Design_of_3storey_Public_School_Building_with_Rainwater_Harvesting_System_in_Maybunga_Pasig.pdf

Design of T hree Storey Public School Building with Rainwater Harvesting System in Maybunga, Pasig City

Project by

Abanador, Neilson B. Regorosa, Christian F. San Pedro, Robin S.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (Degree Program)

Mapua Institute of T echnology Manila City

September/2012

ii

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Executive Summary With this project, we were given the opportunity to help the institution of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries and the Local government of Pasig City. We designed a 3-storey school building that will provide classrooms and school facility to the students and the faculty members as well. The design of the building includes rainwater harvesting system which will collect rain water and will be reused for external application like cleaning, irrigation to garden, flushing of toilets and as sprinklers in case of fire. This project will bridge the gap between the classroom shortage and the growing population of students’ as to improve the quality of education in the Philippines.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: Introduction ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Problem Statement..................................................................................................3 1.2 Project Objective ....................................................................................................3 1.3 Design Norms Considered......................................................................................3 1.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering ........................................................4 1.5 The Project Beneficiary ..........................................................................................4 1.6 The Innovative Approach .......................................................................................4 1.7 The Research Component.......................................................................................5 1.8 The Design Component ..........................................................................................5 1.9 Sustainable Development Concept .........................................................................6 CHAPTER 2: Environmental Examination Report ......................................................7 2.1 Project Description ...............................................................................................7 2.1.1 Project Rationale ..........................................................................................7 2.1.2 Project Location ............................................................................................7 2.1.3 Project Information .......................................................................................9 2.1.4 Description of Project Phases .......................................................................9 2.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational phase...............................................................9 2.1.6 Construction phase ......................................................................................10 2.1.7 Operational phase ........................................................................................11 2.1.8 Abandonment phase ....................................................................................11 2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environme nt .............11 2.2.1 Physical Environment..................................................................................11 2.2.2 Biological Environment ..............................................................................12 2.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment ................................12 2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project ...............................13 2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation ...................................................................14 2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development ...........................14

v 2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological Resources ...................................................................................15 2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project .........................................................................................................16 2.4 Environmental Manage ment Plan ....................................................................17 2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities ...........................................................17 2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures .....................18 2.4.3 Monitoring Plan ..........................................................................................18 2.4.4 Contingency Plan ........................................................................................19 2.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements ...........................................19 CHAPTER 3: The Research Component .....................................................................20 3.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................20 3.2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................20 3.3 Review of Related Literature................................................................................21 3.4 Methodology.........................................................................................................23 3.5 Results and Discussion .........................................................................................25 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 4: Detailed Engineering Design .................................................................27 4.1 Plan Set ................................................................................................................27 4.1.1 Architectural Plans……………………………………………….……….27 4.1.1.1 Perspective.........................................................................................27 4.1.1.2 Floor Plans ........................................................................................28 4.1.1.3 Elevation Plans .................................................................................30 4.1.2 Structural Plans ...........................................................................................33 4.2 Design of Supe rstructure ...................................................................................36 4.2.1 Design of Roof Truss ..…………………………………………………....36 4.2.2 Design of Beams .........................................................................................39 4.2.3 Design of Columns .....................................................................................42 4.2.4 Design of Slabs ...........................................................................................44 4.3 Design of Substructure .......................................................................................45

vi 4.3.1 Soil Investigation………………………………………………………….45 4.3.2 Design of Foundation……………..……………………………………….45 4.4 Rainwater Harvesting System ..................................................................…….47 CHAPTER 5: Budget Estimation ..................................................................................48 CHAPTER 6: Project's Schedule ..................................................................................54 6.1 Manpower Requirement….……...………………………………………………54 6.2 Equipment Requirement………...………………………………………………55 6.3 Gauntt Chart………..……………..….………..………………………………...56 CHAPTER 7: Promotional Material ............................................................................58 CHAPTER 8: Conclusion and Summary .....................................................................61 CHAPTER 9: Recommendation.....................................................................................63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................64 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................65 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................66 A. Structural Computations B. Article Type Paper C. Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel Members D. English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Rubic E. Accomplished Consultation Forms F. Compilation of Assessment Forms (Rubrics) G. Copy of Engineering Drawings and Plans H. Copy of Project Poster I. Photocopy of Receipts J. Relevant Pictures K. Other Required Forms L. Student Reflections M. Resume of Each Member

vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1:

DepEd report on Budget, Shortages, Target and Deficit (2010)

Table 2:

Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Table 3:

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14

Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

17

Table 4:

Monitoring Plan

18

Table 5:

Properties of Channel Section (C 3x5) for Purlins

37

Table 6:

Schedule of Beams

39

Table 7;

Schedule of Columns

42

Table 8:

Schedule of Slabs

44

Table 9:

Concrete Works For Beams

49

Table 10:

Summary For Beams

49

Table 11:

Concrete Works For Columns

49

Table 11.1:

Columns At Ground

49

Table 11.2:

At 2FLR

49

Table 11.3:

At 3FLR

50

Table 11.4:

Summary For Columns

50

Table 12:

Concrete Works For Slabs

50

Table 13:

Reinforcements For Beams

50

Beam Reinforcements Per Level

50

Table 14:

Reinforcement For Columns

51

Table 15:

Reinforcement For Slabs

51

Table 13.1:

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Table 16:

Summary Of Cost

52

Table 17:

Cost - Benefit Analysis

53

Table 18:

Detailed Estimated Duration of Each Work Classification for the Project

54

Table 19:

Manpower Requirement

54

Table 20

Equipment Requirement

55

Table 21:

Project Schedule

56

Figure 1:

This show the exact location of site in satellite view

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Figure 2:

This show the exact location of site and nearby streets

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Figure 3:

Methodology Flow Chart

24

Figure 4:

Perspective View

27

Figure 5:

Ground & 3rd Floor Plan

28

Figure 6:

2nd Floor Plan

29

Figure 7:

Front Elevation

30

Figure 8:

Rear Elevation

31

Figure 9:

Right Side Elevation

32

Figure 10:

Left Side Elevation

32

Figure 11:

Typical Framing Plan

33

Figure 12:

Roof Framing Plan

34

Figure 13:

Truss Details

35

Figure 14:

Design of Sagrod and Tierod

37

Figure 15:

Truss Top Chords

38

Figure 16:

Truss Bottom Chords

38

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Figure 17:

Truss Web Members

38

Figure 18:

Typical Beam Details

41

Figure 19:

Typical Column Details

43

Figure 20:

Typical Beam-Column Framing Plan

44

Figure 21:

Elevation of Mat Foundation

45

Figure 22:

Foundation Plan

46

Figure 23:

Lumion Software

58

Figure 24:

Walkthrough - Front

58

Figure 25:

Walkthrough- Top

59

Figure 26:

Walkthrough- Corridor

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Figure 27:

Walkthrough- Classroom A

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Figure 28:

Walkthrough- Classroom B

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Figure 29:

Walkthrough- Men’s CR

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Figure 30:

Walkthrough- Women’s CR

60

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

According to the human capital theory, the economic development of a nation is a function of the quality of its education. In other words: the more and better educated the people, the greater the chances of economic development. The modern world in which we live is often termed, “knowledge society” where education and information have become production factors potentially more valuable than labor and capital. Thus, in globalized setting, investment in human capital has become a condition for international competitiveness. The state of educational system in the Philippines is facing a lot of challenges today. In the past, the students that were produced were well-rounded and ready to face the challenges of the real world. Today, for every 10 children who start their primary education, only 6 go to secondary and only 4 will manage to enter college. Issues regarding the education in the Philippines have been looked upon and these include: quality of education, affordability of education, budget for education and education mismatch. The quality of education has continuously declined in the primary and secondary levels as the results of standard tests among these levels and the National College Entrance Exam for the college level. The results were way below the target mean score. Moreover, there is also a big disparity in educational achievements across social groups. Students, who belong to poor families, often drop out of school as early as elementary because they cannot afford the cost of education. There is an education mismatch between what the student learns in the academe and in the real world. This applies to college students who graduated under skilled and the cause of having unemployed and underemployed graduates. The budget for education, as the constitution mandates, must have the highest allocation of the government budget. However, this is not being followed as the education sector has been one of the lowest allocations for education in the ASEAN countries. As a matter of fact, the budget for this school year was cut short by the current administration to solve the debt of the country. Thus, the education sector is now facing a shortage of facility, particularly classrooms, to accommodate the growing population of the country. According the Aceron, J., Director of the Government Watch Program of the Ateneo School of Government, the Department of Education reported that it faces a total of 152, 569 shortage in classrooms this 2011, if the ideal classroom-student ratio of 1:45 in a single shift. From 2002-2009, the number of schools in the country that is

2 experiencing shortage has hardly changed and in some time, it increased like from 10,326 (23%) in 2006 up to 11,992 (27%) in 2010. On the other hand, 2 billion pesos was allotted for the education budget for the year 2002-2005, 2007 – 2009 and 1.76 billion pesos in 2006. The average number of project covered by this budget per year is 3,149 Regular School Building Program Project from 2002-2009. This had been insufficient to address the shortage of classrooms during these years, which averages at 10,576 schools per year. It would need about 91 billion peso budget allocation for school building project in order to address the shortage of classrooms for 2011; However, the current budget of 10 billion pesos will only respond to 11% of the total need. Table 1: DepEd report on Budget, Shortages, Target and Deficit (2010)

As of September 2011, Senator Edgardo Angara has urged the Department of Education to immediately address the lack of classrooms and other shortages in physical infrastructures during the budget hearing at the Senate. DepEd has built 13,144 classrooms and plans to reduce the gap to 34, 349 out of 66,000 classrooms by the end of the year. Angara urged the department to work fast so that teachers can focus more on teaching their students rather than worrying about the facilities that they are using. In line with these problems, the group aims to help address the problem of school facility shortage by providing a school building to be used by the public school students in secondary and tertiary level. The construction of this building will bring students an access to basic education, further nurture their talents and pursue their dreams despite their socio-economic status. This will also bring a step forward in bridging the gap between the classroom demand and the growth of the population to improve the quality of education in the Philippines.

3 1.1 Problem Statement This project addresses the problems faced by students and faculty members in public schools. Public school is meant to be an affordable way for all children to get a sufficient and useful education. But since it is free, the lack of funding results to the dismal state of classrooms and facilities of public schools in the country. The shortage of classrooms is the leading dilemma of these public schools. The average public high school class has about sixty students, whereas the average private high school class has about thirty students per classroom. It is much harder for students to get help and individual attention when there are more students in a class. Public schools must also provide safety and security for the students and a comfortable environment for their extra- curricular activities.

1.2 Project Objective The main objective of this project is to design a 3-storey school building that will be used to provide additional classrooms for the secondary and tertiary level students of the beneficiary institution, Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI). This will include architectural and structural plans for the school building and will be eco-friendly, as per the city’s campaign, PASIG Green City. Rainwater Harvesting will help in conserving water that will decrease the water consumption in the building.

1.3 Design Norms Considered The design norms considered for this project consist of 3, namely Cost effective, Minimalism and Eco-friendly. The design should be cost effective. Every material to be used is to be carefully analyzed to meet the standard of cost and quality. This project is not aiming for high cost and high quality building but rather the maximum with optimum cost without risking the safety of occupants. The design should follow the minimalism concept. The term minimalism is used to describe a trend in design and architecture where the subject is reduced to its necessary elements. Space is very important in designing a classroom because this space will determine the capacity of students that could occupy the building. Thus, designing with minimalism concept will help provide ample space for the students.

4 Finally, the design should be eco-friendly. In a world where global warming and climate change threatens very own existence, (we should find) alternative and ecofriendly approach should be used so as not to contribute more to the effect. Also, the city of Pasig is committed to be a green city in the next few year, thus, it is necessary to design this building environment- friendly.

1.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering and Water Engineering are the three (3) fields of civil engineering covered. The project focuses of the field of structural engineering wherein the researches will propose a design of a 3-storey school building. The Geotechnical aspect will be responsible for the design of the foundation of the structure as soil bearing capacity of the site will be determined. Water Engineering was incorporated with the project because it will adopt the concept of “Rain Water Harvesting”.

1.5 The Project Beneficiary The proposed 3-storey school building will benefit the Local Government of Pasig city. With this project, the country is one step forward in solving the classroom shortage of the education sector. Another beneficiary will be the administration of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI). This project will help the institution to deliver a better quality of education to its students.

1.6 The innovative Approach This project will be utilizing technology and software to help produce better designs and save time. The following are the tools that we are going to use: AutoCAD This software will help in making plans, detailed drawings, layouts for architectural and structural drawings of this project. Etabs This software will help in the analysis and design of structural elements like frames, slabs and beams. This can also check the adequacy and stability of the structure.

5 Microsoft Office This software will help in compiling everything for the final proposal and defense of this project. Microsoft Word will be used to compile and prepare the proposal for this project, Microsoft PowerPoint will be utilized in preparing presentations for the defense and Microsoft Excel will be used as a computer for structural element design.

1.7 The Research Component The 3-storey School Building will be incorporated with a rainwater harvesting system. This facility will collect the rain water catchment, through its piping system and will be stored in its storage tank. The rainwater collected will be recycled. The recycled water will only be used for external use, like general cleaning, flushing of toilets, watering of plants and sprinklers in case of fire. Since the building will be using recycled water for external use, the water demand and consumption will be less than the usual, thus, saving money, conserving water and being able to use resources more effectively.

1.8 The Design Component In this project, the following components will be designed: Substructure The design of the substructure will depend on the strength or soil bearing capacity of the site. Included here is the conduct of soil investigation of the site. Superstructure The design of the super structure includes the following structural elements: -

Design of Beams Design of Columns Design of Slabs Design of Roof Truss . Rainwater Harvesting System The rainwater harvesting system will include the piping system, storage tank and its components in the school building.

6 The design of superstructure and substructure will be in accordance to the specifications and standards stated in National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP, 2010)

1.9 Sustainable Design Concept “The concept of sustainable development means sustainable in three (3) areas – environment, economy and community” (Global Development Research Center, GDRC) The rain water harvesting system in this project will promote environmental protection and conservation of water because will utilize rainwater to be reused again for other purposes. On the economic aspect, poverty and illiteracy will be lessened as the school will give the marginalized individuals an opportunity to learn and acquire knowledge that they can use to alleviate themselves from poverty, thus, it promotes not only economic but also social progress for the community in which they are included.

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CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT

2.1 Project Description

2.1.1 Project Rationale The dismal state of the public schools in the Philippines is definitely alarming. Going to school is an appropriate preparation for future endeavors, whatever they may be. It is the goal of the project to provide a public school that will be composed of secondary and tertiary level and to provide a basic education for students. The sole purpose of the project is to give education to students and give everyone equal opportunity as a means to succeed in life. It will also be an aim of the project to be a high quality school so it can be a positive environment for young learners to develop their social skills and personality. And, what better way to educate people about conserving and recycling water than by starting it while they are still young. It is also a purpose of the project to make students realize the importance of water in the community and how it can be re-used and recycled.

2.1.2 Project Location The project will be located at Jenny’s Ave. Barangay Maybunga, Pasig City. The site is located within the vicinity of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI). Due to an electrical faulty wiring, the 2-storey building of the institution that contains 6 high school classrooms was burned down a few years ago. The administration was forced to abandon the building because of the threat to the safety of the students. The group proposed the location to further help the institution in their mission to educate and help students to attain a good quality education by providing additional classrooms. The total land area of RESPSCI is about 2 hectares.

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Figure 1: This show the exact location of site in satellite view

Figure 2: This show the exact location of site and nearby streets

9 2.1.3 Project Information Some of the public schools in the Philippines have now instituted a shifting policy so that there are day and afternoon classes per classroom to address the lack of classrooms. There can be up to 60 to 70 students in a class. This is one of the cases that the project is going to avoid. The construction of this three-storey school building will provide a proper and orderly accommodation for the student. This will include classrooms which will have a design that can contain a great number of students. And, since it is a three-storey school building, the safety of the student will be the main concern in constructing the plan for the structure. Also, due to the lack of fund of the government, and raw water consumption is costly, a number of public schools in the country do not have running water, which is commonly use in laboratories and other activities. The project will introduce a Rainwater Harvesting System to provide recycled water, though it is not potable, it will be used on non-human contact purposes. The Rainwater Harvesting System works by collecting water from rain. It treats the water for reuse, general cleaning, and toilet flushing.

2.1.4 Description of Project Phases The project comprises of four (4) phases. The Pre-Construction/Pre-Development Phase includes the things to be done prior to the construction of the project like Feasibility study and procurement of necessary permits, Construction/Development Phase is the phase where excavation and construction of the structure is at full-swing, Operational Phase is the phase where the building is ready to be used by the occupants and serves its purpose to the community, and Abandonment Phase is the phase where the building can no longer service the occupants due to wear/tear, age and damage it accumulated during the years of service.

2.1.5 Pre- Construction/ Pre-Development Phase Feasibility Study Planning and Design Study on Environmental Impacts Preparing Project Description Report Acquiring necessary permits and documents

10 2.1.6 Construction/ Development Phase Staking out -

Surveying and marking of lot boundaries

Clearing and Grubbing -

Removal of Trees, slumps, roots and other obstruction which can hinder the construction of the structure.

Excavation works -

Excavation of land for the construction of foundations and footings.

Construction -

Construction of Substructure elements and Superstructure element.

Installation of Water and Sewer Lines -

Installation and organization of water and sewer piping system to be connected to the water company (Maynilad/Manila Water).

Installation of Rain Water System -

Installation of rainwater system, and its components.

Installation of Power Distribution System -

Installation of Power Lines to be connected to the electrical company (MERALCO).

Finishing -

Detailing works and final inspection of the building.

11 2.1.7 Operational Phase The school building will be used by the students in relation to the school activities to be done. They will be supervised by their respective subject teachers all through-out the school hours. The curriculum and lesson plans will be in accordance to the standards set by the Department of Education (DepEd) and the School Principal will be the one who will supervise the implementation of these standards. The Solid Waste will be collected daily under the supervision of the Maintenance Department as well as the operation of the Rainwater Harvesting System. The treated water from the facility is for external use only and not meant to be drunk. .

2.1.8 Abandonment Phase Since the structure will be used to serve the public, safety must be ensured at all times. Thus, certain conditions were set in determining whether the structure must be abandoned or not. a) When the damages in structural elements had been accumulated as a result of the number of years it has been used and the damages from the disasters it had resisted in its service life. b) When the damages threatens the safety of occupants.

Once the building is to be abandoned, the abandonment phase will begin with the following: Removal and Relocation Demolition Transfer of Unused Materials Scraps and Wastes Transport Removal Remediation of Contaminated Sites

12 2.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

2.2.1 Physical Environment The location of the project will be at Jenny’s Avenue Ext, Barangay Maybunga, Pasig City. Maybunga is one of the barangays in District 2 of Pasig City with 177.37 ha of land area. Buildings that can be found at the site are schools houses and town center and restaurants are just near the barangay. There was still an abandoned building in the lot location. This study will assume that the building has been demolished by the government and the administration of RESPSCI. The area was along Minor road, with residential buildings alongside the abandoned building. Also, around the area, there are a lot of vacant lots found. A creek can also be found within the vicinity of the place. Considering the installation of water pipes and drainage system, it will not be so much of a difficulty since there are already pipelines fixed in the lot. As for the air, since there are a lot of factories and warehouses in Pasig city, the problem of air pollution cannot be avoided.

2.2.2 Biological Environment Pasig is primarily residential and industrial but has been becoming increasingly commercial in recent years. The structures that can be found in the city are factories, warehouses, establishments and commercial. There are still plants and trees that can be found in the city. The common plants that can be seen in the site are Ampalaya, Atis, Bayabas, and Banana. In the streets and other houses in Pasig, many animals can also be found like, dogs, cats, frogs, rats. For the water environment, the most popular bodies of water that can be found in Pasig is the Pasig River. The Pasig River connects the Laguna de Bay and Manila bay. Its major tributaries are San Juan River and Marikina River. The most common living organism that can be found in Pasig River are janitor fish since it is polluted nowadays. The air quality in Pasig can be considered polluted because of the major factories build in the city.

2.2.3 Socio- Cultural, Economic and Political Environment Pasig City is one of the municipalities of Metro Manila and was once the capital of the province of Rizal. The current population of the city is 617,301. The people living in the city are Tagalog and most of the locals are Roman Catholic.

13 Pasig City is politically subdivided into 30 barangays and grouped in two districts. The first district includes the southern and western of the city, and the northern and eastern parts are included in the second district. The local government of Pasig was headed by Mayor Robert Eusebio since 2007 and Vice Mayor Rosalio Martines. In terms of the economy, the financial resources of Pasig is primarily concentrated at the western part of the city. It includes numerous factories, warehouses, establishments and commercial facilities. Residential areas are located in the east part. Pasig city is considered as one of the top business districts in Metro Manila since there are also a lot of high-rise buildings, condominiums, commercial establishments, schools and malls located in the city. The known establishments and institutions that can be found in the district are The University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), one of the most exclusive universities in the country, the head office of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, the head office of Meralco, and many more.

2.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project If the proposed project was not constructed, the location is, as of now, has an abandoned structure built in it. There are still plans of demolition of the building since it is government owned but the government still does not have specific plans to construct another building in it. There are maintenance crew around the vicinity to provide protection and safeguarding of the building.

14 2.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation

2.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development Table 2: Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Phase of Development

Predicted Impact

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Environmental Component Likely To be

Significance of Impacts D/I

L/S

R/I

Air

D

S

R

Regular watering of exposed ground

People

D

S

R

Provide mask to workers

R

Safe storage of unsuitable removed soil

Dust Generation

Earth Moving Activities

Land

D

L

Have a temporary waste disposal area

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Water Pollution

Mitigation/ Enhancement Measures

People

D

S

R Provide temporary toilet and bath Provide safety equipment

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Accidents

People

D

S

R

Implement no safe gear no work policy

15

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Noise Pollution

Offensive Odor

Hazards to adjacent structures

People

People

People

D

D

D

S

S

S

R

R

Proper product storage, hauling and transfer

R

Provide fence to the perimeter of site

Provide early warning devices

People Construction/ Abandonment Phase

Road Traffic

D Land

Avoid using noisy heavy construction equipment

S

R

Implement a strict delivery of construction materials

2.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological Resources Sources of Environmental Impact:

a. Noise Pollution (Low Impact) Noise doesn’t have much effect on the physical and biological aspect because the noise that it will produce will be minimal knowing that the students who will benefit in the project are students and this noise is still manageable.

16 b. Air Quality (Low to moderate Impact) The proposed project will have no effect on the vicinity because the project will not generate any air pollution that will affect the air quality of the area but since the location is near the main road, there’s a chance of air quality impact because of the too many vehicles passing on the road at any time of the day. c. Flora and Fauna (Negligible Impact) Vegetation of the location of the project is limited to grass, shrubs, and bushes. There are no exotic animals seen in the area of the project. Animal life is only limited to small insects and there are no domesticated animals that graze in the area due to the location of the project that is within the city and is near the main road.

2.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio- Economic Effect/ Impacts of the Project The change in community demography will eventually have an effect on the population of the place because if they like the services that the school offers, they will have an increase of enrolees as well as the population of the place. Because of this development, the employment rate of the area will increase. Not only for a short term job opportunity like during the construction phase of the project but also for the longterm job opportunities like be a personnel in the school or work in the nearby establishment.

17 2.4 Environmental Management Plan 2.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

Table 3: Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities Significant Environmental Impact

1) Climate and Air Quality

Possible Impacts

Increase in noise levels and vibrations.

Mitigating/Enhancement Measure Regular maintenance of heavy equipment & transport machineries to check on noise & vibration levels.

Responsibilitie s

Contractor

Control dust and generated by vehicle traffic

2) Traffic

Traffic Congestion will increase

Provide notice to landowners of construction activities; provide road signage

Contractor

Have crowd control in the area Association

3) Solid waste

Causes pollution and spread of disease

Regular garbage collection shall be done

4) Ecological

Existing plants and trees will almost likely to be completely wiped out

Make sure the construction is not emitting anything that may harm people

Developer

18 Increase in local and national government revenue

5) Socioeconomic

More business opportunities will crop-up

2.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures For the Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, the researches made use of the usual measures that are used in constructions. They integrated the impacts with the mitigation measures. First, it has climate and air quality. The air quality is a very important factor since not only the people inside the premises will be affected but also others who are near to the site. Possible impact are increased in noise levels and vibrations because in construction, exaction is needed that produces noise and vibrations that will affect the near premises. Second is the traffic problem. During the construction in the vicinity of the project site road in the front and at the back will be affected and will cause traffic. They providing signage and notice will help; control the traffic to overcrowd the area. Third is solid waste problems, this problem is very common in every construction because it produces pollution. In order to control this problem regular bag collection is important. Fourth are the ecological issues. The health of the laborers and of the people in the area must be secured and make sure that the construction is not emitting anything that may harm anyone. Lastly, socio-economic issues pertain to the business opportunities.

2.4.3 Monitoring Plan In the process of construction we will assign a person to make sure that each and every mitigation and enhancement measures that we have will then be followed. The monitoring must be strictly followed to ensure safety.

Impact

Table 4: Monitoring Plan Measure

Monitoring

Climate and Air Quality

Masks, Suits

Daily

Traffic

Notice; Signage

Daily

Solid Waste

Garbage Collection

Daily

19 Ecological

Check emissions

Daily

Socio-Economic

Business Opportunities

Daily

2.4.4 Contingency Plan If the proposed project was not constructed, the location is, as of now, has an abandoned structure built in it. There are still plans of demolition of the building since it is government owned but the government still does not have specific plans whether to construct another building in it. There are maintenance crew around the vicinity to provide the protection and safe guarding of the building.

2.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements The purpose of the project is to design a school building for elementary and secondary level students. The design of the project will be based on the NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines). The project will also follow and comply with the requirements needed by the local government of Area. It also needs to meet the terms of the Department of Education concerning the rules and regulations in designing a school building. Regarding the environmental concern, the project will follow the Republic Act No. 6541, an act to ordain and institute a National Building Code of the Philippines. This act is also known as the “National Building Code of the Philippines”. The purpose of this code is to provide for all buildings a framework of minimum standards and requirements by guiding, regulating and controlling their location siting, design, quality of materials, and maintenance. The code also states to safeguard life, health property, and public welfare, consistent with the principles of environmental manageme nt and control.

20

CHAPTER 3 THE RESEARCH COMPONENT

3.1 Abstract The shortage of classrooms is one of the leading dilemmas in public school here in the Philippines. The lack of budget allocated for education was the main reason the problem was occurring. This article is based on the Design of Three Storey Public School Building with Rainwater Harvesting System in Maybunga, Pasig City. The proposed extension building was designed to be economical for the government to satisfy the funding. The three storey structure will, in addition, offer additional classrooms for Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI). A Rainwater Harvesting System was incorporated with the building for secondary external use of water that will also help reduce the monthly water consumption. The system works by collecting rainwater through a storage tank.

3.2 Introduction For years, the Philippine government has been struggling with the ways to manage effectively waste water issues and the increasing rate of water-borne diseases in urban communities. In 2004, the Philippine Clean Water Act was enacted, mandating all local government units to share the responsibility in the management and improvement of water quality within their territorial jurisdiction. This was a way to pressure the local government to address waste water issues that were the main cause of much environmental damage. Over 90 percent of all sewage generated in the Philippines is not treated and has been disposed directly to the bodies of water. Water-borne diseases accounted for nearly 31% of all reported illness from 1996-200 and economic-losses from these diseases alone exceed up to 2.3 billion peso a year. (United Nations Economic and Socia Commission for Asia and the Pacific) To reduce the risks of water-borne diseases caused by wastewater, cities around Metro Manila have started requiring building owners to install sewage treatment plants. This is very evident in Quezon City which is compliant to the city ordinance on environment-friendly technologies. In 2009, the Former mayor Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. directed the city building official to oversee the implementation of the policy included in the approved Green Building Ordinance. Mayor Belmonte pointed out that having wastewater treatment facilities will help cut down hazardous substances emission from

21 buildings and other structures. In particular, malls and hospitals are those required to maintain and operate their own sewage treatment plants. In 2006, The Pasig City local government has started its “Pasig Green City” campaign to be the pioneer Green City in the country. This program aims to promote the development or urban forest and to improve city environment as well as to attain the desired 1:4 person to tree ratio to develop Pasig City to an environmental friendly city. According to Mayor Bobby Eusebio, The Pasig Green City is the firm embodiment to prove that sustainable development is achievable if the same amount of energy can be devoted in pursuing progress as well as in caring for the environment. Much have achieved in the past years, there is much to be done with the twin issues of global warming and climate change and their effects becoming more apparent and cannot afford to be complacent with what have been achieved. Since its inception in 2006, the Green City Program of Pasig City has surpassed its target of planting 20,000 trees by 2010 and has reduced its solid waste by 29% through the implementation of waste segregation and recycling programs. (Pasig City Government, 2010) The shortage of water supply also is a big problem in the Philippines. From February to July of 2010, thirsty El Niño drank up most of Angat Dam's water supply. According to reports, a hundred municipalities from Paranaque to Cavite underwent water rationing in 2010. Malabon and Navotas residents had parched lips for an estimated 12 to 14 hours at the time. In the last part of July and in early November 2010, Maynilad cut water services in Malabon. The supply stoppage lasted for close to 24 hours, due to an interconnection of the 300-meter pipeline along Tanza Bridge. As early as October 2010, the water level at Angat Dam was again low, and the residents of Mindanao experienced power outages because their hydroelectric power plants were unable to get water from Lake Lanao. (Cruz, J., 2011) With this, the school building with rainwater harvesting system will address the problems in water management to prevent the increase of water-borne diseases and to conserve water. The building will also take part in the Pasig Green City campaign and build an environmental- friendly structure.

3.3 Review of Related Literature Introduction and Brief History of Rain Water Harvesting System Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams. Commonly used systems are constructed with three principal components; namely, the

22 catchment area, the collection device, and the conveyance system. The history of rainwater harvesting in Asia can be traced back to about the 9th or 10th Century and the small-scale collection of rainwater from roofs and simple brush dam constructions in the rural areas of South and South-east Asia. Rainwater collection from the eaves of roofs or via simple gutters into traditional jars and pots has been traced back almost 2 000 years in Thailand (Prempridi and Chatuthasry, 1982). Various levels of governmental and community involvement in the development of rainwater harvesting technologies in different parts of Asia must be noted. In Thailand and the Philippines, both governmental and household-based initiatives played key roles in expanding the use of this technology, especially in water scarce areas such as northeast Thailand. Rainwater harvesting has long been used in the Loess Plateau regions of China. Rainwater harvesting is an accepted freshwater augmentation technology in Asia. While the bacteriological quality of rainwater collected from ground catchments is poor, that from properly maintained rooftop catchment systems, equipped with storage tanks having good covers and taps, is generally suitable for drinking, and frequently meets the WHO drinking water standards. Rooftop catchment, rainwater storage tanks can provide good quality water, clean enough for drinking, as long as the rooftop is clean, impervious, and made from non-toxic materials (lead paints and asbestos roofing materials should be avoided), and located away from over-hanging trees since birds and animals in the trees may defecate on the roof.(The Global Development Research Center)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate. Local people can be easily trained to implement such technologies, and construction materials are also readily available. Rainwater harvesting is convenient in the sense that it provides water at the point of consumption, and family members have full control of their own systems, which greatly reduces operation and maintenance problems. Running costs, also, are almost negligible. Water collected from roof catchments usually is of acceptable quality for domestic purposes. As it is collected using existing structures not specially constructed for the purpose, rainwater harvesting has few negative environmental impacts compared to other water supply project technologies. Although regional or other local factors can modify the local climatic conditions, rainwater can be a continuous source of water supply for both the rural and poor. Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting technologies are mainly due to the limited supply and uncertainty of rainfall. Adoption of this technology requires a *bottom up* approach rather than the more usual *top down* approach employed in other water resources development projects. This may make rainwater harvesting less attractive to some governmental agencies tasked with providing

23 water supplies in developing countries, but the mobilization of local government and NGO resources can serve the same basic role in the development of rainwater-based schemes as water resources development agencies in the larger, more traditional public water supply schemes.(The Global Development Research Center)

Harvesting water as a conservation technique Water is a scarce resource in the tropics. It is a fact that the Philippines has a clearly defined rainy or wet season in which there is much precipitation in the form of rain. Since there is no efficient water management system, this rainwater is typically “wasted” by its flowing into the underground sewers (and maybe even flooding) while during summer there is a shortage of water. An environment-friendly system that would be beneficial in the Philippines is the rainwater harvesting system. Such a system has the objective of collecting and storing rainwater for domestic uses at a later time. This is particularly useful in lowering water bills during the times of water shortage. It also lowers the volume of rainwater that passes through sewage systems, while also reaping the environmental advantages of efficient water use. Rainwater management and conservation, is a solution to unabated population growth coupled with high demand for dependable and safe water supply. As suggested, every household needs to become part of the rainwater conservation system. Developing reliable sources of water is technically difficult, time-consuming, often not environmentally sound and may not be efficient. Likewise, the assistance from the government may have some limitations. Rainwater harvesting system has several salient features such as: 1) high quality crystal clear water; 2) absence of chemical treatment; 3) minor maintenance, no running cost; 4) easy in design and construction; and 5) sustainability.(De Guzman, 2011)

3.4 Methodology To be able to attain the project objectives, the group will start by collecting data for rain fall and the soil bearing capacity of the site. This can be done by gathering secondary information from the existing data from PAGASA and the City Engineer’s office of Pasig City. After this, Plans will be done including Architectural e.g. Floor Plans, Elevation, Perspective and Structural Plan. Also, the researchers will design the roof for the catchment system and the storage tanks for the rain water harvesting system. After the design process, the estimation of cost will be conducted to know how much the project will cost.

24

START `

Conceptualization and Proposal

Data Gathering

Rainfall Data from PAGASA

Soil Investigation and Surveys/ interviews

Data Organization and Planning

Design of Rainwater Harvesting System

Architectural Plans

Design of Superstructure

Design of Substructure

Evaluation OK

Conclusion/ Documentation

End Figure 3: Methodology Flow Chart

NOT OK

25 3.5 Results and Discussion The Rainwater Harvesting System in the Philippines In the Philippines, there is so much rain that every year there are also flooded cities and towns .While water is admittedly a scarce resource in the tropics, it is a fact that the Philippines has a clearly defined rainy or wet season in which there is much precipitation in the form of rain. This rainwater is typically wasted by its flowing into underground sewers (and maybe even flooding) while during the summer months there is a shortage of water. A green building system that would be very useful in the Philippines would be the rainwater harvesting system. Such a system has the objective of collecting and storing rainwater for domestic uses at a later time. This is useful in lowering water bills during the times of water shortage. It also lowers the volume of rainwater that passes through sewage systems, while also reaping the environmental benefits of efficient water use. Setting up system The very first step would be to determine the intended uses of the saved water. Typically a rainwater harvesting system can be used for watering plants, flushing toilets and sprinklers in case of fire emergency. It is also already possible to use rainwater for drinking, though this will need high cost facilities for water treatment. Different uses for the water will require different processes and equipment. Rainwater collection There are definitely many ways in which rainwater can be collected. The simplest form would be to leave a drum or tank open during the rainy season for gardening uses. Other more sophisticated methods would include a coordinated network of gutters and drainpipes that lead the rainwater collected from roof surfaces into a central catch basin. Rainwater storage Rainwater is best stored underground since collection will be easier. This is because gravity will bring the rainwater down to the storage tank without the need for pumps. There are many options for rainwater storage systems that include various types of tanks, filters for partially treating the water and mechanisms for overflowing tanks. These components must be determined accurately for the whole system to work satisfactorily. Rainwater distribution Depending on the uses the rainwater is supposed to fill, the distribution network will definitely have to be separate from the regular water pipes. Ground-level water needs may need very little pressure for the water to get around, while higher-floor needs (such

26 as second-story toilets) will have to utilize a pump. Other rainwater distribution methods would include sprinkler systems that are strategically located to maximize ground area covered while minimizing water expended and direct pipelines to laundry areas (for washing clothes) or even to the garage (for washing vehicles).

3.6 Conclusion The rainwater harvesting system will be advantageous to the structure and its surroundings as it will immediately control the flooding in the area. It is important these days to generate such solutions for the continuous rainfalls here in the Philippines. By utilizing the rainwater, a sustainable system is created which will run without producing additional pollution in the environment. The harvesting system will also conserve water that will result to the decrease of the school’s monthly water consumption. Based on the group’s cost estimation, the rainwater harvesting system installed in the building will help conserve 8.23% of the total school’s water consumption yearly provided that there are six 2-storey and one 1-storey building adding to the total cost of the water bill. Even the relatively small changes in the amount of water that the school uses can have a major impact in the long run.

27

CHAPTER 4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

4.1. Plan Set 4.1.1 Architectural Plans 4.1.1.1 Perspective

Figure 4: Perspective View

28

Figure 5 :

4.1.1.2 Floor Plans

Figure 6 : 29

30

Figure 7 :

4.1.1.3 Elevation

Figure 8 : 31

Figure 10 :

Figure 9 : 32

33

Figure 11 :

4.1.2 Structural Plans

Figure 12 :

34

Figure 13 :

35

36 4.2. Design of Superstructure 4.2.1. Design of Roof Truss ** See Appendices for design calculations 4.2.1.1 Basis of Design Location: Pasig City Type of Occupancy: Educational Building Type of Truss: Howe Truss Span of Truss, ST = 12.40 meters Angle of Inclination (Truss), θ = 17.88° Bay Distance, L = 4.0 meters

4.2.1.2. Summary of Loads

1.

Live Loads, LL

2.

Dead Loads, DL

3.

a)

Self-Weight of Purlins: (use C 3x6) :

b)

Weight of GI Roof:

Wind Load, WL WLwindward WLleeward

4.

Ceiling Load, CL :

37 4.2.1.3. Design of Purlins, Sagrods, And Tierods Design of Purlins (with Sagrods at the midspan) The section to be used for the purlins of the roof is C3X5. It has an allowable yield strength is Fy = 170 MPa based from the steel manual. The C3x5’s essential properties are: Table 5: Properties of Channel Section (C 3x5) for Purlins C3x5 Weight, w (kg/m)

7.46

Area, A (mm2 )

948

Section Modulus about X, Sx (x 103 20.21 mm3 ) Section Modulus about Y, Sy (x 103 Orientation 3.87 mm3 ) Reference: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) Steel Manual

Design of Sagrods (placed in midspan)

Tma x

Tti e

Design of Tierods (placed in midspan)

Figure 14: Design of Sagrod and Tierod ** See Appendices for design calculations

38 4.2.1.4. Design of Truss Members The Section to be used for each type of Truss Members From the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) Steel Manual For Top Chords: 2 L 40 x 40 x 5 PROPERTIES: W = 5.94 kg/m Area = 758 mm2 Rx = 11.97 mm Ry = 11.97 mm Figure 15: Truss Top Chords

For Bottom Chords: 2 L 30 x 30 x 3 PROPERTIES: W = 2.72 kg/m Area = 348 mm2 Rx = 8.99 mm Ry = 8.99 mm Figure 16: Truss Bottom Chords

For Web Members: L 40 x 40 x 5 PROPERTIES: W = 2.97 kg/m Area = 379 mm2 Rx = 11.97 mm Ry = 11.97 mm Figure 17: Truss Web Members

** See Appendices for design calculations

4.2.2. Design of Beams ** See Appendices for design calculations

Table 6:

Figure 18 :

4.2.3. Design of Columns ** See Appendices for design calculations

Table 7:

Figure 19 :

4.2.4. Design of Slabs

Table 8:

**See Appendices for design calculations

Figure 20 :

4.3. Design of Substructure 4.3.1. Soil Investigation According to the geotechnical report obtained, the building site is covered with 1.50 meters of fill consisting of clayey gravel with sand. Underlying the fill are very soft to hard silty clay and medium to dense silty sand. Adobe was located 26.5 meters deep and extending up to 30 meters. The ground water was at 0.85 meters deep. The natural soils underlying the site investigated are relatively week and cannot support the structure to be constructed. The estimated allowable soil bearing capacity is only 30 kPa (650 psf). Since the soil bearing capacity is very low and is not allowed by the code, it will just be assumed that the soil bearing capacity of the site is 60 kPa (1300 psf) to design the foundation. ** See Appendices for the complete soil investigation report 4.3.2 Design of Foundation ** See Appendices for design calculations

Figure 21 :

Figure 22 :

4.4. Rainwater Harvesting System

In order to effectively design the storage tank of the rainwater harvesting system, the annual amount of rainfall to be collected must be computed first. The catchment area, average annual rainfall of the site and the run-off coefficient are the factors to be considered before we can determine the annual amount of rainfall. Average annual rainfall data were acquired in the office of Hydro meteorological Data Applications Section (HMDAS), Hydrometeorology Division (HMD) of PAGASA. The computed volume of water that can be harvested in a year is 141.418 cubic meters. The tank capacity and the volume of water required for the dry season can now be computed. A stainless steel tank was selected to be used as the storage tank of rainwater. The tank has a capacity of approximately 5300 liters or 1390 gallons. It has a diameter of 170 cm and total height of 287 cm. The 2 tank cost over 200,000 pesos which is about 95 percent of the cost of the rainwater harvesting system. Although it’s quite expensive, the technology will later on help you save more in terms of water consumption on rainy days, The system will act as a secondary source of water to primarily used to flash toilets but not to drinking. Also, the group has prepared the layout of the pipes from the collection stage up to the storage/distribution. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes with diameters 40 and 50 millimeter were used ** See Appendices for design calculations

CHAPTER 5 BUDGET ESTIMATION

Since Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI) is a public school, the budget for constructing the extension building will come from the Department of Education. According to the Department of Budget and Management, a total Budget of P1.63 Billion will go to the Department of Education’s Public-Private Partnership for School Infrastructure Project (PSIP). DepEd's PSIP involves the design, construction and maintenance of 9,301 classrooms, some school furniture and toilet facilities across Regions I, III and IV-A The material costs used in the budget estimation of the public school building were consulted from different hardware in Metro Manila. And, it is assumed in this study that 30% of the material unit cost is for labor. Based from the information gathered, the cost for constructing a single classroom of standard size is roughly 1.3 million pesos. Thus, for a project of eleven (11) classrooms, it would need a budget of 14.3 million pesos. Comparing this with the total cost of the proposed 3 storey building with eleven (11) classrooms, it would only take almost eight and a half (8.5) million pesos. This is mainly because the proposed building was designed to be economical without sacrificing the quality and serviceability of the structure. Roughly 37% from the original cost can be saved by this proposed school building compared to the conventional one.

Table 9: CONCRETE WORKS FOR BEAMS

BEAM

BASE (m)

DEPTH(m)

∑Length (m)

Vol. (m3)

Cement (bags)

Sand (m3)

Gravel (m3)

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

75.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 25.00

8.44 4.05 4.05 4.05 2.81

76.00 37.00 37.00 37.00 26.00 213.00

5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 16.00

9.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 27.00

Table 10: SUMMARY FOR BEAMS Level Roof 2nd 1st

Cement (bags)

Sand (m3)

Gravel (m3)

213.00 213.00 213.00 639.00

16.00 16.00 16.00 48.00

27.00 27.00 27.00 81.00

Table 11: CONCRETE WORKS FOR COLUMNS Table 11.1: COLUMNS AT GROUND FLOOR BASE Height COLUMN DEPTH(m) (m) (m) C-1 0.6 0.6 3.50 C-2 0.35 0.35 3.50

Table 11.2: AT 2FLR BASE COLUMN (m) C-1 0.6 C-2 0.35

DEPTH(m) 0.6 0.35

Height (m) 3.32 3.32

Usage 20.00 12.00

Usage 20.00 12.00

Vol. (m3) 25.20 5.15

Cement (bags) 227.00 47.00 274.00

Sand (m3 ) 13.00 3.00 16.00

Gravel (m3) 26.00 6.00 32.00

Vol. (m3) 23.90 4.88

Cement (bags) 216.00 44.00 260.00

Sand (m3 ) 12.00 3.00 15.00

Gravel (m3) 24.00 5.00 29.00

Table 11.3: AT 3FLR BASE COLUMN (m) C-1 0.6 C-2 0.35

Height (m) 3.32 3.32

DEPTH(m) 0.6 0.35

Usage 20.00 12.00

Vol. (m3) 23.90 4.88

Cement (bags) 216.00 44.00 260.00

Sand (m3 ) 12.00 3.00 15.00

Gravel (m3) 24.00 5.00 29.00

Table 11.4: SUMMARY FOR COLUMNS Floor

Cement (bags)

Sand (m3)

Gravel (m3)

3RD 2ND GROUND

260.00 260.00 274.00

15.00 15.00 16.00

29.00 29.00 32.00

Table 12: CONCRETE WORKS FOR SLABS SLAB

AREA (m2)

Thickness (m)

Vol. (m3)

Cement (bags)

Sand (m3 )

Gravel (m3)

3RD 2ND GROUND

360.00 360.00 360.00

0.15 0.15 0.15

54.00 54.00 54.00

486.00 486.00 486.00 1,458.00

27.00 27.00 27.00 81.00

54.00 54.00 54.00 162.00

16mmØ x 6m Qty (pcs)

10mmØ x 6m Qty (pcs)

252.00 252.00 252.00 756.00

232.00 232.00 232.00 696.00

Table 13: REINFORCEMENTS FOR BEAMS Table 13.1: BEAM REINFORCEMENTS PER LEVEL BEAM

∑Length (m)

B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5

75.00 36.00 36.00 36.00 25.00

16mmØ x 6m Qty (pcs)

10mmØ x 6m Qty (pcs)

113.00 42.00 42.00 30.00 25.00 252.00

84.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 28.00 232.00

Level Roof 3rd 2nd

Table 14: REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMNS Ground COLUMN

Height (m)

Bar Bend (m)

Total L. of Bar Bend

Total L (m)

# Main Bars

Usage

Total Qty

C-1

3.50

0.20

0.40

3.90

12.00

20.00

156.00

C-2

3.50

0.20

0.40

3.90

8.00

12.00

63.00

2nd COLUMN

Height (m)

Bar Bend (m)

Total L. of Bar Bend

Total L (m)

# Main Bars

Usage

Total Qty

C-1 C-2

3.32 3.32

0.20 0.20

0.40 0.40

3.72 3.72

12.00 8.00

20.00 12.00

149.00 60.00

3rd COLUMN

Height (m)

Bar Bend (m)

Total L. of Bar Bend

Total L (m)

# Main Bars

Usage

Total Qty

C-1 C-2

3.32 3.32

0.20 0.20

0.40 0.40

3.72 3.72

12.00 8.00

20.00 12.00

149.00 60.00

Table 15: REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS

SLAB

AREA (m2 )

REBAR QTY.

REBAR DIAM. (mm)

3RD 2ND GROUND

360.00 360.00 360.00

850.00 850.00 391.00

12.00 12.00 10.00

TIE WIRE (kg) 62.64 62.64 62.64 187.92

Table 16: SUMMARY OF COST

For the Rainwater Harvesting System The initial cost of the rainwater harvesting system is about seventy (70) thousand pesos. According to RESPSCI, the school pays Php 70,000 for its monthly water consumption. With this system, the school can save up to 8.23% every year of their water consumption. Table 17: COST - BENEFIT ANALYSIS cost of rainwater harvesting consumption per month volume of water used per month volume of water w/ RWH

69,655.00 70,000.00 1,234,785.68 1,219,394.34

pesos pesos cubic meter cubic meter

Savings per year Savings per month % Saved

69,127.47 5,760.62 8.23

pesos pesos

in a yr in 3 yrs in 5 yrs

SAVINGS PHP 69,127.47 PHP 207,382.40 PHP 345,637.33

CONSUMPTION PHP 840,000.00 PHP 2,520,000.00 PHP 4,200,000.00

BILLS TO PAY PHP 770,872.53 PHP 2,312,617.60 PHP 3,854,362.67

CHAPTER 6 PROJECT’S SCHEDULE

Based from the scheduled generated by the software MS Project 2007, the overall estimated duration of the proposed three- storey public school building in Maybunga, Pasig City is 346 working days. It can be seen in the schedule that majority of the estimated working days is for civil and structural works which includes foundation works, rebar laying and concrete pouring of structural members from ground to third floor, masonry works for the walls and installation of roofing materials. The following chart shows the detailed estimated duration of each work classification for the project. Table 18: Detailed Estimated Duration of Each Work Classification for the Project

Classification

Duration

Preliminaries

36 days

Site Works

28 days

Civil Structural Works

139 days

Plumbing Works

35 days

Electrical Works

38 days

Architectural Works

63 days

Demobilization

7 days

The chart below shows the manpower requirement for the project. Table 19: Manpower Requirement

Manpower

Quantity

Project Engineer

1

Site Engineer

5

Surveyor

3

Architect

3

Safety Officer

5

Electrical Engineer

2

Administrative Assistant

3

Foreman

5

Carpenter

3

Steelman

4

Painter

5

Electrician

4

Laborers

50

Welder

4

Driver

4

The chart below shows the equipment requirement for the project. Table 20: Equipment Requirement Equipment

Quantity

Back Hoe

1

Dump Truck

2

Concrete Mixer

2

Compactor

1

Pumpcrete

2

Vibrator

4

Water Pump

2

Rebar Cutting and Bending Machine

3

Minor tools (hammer, shovel, etc)

50

The next chart shows the complete and detailed project schedule generated by MS Project 2007.

Table 21: Project Schedule

CHAPTER 7 PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL

The walkthrough to the Design of Three-storey Public School Building with Rainwater Harvesting System in Maybunga, Pasig City is generated using the software Lumion. Lumion is a real-time 3D architectural visualization tool for architects, urban planners and designers. This software is a serious alternative to traditional rendering or outsourcing visualization.

Figure 23: Lumion Software Some snapshots of the walkthrough generated using this software is shown below.

Figure 24: Walkthrough- Front

Figure 25: Walkthrough- Top

Figure 26: Walkthrough- Corridor

Figure 27: Walkthrough- Classroom A

Figure 28: Walkthrough- Classroom B

Figure 29: Walkthrough- Men’s CR

Figure 30: Walkthrough- Women’s CR

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY

After the completion of the design of the three-storey school building with rainwater harvesting system, the group achieved the primary objective of the thesis project. The group believes that this thesis project will provide additional classrooms for the secondary and tertiary students of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries. The design of the building was also in accordance with the city’s campaign, “Pasig Green City”. The group consulted the local government of Pasig to be familiar with the design considerations of the structures built in the city. The rainwater harvesting system installed in the building will immediately control the flooding in the area. It is important these days to generate such solutions for the continuous rainfalls here in the Philippines. The harvesting system will also conserve water that will result to the decrease of the school’s monthly water consumption. Based on the group’s cost estimation, the rainwater harvesting system installed in the building will help conserve 8.23% of the total school’s water consumption yearly provided that there are six 2-storey and one 1-storey building adding to the total cost of the water bill. Even the relatively small changes in the amount of water that the school uses can have a major impact in the long run. The group believes that the planned set created for the school building in Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries embodies the design norms that it set out to fulfill in its project. The architectural design of the building was based with the design of the current buildings erected in RESPCI. The structural design of the building represents the importance of keeping the students safe. Emphasis is placed not only on designing a building that was safe, but also keep the building occupants safe. This necessitated over-designing some of the building components to ensure that the masonry walls did not crack – which often happens in buildings that are still structurally sound, but it may still give the occupants the impression that the building is not as safe as it should be. Several considerations affected the design of the three-storey school building. One of the most common design changes was to simplify the design to reduce construction time/cost. The group designed the most economical columns, beams, slabs and other structures economically to equal the school’s budget. The administration of RESPCSI also received a proposed 1-storey bungalow style building from other contractors. They estimated that the thesis project saves about 40%-45% of the school

budget compared to the 1-storey building. The designing of the engineer will also add to the total cost of the plan which is an advantage of the thesis project. The group believes that the floor plans, 3-D walkthrough, construction plan set, and the calculations supporting the structural design represent a very effective way to meet the needs of in RESPCI and to incorporate the design norms that were an important part of our project.

CHAPTER 9 RECOMMENDATION

The next study must first consider the school’s overall “persona”. Since the researchers are engineering students, they focused more on the design of the building; they did not have enough time to center on other issue. Thus, the next researchers should decide on how they want the school to be viewed by the community, and consider the ultimate educational goals of the school and the types and ages of students who will be educated in the facility. The three-storey school building in Maybunga, Pasig city is a large project which also needed a great amount of budget. Although the group have designed the most economical materials for the construction of the building, it is much better if the total cost of the project will be trimmed down. It will also best for those who will continue designing the project to monitor the cost estimation of the project. The unit cost of the materials may increase or decrease as time change. According to the National Statistics Office (NSO), the annual growth in the wholesale prices of selected construction materials in the National Capital Region (NCR) based on the Construction Materials Wholesale Price Index (CMWPI) rise to 2.9% in August 2012 from 2.2% in July 2012. The annual increment in cement index rise to 3.5% in August from 0.9% in July; lumber index, 4.3% from 3.9%; G.I. Sheet index, 2% from 1.9% and structural steel index, 4.6% from 4.2% (Reference: www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/cmwp1208tx.html). On the Geotechnical aspect of the project, it is advisable to conduct further site investigation. Since the group is only conducting a study, the group only has limited data when it comes to the soil bearing capacity of the site. Soil investigation for the site will help the next study be more accurate and can determine the total load pressure that the soil can grip. Another remaining design consideration requires both electrical and mechanical Engineer. Since the group focused more on the structural part of the project, they were unable to design the electrical and the lighting plans of the building. The electrical engineers could also design all the wiring for the computers, lights, and wall plugs. As for the mechanical engineers, they could design all of the duct work and the air conditioning unit for some of the classrooms. Mechanical engineers can also do plumbing design of the building. They would need to determine the necessary slope of the pipes, where the existing plumbing runs in the school, and where to connect the new pipes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The group would like to extend their whole-hearted gratitude and appreciation to the following personages and establishments whose never- ending assistance, support, and efforts helped for the accomplishment and success of this project proposal. First, to our dear and ever understanding parents, Mr. and Mrs. Abanador, Mr. and Mrs. San Pedro, and Mr. and Mrs. Regorosa, we extend our deepest appreciation for their financial and moral support that helped the development of our thesis project. Also, we would like to thank them for understanding us when we stayed late all night working and for encouraging us during the darkest days of our lives. Second, to our very industrious and patient Thesis Adviser, Engr. Divina Gonzales, whose support and trust kept us to get going to what we have started. In times of hopelessness, her words of encouragement let us set aside our doubts and uncertainties regarding the feasibility of our thesis proposal. We thank her for staying with us and guiding us throughout the term. Third, to Engr. Fibor Tan and Dr. Francis Aldrine Uy, our CE200L professors, we thank them for their assistance and guidance, especially, during the formulation of our thesis problem and title. For the constructive criticisms they gave us before the oral defense. It was very helpful and made us to see the big picture. Fourth, to the employees of the Department of Education - Division of Pasig City, for the over whelming reception they gave us during the time when we were looking for a potential site to be our project location for our proposal. They became an instrument for us to complete this thesis proposal. To the institution of Rizal Experimental Station and Pilot School of Cottage Industries (RESPSCI) for cooperating with us and allowing their school vicinity to be used as our potential site for the design of this proposal. As a sign of our gratitude, we hope to that this proposal will give them ideas for their future projects in providing good quality education for your students. And lastly, we really thank the Heavenly Father for keeping us in His safe arms and guiding us throughout the duration of this study. Without His presence, it would be next to impossible for us to finish and complete this thesis proposal. For the past three months, He was the one who kept us safe from harm whenever we proceed to different institutions to ask for help and answers to our inquiries.

REFERENCES

Cruz, J. (2011, April 4). Philippine water shortage: Agua Vendetta? Retrieved December 16, 2011, from Philippine Online Choronicles: http://www.thepoc.net/thepocfeatures/mukhang-pera/mukhang-pera-features/11616-philippine-water-shortageagua-vendetta.html De Guzman, C. (2011, December). Harvesting water as a conservation technique. Retrieved March 16, 2012, from Bureau of Agricultural Research: http://www.bar.gov.ph/barchronicle/2008/june2008_features.asp De Jesus, A. (2007, May 19). The rainwater harvesting system. Retrieved March 16, 2012, from Inquirer News: http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/watercrisis/view.php?db=1&article=2007051966830 Pasig City Government. (2010, September 14). Pasig marks anniversary of Green City program. Retrieved December 7, 2011, from Pasig City Government: http://www.pasigcity.gov.ph/subpages/news.aspx?nSeq=7 PCIERD. (n.d.). Rainwater Harvesting System, a Practical Solution to Water Shortages. Retrieved December 16, 2011, from Departmenst of Science and Technology- Sectoral Planning Council: http://www.pcierd.dost.gov.ph/index.php/submitted-articles/113-rainwater rainwaterharvesting.org. (n.d.). COMPONENTS OF A RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM . Retrieved December 16, 2011, from rainwaterharvesting.org: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/urban/Components.htm The Global Development Research Center. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2012, from An Introduction to Rainwater Harvesting: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/introduction.html The Philippine Star. (2010, April 18). Campaign on rain water harvesting to be launched . Retrieved December 16, 2011, from PhilStar.com: http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=567378&publicationSubCategoryId=77 United Nations Economic and Socia Commission for Asia and the Pacific, U. (n.d.). Wastewater Treatment facility in the Muntinlupa Public Market, Philippines. Retrieved December 5, 2011, from United Nations Economic and Socia Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP): http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Water/Muntinlupa/Waste waterTreatmentFacilityInTheMuntinlupaPublicMktPhilippines.asp

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A - DESIGN CRITERIA AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

DESIGN CRITERIA A. REFERENCES AND STANDARDS NSCP 6th Edition UBC 1997 Edition

National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 Uniform Building Code

B. DESIGN LOADS Dead Loads (Table 204-2. Minimum Design Dead Loads) 1. Floor and Floor Finishes a. Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 13mm mortar bed 2. 100mm Thick Concrete Hollow Block a. Both faces plastered

: 0.77 kPa : 2.11 kPa

Live Load (Table 205-1. Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads) 1. School Ground Floor Corridors : 4.80 kPa 2. School Corridors above ground floor : 3.80 kPa 3. School Classrooms : 1.90 kPa 4. Exit facilities : 4.80 kPa Seismic Load (Section 208. Earthquake Loads) NSCP 103-1 (Occupancy Category)

Standard Occupancy Structures

NSCP Table 208-1 (Seismic Importance Factor)

I = 1.0

NSCP Figure 208-4 (Referenced Seismic Map of the Philippines)

Zone 4

NSCP Table 208-3 (Seismic Zone Factor)

Z = 0.40

NSCP Table 208-6 (Seismic Source Type)

Type A

NSCP Table 208-4 (Near Source Factor)

Na = 1.20

NSCP Table 208-5 (Near Source Factor)

Nv = 1.60

NSCP Table 208-2 (Soil Profile Types)

Type SE

NSCP Table 208-7 (Seismic Coefficient)

Ca = 0.44Na

NSCP Table 208-8 (Seismic Coefficient)

Cv = 0.64Nv

NSCP Table 208-11 (Structural System)

R = 8.50 (Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frames)

N.S.C.P. Provision 208.5.2. (Static Force Procedure) Design Base Shear ( N.S.C.P. Provision 208.5.2.1) >

>

In Addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the Total Base Shear, V shall also not be less than the ff:

NSCP 208.5.2.2 (Structure Period) Method A T = CT (hn )3/4 CT=0.0853 (for steel moment resisting frames) =0.0731(for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames) = 0.0488 (for all other buildings) hn = Height of structure Load Combinations (N.S.C.P. 2010 Provision 203.3. Load Combinations using Strength Design) Ultimate Quantity, U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L = 1.2D + 1.6L

(N.S.C.P. 203-5)

D = quantity due to Dead Load E = quantity due to Earthquake Load L = quantity due to Live Load f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly C. MATERIALS 1. Compressive Strength of Concrete, fc’ = 21.00 MPa 2. Yield Strength of Reinforcing Steel, fy = 275.80 MPa 3. Unit Weight of Concrete = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.53596 kN/m3

D. FOUNDATION The foundation shall be mat footing and the allowable soil bearing capacity (from Attached Soil Investigation Report) is 30 kPa.

PRELIMINARY SIZING OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS UNIT WEIGHT OF CONCRETE =

23.53596

kN/m3

1. Concrete Slab Approximate Thickness, h = Slab Panel perimeter / 180 Approximate Thickness, h = (7.50m)(2) + (4.00m)(2) 180 Approximate Thickness, h = 0.12778m use h = 0.150m Weight of Concrete Slab = (Slab Thickness )(Unit Weight of Concrete) Weight of Concrete Slab = (0.150m)(23.53596kN/m3 ) Weight of Concrete Slab = 3.530394 kN/m2

2. Concrete Beam (Sized from the Most Loaded Beam) Slab Panel Dead Loads Element Concrete Slab Floor Tiles Electrical Fixtures Plumbing Fixtures Total, w

Wt. (kPa) 3.53 0.77 0.18 0.18 4.65

Weight of C.H.B. wall Floor

Height (m)

3rd 2nd Ground

3.32 3.32 3.50

Wt. (kPa) 2.11 2.11 2.11

Wt. (kN/m) 7.01 7.01 7.39

Assume Weight of Concrete Beam = 5.0 kN/m

Considering Interior Transverse Beam WDL = Slab Panel Dead Load + Weight of CHB Wall + Weight of Concrete Beam

Slab Panel Short Span, S = 4.00 m Slab Panel Long Span, L = 7.50 m m= (S/L)2 m= 0.2844444 3-m = 2.7155556 WDL = 28.85 kN/m

Floor Live Load, FFL = 4.80 kPa WLL = 17.379556

kN/m

Wu = 1.2WDL + 1.6WLL Wu = 62.43218 kN/m Actual Mu = (1/12)Wu L2 Actual Mu = (1/12) Wu (7.50m)2 Actual Mu = 292.65084 kN-m

Reinforced Concrete Requirements ф= fc' = fy = β1 =

0.90 (Flexure) 21.00 mPa 275.80 mPa 0.85 (for fc' ≤ 30 mPa) ρmin = 0.0050761

w = ρmin (fy/fc') =0.0666667

Allow. Mu = ф fc' w bd2 (1-0.59w) Allow. Mu = 1.2104400 bd2 Equate Actual Mu to Allow. Mu 29,265,084.36

N-mm =

1.2104400 bd2

Assume values for b to compute d b (mm) 200.00 250.00 300.00

d(mm) 347.69 310.98 283.89

h= d+100 447.69 410.98 383.89

Use: 250mm x 450mm (Typical Concrete Beam Section) Weight = (Concrete Section Area )(Unit Weight of Concrete) Weight = (0.250m)(0.450m)(23.53596kN/m3 ) Weight = 2.6477955 kN/m < Assumed Weight of Beam = 5.0 kN/m (OK) UNIFORM DEAD LOADS AND LIVE LOADS FOR FRAME ANALYSIS Slab Panel Dead Loads

Weight of C.H.B. wall

3.32 3.32

Wt. (kPa) 2.11 2.11

Wt. (kN/m) 7.01 7.01

3.50

2.11

7.39

Element

Wt. (kPa)

Floor

Height (m)

Concrete Slab Floor Tiles Electrical Fixtures Plumbing Fixtures

3.53 0.77

3rd 2nd

0.18

Ground

Total, w

4.65

0.18

At Exterior Longitudinal Frame - 1 S (m) = 4.00

Actual Wt. of Concrete Beam = 2.6477955 kN/m Floor Live Load, FFL = 4.80 kPa

At Interior Longitudinal Frame - 2 S1 (m) = 4.00 S2 (m) = 2.50

m = (S2 /L2 )2 = 0.390625

L2 (m) = 4.00

3 - m = 2.609375

At Exterior Longitudinal Frame - 3 S (m) = 2.50 L (m) = 4.00 m = (S2 /L2 )2 = 0.39 3 - m = 2.61 At Exterior Transverse Frame - A & J Span 1-2 S (m) = 4.00 L (m) = 7.50 m = (S2 /L2 )2 = 0.28 3 - m = 2.72 At Exterior Transverse Frame - A & J Span 2-3 S (m) = 2.50 L (m) = 4.00 m = (S2 /L2 )2 = 0.39 3 - m = 2.61

At Interior Transverse Frame - B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I Span 1-2

S (m) = 4.00 L (m) =

7.50

2

m = (S2 /L2 ) = 0.28 3 - m = 2.72 Span 2-3 S (m) = 2.50 L (m) = 4.00 m = (S2 /L2 )2 = 0.39 3 - m = 2.61 Summary of Loadings

Frame A B C D E F G H I J 1 2 3

Span

WDL (kN/m)

WLL (kN/m)

1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 1-2 2-3 Typical Typical Typical

18.08 13.53 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 26.50 17.41 18.08 13.53 15.86 20.92 14.71

8.69 4.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 17.38 8.00 8.69 4.00 6.40 11.62 5.22

APPENDIX B -1 BEAM DESIGN

DESIGN OF BEAMS A. BEAM - B1 DESIGN

b (mm)

d (mm)

fc' (mPa)

fy (mPa)

Length (m)

250.00

450.00

21.00

275.80

7.50

ρb

ρmax

w

Mu max (N-mm)

0.03769

0.02827

0.37123

277,401,206.54

Mu max > Mu @ Supports (Design as Singly Reinforced) Mu max > Mu @ Midspan (Design as Singly Reinforced)

Tension Reinforcements

fr.Frame Analysis Mu @ Mu @ Supports Midspan (kN-m) (kN-m) 126.64 53.90

Mu max (kN-m) 277.40

Mu @ Supports (N-mm)

Ru

Req'd. ρ

As (mm2 )

126,638,000.00

2.78

0.01

1,239.19

Mu @ Midspan (N-mm)

Ru

Req'd. ρ

As (mm )

53,902,000.00

1.18

0.00

499.71

2

Rebar Diameter (mm) 16.00

Area of NREBARS Rebar (pcs) (mm2 ) 201.06 7.00

Rebar Diameter (mm) 16.00

Area of NREBARS Rebar (pcs) (mm2 ) 201.06 3.00

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT TYPICAL DESIGN OF STIRRUP SPACING b (mm)

d (mm)

250.00

450.00

fc' (mPa)

fy (mPa)

Length (m)

21.00

275.80

7.50

Vu @ Supports (kN) 173.01

Vu @ Supports (N) 173,006.00

Vc = 85,923.29 N Vc = 85.92 Kn (1/2)фVc = 36.52 kN< Vu Vn = Vn = Vs = Vs = Vs =

ф (Shear)

(Stirrups are needed)

Vu / ф 203.54 kN Vn - Vc 117.61 kN 117,613.18 N

S = (Av fy d)/ Vs Stirrup diameter, d = Av = Av = S=

10mm Area of stirrup rebar (mm2 ) 78.54 82.88 mm

Maximum Spacing Required by Code

171,846.59 N

>Vs =

0.85

117,613.18 N

Therefore: Maximum Spacing = d/2 = 450mm/2 = 225mm Use: 10mm Ø deformed bar stirrups @ 225mm on centers up to mid span.

APPENDIX B - 2 COLUMN DESIGN

DESIGN OF COLUMNS COLUMN C-1

Material Strength fc' = fy =

Actual Loads

21 MPa 276 MPa

Section Profile b = 400.00 h = 400.00 Ag = 160000 d= 344.00 d' = 56.00 Dt = 10.00 cc = 38.00 Cb = 235.616

Pu Mux Muy eux euy

mm mm mm2 mm mm mm mm mm

= = = = =

516.50 23.60 3.90 45.69 7.55

KN KN-m KN-m mm mm

12 D 16 mm

b = 400 Bi - axial Column

Reinforcement Db Nb Nb, As Nb, A's1 Nb, A's2 Ab As A's1 A's2

= = = = = = = = =

16 12 5 5 2 201 1005 1005 402

mm pcs pcs pcs pcs mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2

Pure Axial Load Po = Ø Po = a Ø Po =

3478.8 KN 2435.2 KN 1948.2 KN

Pure Bending rg = Mo = Ø Mo =

0.006 78.1 KN-m 54.7 KN-m

@ Pn = Pn =

0.10 Ag fc' 336.0

BY BRESLER'S FORMULA

Ø Pnx Ø Pny Ø Po 0.10 Po 1 Ø Pn

= = = = =

1026.5 KN 1450.6 KN 1948.2 KN 278.30797 KN 0.0011503

Ø Pn Ø Pn max

= =

869.37 KN 1558.52 KN

0.10 Po

<

Ø Pn Safe OK

Ø Pn max

>

Ø Pn Safe OK

Pu

<

Ø Pn Safe OK

Therefore: Column is Safe !

1 KN

COLUMN C-2

Material Strength fc' = fy =

Actual Loads

21 276

Mpa Mpa

Section Profile b = 400.00 h = 400.00 Ag = 160000 d = 344.00 d' = 56.00 Dt = 10.00 cc = 38.00 Cb = 235.616

Pu Mux Muy eux euy

mm mm mm2 mm mm mm mm mm

= = = = =

516.50 23.60 3.90 45.69 7.55

KN KN-m KN-m mm mm

8 D 16 mm

b = 400

* Bi - axial Column * Reinforcement Db Nb Nb, As Nb, A's1 Nb, A's2 Ab As A's1 A's2

= = = = = = = = =

Pure Axial Load 16 8 3 3 2 201 603 603 402

mm pcs pcs pcs pcs mm2 mm2 mm2 mm2

Po = 3271.2 KN Ø Po = 2289.9 KN a Ø Po = 1831.9 KN Pure Bending r g = 0.004 Mo = 47.8 Ø Mo = 33.5

KN-m KN-m

@ Pn = 0.10 Ag fc' Pn = 336.0

BY BRESLER'S FORMULA

Ø Pnx Ø Pny Ø Po 0.10 Po 1 Ø Pn

= = = =

859.8 777.5 1831.9 261.69865

=

0.0019034

KN KN KN KN 1 KN

Ø Pn Ø Pn max

= =

0.10 Po

<

Ø Pn Safe OK !

Ø Pn max

>

Ø Pn Safe OK !

Pu

<

Ø Pn Safe OK !

Therefore: Column is Safe !

525.39 KN 1465.51 KN

APPENDIX B - 3 TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

Material Properties: Main Rebars, Fy 275.8 MPa Shear Rebar, Fy 276.0 MPa Concrete, Fc' 21.0 MPa Cover to Tension Bars = 20 mm Cover to Compression Bars = 20 mm Concrete Stress Curve: ACI-Whitney Rectangular Max. Concrete Strain: 0.003 Steel Modulus, Es: 200,000.0 N/mm2 Concrete Density: 24.0 kN/m3 Geometry Data: Length = 4.00 m Width = 7.50 m Thickness = 150 mm Continuity Case 1: All sides continuous Slab Dimensions

Sr. No

Title

Cont Case

Short Side (m)

Long Side (m)

Thickness (mm)

Uniform DL (kPa)

Uniform LL (kPa)

1

Slab-1

1

4

7.5

150

4.65

4.80

Cont Case

Design Load (kPa)

Slab Moments

Sr. No

1

Slab

Slab-1

1

14.7

Moment (kN-m) Short Side

Long Side

(+ve)

(-ve)

(+ve)

(-ve)

10.8

14.3

5.6

7.5

Slab Reinforcement Reinforcement (mm2 ) Sr. No

1

Slab

Cont Case

Slab-1

1

Thickness (mm)

150

Short Side

Long Side

(+ve)

(-ve)

(+ve)

(-ve)

399

535

206

275

Reinforcing Bars

Rebars Sr. No

1

Slab

Cont Case

Slab-1

Rebar Layout Sketches

1

Thickness (mm)

150

Short Side

Long Side

(+ve)

(-ve)

(+ve)

(-ve)

Ø12@ 250

Ø12 @ 200

Ø10 @ 333

Ø12 @ 333

APPENDIX B - 4 ROOF TRUSS DESIGN

DESIGN OF ROOF TRUSS BASIS OF DESIGN Location: Pasig City Type of Occupancy: Educational Building Type of Truss: Howe Truss Span of Truss, ST = 12.40 meters Angle of Inclination (Truss),θ = 17.88° Bay Distance, L = 4.0 meters

LOADING COMPUTATIONS 5.

Live Loads, LL Tributary Area= (4)(12.4) = 49.20 m2 θ=

= Tributary Loaded Area (m2 ) Roof Slope 0 -18.6

18.7-55.8

>55.8

6.

7.

957

766

574

766

670

574

574

574

574

Dead Loads, DL c)

Self-Weight of Purlins: (use C 3x6)

d)

Weight of GI Roof:

Wind Load

Wind Pressure (psf) Height Zone Area I

Area II

Area III

30

20

10

40

30

20

50

35

25

Area: Pasig City (Zone II), q = 30 lb/ft2 WLwindward = (0.1) WLleeward = (0.50)

-

-

DESIGN OF PURLINS, SAGRODS, AND TIERODS

Design of Purlins (with Sagrods at the midspan) From Steel Manual, the allowable yield strength is Fy = 170 MPa. The C3x5’s essential properties are:

C3x5 Weight, w (kg/m)

7.46

Area, A (mm2 )

948

Section Modulus about X, Sx (x 103 20.21 mm3 ) Section Modulus about Y, Sy (x 103 Orientation 3.87 mm3 ) Reference: Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) Steel Manual

The adequacy of purlins is defined by the governing formula:

where: fbx &fby = actual bending stress along X and Y axis respectively Fbx &Fby = allowable bending stress along X and Y axis respectively NOTE: The section is said to economical if the interaction expression falls under the range.

Assume the purlins have compact sections, F bx = 0.66Fy and Fby = 0.75Fy where Fy = 170 MPa

Solving total weight, WT

Solving total weight components, Wx and Wy : WX = WT cos 17.88 o WX = 653.51 cos 17.88o Wx = 621.95 N/m WY = WT sin 17.88o WY = 653.51 sin 17.88o WY =200.64 N/m

Solving for the M x and M y :

Solving actual stress along X and Y, fbx and fby :

Solving allowable stress about X and Y, Fbx and Fby :

Wt

Solving the interaction expression,

fbx Fbx

fby Fby

:

Design of Sagrods (placed in midspan) Ft =0.6Fy where Fy=248 MPa

Tension on gross area: Ft = 0.6 (Fy) = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa

Design of Tierods (placed in midspan) FT =0.6Fy where Fy=248 MPa

Tma x

Tension on gross area: Ft = 0.6 (Fy) = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa

Tti e

LOADINGS AND ANALYSIS OF TRUSS

Ceiling Load, CL Using suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster as ceiling (From NSCP Vol. 1, Section 2-6, Table 204-2)

Total length of top chord = (2)(6.51) = 13.02 m Total length of bottom chord = 12.40 m Total length of web member= 2.00+(2)[0.39+1.31+0.79+1.48+1.19+1.73+1.60+2.03] Total length of web member= 23.04 m

The Section to be Used for Each Type of Truss Members From the Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) Steel Manual

For Top Chords: 2 L 40 x 40 x 5

For Bottom Chords: 2 L 30 x 30 x 3

PROPERTIES: W = 5.94 kg/m Area = 758 mm2 Rx = 11.97 mm Ry = 11.97 mm

PROPERTIES: W = 2.72 kg/m Area = 348 mm2 Rx = 8.99 mm Ry = 8.99 mm

For Web Members: L 40 x 40 x 5 PROPERTIES: W = 2.97 kg/m Area = 379 mm2 Rx = 11.97 mm Ry = 11.97 mm Self Weight of Truss, SW Weights

Where: 3Rx = 3731.70 N 4Rx = 4975.60 N 22Ry = 10262.12 N

Support Reactions:

R b = RJ = 35.902 KN

TOP CHORD MEMB ER

INTERNAL CROSSFORCE SECTIONAL (KN) AREA (mm2 )

MEMBER

LENGTH (m)

STRESS (MPa)

AB

1.20

13.763 (T)

758

18.16

BC

1.25

37.995(C)

758

50.13

CD

1.25

47.909(C)

758

63.20

DE

1.25

46.893(C)

758

61.86

EF

1.25

41.924 (C)

758

55.31

FG

1.25

41.924 (C)

758

55.31

GH

1.25

46.893 (C)

758

61.86

HI

1.25

47.909 (C)

758

63.20

IJ

1.25

37.995(C)

758

50.13

JK

1.20

13.763 (T)

758

18.16

BOTTOM CHORD MEMB ER

MEMBER

LENGTH (m)

INTERNAL FORCE (KN)

CROSSSECTIONAL AREA (mm2 )

STRESS (MPa)

AT

1.26

4.444 (C)

348

12.77

ST

1.31

3.995 (C)

348

11.48

RS

1.31

43.334 (T)

348

124.52

QR

1.31

51.195 (T)

348

147.11

PQ

1.31

48.574 (T)

348

139.58

OP

1.31

48.574 (T)

348

139.58

NO

1.31

51.195 (T)

348

147.11

MN

1.31

43.334 (T)

348

124.52

LM

1.31

3.995 (C)

348

11.48

KL

1.26

4.444 (C)

348

12.77

WEB MEMB ER

MEMBER

LENGTH (m)

INTERNAL FORCE (KN)

CROSSSECTIONAL AREA (mm2 )

STRESS (MPa)

BT

0.39

35.642 (C)

379

94.04

CT

1.31

49.459 (T)

379

130.50

CS

0.79

12.446(C)

379

32.84

DS

1.48

9.310 (T)

379

24.56

DR

1.19

2.334 (C)

379

6.16

ER

1.73

3.592 (C)

379

9.48

EQ

1.60

5.010 (T)

379

13.22

FQ

2.03

9.914 (C)

379

26.16

FP

2

18.282 (T)

379

48.24

FO

2.03

9.914 (C)

379

26.16

GO

1.60

5.010 (T)

379

13.22

GN

1.73

3.592 (C)

379

9.48

HN

1.19

2.334 (C)

379

6.16

HM

1.48

9.310 (T)

379

24.56

IM

0.79

12.446 (C)

379

32.84

IL

1.31

49.459 (T)

379

130.50

JL

0.39

35.642 (C)

379

94.04

SUMMARY OF MOST STRESSED MEMB ERS:

MEMBER

LENGTH (m)

INTERNAL FORCE (KN)

CROSSSECTIONAL AREA (mm2 )

ACTUAL STRESS (MPa)

CD & HI (TC)

1.25

47.909(C)

758

63.20

QR & NO (BC)

1.31

51.195 (T)

348

147.11

BT & JL (Web)

0.39

35.642 (C)

379

94.04

CT & IL (Web)

1.31

49.459 (T)

379

130.50

DESIGN OF TOP CHORD

Top Chord Design Checking the adequacy of the section of the top chord Solving slenderness ratio

kL and critical slenderness ratio CC r

Then, the member is an intermediate column Solving factor of safety,FS

Solving allowable compressive stress,Fa

Interaction Equation:

fa / Fa ; where fa = 63.20 MPa