Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
July 22, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Tbis iotarogtijogh stgodgrd wgs davahjpad io gccjrdgoca witb iotarogtijoghhy racjloizad priociphas jo stgodgrdizgtijo astg`hisbad io tba Dacisijo jo ^riociphas ejr tba Davahjpfaot je Iotarogtijogh Stgodgrds, Luidas god Pacjffaodgtijos issuad `y tba \jrhd Trgda Jrlgoizgtijo Tacboicgh @grriars tj Trgda (T@T) Cjffittaa. e
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Dasilogtijo= A150 ∐ 79 j
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Stgodgrd Tast Fatbjd ejr k
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Datarfioiol Ujhufa Ergctijo `y Systafgtic Fgough ^jiot Cjuot7
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Tbis stgodgrd is issuad uodar tba xad dasilogtijo A150; tba ouf`ar iffadigtahy ejhhjwiol tba dasilogtijo iodicgtas tba yagr je
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jriliogh gdjptijo jr, io tba cgsa je ravis jriliogh ravisijo, ijo, tba yagr je hgst ravisijo. ravisijo. G ouf`ar io pgrao pgraotbasa tbasass iodicgtas tba yagr je hgst ragppr ragpprjvgh. jvgh. G suparscript apsihjo (´) iodicgtas go aditjrigh cbgola sioca tba hgst ravisijo jr ragpprjvgh.
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Tbis tast fatbjd Tbis fatbjd fgy `a usa usad d tj dat datarf arfioa ioa tba vjh vjhufa ufa ergctijo ergctijo je cjo cjostit stituao uaots ts io go jpg jpgqua qua spacif spa cifao ao usi usiol ol g pjh pjhisb isbad, ad, phgogr crjss sac sactijo tijo `y tba fgo fgough ugh pji pjiot ot cju cjuot ot prj prjcad cadura ura.. Tba sgfa fagsurafaots cgo `a gcbiavad usiol ifgla goghysis par ^rgctica A7041 ^rgctica A7041..
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A4>< ^rgctica ejr Ficrjatcbiol Fatghs god Ghhjys A4>4.74 jo Wugotitgtiva Fatghhjlrgpby. Curraot aditijo gpprjvad Gul. 71, 0>79. ^u`hisbad Saptaf`ar 0>79. Jrilioghhy gpprjvad gpprjv ad io 797 0>77 7 gs A150 –77 –77.. DJI= 7>.710>/A>150-79. 0 Ejr raearaocad GSTF stgodgrds, visit tba GSTF wa`sita, www.gstf.jrl, jr cjotgct GSTF Custjfar Sarvica gt sarvicaNgstf.jrl. Ejr Goough @jjk je GSTF Stgodgrds vjhufa ioejrfgtijo, raear tj tba stgodgrd’s Djcufaot Suffgry pgla jo
3.0.1 vjhufa tbaa tj tjtg tghh vj vjhu hufa fa je g pb pbgs gsaa jr vjhufa ergctij ergctijo— o— tb cjostituaot par uoit vjhufa je spacifao, laoarghhy axprassad gs g parcaotgla.
tba GSTF wa`sita.
3.3 Syf`jhs=
Cjpyrilbt © GSTF Iotarogtijogh, 7>> @grr Bgr`jr Driva, ^J @jx C>, \ast Cjosbjbjckao, ^G 79402-0919. Qoitad Stgtas
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TG@HA 7 91 % Cjod Cjodaoca aoca Iotarvgh Fuhtiphiars Fuhtiphiars Oj. je Eiahds o Eiahds o
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go uo`igsad stgtisticgh astifgtijo je tba vjhufa ergctijo je go idaotig`ha cjostituaot jr pbgsa pbgsa (7, 0, 3 3)).3
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1.0 Tbis tas 1.0 tastt fa fatb tbjd jd bg bgss `a `aao ao da dasc scri ri`a `ad d (4) gs `a `aio iol l suparijr tj jtbar fgough fatbjds witb ralgrd tj aeejrt, `igs, god sifphicity.
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1.3 Goy ouf`ar je chagrhy distioluisbg` distioluisbg`ha ha cjosti cjostituaots tuaots jr pbgsas pbg sas witb witbio io g fic ficrjs rjstru tructur cturaa (jr fgc fgcrjs rjstru tructu ctura) ra) cgo `a cjuotad usiol tba fatbjd. Tbus, tba fatbjd cgo `a gpphiad tj goy go y ty typa pa je sj sjhi hid d fg fgta tari righ gh er erjf jf wb wbic icb b gd gdaq aqug ugta ta tw twjjdifaosijogh sactijos cgo `a prapgrad god j`sarvad.
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1.4 G cjodaosad cjodaosad stap-`y-stap stap-`y-stap luida luida ejr usiol tba fatbjd is livao io Gooax io Gooax G7. G7.
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cjostituaot j`sarvad jo tba i ahd. o 6 ouf`ar ouf`ar je ahds cjuo cjuotad. tad. o ¯ 7 ^ p 6 ^ ~ i ! 1 gritbfatic gvargla je ^ ^ p (i ). o i( p 6 astifgta je tba stgodg stgodgrd rd davigt davigtijo ijo (σ) (saa (Aq (Aq 3) s io Sactijo 7> Sactijo 7>). ). 91 % CI 6 91 % cjod cjodao aoca ca iota iotarv rvgh gh saa Ojta Ojta 7. 7. 15 t s / 6 o ; saa t 6 g fuh fuhti tiph phia iarr rahg rahgta tad d tj tba tba ouf ouf`a `arr je ah ahds ds axgfioad god usad io cjomuoctijo witb tba stgodgrd davigtijo je tba fagsurafaots fagsurafaots tj datarf datarfioa ioa tba 91% CI. U U 6 vjh vjhufa ufa erg ergctij ctijo o je tba cjo cjostit stituao uaott jr jr pbg pbgsa sa axprassad gs g parcaotgla (saa (Aq ( Aq 1) io Sactijo 7>). 7> ). 6 % rahgt rahgtiv ivaa gccur gccurgcy gcy,, g fagsu fagsura ra je je tba tba stgtis stgtisti ticgh cgh % PG ¯ pracisijo 6 (91 % CI ⁄ ^ p ) Ü 7>>. 1
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5.7 Tast Lrid, cjosistiol je g spaciad ouf`ar je aqughhy spgcad pjiots ejrfad `y tba iotarsactijo je vary tbio hioas. Twj cjffjo typas je lrids (circuhgr jr squgra grrgy) gra sbjwo io Eil. 7. 7. 5.7.7 Tba tast lrid cgo `a io tba ejrf je g trgospgraot trgospgraot sbaat sbaat tbgt is suparifpjsad upjo tba viawiol scraao ejr tba fagsurafaot. 5.7.0 Ayapiaca Paticha, fgy `a usad tj suparifpjsa g tast lrid upjo tba ifgla.
6 tjtgh tjtgh ouf ouf`ar `ar je pji pjiots ots io tba tast lri lrid. d. 6 pjiot pjiot cju cjuot ot jo tba i tb ahd. 6 ^i parcao aotgl tglaa je lr lrid id pj pjio iots, ts, io tb tbaa 3 7>>1 parc ^
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5.0 Hilbt Hilbt Ficr Ficrjscjp jscjpa, a, jr jt jtba barr su suit itg` g`ha ha da davi vica ca wi witb tb g viawiol scraao gt hagst 7>> ff Ü 701 ff, praearg`hy witb lrgdugtad x god y stgla trgoshgtijo cjotrjhs, sbjuhd `a usad tj ifgla tba ficrjs ficrjstructu tructura. ra. 5.3 Scgooiol fgy gh ghsj sj `a us usad ad tj Scgooiol Ahactr Ahactrjo jo Ficr Ficrjscjp jscjpa, a, fgy ifgla tba ficrjstructura; bjwavar, rahiae dua tj pjhisbiol jr bagvy atcbiol fust `a fioifizad jr `igs wihh `a iotrjducad gs g ras rasuht uht je dav davigti igtijo jo erj erjf f g tru truaa twj twj-di -difao faosij sijogh ogh sac sactij tijo o tbrjulb tba ficrjstructura. 5.4 Ficrjlrgpbs, je prjparhy prapgrad jpgqua spacifaos, tgkao witb goy suitg`ha ifgliol davica, fgy `a usad prjvidad tba ahds gra sahactad witbjut `igs god io sueeiciaot qugotity tj prjparhy sgfpha tba ficrjstructura. 5.4. 5. 4.7 7 Tb Tbaa gp gpph phicg icg`h `haa pj pjio iott cj cjuo uotio tiol l lr lrid id sb sbghh ghh jo johy hy `a
OJTA 7— 7—Tg`ha Tg`ha 7 livas 7 livas tba gpprjprigta fuhtiphyiol egctjrs (t ) ejr goy ouf`ar je ahds fagsurad. ouf`ar fagsurad.
gpphiad joca tj agcb ficrjlrgpb. fagsurafaots sbjuhd `a cjfphatad jo dieearaot^jiot ahdscjuotiol je viaw god, tbaraejra, dieearaot ficrjlrgpbs. Papagtad pjiot cjuot fagsurafaots jo go iodividugh ficrjlrgpb is ojt ghhjwad. 5.4.0 Tba fgloicgtijo je tba ficrjlrgpb sbjuhd sbjuhd `a gs bilb gs oaa oaadad dad tj gda gdaqug qugtahy tahy ras rasjhv jhvaa tba fic ficrjs rjstru tructur cturaa witb witbjut jut rasuhtiol io gdmgcaot lrid pjiots jvarhgyiol g siolha cjostituaot eagtura.
4. Suffgry Suffgry je Tast Tast Fatbjd 4.7 G chagr phgstic phgstic tast lrid jr jr ayapiaca ayapiaca raticha witb witb g raluhgr grrg gr rgy y je ta tast st pj pjio iots ts is su supa pari rifp fpjs jsad ad jv jvar ar tb tbaa if ifgl gla, a, jr g prjmact prj mactijo ijo je tba ifg ifgla, la, prj prjduc ducad ad `y g hil hilbt bt fic ficrjs rjscjp cjpa, a, scgooiol scgooi ol ahactrj ahactrjo o ficrjs ficrjscjpa, cjpa, jr ficrj ficrjlrgpb lrgpb,, god tba ouf` ouf`ar ar je tast pjiots eghhiol witbio tba pbgsa jr cjostituaot je iotarast gra cjuotad god dividad `y tba tjtgh ouf`ar je lrid pjiots yiahdiol g pjiot ergctijo, usughhy axprassad gs g parcaotgla, ejr tbgt ahd. Tba gva gvargl rglaa pji pjiot ot erg ergctij ctijo o ejr o fagsurad fagsurad ahds livas go astifgta je tba vjhufa ergctijo je tba cjostituaot. Tbis fatbjd fatb jd is gpp gpphicg hicg`ha `ha joh johy y tj `uh `uhk k jpg jpgqua qua phgogr sactijos sactijos viawad witb raffactad hilbt jr ahactrjos.
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Lrid Siza (Ouf`a (Ouf`arr je ^jiots ^jiots,, ^ T )
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Tbasa luidahioas raprasaot go jptifuf ejr aeeiciaocy ejr tba tifa spaot cjuotiol god ejr tba stgtisticgh ioejrfgtijo j`tgioad par lrid phgcafaot. i
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2. Sgfpha ^rapgrgtijo ^rapgrgtijo
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2.7 Tba twj-difaosijogh twj-difaosijogh sactijos sactijos sbjuhd `a prapg prapgrad rad usiol stgodgrd stgodg rd fatghhj fatghhjlrgpb lrgpbic, ic, cargfj cargfjlrgpb lrgpbic, ic, jr jtbar pjhisb pjhisbiol iol prjcaduras, sucb gs dascri`ad io Fatbjds Fatbjds A3 A3..
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2.0 Sfagrio Sfagriol l jr jtbar distjrtijos distjrtijos je tba pbgsas jr cjosti cjostitutuaots duriol prapgrgtijo je tba sactijo jr sactijos sbjuhd `a fioifizad `acgusa tbay taod tj iotrjduca go uokojwo `igs iotj tba stgtisticgh vjhufa ergctijo astifgta.
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2.3 Atcb Atcbiol iol je tba sactijos, sactijos, gs das dascri` cri`ad ad io Tast Tast Fat Fatbjd bjdss A4><
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davigtijos erjf g phgogr twj-difaosijogh sactijo wihh cgusa g `igs tjwgrd jvar astifgtijo je tba vjhufa ergctijo. 2.4 Stgio- jr cjhjriol-typa cjhjriol-typa atcbgots gra praearg`ha praearg`ha tj tbjsa tbgt cgusa gttgck je joa jr fjra je tba cjostituaots jr pbgsas. 2.1 Dascri Dascriptijo ptijo je tba atcbgot god atcbio atcbiol l prjcadura prjcadura sbjuhd `a iochudad io tba rapjrt. 2.5 Ie atcbiol is usad tj prjvida cjotrgst cjotrgst jr distioluisbg`ihdistioluisbg`ihity je cjostituaots tbao tba vjhufa ergctijo astifgtas sbjuhd `a j`tgioad j`tgio ad gs g euoctijo je atcbio atcbiol l tifa tj cback tba siloi siloicgoca cgoca je goy `igs iotrjducad. 9. ^rj ^rjcadu cadura ra 9.7 ^riocipha= 9.7.7 Go grrgy je pjiots pjiots ejrfad `y g lrid je hioas jr curvas is suparifpjsad upjo g fgloiad ifgla (tbgt is, g ahd je viaw) je g fatghhjlrgpbic spacifao. 9.7.0 9.7 .0 Tba ouf`ar ouf`ar je pji pjiots ots eghhiol eghhiol witb witbio io tba fic ficrjs rjstru truccturgh tur gh cjo cjostit stituao uaott je iot iotara arast st is cju cjuota otad d god gvarglad gvarglad ejr g sahactad ouf`ar je ahds. 9.7.3 Tbis gvargla gvargla ouf`ar je pjiots axprassad axprassad gs g parcao parcaottglaa je tba tj gl tjtgh tgh ouf`a ouf`arr je pjiots pjiots io tb tbaa gr grrg rgy y (^T ) is go uo`igs uo` igsad ad stgt stgtisti isticgh cgh ast astifgt ifgtijo ijo je tba vjh vjhufa ufa par parcao caott je tba ficrjstructu ficrjs tructurgh rgh cjost cjostituaot ituaot je iotara iotarast. st. 9.7.4 G cjoda cjodaosad osad stap-`y-stap stap-`y-stap dascriptij dascriptijo o je tba prjcadura is prjvidad io Gooax G7. G7.
Squgra Lrid
OJTA 7—Tba aotira 04 pjiots cgo `a usad, jr tba jutar 75, jr tba iooar 2 pjiots. EIL. 7 Axgfphas je ^jssi`ha Lrid Cjolurgtijos Tbgt Cgo @a Qtihizad
9.0 Lrid Sahactijo= 9.0. 9. 0.7 7 Tb Tbaa lr lrid id sb sbju juhd hd cj cjos osis istt je aq aqug ughhy hhy sp spgc gcad ad pj pjio iots ts ejrf ej rfad ad `y tb tbaa io iotar tarsa sacti ctijo jo je o oaa hio hioas as.. Di Digl glrg rgfs fs je tw twj j pjssi`ha lrids, joa witb g circuhgr pgttaro god joa witb g squgra pgttaro, wbicb gra racjffaodad ejr usa, gra sbjwo io Eil. 7. 7. 9.0.0 Datarf Datarfioa ioa tba ouf`ar je pjiots (tbgt (tbgt is, tba lrid siza, ^T ) erjf g visugh astifgta je tba grag ergctijo jccupiad `y tba cjostituaot cjosti tuaot je iotaras iotarast. t. Tg`ha Tg`ha 0 prjvidas prjvidas luidahioas ejr tbis
jriaotgtijo je tba prapgrad prapgrad sactijo (tbgt is, wbatbar
0> % Pahgtiva Gccurgcy
Ouf`ar je ahds o ahds o ejr ejr g lrid je ^ je ^ T 6 75 01 49 7>> pjiots pjiots pjiots pjiots 77> 1> 01 71
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Ouf`ar je ahds o o ejr ejr g lrid je ^ je ^ T 6 75 01 49 7>> pjiots pjiots pjiots pjiots 37> 701 51 3>
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sahactijo. Tba vghuas io Tg`ha 0 dj ojt cjrraspjod tj tbajratiio Tg`ha 0 dj cgh cjostrgiots; `ut, `y usiol tbasa vghuas, afpiricgh j`sarvgtijos bgva sbjwo tbgt tba fatbjd is jptifizad ejr g livao pracisijo. 9.0.0. 9.0 .0.7 7 Tba usar fgy cbj cbjjsa jsa tj afp afphjy hjy g 7>> pjiot pjiot lri lrid d jvar tba aotira rgola je vjhufa ergctijos. Tba usa je 7>>–pjiot lrid lri d egc egcihit ihitgtas gtas agsy vjh vjhufa ufa par parcao caott cghc cghcuhg uhgtij tijos. os. tba usa je
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9.1 Sahactijo je tba Ouf`ar je Eiahds= 9.1.7 Tba ouf`ar je ahds ahds jr ifglas tj fagsura dapaods dapaods jo tba dasirad dalraa je pracisijo ejr tba fagsurafaot. Tg`ha 3 livas g luida tj tba ouf`ar je ahds jr ifglas tj `a cjuotad gs g euoctijo je ^T , tba sahactad rahgtiva gccurgcy (stgtisticgh pracisijo), god tba fgloituda je tba vjhufa ergctijo.
johy joa jvarhgy johy jvarhgy jr aya ayapia piaca ca rat raticha icha ejr ghh vjh vjhufa ufa parcaot parcaot datarfiogtijos fgy sgva `jtb tifa god fjoay. 9.0.0.0 9.0.0 .0 Ejr cjostituaots cjostituaots prasaot prasaot io gfjuot je hass tbgo 0%, g 4>>–pjiot lrid fgy `a usad. 9.0.3 Supar Suparifpjsa ifpjsa tba lrid, io tba ejrf je g trgospgraocy trgospgraocy,, upjo upj o g lrj lrjuod uod lhgss scraao scraao jo wbicb tba sac sactijo tijo ifgla ifgla is prjmactad. 9.0.4 G lrid io tba ejrf je go ayapiaca ayapiaca raticha fgy ghsj `a usad. 9.0.1 9.0 .1 Ie tba cjo cjostit stituao uaott gra grags gs ejr ejrf f g ral raluhg uhgrr jr par parijd ijdic ic pgttaro jo tba sactijo ifgla, gvjid tba usa je g lrid bgviol g sifihgr pgttaro pgttaro..
9.5 Sahactijo je tba Grrgy je Eiahds= 9.5.7 9.5 .7 Qsa g uoi uoiejr ejrfhy fhy spgcad spgcad grr grrgy gy je ahd ahdss tj j`tgio tba astifgtad astifgta d vghua, ^ p , god tba astifgtad stgodgrd davigtijo, s . 9.5.0 9.5 .0 Ie lrg lrgdia diaots ots jr iob iobjfj jfjlao laoaiti aitias as gra pra prasao saot, t, tba tbao o g uoie uo iejr jrf f sp spgc gcio iol l je a ahd hdss fg fgy y io iotr trjd jduc ucaa g `i `igs gs io iotj tj tb tbaa astif as tifgta gta.. Ie go gojt jtba barr fa fatb tbjd jd je a ahd hd sa sahac hactij tijo o is us usad ad,, ej ejrr axgfpha, rgodjf, tbao dascri`a it io tba rapjrt. 9.5.3 \bao tba ficrj ficrjstructu structura ra sbjws g cartgio parijdicity parijdicity je distri`utijo distri`utijo je tba cjosti cjostituaot tuaot jr pbgsa `aiol fagsurad, fagsurad, goy cjiocidaoca je tba pjiots je tba lrid god tba structura fust `a gvjidad. Tbis cgo `a gcbiavad `y usiol aitbar g circuhgr lrid jr g sq squg ugra ra lr lrid id ph phgc gcad ad gt go go golh lhaa tj tb tbaa fi ficr crjs jstr truc uctu turg rghh parijdicity.
9.3 Fgloicgtijo Sahactijo= 9.3.7 Sahact tba fgloicgtij fgloicgtijo o sj tbgt it is gs bilb gs oaadad tj chagrhy rasjhva tba ficrjstructura witbjut cgusiol gdmgcaot lrid pjiots tj eghh jvar tba sgfa cjostituaot eagtura. 9.3.0 9.3 .0 Gs g lui luidah dahioa ioa,, cbj cbjjsa jsa g fgl fgloi oicgti cgtijo jo tbgt liv livas as go gvargla cjostituaot siza tbgt is gpprjxifgtahy joa bghe je tba lrid spgciol. 9.3. 9. 3.3 3 Gs tb tbaa fg fglo loi icgt cgtij ijo o is io iocr crag agsa sad, d, tb tbaa a ahd hd gr grag ag dacrags dac ragsas, as, god tba ah ahd-t d-tj- j-ahd ahd vgr vgrig` ig`ihit ihity y ioc iocrag ragsas sas,, tbu tbuss raquiriol g lragtar ouf`ar je ahds tj j`tgio tba sgfa dalraa je fagsur fagsurafaot afaot pracis pracisijo. ijo.
9.< Lrid ^jsitijoiol Jvar Eiahds— Fgka lrid pjsitijoiol je agcb ahd witbju witbjutt viawio viawiol l tba ficrjstructura ficrjstructura tj ahifiogt ahifiogtaa goy pjssi` pjs si`ihit ihity y je jpa jpargt rgtjr jr `ig `igs. s. Tbi Tbiss cgo `a gccj gccjfph fphisb isbad ad `y fjviol tba x god y stgla facbgoisf g xad gfjuot wbiha sbietiol tj tba oaxt ahd witbjut hjjkiol gt tba ficrjstructura.
9.4 Cjuotiol= 9.4.7 Cjuot god racjrd ejr agcb ahd tba ouf`ar je pjiots pjiots eghhiol jo tba cjostituaot je iotarast. 9.4.0 Cjuot goy pjiots eghhiol jo tba cjosti cjostituaot tuaot `juodgry `juodgry gs joa bghe. 9.4.3 Io jrdar tj fioifiza fioifiza `igs, goy pjiot tbgt is dju`teuh dju`teuh gs tj wbatbar it is iosida jr jutsida je tba cjostituaot `juodgry sbjuhd `a cjuotad gs joa bghe.
9.2 Ifprjviol Fagsurafaot ^racisijo— It It is racjffaodad tbgtt tba usa tbg usarr gtta gttafpt fpt tj sgf sgfpha pha fjr fjraa je tba ficrjstru ficrjstructu ctura ra aitbar `y fuhtipha spacifaos jr `y cjfphatahy rapagtiol tba fatghhj fatg hhjlrg lrgpbi pbicc pra prapgr pgrgtij gtijo o jo tba sgf sgfaa sgf sgfpha pha wba wbao o tba pracisijo ejr g siolha sat je dgtg is ojt gccaptg`ha (saa Sactijo 77). 77 ).
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g`jut tba fago je agcb sat jvarhgp), tbao tba 91 % CI cgo `a cghcuhgtad erjf tba stgodgrd davigtijo j`tgioad usiol tba dgtg erjf ghh je tba sats (tbgt is, pjjhiol tba dgtg god cghcuhgtiol g fago, stgodgrd davigtijo, god 91 % CI).
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77. 7.1 1 Ie gd gddi ditij tijog oghh sa sacti ctijo joss gr graa pr prap apgr grad ad er erjf jf tb tbaa sgf sgfaa sgfpha `y cjfphatahy rapagtiol tba sgfpha prapgrgtijo, jr ie gdditij gdd itijogh ogh sgf sgfpha phass gra pra prapgr pgrad, ad, tba tbao o tba sgf sgfaa prj prjcad cadura ura sbjuhd `a usad ejr agcb sactijo, god tba dgtg racjrdad god rapjrt rap jrtad ad sap sapgrg grgtahy tahy.. G lrg lrgod od gva gvargl rglaa cgo `a cghc cghcuhgt uhgtad ad `y tgkiol tba gvargla je tba sat fagos io tbis cgsa. Ie oj sgfpha batarj bat arjlao laoaity aity is iod iodicg icgtad tad (tb (tbgt gt is, tba cjo cjoda daoca oca iota iotarvg rvghs hs
7>.7 Tba gvargla parcaotgla parcaotgla je lrid pjiots jo tba eagturas je iota iotaras rastt prj prjvid vidas as go uo` uo`igsa igsad d stgt stgtisti isticgh cgh asti astifgtj fgtjrr ejr tba vjhufa parcaotgla witbio tba tbraa difaosijogh ficrjstructura. Tba vghua je tba fuhtiphiar, t , cgo `a ejuod io Tg`ha 7. 7. Tbus, tba gvargl gvargla, a, ^¯ p , tba stgodgrd davigtijo astifgtjr, s , god tba 91 % cjodaoca iotarvgh, 91 % CI, sbjuhd `a cghcuhgtad god racjrdad ejr agcb sat je ahds. Tba aqugtijos ejr cghcuhgt-
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gccurgcy, % PG, sbjuhd `a cghcuhgtad usiol tba iocragsad tjtgh ouf`ar je ahds gs g siolha dgtg sat.
7>. Cghcuhgtijo je tba Ujhufa Ujhufa ^arcaotgla ^arcaotgla Astifgta god % Pahgtiva Gccurgcy
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70.7 Papjr Papjrtt tba ejhhjw ejhhjwiol iol ioejrfgtijo= ioejrfgtijo= 70.7.7 70. 7.7 Pgw dgtg; ojta wbao o ? 3>, tba rapjrtiol je rgw dgtg is jptijogh, bjwavar, tba rgw dgtg sbghh `a gvgihg`ha ejr raviaw wbao raqua raquastad, stad, ¯ ) 5 91 % CI, 70.7.0 70.7. 0 Astifgta Astifgtad d vjhufa % (^ p 70.7.3 70.7. 3 Stgodg Stgodgrd rd davigtijo, 70.7.4 70.7. 4 % rahgtiva gccurgcy (cghcuhgtad (cghcuhgtad vghua, ojt joa astifgtad erjf Tg`ha erjf Tg`ha 0) 0), 70.7.1 70.7. 1 Ouf`a Ouf`arr je ahds par fatghhjlrgpbic fatghhjlrgpbic sactijo, sactijo, 70.7.5 70.7. 5 Ouf`a Ouf`arr je sactijo sactijos, s, 70.7.< 70. 7.< Sgfpha Sgfpha das dascri cripti ptijo jo god pra prapgr pgrgtij gtijo, o, ioc iochud hudiol iol atcbgot, ie usad, 70.7.2 70.7. 2 Sactijo jriaotgtijo, jriaotgtijo, 70.7.9 70.7. 9 Fgloi Fgloicgtijo cgtijo,, 70.7.7> 70.7. 7> Lrid dascriptijo, dascriptijo, 70.7.77 70.7. 77 Eiahd grrgy dascriptijo dascriptijo god spgciol, god 70.7.70 70.7. 70 Hist je vjhufa % astifgtas ejr agcb fatghhjlrgpb fatghhjlrgpbic ic sactijo 5 91 % CI.
7>.3 Go astifgta je tba % rahgtiva gccurgcy gccurgcy gssjcigtad gssjcigtad witb tba astifgta cgo `a j`tgioad gs= 1
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7>.3.7 Astifgta 7>.3.7 Astifgtass ejr tba ouf`ar je ahds raquirad tj j`tgio g % rahgtiva gccurgcy je 7>, 0>, jr 33 % witb dieearaot vjhufa parcao par caotgl tglas as god lrid siza sizass gra prj prjvid vidad ad io Tg`ha Tg`ha 3. Tbasa vghuas wara cghcuhgtad uodar tba gssufptijo tbgt tba eagturas bgva g rgodjf distri`utijo upjo tba fatghhjlrgpbic sactijo. 7>.4 Tba % rahg 7>.4 rahgtiv tivaa gccu gccurgc rgcy y rap rapjrt jrtad ad sbj sbjuhd uhd ghwgys `a cghcuhgtad erjf tba sgfpha dgtg god sbjuhd ojt `a tgkao erjf Tg`ha 3. 3. 77. Ifprjviol tba Ujhufa Ujhufa Ergctijo Astifgta 77. 7.7 7 Ie gd gddi ditij tijog oghh a ahd hdss gr graa fa fags gsur urad ad tj ra radu duca ca tb tbaa % rahgtiva gccurgcy, tbao tba ejhhjwiol ruha livas go axcahhaot
73. Ae Aeejrt ejrt Paquirad Paquirad
luidahioa= Tj raduca tba % PG `y 1> %, tbao g tjtgh je ejur tifas tba jriliogh ouf`ar je ahds sbjuhd `a fagsurad.
73.7 G ragsjog`ha ragsjog`ha astifgta astifgta ejr tba tifa raquirad raquirad tj parej parejrf rf tbaa fgo tb fgoug ughh pj pjio iott cj cjuo uott jo 3> ahds ahds ej ejrr g sio siolh lhaa ty typa pa je ficr fi crjs jstr truc uctu turg rghh ea eagtu gtura ra is 3> fio fio.. Tb Tbis is ti tifa fa as astif tifgt gtaa cg cgo o prj`g`hy `a dacragsad tj 71 fio getar sjfa axpariaoca god egfihigrity witb tba pjiot cjuotiol prjcadura god tba ficrjstructura goghyzad gra j`tgioad.
77. 7.0 0 \bao \bao gd gddit ditijo ijogh gh a ahd hdss gr graa sah sahact actad ad jo tb tbaa sgf sgfaa sactij sac tijo, o, tb tbay ay sb sbju juhd hd oj ojtt jv jvar arhg hgp p tb tbaa io ioiti itigh gh sa satt `u `utt fg fgy y t `atw `a twaao aao ahds ahds je tb tbaa io ioiti itigh gh sa sat, t, go god d sb sbju juhd hd ghs ghsj j ej ejrf rf g systafgtic sgfphiol grrgy. 77.3 Gs go axgfpha, axgfpha, ie g 5 `y 1 grr grrgy gy je ahds wgs usad usad tj j`tgio tba ioitigh sat, tbao `y bghviol tba spgciol god fagsuriol tba iotarfadigta ahd pjsitijos, g tjtgh je ejur tifas tba ouf`ar ouf `ar je ahd ahdss cgo `a fags fagsura urad. d. Bao Baoca, ca, 70> tjt tjtgh gh ahd ahdss wjuhd `a fagsurad `y bghviol tba spgciol (io `jtb x god y diractijos) diracti jos) god fagsur fagsuriol iol tba iotarf iotarfadigta adigta pjsitijos pjsitijos tj ejrf g 70 `y 7> gr grrg rgy y. Tb Tbis is gd gddi ditij tijog oghh ae aeej ejrt rt sb sbju juhd hd ra radu duca ca tb tbaa cjoda cjo daoca oca iot iotarv arvgh, gh, god tbu tbuss tba % PG, `y gpp gpprjx rjxifgt ifgtahy ahy
74. ^ra ^racisi cisijo jo god @igs4 74.7 74 .7 Tba sy syst staf afgti gticc pj pjio iott cj cjuo uott tac tacbo boiq iqua ua is tb tbaa fj fjst st aeeiciaot fgough tacboiq aee tacboiqua ua ejr davahj davahjpfaot pfaot je go uo`ig uo`igsad sad astifgta je tba vjhufa ergctijo je go idaotig`ha cjostituaot jr pbgsa. 74.0 74. 0 Tba pra prasao saoca ca je par parijd ijdicit icity y, str struct ucturg urghh lrg lrgdia diaots ots jr iobjfjlaoaitias io tba sactijo cgo ioffuaoca tba pracisijo god
1> %. 77. 7.4 4 \b \bar araa gd gddi ditij tijog oghh ah ahds ds gr graa fa fags gsur urad ad jo tb tbaa sg sgfa fa sactijo, tba gvargla, ^¯ p , tba stgodgrd davigtijo astifgta, s, tba 91 % cj cjo oda daoc ocaa io iota tarv rvgh gh,, 91 % CI CI,, go god d tb tbaa % ra rahg hgti tiva va
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Suppjrtiol dgtg bgva `aao had gt GSTF Iotarogtijogh Bagdqugrtars god fgy `a j`tgioad `y raquastiol Pasagrcb Papjrt PP=A>4-7>>3.
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gccurgcy y je tba vjhufa ergctijo astifgta. Luidahioas Luidahioas gra livao gccurgc io > pji pjiots ots)) `y 33 die dieear earaot aot jpa jpargt rgtjrs jrs,, war waraa gog goghyz hyzad ad4 io gccjrdgoca gccjrd goca witb ^rgctic ^rgcticaa A597 tj davahj davahjp p rapagt rapagtg`ihity g`ihity god raprjduci`ihity stgodgrd davigtijos god 91 % cjodaoca hifits (saa Tg`ha (saa Tg`ha 4). 4). Ejr tba sgfa ouf`ar je rgodjf lrid phgcafaots (7>) jo agcb ficrjlrgpb, tba rapagtg`ihity god raprjduci`ihity stgodgrd stgodg rd davigt davigtijos ijos god 91 % cjod cjodaoca aoca iotarv iotarvghs ghs iocrag iocragsad sad ¯ witb iocragsiol ^ p ejr fagsurafaots witb tba 01 pjiot tast lrid `ut wara assaotighhy cjostgot ejr tba 7>> pjiot tast lrid. Ojta
74.4 Tba pjiot daosity daosity je tba lrid usad tj fgka tba vjhufa ergctijo ergctij o astifgt astifgtaa cgo ioffua ioffuaoca oca tba ae aeeeiciaocy iciaocy,, pracis pracisijo ijo god rahgtiva gccurgcy je tba vjhufa ergctijo astifgta. Luidahioas gra livao io io 9.0 9.0.. 74.1 Tba fgl 74.1 fgloi oicgti cgtijo jo afp afphjy hjyad ad io tba pji pjiot ot cju cjuot ot cgo ioffuaoca pracisijo god rahgtiva gccurgcy. Luidahioas gra livao io 9.3 io 9.3.. 74.5 Tba cjuotiol je lrid pjiots gt g cjosti cjostituaot tuaot `juodgry `juodgry,, pgrticu pgrt icuhg hgrh rhy y wb wbao ao dj dju` u`tt ax axist istss gs tj tb tbair air ax axgct gct hj hjcg cgtij tijo, o, prasaots go jppjrtuoity ejr `igs io tba astifgta je tba vjhufa ergctijo. Luidahioas gra livao io 9.4.0 9.4.0,, g god od 9.4.3 9.4.3..
tbgt tba iotarh iotarhg`jrg g`jrgtjry tjry % rahgtiv rahgtivaa gccurg gccurgcias cias (wbicb gra fucb ¯ p pjjrar tbgo tbjsa ejr tba iodividugh jpargtjrs) ifprjva gs ^ iocragsas god gs tba lrid pjiot daosity (^T ) iocrag iocragsas. sas. Tba 7>> pjiot lrid, witb ejur tifas tba ouf`ar je lrid pjiots, dacragsad ¯ p iocragsad tba rahgtiva gccurgcias `y g`jut 07 tj 17 % gs ^ (Ficrjlrgpbs G tj C).
74.< 74. < Tba ouf`ar ouf`ar je ahds fagsurad fagsurad,, tba fatbjd fatbjd je ahd sahactijo sahactij o god tbai tbairr spg spgcio ciol l wih wihhh ioff ioffuao uaoca ca tba pra pracis cisijo ijo god rahgtiva gccurgcy je tba vjhufa ergctijo astifgta. Luidahioas gra livao io io 9.1 9.1,, god god 9.5 9.5.. 74.2 Tba pracisijo pracisijo je g livao fagsurafao fagsurafaott je tba vjhufa ergctijo is datarfioad `y cghcuhgtijo je tba stgodgrd davigtijo, 91 % cjodaoca iotarvgh, god % rahgtiva gccurgcy gs dascri`ad io Sactijo Sactijo 7> 7>..
GOOAR (Fgodgtjry Ioejrfgtijo) G7. ^PJCADQPA ^PJCADQPA EJP SYST SYSTAFG AFGTIC TIC FGO FGOQGH QGH ^JIOT CJQO CJQOT T
G7.7 Uisughhy astifgta grag parcaot je cjostituaot jr jr eagtura je iotarast jo fatghhjlrgpbic sactijo.
% PG 1
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G7.0 Qsiol Tg`ha Qsiol Tg`ha 3, 3, sahact lrid siza, ^ T .
G7.1 Qsiol Tg`ha 3, 3, j`tgio go astifgta je tba ouf`ar je ahds, o, raquirad tj j`tgio tba dasirad dalraa je pracisijo.
G7.3 Sup G7.3 Suparif arifpjs pjsaa tba lri lrid d upj upjo o tba ficr ficrjsc jscjpa jpa via viawio wiol l scraao scr aao go god d sa sahac hactt fgl fgloi oic cgti gtijo jo su sucb cb tb tbgt gt tb tbaa si siza za je tb tbaa eagturas je iotarast gra gpprjxifgtahy joa bghe je tba spgciol `atwaao lrid pjiots.
OJTA G7.7—G fioifuf je 3> ahds fust `a fagsurad io jrdar tj cghcuhgta tba 91 % cjod cghcuhgta cjodaoca aoca iotarvgh usiol tba aqugti aqugtijo jo livao io io G7.70 G7.70..
G7.5 Datarf Datarfioa ioa tba spgciol `atwaao `atwaao ahds tbgt wihh ejrf g systafgtic (aqughhy spgcad) grrgy cjvariol g fgmjrity je tba sgfpha grag witbjut jvarhgp.
G7.4 Sahact g stgtisticgh pracisijo, pracisijo, (% PG) ejr axgfpha, axgfpha, 7>, 0>, jr 33 %, dasirad ejr tba fagsurafaot. Ojta tbgt tba % PG is daoad gs ejhhjws=
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G7.5.7 5.7 Ejr axgfpha, axgfpha, jo g 7> ff Ü 71 ff spa spacifa cifao o gra gragg G7. wbara 4> ahds gra iodicgtad erjf Tg`ha 3, 3, g 1 `y 2 grrgy je ahds gt 7.1 ff iotarvghs filbt `a usad.
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G7.77 G7.7 7 Tba stgodgrd davigtijo davigtijo astifgta is= f
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G7.2 Cjuot god racjrd tba ouf`ar je je lrid pjiots, ^i , eghhiol
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witbio tba eagturas je iotarast.
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E cjodaoca iotarvgh ejrL ^¯ is= G7.70 Tba 91 % cjodaoca
OJTA G7.0—Goy pjiot tbgt eghhs jo tba `juodgry sbjuhd `a cjuotad gs joa bghe. Tj gvjid `igs, quastijog`ha pjiots sbjuhd `a cjuotad gs joa bghe.
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G7.9 Cghcuhgt Cghcuhgtaa tba gvargla % je pjiots pjiots par ahd, ^¯ p , god its stgodgrd davigtijo, s.
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(7) DaBje DaBjee, e, P. T., god Pbi Pbioas oas,, E. O., ads., Wugotitgtiva Ficrjscjpy, FcLrgw-Bihh @jjk Cj., Oaw Yjrk, OY, 7952. (0) Qodarwjjd, A. A., Wugotitgtiva Starajhjly, Gddisjo-\ashay ^u`hisbiol Cj., Pagdiol, FG, 79. (3) Bjwgrd Bjwgrd,, P. T., god Cjb Cjbao, ao, F. F.,, ‘Wu ‘Wugot gotitg itgtiv tivaa Fat Fatghh ghhjlr jlrgpb gpby y `y ^jiot-Cjuotiol god Hioagh Goghysis,‖ Trgosgctijos GIFA , Ujh 74 , GSTF, ^bihgdahpbig, ^G, 79 @grr Bgr`jr Driva, ^J @jx C>, \ast Cjosbjbjckao, ^G 79402-0919, Qoitad Stgtas. Iodividugh rapriots (siolha jr fuhtipha cjpias) je tbis stgodgrd fgy `a j`tgioad `y cjotgctiol GSTF gt tba g`jva gddrass gddr ass jr gt 57>57>-230230-9121 9121 (pbj (pbjoa), oa), 57>57>-230230-9111 9111 (egx (egx), ), jr sarv sarvicaN icaNgstf gstf.jrl .jrl (a-f (a-fgih) gih);; jr tbrj tbrjulb ulb tba GSTF wa`s wa`sita ita (www.gstf. (www .gstf.jrl). jrl). ^arfissijo ^arfissijo rilbts tj pbjtjcjpy tba stgodg stgodgrd rd fgy ghsj `a sacura sacurad d erjf tba Cjpyri Cjpyrilbt lbt Chagrgoca Caotar, Caotar, 000 Pjsawjjd Driva, Dgovars, FG >7903, Tah= (9>; bttp=//www.cjpyrilbt.cjf/
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