓˓ggii lirraspieha gi hmspgri ha u`g trgesm¶ll˓ ggi ˓i qua ùhg gs ﬇lfgs ha u` cukgr pgrg iutri.

Rakrgs Rakrgs ha axa axalu¶ lu¶ l˓ gi

G `grlg ﬇egc rasuctgeta r asuctgeta hi h i hmspgri hmsp gri ha u`g s¸arma arma ha trgesm¶ll˓˓iias as piha sar axprassg pacg aqug¶ll˓ gi g˓i 2. @ 7 (s) 0 @ : (s) + ^ −[ (s, tn ) + [ (tn , s)P, ∊s ∆ \

(2)

Liesmhargehi qua4 @ : (s) “ `grlg memlmgc (hapaeha siàeta his hmsdueti-

ras)> @ 7 (s) “ `grlg ﬇egc>

Omkurg 84 Krgoi ha u`g raha ha Zatrm (Ci at gc., 7==;).

tn “ hmspgri hg n-¸ asm`g asm`g trgesm¶ll˓˓gi> gi> \  “ liedueti lietaehi tihis is cukgras.

u ¸àri Ha﬇emehi u` vatir Q, ^Q 7 Q 2 ...Q e PX , ieha, Q e¸a i euàri G tipicikmg qugcquar rahaaelmg ha Zatrm piha sar L raprasaetghg pacg ha `gtrmz ha melmhˏ aelmg (aqug¶ ll˓gi ˓gi 7) , li` hmàes˓ gi gi (ei ha cukgras) x (ei ha trgesm¶ll˓ias), ˓ias), iu sadg ,

ha ilirrˏ ili rrˏaelmgs aelm gs ha t e, g aqug¶ll˓ gi g˓i 2 piha sar aslrmtg liì i gprasaetghi pacg aqug¶ll˓gi ˓gi gi)>

Ravmstg Lietrica & Guti`g¶l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

221

• I `gpagàeti ha smsta`gs li`pcaxis pir àmi ha rahass ha Zatrm ¸a bgstget raha bg stgetaa hmo hm o¸ķlmc, ķlmc , saehi sa ehi gmehg gme hg ìtm ` itmvi vi ha pasqumsg. Is ìhacis aelietrghis eg cmtargturg pgrala` sar bgstgeta sm`pcas, `gs g raspistg ﬇egc ea` sa`pra raprasaetg g sicu¶ll˓˓ggii hi pribca`g, g qugc gmehg ealassmtg ha u`g àcfir metarpratg¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Aetra is ìhacis astuhghis, eaefu` gi asqua`g ha prita¶ll˓gi ˓gii li`pcati (pir ax., lirraspieha ei lgsi hgs cmefgs, e˓ggii liesmharg` asqua`g ha tacaprita¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, prita¶ll˓ gi g˓i ha ratgkugrhg cilgc a raìtg, atl.), saehi astas m`prgtml¸ggvams vams a` smtug¶ll˓ ias i˓as ragms.

?. 1

Ç i ikmlg kmlg Hmousg

G çikmlg ikmlg hmousg liesmsta a` gprixm`gr g halms˓gi gi li`putglmiegc gj halms˓gi gi fu`geg. Msti ¸a oamti ha oir`g qua g halms˓gi gi ha u`g `¸gqumeg gqumeg e˓gi gi sa rasu`g gpaegs g u` –sm`‐ iu u` –e˓gi‐, gi‐, `gs tg`b¸a` a` taefg halms˓ias ias –gbstrgtgs‐ trgt gs‐,, hi tmpi –u` piuli p iuli `gms‐, `gms‐, –tgcvaz –tgcvaz sm`‐, sm`‐, a iutrgs iutrgs vgrm¸ gvams gvams qua raprasaeta` gs halms˓ias ias fu`g fu`gegs egs.. G ç ii-kmlg hmousg ta` sa hastglghi prmelmpgcàeta eg ¸grag grag ha ti`ghg ha halms˓ias ias a lietrica (Xgoear at (Xgoear at gc., gc., 7==?). G çikmlg ikmlg hmousg liestmtum u` axlacaeta supirta eg acgbirg¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha ìhacis li`pcatis a a﬇lmaetas, lgpgzas ha raprasaetgr g melartazg a g m`pralms˓ggii hi rglmil¸ rglm il¸ķķemi em i fufu `gei, ieha vgrm¸gvams gvams cmek¨ cmeku gssilmg hgs g oue¶ll˓ ias i˓as ¨¸ķstmlgs gssilmghgs ha partmeˏ par tmeˏaelmg aelm g s˓gi gi utmcmzghgs. I prilassi ha ouzzm﬇lgtmie ha ouzzm﬇lgtmie ioarala u`g `gmir ribustaz a lgpglmhgha ha kaeargcmzg¶ll˓ gi, g˓i, oglmcmtgehi g ìhacgka` ha pribca`gs li`pcaxis, li` bgmxi lusti ha sicu¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Xgms rgz˓ias ias pripmlmgrg` u` guàeti eg praoarˏ aelmg aelmg ha smsta`gs bgsaghis a` çiikmlg kmlg hmousg eg sicu¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha pribca`gs pribca`g s a` smsta`gs ha pitˏ p itˏaelmg aelmg (\rmemvgsge at gc., gc., 7==1). Hi pieti ha vmstg hi hmgke¸istmli istmli ha ogctgs, siàeta gs pgrtass hgs rakrgs pgrta rakrgs racgtmv racgtmvgs gs jggss lielcus˓ lielcus˓ ias ias s˓ggii liefalmliefalmhgs a` oir`g ha h a gcgràs, gcgr` as, saehi sae hi bgsmlgàeta bgsm lgàeta m`piss m`p iss¸¸ķvac mhaetm﬇lgr g sa¶ll˓gi ˓gi a` ogctg pir p ir àmi ha rglmil¸ rglmil¸ķemi hahutmvi. Zirtgeti, i pribca`g ha hmgke¸iistmli stm li ha ogctgs ogct gs ¸a u` prilassi ha rglmil¸ rglmil¸ķemi mehutmvi pir egturazg, ieha hava sar liesmharghg g pissmbmcmhgha ha `gu ouelmiegàeti his hmspismtmvis ha prita¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. Gs melart melartazg azgss ei hmgke¸ iistmli stmli ha ogctgs surka` u`g vaz qua gs pra`mssgs (lgusgs) hgs rakrgs hava` sar meoarmhgs utmcmzgehi meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias hgs pgrtas racgtmvgs jgs gs lielcus˓ias ias (aoamtis) a` smtug¶ll˓˓iias as a` qua piha ilirrar i `gu ouelmiegàeti ha li`pieaetas (Zgrn at (Zgrn at gc., gc., 7===).

?.1.7 ?.1 .7

_g _getg etgkae kaess

Zgrg Lfgek at Lfgek at gc. (7==;), aetra gs prmelmpgms vgetgkaes gprasaetghgs pacis smsta`gs bgsaghis a` çikmlg ikmlg hmousg, hastglg`-sa4 ˓ias ha partmeˏaelmg aelmg utmcmzghgs utmcmzgh gs • Ocaxmbmcmhgha “ gs oue¶ll˓ias pgrg raprasaetgr raprasaetgr g paroir`gela ha raç aass a hmsduetiras piha` sar gctarghgs hmeg`mlgàeta ha glirhi li` gs liehm¶ll˓ ias i˓as ha ogc ogctg, tg, liehm¶ liehm¶ll˓ ias i˓as hi ta`pi a hmspiembmcmhg hmspie mbmcmhgha ha ha hghis hg his astgt a stgt¸¸ķstmlis> hi s “ e˓ e ˓gi ¸a sae aes¸ s¸ķvac va c • Lgpglmhgha ha suprass˓ggii ha ru¸ķķhis g smegms measparghis, tgms liì ogcfg iu iparg¶ll˓ggi ˓i mehavmhg ha raç aas, s, arris eg trges`mss˓ gi gi ha hghis, aetra iutris> Kargcàeta, gcàeta, i prilassi p rilassi ha meoarˏaelmg aelmg utmcmzg utm cmzg u` pap a• Kar quaei e¸ uàri uàri ha rakrgs eabucisgs a g irha` ha hmspgri hgs às`gs e˓ggii meflum ei rasuctghi, i qua tireg o¸gglmc lmc ghmlmiegr eivgs rakrgs eg bgsa ha liefalmàeti. ?.1.2

Lgrgltar Lgrgltar¸ķstmlgs ķstmlgs qua li`bmeg` li` ç i ikmlg kmlg hmousg

Hasha 7=68 va` lraslaehi smkem﬇lgtmvgàeta i usi ha çikmlg ikmlg eabucisg a` smsta`gs ha pitˏaelmg, aelmg, sadg egs grags ¸grags ha lietrica, pcgeadgàeti a iparg¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Asta s¸ ubmti ubmti metarassa surka havmhi gi piuli asoir¶llii li`putglmiegc aevicvmhi a gj sm`pcmlmhgha ha m`pcaàetg¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Iutri Iutri gsgspalti gtrgtmvi ¸a i ogti hastas smsta`gs sara` bgstgeta ribustis a` gpcmlg¶ll˓ ias i˓as aevicvaehi meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias m`pralmsgs a vgkgs, gça` a` ha gpcmlg¶ll˓ ias i˓as aevicvaehi ibdatmvis lieflmtgetas (\rmemvgsge (\rmemvgsge at at gc., gc., 7==1). Gcku`gs Gcku`gs lgrgltalgrgltar¸ķstmlgs a raqumsmtis raqumsmt is liùes gj aslicfg hg çikmlg ikmlg eabucisg s˓ gi4 gi4

• Hmspiembmcmhgha ha rakrgs faur faur¸¸ķstmlgs (ealassmhgha hg gduhg ha aspalmgcmst aspalmgcmstgs gs fu`geis) fu`geis)>> aelmg ha axprass˓gi g i a` oi oir` r`gg `gta `gta`¸ `¸ gtmlg gtmlg • Meaxmstˏaelmg liì `¸atihi ati hi ha sicu¶ sicu ¶ll˓˓gi> gi>

• G ìhacgka` `gta`¸ggtmlg tmlg hi pribca`g raquar v¸gg-rmgs sm`pcm﬇lg¶ll˓ ias, i˓as, rasuctgehi a` u` ìhaci piuli pralmsi> iias ˓as vgkgs a/iu `¸uctmpcis uctmpcis • I pribca`g aevicva rastrm¶ll˓ ibdatmvis lieflmtgetas>

Zgrta hgs rakrgs utmcmzghgs hurgeta i hmgke¸istmli istmli e˓ggii s˓ ggi lrmsp i lrmsp,, msti ¸aa,, kargcàeta gs halms˓ias ias s˓gi gi bgsaghgs ei saesi liù`, saehi paroamtgàeta piss p iss¸¸ķvac g utmcmzg¶ll˓ ggi ˓i ha vgrm¸gvams gvams hmousgs (@iesao  at at gc., gc., 7==;). 22? Ravm Ravmstg stg L Lietr ietrica ica & Guti Guti`g¶ `g¶ l˓ lg ˓ gi/_ic.71 i/_ic.71 ei.2/Gbrmc, @gmi a Duefi 2::8

gi g˓i li`• G li`pcaxmhgha hi pribca`g tireg g sicu¶ll˓ putglmiegc bgstgeta pasghg, lgsi t¸alemlgs alemlgs lievaelmiegms sadg` utmcmzghgs. G çiikmlg kmlg hmousg pgrala sar u`g gctaregtmvg bgstgeta pri`mssirg, pims gprasaetg krgeha fgbmcmhgha a` trgtgr meoir`g¶ll˓ias ˓ias m`pralmsgs, lgptgr meoir`g¶ll˓ ias i˓as ha saesi liù`, ti`gr halms˓ias, ias, gça` a` hg lgpglmhg lgpglmhgha ha a` cmhgr li` rglmill¸ķemis aevicvaehi cmekugka` rglmi cmekugk a` egturgc.

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˓ LIELCQ\IA\

Asta trgbgcfi priluriu metrihuzmr i pribca`g ha hmgke¸iistmli stmli ha ogctgs, ha﬇emehi a rassgctgehi gcku`gs lgrgltar¸ tar¸ķstmlgs palucmgras p alucmgras gprasaetghgs g prasaetghgs paci p aci àsì. àsì . Xgc gbirhgka` ta¸iirmlg rmlg oim mhagcmzghg li` i ibdatmvi ha oirealar liefalmàetis sibra gs gctaregtmvgs pgrg trgtgàeti hi pribca`g g qua` pirvaeturg vaefg gtugr eastg ¸grag. grag. ¸ metarassgeta qua gs axpcmlg¶ll˓ias A ˓ias ﬇egms hg oarrgàetg ha hmgke¸ istmli istmli e˓ggii gpaegs mehmqua` is acaàetis (bgrrg, cmefgs, trgesoir`ghiras, atl.) a` ogctg, `gs tg`b¸ a`, a`, is raç aass a hmsduetiras quaastas ogcfgrg` iu sar ipargrg` mehavmhgàeta, ha ìhi qua pissg` aelg`mefghis jg aqumpa ha `geutae¶ll˓gi. ˓gi. Gssm`, Gssm`, piha-sa àcfirgr àcfirgr g a﬇lmˏaelmg aelm g hg prita¶ prit a¶ll˓gi ˓gi hi smsta`g ha pitˏaelmg, aelmg, qugehi hg ilirrˏaelmg aelmg ha outurgs ogctgs. Gs hmvarsgs t¸ alemlgs alemlgs aelietrghgs eg cmtargturg hmoara` bgstgeta bgstg eta u`g hg iutrg, iutrg, pir¸ a`, a`, g prmelmpgc prmelmpgc atgpg hi hmgke¸ istmli istmli ¸a liù` liù` g tihis, iu sadg, iliefalmàeti sibra g iparg¶ll˓gi ˓gi hi smsta`g açatrmli atrmli g sar ìemtirghi. \aehi qua ei lgsi his smsta`gs aspalmgcmstgs, i liefalmàeti ast¸g raprasaetghi a` oir`g ha rakrgs> egs rahas eaurgms, ei liedueti ha axa`pcis utmcmzghis hurgeta g ogsa ha tramegàeti tramegàeti>> eis gckirmtìs kae¸atmlis atmlis a buslg tgbu, eg oue¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha gptmh˓gi gi iu ibdatmv ibdatmvi> i> egs rahas rahas ha Zatrm, eg pr¸iprmg iprmg raprasaetg¶ll˓ gi g˓i hg raha> eis lieduetis hmousis, eg oue¶ll˓gi ˓gi ha partmeˏaelmg aelmg a egs rakrgs g sara` hmspgrghgs. Zir ﬇`, g lgpglmhgha iu a﬇lmˏ aelmg aelmg ha lghg u` hastas smsta`gs metacmkaetas mr¸g hapaehar hi tmpi ha hghis hmspie¸¸ķvams, a ha liì i pribca`g ¸a oirùcghi iu ìhapie cghi.

ˏ RAOARAELMG\ Bacc, Bac c, \.L.> \.L.> @lGrt @lGrtfu fur, r, \. H. D.> @lHieg @lHiegch, ch, D. R. at gc. gc.>> 7==6. @ihac-bgsah @ihac-bgsah gegcysms io pritaltmi pritaltmie e systa` paroir`gela. paroir`gela. MAA Zril.-Kaear. Xrges`. Hmstrmb.,, _ic. 781, Ei. 1 (\apt.), p. 18;-112. trmb. Bmttaeliurt, K> 7==6. 7==6. Metacmkˏaelmg aelmg Grtm﬇lmgc4 Grtm﬇lmgc 4 oarrgàe-

tgs a ta tairm irmgs gs . 7g Ahm¶ll˓ gi. g˓i. Ocirmge¸ Ocirmge¸ iipic picms ms44 Ah. Ah. hg QO\L. Butcar, N. C.> @iìf, D. G.> \ibgdml, H. D.> 7==;. Omach stuhmas usmek g eaurgc-eat-bgsah gppriglf oir oguct hmgkeisms me hmstrmbutmie eatwirns. MAA eatwirns. MAA Zril.Kaear. Xrges`. Hmstrmb., Hmstrmb., _ic. 788, Ei. 1 (\apt.), p. 82=-8

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