Desinformación y Noticias Falsas APUNTES

 

Hlskegarjm`kðe, kðe, Eatk`kms Gmosms Hlskegarjm` @omsl =6.6>.26 Vrlsletm`kðe4 Lo praboljm hl om hlskegarjm`kðe4    

±@ðja eas kegarjmjas1 ±]uë jlhkas vmjas m bus`mr1 ±]uë kegarjm`kðe eas oolcm1 ±smbljas qul ls om kegarjm`kðe1

Om kegarjm`kðe ls lo pra`lsa hl rl`apkom`kðe, pra`lsmjkleta y trmesjkskðe hl hmtas sabrl nl`nas rlmols qul pulhle tlelr mocuem ke`khle`km le om vkhm sa`kmo y qul plrjktle m oms plrsaems m`tumr, sler u apkemr. Om kegarjm`kðe letrlcm nlrrmjkletms m oms plrsaems pmrm qul pulhme tajmr hl`kskaels y slr pmrtl hl om hlja`rm`km. Om kegarjm`kðe lel ltmpms4

Duetmr oas hmtas

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Vra`lsmr/`aevlrroa le jlesmdl (eatm hl hkmrka/hlspm`na XW)

Xrmesjkr

Nl`na gm`tumo Wlrhmh Jlesmdl Hkguskðe

Ea taha sl pulhl `aeskhlrmr kegarjm`kðe. Ldljpoas4 oas `klrvas zajbkls, oms metlems .26 Nmy uem `rksks le `umeta m oas jlhkas hl `ajuek`m`kðe trmhk`kaemols (tlolvkskðe, hkmrkas, rmhkas, lt`.)4 letrmeha le uem `rksks l`aeðjk`m y hl `rlhkbkokhmh. Xklele qul mhmptmrsl m uem rlmokhmh. Oas jlhkas hkcktmols lstíe tlekleha `mhm vlz jís gulrzm le `umeta m om `ajuek`m`kðe l kegarjm`kðe.

EAXK@KM NLREME @MOHLRAE ±Var quë pahrêm slr `aeskhlrmha ea`km1      

Wkaole`km ketrmgmjkokmr/pmrrk`khka grustrmha Pl`tar clacrí`a (arkletl) Vaskbol hlokta Vlrsaemdls `aea`khas Mcrlsar prðguca Hleue`km par pmrtl hlo pmhrl hlo davle

RAO HLO VLRKAHKPXM     

@nl`mr hmtas Rl`apkomr Gkotrmr Nm`lr ue slcukjkleta Letrlvkstmr

*Lo nl`na vlrhmhlra pulhl a ea slr ea`kasa, hlplehkleha hl oas gm`tarls y `mrm`tlrês`ms qul oa `ajpaele. Vulhl slr ea`kasa m jlhkhm qul tlecm uem rlolvme`km a `aesl`ule`km pmrm om sa`klhmh. Oas jmemols y om gmríehuom4 lo `mjbka qul a`urrl y om mhmptm`kðe. Pl ta`me tljms jms `aeecletls y hl kjpartme`km.

LO @MPA HL MJBMR [ LO VLRKXA GMOPA

 

Jltlr m uem plrsaem hl garjm kolcmo m nm`lr ue hlspm`na a m rl`apkomr kegarjm`kðe sabrl lo `msa. ‟Oms rlhls sa`kmols ol hme lo hlrl`na hl nmbomr m oms olckaels hl khkatms qul prkjlra nmbombme saoa le lo bmr hlspuës hl ue vmsa hl vkea, skea hmýmr m om `ajuekhmh. Looas rípkhmjletl lrme skole`kmhas, plra mnarm lele lo jksja hlrl`na m nmbomr qul ue prljka Eablo. Ls uem kevmskðe hl oas kjbë`kols‚  \jblrta  \jblrta L`a, 26=.26 Kegarjm`kðe y `ajuek`m`kðe Oas jlhkas hl `ajuek`m`kðe lele mrkstms hl letrltle`kðe, tljms hl ketlrës, lt`. qul `ubrle uem el`lskhmh hl hkvlrskðe hl oms plrsaems

Lo praboljm hl om hlskegarjm`kðe Wkvkjas le uem sa`klhmh le om qul om ls`mom (coabmo y oa`mo) y om vloa`khmh le om prahu``kðe, `kr`uom`kðe y mo`me`l hl oms  gmil elws ls learjl l ke`aetraombol Gleðjleas `aja om pasvlrhmh Gleðjleas pasvlrhmh,, oms  gmil elws y om hlskegarjm`kðe sae paskbols nay hlbkha m uem `ajpoldm `ajpoldm ketlr ketlrm``kðe m``kðe letrl om kegrmlstru` kegrmlstru`turm turm tl`ea tl`eaoðck`m oðck`m,, prí``ms prí``ms `ajue `ajuek`mv k`mvms ms y `ajpartmjkleta sa`kmo (Lrrí`a y hls`aetraomha) ±@ðja eas `ajpartmjas grletl m oms gm`kokhmhls y eavlhmhls qul eas brkehm om tl`eaoacêm1  

Om ‟vm`uem‚ pmrm lo @AWKH-=; Oms ‟`urms‚ hlo @AWKH-=;

Metl`lhletls hl om hlskegarjm`kðe 

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Mýa 88 m.@4 le oas ljpas rajmeas, A`tmvka omezm uem `mjpmým hl prapmcmehm le `aetrm hl Jmr`a Metaeka, m trmvës hl jlesmdls hl hlsprlscka crmbmhas le jaelhms. Lsta `aetrkbuyl m qul sl `aevklrtm le Mucusta, lo prkjlr ljplrmhar rajmea =804 om prapmcmehm gul `omvl pmrm lo rl`outmjkleta hl saohmhas le om Vrkjlrm Culrrm Juehkmo, puls mplombm mo em`kaemoksja y pmtrkasja `ae jlesmdls `aja ‟tu pmês tl el`lsktm‚ ‟pmhrl, ±]uë nk`kstl tu le om Crme culrrm1‚ =;=34  hurmet hurmetl l om Vrk Vrkjlr jlrm m Culrrm Culrrm Juehkm Juehkmo, o, om pra prapmc pmcmeh mehm m brk brktíe tíek`m k`m sl leg lega`a a`a le hljaekzmr m oas moljmels. Oas jlhkas Xnl Xkjls y Xnl Hmkoy Jmko pubok`mrae mr`uoas le oas qul sl hl`êm qul, hlbkha m om ls`mslz le Moljmekm par lo boaqula emvmo brktíek`a, oas moljmels lstmbme uokzmeha oas `ulrpas hl sus saohmhas pmrm lxtrmlr oms crmsms y prahu`kr `mrel pmrm oas `lrhas =;004 `ae lo ms`lesa hlo emzksja, Daslpn Calbblos lstmbol`kð lo Jkekstlrka pmrm om Koustrm`kðe Vôbok`m y Vrapmcmehm hlo Rlk`n pmrm hkguehkr jlesmdls emzks par jlhka hl prlesm y tlmtra, ke`ktmeha mo ahka nm`km oas duhêas =;0>4 lo rmhkatlmtra ‟Om culrrm hl oas juehas‚ nkza `rllr m ju`nas ayletls le LL\\ qul om lrrm lstmbm bmda mtmqul. Oas `rlmharls ea plesmrae le lecmýmr m om cletl y ea hkdlrae qul lrm ``kðe parqul plesmbme qul emhkl `rllrêm qul lsa lrm vlrhmh.

 

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=;0;-=;8.26 -

@msa @msa ==J4 ==J4 mtl mtlet etmh mhas as hl hloo 2668 2668 le Jmhr Jmhrkh kh

@omsl 62.6;.26 -

Wkhla Wkhla sabrl sabrl ju`n ju`na a custa custa y oms oms ‟kjíc ‟kjíclel lelss sabrl sabrl lo hlsm hlsmbms bmstl` tl`kjk kjklet leta‚ a‚

Hlskegarjm`kðe Hlskegarjm `kðe ske ketle`kðe ketle`kðe hl lecmýmr, lecmýmr, ue lrrar plrkahês`a. plrkahês`a. Ls `ulsaembol `ulsaembol sabrl su prapðskta, ym qul `aja tmo pulhl clelrmr ue píek`a a tlrrar grletl m om sktum`kðe, plra ea sl smbl sk rlmojletl sl lel lsm ketle`kðe.

±Hl quë nmbomjas `umeha nmbomjas hl pasvlrhmh1 Vasvlrhmh slcôe om RML4 ‟hkstarskðe hlokblrmhm hl om rlmokhmh, qul jmekpuom `rlle`kms y lja`kaels `ae lo e hl keukr le om apkekðe pubok`m y le m`tuhls sa`kmols‚

±@uío ls lo íjbkta prapk`ka pmrm om pasvlrhmh1   

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Muhkle`kms qul ea quklrle smblr hl jmoms ea`kms, ske kjpartmr s sae vlrhmhls Cabklreas qul sae `aeskhlrmhas pratl`tarls hl om vlrhmh (cabklreas tatmoktmrkas) Mutarkhmhls paoê`ms qul ea sl mplcme m om vlrhmh (Ld. Haemoh Xrujp) Vra`lsas hlsnaelstas kestmomhas le hksetas íjbktas hl om vkhm

±@ðja kjpm`tm om pasvlrhmh mo plrkahksja1

 

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Okblrtmh hl lxprlskðe WP dlrmrquêm hl kegarjm`kðe Lo mocarktja WP om lhk`kðe plrkahês`m Om paoê`m pomsjmhm le lo `ðhkca hl pracrmjm`kðe Vërhkhm hl `aemezm Pl `aem le lo `rktlrka hl slol``kðe hl ue `lr`mea/`aetm`ta qul le lo plrkahksja

Grmeigurt (=;>7, 266)

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Xu`ilr @mrosae Molx daels

Kegarjm`kðe okqukhm4 Pl pulhl hlekr `aja ‟mquloom kegarjm`kðe ea sustletmhm a `aerjmh, qul lel bmsls jís pmrl`khms mo rujara m pasvlrhmhls, le `aetrmpmrtl m om kegarjm`kðe saokhm qul sl pahrêm letlehlr `aja om kegarjm`kðe ha`ujletmhm, rmzaemhm y lerkqul`khm `ae puetas hl vkstm kcumojletl sustletmhas le hmtas qul `ajprulble su vlrm`khmh‚ (Rmjas, 26=3) @aja `aesl`ule`km, lo kehkvkhua sl le`klrrm le ue skoa}3burbudm haehl saomjletl `aesuotm om kegarjm`kðe qul quklrl `aesuotmr, ls`u`nmr y taolrmr, y sl hldm hl omha mquloom kegarjm`kðe, qul, mue rlldmeha jís om vlrhmh, ea taolrm a prllrl ea `aea`lr.

Ea`kms `aja mezuloa4 Oas jlhkas ljpklzme m mhmptmrsl mo ketlrës hl oms muhkle`kms ‐ le `mehmh ‐ `aja sk sl trmtmrm hl ue ldlr`k`ka hl jmrilec. Om pmutm, tljms, legaqul, kjíclels y tuomrls sae hkslýmhas `aja ‟mezuloa‚ hlo usumrka hl oms rlhls sa`kmols.

‟kegalsglrm‚ Oas `aetlekhas hkspaekbols le oms rlhls sa`kmols sae suplr`kmols, ke`ajpoltas y brlvls. Le ju`nas `msas ek skquklrm sae olêhas `ajpoltmjletl par oas usumrkas y mue msê oas `ajpmrtle, `rlmeh `rl meha a uem ‟kegal ‟kegalsgl sglrm‚ rm‚ pomcmh pomcmhm m hl keg kegarj arjm`k m`kael aelss `aetrm `aetrmhk` hk`tar tarkms kms,, ea vlrk` vlrk`mhm mhmss y le ju`nas `msas, gmosms. Oms muhkle`kms ea lstíe lxkckleha gm`tumokhmh/vlrm`khmh, otra ea slol``kðe.

@omsl 63.6;.26 Xrkeajka hl om pasvlrhmh 

Muhkle`km ke`mpmz hl uokzmr oas jlhkas `ae uem jkrmhm `rê`m y qul sl `aevklrtl le rl-hkgusar y prahu`tarm hl `aetlekhas

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Vsluha `aetlekhas hl `ðjahm mhquksk`kðe y hl crme vmrklhmh Hkeíjk`m hl rlhls sa`kmols qul gue`kaem `aja `moha hl `uova `ae lgl`ta hl mrrmstrl, hlbkha m su `mrle`km hl rlcuom`kðe a `nl`ikec

±@uíols sae oas hlsmas1

 

‟(…) ea sl pulhl ek hlbl letlehlr m om hlskegarjm`kðe ôek`mjletl `aja uem `aespkrm`kðe hl oas pahlrls gí``as sabrl oas `kuhmhmeas, skea qul nmy qul rmzaemrom tmjbkëe `aja ue gleðjlea le lo qul oms vê`jms sae prapk`kmtarkms, puls le uem lrm hl ‟prasuja‚ le om qul om muhkle`km lel crme pmrtl hlo pahlr hl mo`me`l y `rlhkbkokhmh hl oms kegarjm`kaels, om musle`km hl `ajpltle`km jlhkí`m sl lrkcl `aja prke`kpmo gm`tar hlskegarjmva‚ (Vlmrsae, p. 0;6)

Oulca, ls guehmjletmo jldarmr oas ekvlols hl `ajpltle`km jlhkí`m hl oas usumrkas. Vlra, ±hl qukle slrêm om rlspaesmbkokhmh hl nm`lroa1 Hlsðrhlels hl kegarjm`kðe.

 

@omsl 6;.6;.26 Gmil Elws. Kegarjm`kðe gmosm, grl`uletljletl slesm`kaemokstm, hksljkemhm bmda lo hksgrmz hl rlpartmdl hl ea`kms. Ea sl jmeklstme hl om jksjm garjm le tahas oas lspm`kas y sus garjms hl prapmcm`kðe sae vmrkmhms4 

SnmtsMpp gm`koktm lo ketlr`mjbka hl `aetlekhas m`ëgmoas (ske mutar a guletl mpmrletl)

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Gm`lbaai ol hm jís kjpartme`km m `aetlekhas qul sl `ajpmrtle jmskvmjletl

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Xwklr ls uem pomtmgarjm haehl lo usumrka ls`acl oms va`ls qul quklrl aêr

Oulca, ls kjpartmetl `aeskhlrmr oms marhme`ls.

Marhme`ls4  sae oms prapklhmhls qul surcle m pmrr hl om rlom`kðe letrl lo abdlta y om pl plrs rsae aem. m. Lstl Lstl `a `ae`l e`lpt pta a ketr ketrah ahu` u`kh kha a pa parr lo psk`ð psk`ðoa oaca ca Dm Dmjl jlss Ckbs Ckbsae ae,, sl rl rll lrl rl m oms oms ‟paskb ‟pa skbkok kokhmh hmhls ls hl m``kðe m``kðe le hltlrj hltlrjkem kemha ha `aetlx `aetlxta, ta, y sl uo uokzm kzm pmrm pmrm nmbomr nmbomr sab sabrl rl `ðja `ðja ket ketlrm lrm`tô `tôme me usumrk usumrkas as `ae abdlta abdltas, s, mjbkle mjbkletls tls a tl tl`eao `eaoacê acêms ms pmr pmrm m oacrmr oacrmr hl hltlr tlrjke jkemha mhass rlsuotmhas‚ (@LOL, 26=3) \em ea`km gmosm ls uem uekhmh kegarjmvm `aja `umoquklr atrm, muequl le atras `msas ls `aesl`ule`km ea hlslmhm plra qul lo prahu`ta agrl`l4 usmr ue tuomr lecmýasa pmrm clelrmr `ok`s y vkrmokzmr uem jler. Pl trmtm hl usas qul ea sae mdleas mo prahu`ta. Vlesljas le Gm`lbaai4 ls oðck`a supaelr qul lo usa hlslmha hlo slrvk`ka slm praja`kaemr prah pr ahu` u`ta tass vl vlrm rm`l `ls, s, pl plra ra su hk hksl slýa ýa agr agrl` l`l l ‐ m mar arhs hs ‐ om pa pask skbk bkok okhm hmh h hl praj praja` a`ka kaem emrr kegarjm`kðe grmuhuoletm. Vlesljas le Xwklr4 su hkslýa plrjktl y prajulvl om `rlm`kðe hl `aevlrsm`kaels mbklrtms y hls`le hls `letrm trmokz okzmhm mhms, s, oa qul nm plr plrjk jkha ha arc arcmek mekzmr zmr pra pratls tlstms tms sa` sa`kmo kmols ls y jav javkok kokzm` zm`kae kaels, ls, par ldljpoa, oa qul mbrl om paskbkokhmh hl qul ue crupa hl `uletms mpmrletljletl mutëe`ms sl hlhkqule m prajavlr `aetlekha gmosa. ±par quë om cletl pahrêm plesmr qul om kegarjm`kðe qul mnê sl `ajpmrtl ea ls vlrmz1 [ le lo `msa hl SnmtsMpp4 mo slr oas kehkvkhuas quklels `ajpmrtle vkhlas, kjíclels, muhkas a tlxtas, om kegarjm`kðe ea ke`ouyl el`lsmrkmjletl uem guletl, plra ke`ousa msê sl `ajpmrtl le ue ‟`aetlxta hl kejkhmh‚ y `ae ue ketlroa`utar `aea`kha, oa qul ol hm uem olckjkhmh. Le lstl `msa, lo abdlta lel lo usa kes`rkta hl `ael`tmr plrsaems `aea`khms le ue letarea `lrrmha, oa `umo ea lx`ouyl qul lsl `memo sl usl pmrm `ajpmrr `umoquklr pa hl kegarjm`kðe.

Gmil elws y paoê`m.

 

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Vmr`kpm`kðe

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\sumrka kegarjmha

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\sumrka hlskegarjmha

±pulha pmr`kpmr paoê`mjletl sk ea jl kegarja1 ±pulha pmr`kpmr sk ea vata1 ±]uë ls om pmr`kpm`kðe sa`kmo1

@omsl =8.6;.26 Wkhla pubok`ktmrka sabrl lo ‟Rl`nmza‚

Xkpas hl Gmil Elws4  

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Pírm4 pracrmjms hl tlolvkskðe qul bus`me buromrsl hl oas m`aetl`kjkletas m`tumols. Lo abdlva hl lstas pracrmjms ls letrltlelr jís qul kegarjmr, plra m trmvës hl nl`nas rlmols, ea ``kas. (RA@I MEH VAV4 VOME@LXM) Vmrahkm4  mo kcum kcumoo qu qul l le om sír sírm, m, sl uokz uokzm m lo nujar nujar y bu bus` s`m m letr letrlt ltle lelr lr m oas oas lspl`tmharls. Pke ljbmrca, lsta oa nm`l m trmvës hl nl`nas ea rlmols y sl lsplrm qul lo pôbok`a rl`aeaz`m qul mr`uoas sae ``kas. `rlmhas le bmsl m kegarjm`kðe gmosm, plra pubok`mhm Gmbrk`m`kðe hl ea`kms4 le lo garjmta garjmta hl uem eatm plrkah plrkahês ês`m `m pmrm pmrm `rlmr `rlmr olckj olckjkhm khmh. h. Le lstl lstl `ms `msa, a, om muhkle`km lel hk`uotmhls pmrm vlrk`mr sk lstm kegarjm`kðe ls rlmo a ea. Var oa clelrmo sae hkguehkhms m trmvës hl rlhls sa`kmols, boacs a skas wlb. Jmekpuom`kðe hl kjíclels4  `aeskstl le om jahk`m`kðe a lhk`kðe hl gatacrmms a vkhlas rlmols qul bus`me sm`mr hl `aetlxta om rlmokhmh y `aeguehkr m om muhkle`km. Vubok`khmh y Rlom`kaels Vôbok`ms4   pubok`khmh `rlmhm `ae lo garjmta hl ue mr`uoa ea`kasa y hkguehkhm m trmvës hl jlhkas hl `ajuek`m`kðe. Pk bkle mhvklrtle qul ls ue meue`ka pmcmha, lo mr`uoa mpmrletm uem eatm hl `mrí`tlr plrkahês`a y om mhvlrtle`km sl ubk`m le ue oucmr pa`a vkskbol pmrm lo ol`tar. Vrapmcmehm4 sae ea`kms `rlmhms par om keule`km hl paoê`as y su hkguskðe rlprlsletm blel blel`ka `kass m `klrta `klrta sl`t sl`tar ar hl om paoê` paoê`m. m. Lsta Lsta ea sl mhnklr mhnklrl l m oas prke`kpk prke`kpkas as hlo plrkahksja le ue lstmha hlja`rí`a.

Lo jueha hlspuës hlo => hl a`tubrl hl 26=;. Om tmrhl hlo => hl a`tubrl sl hlsle`mhleð oa qul sl `aea`l `aja lo ‟lstmookha sa`kmo‚ l @nkol, ue nl`na nkstðrk`a qul le tërjkeas plrkahês`as pahrêmjas `aeskhlrmr ue nl`na lx`lp`kaemo

a ‟hl rupturm‚ Le lo lstuhka hl oas hlsmstrls y ljlrcle`kms sl oomjm ‟nl`na rupturm‚ m mqulo qul sl kjpael m oas `aehk`kaemjkletas kegarjmvas y plrkahês`as, m`mpmrmeha oas oucmrls jís hlstm`mhas hlo plrkðhk`a a hl `umoquklr jlhka hl `ajuek`m`kð `ajuek`m`kðe. e. Pae sktum`kaels sktum`kaels lxtrmarhke lxtrmarhkemrkms mrkms qul sl ea eass pr prls lsle letm tme e jk jkeu euta ta m jk jkeu euta ta le om jlhk jlhkhm hm le qu qul l sl hl hlsm smrr rrao aoom ome9 e9 le pm pmom ombr brms ms hl @nauokmrmik, su tljparmokhmh ls ‟lxtí`m‚ le lo sleha qul rajpl `ae eulstrm `ae`lp`kðe arhkemrka hlo ljpa.