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HDN[BSDC CK LGMKGLKQÊD NLXLB

N`gnrkt`  Drjdc` L

Qknuarljlkgt` ck rkhukrz`.- Kspdnldjlkgt` ckb dnkr` ck rkhu rkhukrz`. krz`.- Ydqukt Ydquktks ks ck ck adrrds adrrds..- Ykrdb Ykrdbtk tk khkntl khkntlv`. v`. Cr. Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

4

Qknuarljlkgt`s ck n`gnrkt` pdrd kb rkhukrz`. Kb rknuarljlkgt` ck n`gnrkt` pdrd kb rkhukrz`, nujpbk vdrlds hugnl`gks, kgtrk kbbds? 

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

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Yr`tknnlþg ckb rkhukrz` ck dnkr` n`gtrd dmkgtks kxtkrg`s tdbks n`j` bd eujkcdc. Ydrd n`gclnl`gks g`rjdbks ck kxp`slnlþg ckb n`gnrkt`, bd g`rjd hlod ugd skr skrlk lk ck rknuarljlkgt`s rknuarljl kgt`s jêglj`s quk ckpkgckg ckb tlp` ck kbkjkgt` kstrunturdb (zdpdtds, jur`s, n`bujgds, vlmds, b`sds, ktn.) Nudgc` kb n`gnrkt` kstd kxpukst` d n`gclnl`gks kxtkr kxtkrgds gds ‒dmrkslvds‚ tdbks n`j` bd prkskgnld ck hukgtks kxtkrgds ck nb`rur`s pr`vkglkgtks ck dmud ck jdr, r`nlþ ck dmud ck jdr, dmud sdb`ark, dmuds skrvlcds, sukbk skr gknksdrl` lgnrkjkgtdr b`s rknuarljlkgt`s rknuarljlkgt`s ckb n`gnrkt`. ^k rkn`jlkgcd kg kst`s nds`s ug rknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck ; nj. Yr`tknnlþg ckb rkhukrz` n`gtrd kb hukm`, cdcd bd hukrtk lghbukgnld quk tlkgk bd tkjpkrdturd kg bds pr`plkcdcks jknäglnds ckb dnkr` ck rkhukrz`, ks gknksdrl` pr`tkmkr db dnkr` ck rkhukrz` ck bd dnnlþg clrkntd ck bds dbtds tkjpkrdturds quk sk pukcd dbndgzdr kg ug lgnkgcl`. Nudgt` jdy`r skd kb rknuarljlkgt` rknuarljlkgt` ck n`gnrkt`, jdy`r skrä kb tlkjp` ck kxp`slnlþg d bds dbtds tkjpkrdturds quk pukck s`p`rtdr kb dnkr`. Dcekrkgnld kgtrk kb dnkr` y kb n`gnrkt` , ug dcknudc` rknuarljlkgt` pkrjltk quk sk cksdrr`bbkg pbkgdjkgtk b`s kshukrz`s ck dcekrkgnld kgtrk kb dnkr` y kb n`gnrkt` Hdnlblcdc ck n`b`ndnlþg ckb n`gnrkt`, b`s rknuarljlkgt`s jêglj`s pkrjltkg quk kb n`gnrkt` hbuyd hänlbjkgtk dbrkckc`r ck bds adrrds. ^l b`s rknuarljlkgt`s s`g juy pkqukô`s ks p`slabk quk kb n`gnrkt` g` bbkgk n`jpbktdjkgtk kb kspdnl` n`jprkgclc` kgtrk bds adrrds y bds supkrhlnlks blarks ckb kbkjkgt`. N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

1

4

 

Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg jur`s

• Kg Jur`s ck n`gtkgnlþg ` jur`s ck sþtdg` kg b`s nudbks ugd ndrd kstd kxpukstd pkrjdgkgtkjkgtk pkrjdgkgt kjkgtk db tkrrkg`. • Kg bd zdpdtd, sl kb n`gnrkt` sk n`b`nd (bbkgd) clrkntdjkgtk s`ark kb tkrrkg`, kb rknuarljlkgt` ck bds adrrds ck bd ndrd kg n`gtdnt` n`g kb tkrrkg` g` ckak skr lghkrl`r d = nj.

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

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Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg zdpdtds

• Kg kstk nds` sk sup`gk quk kb n`gnrkt` ed slc` n`b`ndc` clrkntdjkgtk s`ark kb sukb`, ks cknlr slg kb kjpbk` ck ug s`bdc` kg kb h`gc` y slg ug kgn`hrdc` pdrd bds ndrds bdtkrdbks.

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

3

1

 

Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg dblmkrdc`s y b`sds jdnlzds drjdcds kg ugd ` c`s clrknnl`gks

   Drjdcurd ck

tkjpkrdturd y rktrdnnlþg

Jêglj` 1 nj Qknuarljlkgt` 1 nj

e

e

Jêglj` 1 nj

Jêglj` 1 nj

Qknuarljlkgt`s kg dblmkrdc`s

Qknuarljlkgt`s kg b`sds jdnlzds 

^k sup`gk n`gclnl`gks ck kxp`slnlþg ‒g`rjdbks‚.

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

;

Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg vlmds pkrdbtdcds y vlmds nedtds  

3 nj

3 nj

1 nj

3 nj

  Qknuarljlkgt`s kg vlmds pkrdbtdcds 

• Gþtksk quk kb rknuarljlkgt` blark sk jlck db kstrla` y g` d bd drjdcurd ck hbkxlþg. N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

1 nj

Qknuarljlkgt`s kg vlmds nedtds 

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

8

>

 

Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg n`bujgds kstrunturdbks. 3 nj

3 nj 3 nj

3 nj

3 nj

  Qknuarljlkgt`s kg n`bujgds 

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

=

Qknuarljlkgt` jêglj` ck drjdcurds kg n`bujgds y vlmds n`ghlgdjlkgt`. ^`bunlþg n`g rkcunnlþg ck rknuarljlkgt` ck 3 d 1.; nj. @trds g`rjds ck n`gnrkt` pkrjltkg rkcunlr kb rknuarljlkgt` edstd ug jêglj` ck 1 nj.

Qknuarljlkgt`s kg n`bujgds y s`bkrds ckbmdcds (kbkjkgt`s ck n`ghlgdjlkgt`) 

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

5

3

 

Kspdnldjlkgt` ckb Dnkr` ck rkhukrz`. Kb kspdnldjlkgt` jêglj` kgtrk adrrds ck rkhukrz` quk kspknlhlnd bd G`rjd, `akcknk d bd gknkslcdc ck ? 

Mdrdgtlzdr kb hbuo` ckb n`gnrkt` hrksn` ckgtr` ck b`s kspdnl`s blarks kgtrk bds adrrds y kgtrk kstds y kb kgn`hrdc`, ck tdb j`c` quk g` sk mkgkrkg ‒ndgmrkok ‒ndgmrkokrds‚ rds‚ kg kb n`gnrkt`.

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Dskmurdr bd dcekrkgnld kgtrk bds adrrds y kb n`gnrkt` . ^l bds adrrds ck ugd ndpd kstäg p`n` kspdnldcds, pukck s`arkvkglr ugd hdbbd ck dcekrkgnld quk sk jdglhlkstd n`g ugd ekgclcurd d b` bdrm` ckb n`gnrkt` d bd dbturd ck bd ndpd ckb rkhukrz`.

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Kg mkgkrdb ks gknksdrl` kvltdr bd n`gmkstlþg ckb dnkr` ck rkhukrz` tdgt` kg vlmds n`j` n`bujgds y kspknldbjkgtk kkgg b`s guc`s, pdrd b`mrdr ugd aukgd n`b`ndnlþg y n`jpdntdnlþg ckb n`gnrkt` hrksn`.

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

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Kspdnldjlkgt`s jêglj`s kg drjdcurds ck vlmds

Kspdnldjlkgt`s jêglj`s kg drjdcurds ck vlmds 

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

49

;

 

Kspdnldjlkgt`s jêglj`s kg drjdcurd ck n`bujgds

• Ydrd bds n`bujgds b`s rkqukrljlkgt`s rkqukrljlk gt`s ck kspdnldjlkgt` blark kgtrk adrrds s`g jds kxlmkgtks quk pdrd bds vlmds. • Gþtksk quk kb kspdnldjlkgt` kspdnldjlk gt` blark jêglj` tdjalìg ckak dpblndrsk d bd clstdgnld blark kgtrk kjpdbjks trdsbdpdc`s (sl b`s eualkrd) y kgtrk b`s trdsbdpks y bds adrrds dcydnkgtks.

Kspdnldjlkgt`s Kspdnldjlkg t`s jêglj`s kg drjdcurds ck n`bujgds  n `bujgds 

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

44

Kspdnldjlkgt`s jäxlj`s ck bds drjdcurds kg b`sds jdnlzds y jur`s. Bd G`rjd kspknlhlnd, pdr dbmug`s kbkjkgt`s n`j` b`sds y jur`s, ug kspdnldjlkgt` kspdnldjlk gt` jäxlj` ckb rkhukrz`, n`g bd hlgdblcdc ck? 

Dskmurdr ug dmrlktdjlkgt` jko`r clstrlaulc` 

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Kvltdr quk mrdgcks p`rnl`gks ckb n`gnrkt` sk qukckg slg rkhukrz`. Yrkvkglr bd hdbbd p`r pugz`gdjlkgt` quk p`crêd pr`cunlrsk kg prkskgnld ck ndrmds n`gnkgtrdcds kg z`gds pkqukôds ck bd b`sd.

Kspdnldjlkgt` jäxlj` ck bds drjdcurds kg b`sds jdnlzds y jur`s  N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

41

8

 

Ydquktks ck Adrrds 

N`g nlkrtd hrknukgnld ks gknksdrl` dmrupdr c`s ` jds ks adrrds n`gh`rjdgc` quk sk ckg`jlgd pdquktk ck adrrds  . Kstd dmrupdnlþg n`gvkglkgtk nudgc`b` kxlstk n`gmkstlþg ck rkhukrz`, ks cknlr nugc` kb gujkr` g ujkr` ck adrrds rkqukrlc` g` pukck skr n`b`ndc` n`g n`j`clcdc kg bd sknnlþg, rkspktdgc` b`s rknuarljlkgt`s y kspdnldjlkgt`s blarks jêglj`s kgtrk bds adrrds. B`s pdquktks ck adrrds sk usdg prlgnlpdbjkgtk kg n`bujgds y kg vlmds ck pukgtks.

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^k sup`gk quk bds adrrds dmrupdcds dntÿdg n`j` ugd uglcdc, ks cknlr kb pdquktk kqulvdbk d ugd adrrd nuyd ärkd ks bd sujd ck bds ärkds ck bds adrrds quk b` n`gh`rjdg.

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Ydrd quk bds adrrds dntÿkg n`j` ugd uglcdc, g` pukckg edakr jds ck c`s adrrds dmrupdcds kg ug jlsj` pbdg`, kg n`gsknukgnld kb jäxlj` gujkr` ck adrrds quk bd g`rjd pkrjltk kg ug pdquktk ks ck nudtr`.

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Bd G`rjd pkrjltk dmrupdr kg pdquktks, adrrds ckb jäxlj`.

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Kb rknuarljlkgt` y kspdnldjlkgt` blark ckak adsdrsk kg kb cläjktr` kqulvdbkgtk ck ugd adrrd hlntlnld nuyd ärkd skd lmudb db ärkd ckb pdquktk, slg kjadrm` kb rknuarljlkgt` jêglj` g` gknksltd skr jdy`r d ; nj. ` =nj pdrd kb nds` ck kbkjkgt`s vdnldc`s n`gtrd kb sukb` y kg n`gtdnt` n`g kb pkrjdgkgtkjkgtk.

#

44 ( 4 >/5 ‒) n`j`

4>

Ydquktks ck Adrrds

Ydquktks ck adrrds 

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

43

=

 

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` (c (c) kg kbkjkgt`s kg hbkxlþg Kb pkrdbtk khkntlv` (c), ks ckhlglc` n`j` bd clstdgnld cksck bd hlard kxtrkjd kg n`jprkslþg ck bd sknnlþg edstd kb nkgtr`lck ck bd drjdcurd kg trdnnlþg.

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` ck ugd sknnlþg n`g dnkr` kg ugd s`bd ndpd

c : e-8 (nj) N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

4;

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` (c (c) kg kbkjkgt`s kg vlmds.

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` ck ugd sknnlþg n`g dnkr` kg c`s ndpds ndpds

c : e-< (nj) c“ : 8 nj N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

48

5

 

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` (c (c) kg ugd vlmuktd ck dblmkrdc`.

khkntlv` ck ug dblmkrdc` Ykrdbtk khkntlv` dblmkrdc`

c : e-> (nj)

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

4=

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` (c (c) kg b`sd jdnlzd drjdcd kg ugd clrknnlþg.

Ykrdbtk khkntlv` kg ugd b`sd jdnlzd drjdcd kg ugd clrknnlþg

c : e-> (nj)

N`gnrkt` Drjdc` L

Lgm. @jdrt Skbb` Jdbpdrtlcd

45

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°Yrkmugtds …. 0

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49