Design of Five Storey Sustainable Government Hospital.pdf

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Design of a Five- Storey Sustainable Government Hospital in Pasay City

Project By Cabacungan, Norman R. Libiran, Daniel Paulo C. Siobal, Anniezette C.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering (SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology Muralla St. Intramuros Manila

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Executive Summary The proposed project is a Five Storey Government Hospital that is fully departmentalized and equipped with the service capabilities needed to support certified Medical Specialists and other licensed physicians in Pasay City .This area has a lesser number of government and private hospitals in Metro Manila compared to other cities. The structure will be designed as elevated. Its height from the ground surface is just above the expected flood depth.

This project acts in accordance with the 3BIRDS criteria. Our research and design components have been thoroughly evaluated and had met the criteria of the sustainable development concept. Substantial impacts to the environment and mitigation and as well as the environmental management plan are specified to be comprehensively studied to obtain a sufficient implementation of the project.

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

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CHAPTER 2 Presenting the Challenges

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2.1 Problem Statement 2.2 Project Objective 2.3 Design Norms Considered 2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering 2.5 The Project Beneficiary 2.6 The Innovative Approach 2.7 The Research Component 2.8 The Design Component 2.9 Sustainable Development Concept CHAPTER 3 Environmental Examination Report

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3.1 Project Description 3.1.1 Project Rationale 3.1.2 Project Location 3.1.3 Project Information 3.1.4 Description of Project Phases 3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational phase 3.1.6 Construction phase 3.1.7 Operational phase 3.1.8 Abandonment phase

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3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment 3.2.1 Physical Environment 3.2.2 Biological Environment 3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment 3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

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3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation 3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts And their Level of Significance at Various Stages Of Development 3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts On the Physical and Biological Resources 3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project

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3.4 Environmental Management Plan 3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation And Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities 3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures 3.4.3 Monitoring Plan 3.4.4 Contingency Plan (if applicable) 3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements CHAPTER 4 Research Component 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Write ups 4.4 Review of Literature 4.5 Methodology 4.6 Results and Discussion CHAPTER 5 Detailed Engineering Design

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17 17 17 19 19 20 20 20 21 32 42 43 44

5.1 Loads and Codes 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Dead Load 5.1.3 Live Load 5.1.4 Wind load 5.1.5 Total Factored Loads

44 44 44 44 44 45

5.2Beam Design

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5.3Foundation Design 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Footing Design 5.4 Plan set Design 5.4.1 Architectural Plan 5.4.2 Structural Design

53 53 54 59 69

CHAPTER 6 Budget Estimation

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CHAPTER 7 Project’s Schedule

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7.1 Gantt Chart 7.2 Bar Chart (for project Implementation)

109 110

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CHAPTER 8 Promotional Material

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CHAPTER 9 Conclusions and Summary

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Recommendations

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Acknowledgments

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References

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Appendices

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Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

A – Article Type B – Original Project Report Assessment Sheet by Panel members C – English Editor Assessment and Evaluation Form Rubrics D – Accomplished Consultation Form E – Compilation of Assessment Form F – Copy f Engineering Drawings and Plans G – Copy of Project Poster H – Photocopy of Receipt I – Other required forms J – Student Reflection

Resume of Each Member

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List of Tables, Illustrations, Charts or Graphs Figures Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

1 Pasay City Zoning Map 2Property identification map 3Vicinity map of the vacant lot in Pasay City 4 Location of the project showing nearby streets 5 Right side view of the vacant lot 6 Left side view of the vacant lot 7 St. Luke’s Medical Centre 8Makati Medical Centre 9Elevated structure will look like when flood occurs 10Plant life inside the building 11 Perspective View 12 Ground Floor Plan 13 Second Floor Plan 14 Third Floor Plan 15 Fourth Floor Plan 16 Fifth Floor Plan 17 Front Elevation 18 Left Elevation Plan 19 Right Elevation Plan 20 Rear Elevation Plan 21 Foundation Plan 22 Ground Framing Plan 23 2nd Floor Framing Plan 24 3rd Floor Framing plan 25 4th Floor Framing plan 26 5th Floor Framing plan 27 Roof Deck framing Plan 28 Schedule of Window 29 Schedule of Doors 30 Schedule of Elevator 31 Beam Design 32 Slab Design 33 Footing Design 34 Elevation detail of Mat Foundation 35 Civil Design Site Plan 36 Birds Eye View 37 Right Side View 38 Front Elevation 39 Front View 40 Left Side View 41 Emergency Room 42 3D Structural Frame

p. 8 p. 9 p. 9 p. 10 p. 10 p. 11 p.32 p.32 p.33 p.40 p.59 p.60 p.61 p.62 p.63 p.64 p.65 p.66 p.67 p.68 p.69 p.70 p.71 p.72 p.73 p.74 p.75 p.76 p.77 p.89 p.93 p.94 p.96 p.97 p.112 p.113 p.113 p.114 p.114 p.115 p.115 p.116

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Tables Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table

1 Population in Pasay City 2 Matrix of Predicted Environment 3 Impacts and Mitigation 4 Monitoring Plan 5 Passive and Active Flood Proofing 6 Flood Resistant Classification Materials 7 Flooring Materials Classification for flood resistance (A) 8 Flooring Materials Classification for flood resistance (B) 9 Summary of Loads based on STAAD 2007 analysis 10 Work Classification 11 Manpower Requirement 12 Equipment Rquirement

p. 2 p.15 p.17 p.18 p.36 p.37 p.38 p.39 p.57 p.107 p.107 p.108

Chart Chart 1Methodology Flowchart Chart 2Gantt Chart Chart 3 Bar Chart

p.42 p.109 p.110

CHAPTER 1 Introduction Shortage of hospitals is a major problem in Metro Manila. Among the cities in Metro Manila, Pasay City has a least number of hospitals. That is the reason why Pasay City has been chosen as the location of the proposed project. The Project is about the design of an elevated Government Hospital. The project is to be proposed at Pasay City, Manila, Philippines. The project will be the first hospital building that will practice green technology. On March 11, 1976, the old city hall building of Pasay City was renovated to house the one hundred (100) beds Pasay City General Hospital. At the outset, the agency was fully subsidized by the local government, complete with facilities, equipments and supplies until the period of November 1987. Due to unavailability of local funds in December 1987, it was placed under the administrative and technical supervision of the Metropolitan Manila Commission (MMC). In February 1982 to August 1982, a span of barely seven months, the local government took over its administration, but was turned over again to MMC due to financial reason. However in 1985, the hospital had suffered very tight financial difficulties; it still survived. In 1986, an amount of only P 1,727,393.00 was granted to PCGH representing MMC’s financial assistance as against the proposed budget of P 6,328,709.00 which was never approved and so with the proposed budget for CY 1987. As a result, it’s operation has been greatly hampered as the hospital need to limit it’s budget to two million (P 2,000,000.00) pesos financial assistance of the local government to the MMC of which 80% goes to personal services (salaries and wages) and a minimal of 20% for maintenance and other operating expenses. As a consequence, since the Pasay City Government had solely supported the hospital since October 1986, administrative supervision was relinquished to the local government affective August 16, 1987. In view of the foregoing percentage, bed occupancy went down for the past several months to 15-20% per month. Services being provided to the constituents of Pasay and other non-residents mostly coming from the south, have suffered much due to financial distress. Appointments to vacant items as well as for renewals were likewise deferred. In view of the foregoing percentage, bed occupancy went down for the past several months to 15-20% per month. Services being provided to the constituents of Pasay and other non-residents mostly coming from the south, have suffered much due to financial distress. Appointments to vacant items as well as for renewals were likewise deferred. With this proposal, the citizens of Pasay city can have an elevated hospital which is principally created for creating low-cost, safer hospital which are especially designed and engineered to respond and resist the loads, forces and effects due to natural disasters. To

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resist the impact of an earthquake, a structure must possess flexibility coupled with tensile strength. Basically, the scope of the design of this reinforced concrete construction comprising the elements of an elevated structure is to prevent and develop contributing factors in terms of catastrophic events and environmental crisis concerns, respectively. No one can deny the declining share of hospital allotment to the total DOH budget. From 60 to 66 percent in the years 2003 to 2006 (according to a study by Lavado in 2010), the share of our hospitals is now down to only 21.42% for 2013.

Table 1 Population in Pasay City

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CHAPTER 2 Presenting the Challenges 2.1Problem Statement The City of Pasay is located near the shore line of the Philippines. This is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila. It is also known as one of the most flooded areas in Metro Manila, like the CAMANAVA (Caloocan-MalabonNavotas-Valenzuela) which are all along the shoreline. Hospitals in Pasay City are relatively few as compared to other cities in Metro Manila, although Pasay City has only 5 Major Hospitals, having a population of 392,869 and composed of 200 barangays, the five foreign hospitals are not enough to sustain the demands of the people for health care.

2.2 Project Objective The main objective of this project is to develop and construct a highquality hospital that will provide patients’ satisfaction for their speedy recovery.This will include the design of eco- friendly building that could help conserve energy. To conceptualize engineered solutions that will address quandaries on the impacts of natural disasters and its attended hazards. The objective primarily caters the need for an effort to promote and nurture safer building construction to take care of normal loads and forces and the effects of natural disasters. And in order to fulfill the main objective, several specific objectives of this project must be attained.

2.3Design Norms Considered In this paper, the design norms primarily considered are encompassing the structural, economical and environmental aspects of the project. When considering structural aspect of the design, the focus is set upon the compliance of the design inputs and outputs to existing structural codes and national building codes in the Philippines. Specifically, the codes considered in design projects in the Philippines are the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010) and the Uniform Building Code (UBC). Also, in considering this aspect of design, the trust of the people to be resettled on the area is regarded as one factor. Thus, It is deemed that the building must obviously seem sturdy and its factor of safety must be appropriately considered in the design process.

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While on the other hand, when considering the economical aspect of the design, the focus is set upon achieving the most cost effective design of the project Constructions are primarily highlighted such that any excess materials or any over-elaborate architectural design are reduced. In addition, focus is set upon designing the structural components of the building so that the elements are lightweight materials. And lastly, when considering the environmental aspect of the design the focus is set upon reducing the environmental impact of the project such that the building layout is specifically designed to be environmentally friendly. Also the design valued the importance of green engineering such that large windows are incorporated in the design so as to follow for natural ventilation and lighting. The natural light will be less staining on the eyes of the patients to depending on 100% fluorescent lighting. The proposed hospital building will be designed as an eco- friendly structure by installing plant life and a flood free structure by elevating the hospital. Another design norm considered is the simplicity and the strength of the structure itself since the structure will be used as hospital building that can withstand 25 years or more

The proposed hospital building will be designed as an eco- friendly structure by installing plant life and a flood free structure by elevating the hospital. Another design norm considered is the simplicity and the strength of the structure itself since the structure will be used as hospital building that can withstand 25 years or more.

2.4Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering The three civil engineering areas to be covered in this project are structural engineering, environmental engineering and construction planning management. Structural Engineering The major area is structural engineering that will cover the analysis and design of the structural elements of the hospital. Environmental Engineering These covers the design of the water and sewage treatment facilities of the project this will include the proper waste disposal and water treatment to ensure the safety of the patients and individuals in the hospital and communities near the structure. Construction Planning Management Engineering This will cover the planning and management to make the structure economical and as safe as possible as this will include the choice

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of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks.

2.5The Project Beneficiary The direct beneficiary of this proposed five storey hospital will be the local government of Pasay city. With this project the government of Pasay city can give a full health service for their community. It is believed that the presence of this project will cater the quandary of the city when it comes to health care service This

project also gives benefit to the community around Metro Manila. 2.6The Innovative Approach

Technical programs will be utilized to help in modelling, analyzing and designing the project. Google Maps This program will help in mapping the location of our project in 3d. Google Sketch Up This program will help in designing 2D and 3Dplan of the hospital. AutoCAD This program will help in modelling and preparing the lay-out of the plan, specification of project, and structural plan. E-Tabs Modelling 9.7.4 This program will help in designing and analyzing the structural members. Microsoft Excel 2010 This program will help in some computations of the structural members 2.7The Research Component The proposed project will adopt the green technology idea. We are going to study and estimate on how heavy our structure is regarding to the different type of loadings that we are going to put, because rooms are not the same with one another. The study will include the advantage and disadvantage of using an elevated floor system that will raise the structure. Green ideas like natural lighting and plant life installation in the structure will likewise be analyse. A study about the possible effects of adopting these green technology ideas will be discussed in the paper.

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2.8The Design Component This project considers the design of the following: Substructure This includes the design of footing and foundation of the building. The design foundation will depend on the type and stability of soil based on the soil investigation result. Superstructure The superstructure will be designed by elevating the first floor. The Superstructure will be composed of reinforced concrete beams, columns and slabs. The design of the project will be referred to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010), 6th Edition, Volume 2 for the loadings of the structure and other specification needed.

2.9Sustainable Development Concept Adopting the green technology will help make the structure become sustainable. For the non-specialized rooms of hospitals such as lobbies, canteen, etc., natural lighting or day lighting will be utilized by using skylights, additional window size, space, glass selection. This idea conserves energy for almost 50% of the regular consumption. Cleaning the air by installing plant life at the rooftop and even on the surroundings will help the patients relax and breathe fresh air. Specifically, in terms of the design of the ventilation system, a cross-flow natural ventilation system is to be adopted in this project. Cross- flow relies on establishing a clearly defined, unimpeded air flow path between the incoming and outgoing air streams. Air is supplied to and exhausted from areas of greatest activity within the building that passes through the zone of occupancy. In designing the natural ventilation strategies, the building permeability and ventilation openings are the key decision factors considered. The building structure is made to be airtight so that ventilation is confined to air through intentionally provided openings only. Basically this condition permits more accurate design solutions and prevents air infiltration from interfering with ventilation performance. Essentially, natural ventilation operates in “mixing” and pollutant dilution mode. It is possible, despite changing conditions, to design satisfactory natural solutions. Ventilation varies according to the prevailing driving forces of wind and indoor/outdoor temperature difference. Moreover, in terms of construction materials methods, application of lightweight concrete construction will be implemented in this project. According to researches, lightweight concrete construction can be a partial solution for several environmental problems. Deforestation could be substantially reduced by relinquishing the demand for timber used in construction.

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CHAPTER 3 Environmental Examination Report 3.1Project Description 3.1.1Project Rationale In our country, rain comes at expected time but typhoons are usually predicted by the government agency, Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), a day or a few days before it will happens. Nevertheless, flooding is truly inevitable especially when the rain falls continuously which at times lasts for about a day. Even if it is forecasted, there are people who are not prepared for this kind of situation which results to terrible incidents. Hence, the group proposed a project to design and construct anelevated five-storey public hospital that is eco- friendly sustainable structure and structurally stable. This project aims to maximize medical service in Pasay City and in Metro Manila. The objective of this project is to develop and construct a high-quality hospital that will provide patients’ satisfaction for their speedy recovery. Pasay city was related as the location since it has a limited number of hospitals.

3.1.2Project Location The elevated five-storey government hospital is located in Barangay 076, Sunrise Drive, Pasay City. The group proposed the location where because there are only a few hospitasl in the city. The area is spacious as it covers about twenty thousand square meters (20000 m2 ), and suitable location for a hospital.

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Figure 1: Pasay City Zoning Map

Figure 2: This figure shows the property identification map

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Figure 3: This figure shows the vicinity map of the vacant lot in Pasay City

Figure 4: This figure shows the location map where the structure will be constructed

Figure 5: This figure shows the right side view of the vacant lot

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Figure 6: This figure shows the left side view of the vacant lot

3.1.3Project Information The project will be an elevated five storey hospital building specifically planned to serve as a health care facility that will be able to provide full medical service. The said project will be located in Brgy. 076 sunrise drive Pasay City.It will be equipped with the service capabilities needed to support certified Medical Specialists and other licensed physicians. Also the design will be incorporated with the concept of green engineering and architecture.

3.1.4 Description of Project Phases The project will have four phases. The Pre-Construction Phase, Construction Phase, Operational Phase, and Abandonment Phase. Pre-Construction  The planning before the construction of the structure. It includes the things to be done before the project starts.

Construction phase  The preparation of the site and the construction of the structure itself.

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Operational phase  Involves the function of the project. Abandonment phase  The responsibility once the project is abandoned or if it is unoccupied. 3.1.5Pre-construction/Operational phase Planning stage o In this first stage, the project will be carried out. The project’s purpose, need, the design criteria and the location of the project will be considered. Feasibility study regarding the project. Critical Path Method (CPM) Schedule for the PreConstruction and construction Phases of the project. Preparation of Construction Documents o The construction documents are important to obtain bids from contractors and price from subcontractors. These documents establish the contractual obligations between the owner and the contractor, and define the roles of the construction team members. Selection of Contractor o The construction contract will be awarded to the contractor with the least bid. If the bid of contractor is less than the limit established, the contract will be awarded as negotiated contract. Detailed Estimates Construction Planning Construction Planning includes site investigation, site management, obtaining permits, scheduling, excavation planning, estimating, value engineering and quality control. Secure permits and clearance from the local government of Pasay City Detailed Structural Design Detailed Architectural Design Surveying and Staking Before the construction, the lot must first be surveyed to know the boundaries and terrestrial distances. Staking out is done to mark the limits or boundary of the lot. Soil Sampling

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3.1.6Construction phase Clearing and Grubbing o Consist of removing trees, bush, roots, debris and other unneeded and undesirable objects from the site. Stripping of topsoil and unsuitable material o This is needed to start the foundation. The disposal of unusable excavated materials shall be the responsibility of the contractor. Excavation, Backfill and Compaction of the land o Excavation of soil by cut and fill is needed in order to place the sub-structure or the foundation itself. Building Structure o Construction of Foundation, Columns, Beams, Slabs, Walls and other structural element. Water and Sewer Lines o Construction of pipe lines for water supply and sewer drainage line Installation of Sewer, Water and Electrical lines. Installation of Mechanical Equipment Power Distribution System Installation of windows, doors, glass, ceilings etc.

3.1.7Operational phase Frameworks o Framing is a building technique based around structural members, usually called studs, which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall coverings are attached. Insulation and Sheetrock o Insulation and Sheetrock is done after framing and mechanical inspections are finished. After insulation and sheetrock taping, bedding and texturing of the interior walls can be started. Flatworks o Flatworks can be done simultaneously while the structure is nearly in completion. Flatworks include any patios, all sidewalks and driveway

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3.1.8Abandonment phase Removal of Waste o During construction, demolition and land clearing debris results from construction activities; this materials can be recycled or salvaged. Proper disposal of waste is necessary. Dismantling of Structures and Equipment o After the dismantling of equipment and structures, restoration plans are to be put out, some of these are re-vegetation, levelling and backfilling, and repair of road networks that must have been damaged during the construction phase. 3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment 3.2.1Physical Environment The location for the proposed project will be at Brgy. 076 Sunrise Drive Pasay City, Metro Manila. However it is prone to flooding. The proposed is surrounded by private commercial and residential buildings. No nearby fault line has been detected. The vacant lot has an access on electricity and water on the site. The environment is quite good since it is surrounded by plants, trees and there are vacant lots adjacent to the site.

3.2.2Biological Environment The location of the proposed project is a vacant lot and the plant life is limited to grass, shrubs, and bushes. No endangered animal species are found in the area of the project; only common animal and small insects graze in the area. As for the birds, there are very few birds that are thriving in the area. Overall, animal life will not be harm and distracted.

3.2.3Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment a) Aesthetics and Human Interest – the proposed project is surrounded by residential buildings and commercial buildings like mall (Mall of Asia) and event centers (SMX Convention Center) and other establishments. b) Economy, Employment – the proposed project will serve as a supplement opportunity for the current employment in the locality; it will provide increase of employment and generate income.

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c) Population Density – the proposed project will attract people since there are only few hospitals is available at the entire city. It will also provide complete and quality services for a tertiary hospital. d) Health – No disease will be introduced into the vicinity since the proposed project is a hospital and it will not produce any diseases that will affect the vicinity thus it will mount the health awareness of nearby residence. e) Gender Issues – Since the proposed project is open to the public, no gender conflict is foreseen and through that, equal opportunity for everyone is will be observed. 3.2.4Future Environmental Conditions without the Project The proposed project will help the government give a high quality medical assistance to their community and to the people in Metro Manila. The proposed project will be constructed and built in order to provide the community a full medical service.

3.3Impact Assessment and Mitigation 3.3.1Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Table 1 Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues

Predicted Environmental Issues

Impacts Level of Significance

Noise Generation

Moderate Impact

Air Quality

Low Impact

Water Quality

Low Impact

Flora and Fauna

Low Impact

Natural Resources

Moderate Impact

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3.3.2Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological Resources a) Noise Impact During the construction stage different types of noise like background noise, idling noise, blast noise, impact noise, rotating noise, intermittent noise, howling, screeches and squeals will be minimized and controlled to have a moderate impact to the adjacent buildings and their occupants. b) Air Quality In most instances the primary concerns during construction when it comes to air quality are emissions of dust, and emissions from vehicles and plant machinery and other construction activities. These factors would be considered in order to maintain the good quality of air that is present in the site. c) Water Quality The vacant lot is far from Manila Bay, thus it will not affect the water quality of the bay. d) Flora and Fauna Plant life like grass, shrubs, and trees that is present in the site will be completely removed in order to clear the site during preparation. e) Natural Resources Plants and trees in the project area will be completely wiped out to clear the site during site preparation. 3.3.3Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project a) Environment With the installation of natural lighting, plant life and water treatment facilities, people will be able to practice green technology and can lessen their energy consumption. b) Health Building the hospital would make it easier access for the community to have access for health care. Health Problems in the area will managed and locals’ diseases/patient’s concern will be accommodated immediately. 3.4Environmental Management Plan 3.4.1Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities

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Table 2 Impacts and Mitigation

Table 3 Impacts and Mitigation

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3.4.2Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures Measures to mitigate Noise Levels During construction, equipment used may create noise disturbance to the surrounding that is why equipment will be operated on an as-needed to minimize noise. Measures to mitigate Air Quality Construction equipment will be maintained in good condition to minimize exhaust emissions. Watering the access roads to control dust during the construction will be done. Measures to mitigate Solid Waste Proper waste management will be adopted to maintain cleanliness.

3.4.3Monitoring Plan Assigned person will monitor the mitigation and enhancement measures that have been prepared. Monitoring will be strictly followed to ensure safety.

Table 4 Monitoring Plan Project Phase/ Environmental Aspect (Project activity Options for preventions or Mitigation Monitoring which will likely or enhancement Plan Impact the environme ntal component I. PRECONSTRUCTION PHASE No impact

II. CONSTRUCTION PHASE Excavating

of relocation for important plant/grass on the

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soils/land clearing

site

Dust Control Plan, use of mask for laborers and employees going inside the site Turbidity/siltation control measures by continuous cleaning of drainage system Require emission control devices on Use of Heavy drilling and other equipment and specify Equipments and use of low-sulfur fuels to reduce Machines on emissions. construction Regular maintenance of heavy equipment Activities & transport machineries to check on noise & vibration levels III. OPERATION PHASE

Daily Daily

Daily

Daily

of Hazardous waste will be transferred by Daily DENR accredited transporter and treater introduce rainwater catchment system weekly use green/eco-friendly materials that will weekly Use Of Generators lessen the carbon footpront operations hospitals

More Vehicles

by having a plants/vegetation on the site it will minimize pollution on air

quarterly

3.4.4Contingency Plan The construction area will have a safety area where first aid materials will be stored. There will also have equipment like fire extinguishers and alarms for safety measures

3.4.5Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements For the institutional responsibilities and agreements we will comply with the requirements of the local government of Pasay City in building a structure in the area. We will coordinate with the local government and Department of Environment and National Resources (DENR) for the guidelines to follow. We will refer to the NSCP 2010 for the guidelines in designing.

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CHAPTER 4 The Research Component 4.1Abstract Flooding in the Philippines is usually disastrous and is more severe than other countries. For the fact that the surroundings have been polluted by trash especially plastic which it clogs our canals and other sewerages and waterways, lack of discipline in treating the environment results to unwanted catastrophes primarily flooding. In the entire Metro Manila, cities near the shore are more likely to be flooded. One of the big cities, Pasay City, is characterized by coastal plains along the Manila Bay. However, just a slight slope feature of areas is seen in the southern part. Since it is along the Bay, its elevation is more or less only two meters from the sea level. At times like this, when it rains every day, the rivers overflow their banks flood the streets and homes of Pasay.

4.2 Introduction Shortage of hospitals is a major problem in Metro Manila. Among the cities in Metro Manila, Pasay City has a least number of hospitals. That is the reason why Pasay City has been chosen as the location of the proposed project. The Project is about the design of an elevated Government Hospital. The project is to be proposed at Pasay City, Manila, Philippines. The project will be the first hospital building that will practice green technology. On March 11, 1976, the old city hall building of Pasay City was renovated to house the one hundred (100) beds Pasay City General Hospital. Due to unavailability of local funds in December 1987, it was placed under the administrative and technical supervision of the Metropolitan Manila Commission (MMC). In February 1982 to August 1982, a span of barely seven months, the local government took over its administration, but was turned over again to MMC due to financial reason. However in 1985, the hospital had suffered very tight financial difficulties; it still survived. In 1986, an amount of only P 1,727,393.00 was granted to PCGH representing MMC’s financial assistance as against the proposed budget of P 6,328,709.00 which was never approved and so with the proposed budget for CY 1987. As a result, it’s operation has been greatly hampered as the hospital need to limit its budget to two million (P 2,000,000.00) pesos financial assistance of the local government to the MMC of which 80% goes to personal services (salaries and wages) and a minimal of 20% for maintenance and other operating expenses. Basically, the scope of the design of this reinforced concrete construction comprising the elements of an elevated structure is to prevent and develop contributing factors in terms of catastrophic events and environmental crisis concerns

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4.3 Write ups Structural Engineering

It is self-evident that structures must be safe. Structures must be sufficient over their expected lifespan. Our design philosophy is to detail buildings that are resilient enough to withstand calamities and guarantee the safety of their occupants without the need for heavy and expensive structures. Experience teaches us that every twenty years a hospital needs a complete renovation of its architecture and installation technology. However, the load-bearing structure is expected to survive a full fifty years and outlive various renovations. It is therefore vital to make choices with designers from other d isciplines so that the building can withstand future alterations. The prevention of new construction is a very sustainable measure. As civil engineering student, we want the structure to do more than just support. Integrating the structure with installations, for example, and ensure easy access to them, is an efficient solution for a more constant climate and a lower building height. Flooding in the Philippines is usually disastrous and is more severe than other countries. For the fact that the surroundings have been polluted by trash especially plastic which it clogs our canals and other sewerages and waterways, lack of discipline in treating the environment results to unwanted catastrophes primarily flooding. In the entire Metro Manila, cities near the shore are more likely to be flooded. One of the big cities, Pasay City, is characterized by coastal plains along the Manila Bay. However, just a slight slope feature of areas is seen in the southern part. Since it is along the Bay, its elevation is more or less only two meters from the sea level. At times like this, when it rains every day, the rivers overflow their banks flood the streets and homes of Pasay. The main objective of this project is to develop and construct a high-quality hospital that will provide patients’ satisfaction for their speedy recovery.This will include the design of eco-friendly building that could help conserve energy. To conceptualize engineered solutions that will address quandaries on the impacts of natural disasters and it’s attended hazards. The objective primarily caters the need for an effort to promote and nurture safer building construction to take care of normal loads and forces and the effects of natural disasters. And in order to fulfil the main objective, several specific objectives of this project must be attained.

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Drawing that shows the exterior view of an object or an assembly, without any parts removed. With cutaway sectional views it shows parts normally hidden from the observer, to see through in the graphic arts, such as drawing, is an approximate representation, on a flat surface such as paper, of an image as it is seen by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects are drawn: Smaller as their distance from the observer increases Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are relatively shorter than dimensions across the line of sight

Architecture and building engineering, a floor plan otherwise known as a Scottish plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items. It is also called a "plan" which is a measured plane typically projected at the floor height of 4', as opposed to an "elevation" which is a measured plane projected from the side of a building, along its height, or a section or "cross section" where a building, is cut along an axis to reveal the interior structure. Adopting the green technology will help make the structure become sustainable. For the non-specialized rooms of hospitals such as lobbies, canteen, etc., natural lighting or day lighting will be utilized by using skylights, additional window size, space, glass selection. This idea conserves energy for almost 50% of the regular consumption. Cleaning the air by installing plant life at the rooftop and even on the surroundings will help the patients relax and breathe fresh air. Specifically, in terms of the design of the ventilation system, a cross- flow natural ventilation system is to be adopted in this project. Cross- flow relies on establishing a clearly defined, unimpeded air flow path between the incoming and outgoing air streams. Air is supplied to and exhausted from areas of greatest activity within the building that passes through the zone of occupancy. In designing the natural ventilation strategies, the building permeability and ventilation openings are the key decision factors considered. The building structure is made to be airtight so that ventilation is confined to air through intentionally provided openings only. Basically this condition permits more accurate design solutions and

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prevents air infiltration from interfering with ventilation performance. Essentially, natural ventilation operates in “mixing” and pollutant dilution mode. It is possible, despite changing conditions, to design satisfactory natural solutions. Ventilation varies according to the prevailing driving forces of wind and indoor/outdoor temperature difference. Moreover, in terms of construction materials methods, application of lightweight concrete construction will be implemented in this project. According to researches, lightweight concrete construction can be a partial solution for several environmental problems. Deforestation could be substantially reduced by relinquishing the demand for timber used in construction. The Design Component This project considers the design of the following: Substructure: This includes the design of footing and foundation of the building. The design foundation will depend on the type and stability of soil based on the soil investigation result. Superstructure: The superstructure will be designed by elevating the first floor. The Superstructure will be composed of reinforced concrete beams, columns and slabs. The design of the project will be referred to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010), 6th Edition, Volume 2 for the loadings of the structure and other specification needed. The NSCP empirical formula (2-3) needs to be reviewed: „ T=0.075 H0.75 for RC MRSF „ T=0.050 H0.75 for RC Dual „ T=natural period of structure (sec) „ H=height of structure from base (m) „ The design of individual existing RC buildings may need to be reviewed.

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Construction Planning Management Engineering This will cover the planning and management to make the structure economical and as safe as possible as this will include the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. Estimation Estimate has always been regarded as a valuation based on opinion or roughly made from imperfect or incomplete data. It is a calculation not professedly exact, also a statement regarding to the cost of certain work Design and Purpose The purpose of a building is to provide shelter for the performance of human activities. The purpose of hospitals is to provide the needs of people in case of emergencies and disaster. The structure is designed base on the Philippine building codes for safety measures. Environment and Socio Economic Environmental condition may affect both the shape and appearance of a building structure. Similarly, the form of a building is affected by various socio economic factors such as: Land Cost High cost of land in the urban areas Building budget A prestigious hospital building will be more generously budgeted than other simple hospitals Zoning Restrictions The classification of building and its outline maybe limited by the zoning regulations

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Structural Forms In building technology, every structure must work against the natural force of gravity that tends to pull down everything to the ground. Therefore, a state of balance must be attained between the form of structure and the strength of the materials against the force of gravity Materials The Building Code provides that; “materials for building construction must have a certain quality and physical properties to be structurally sound.” The materials must be able to carry load or weight without changing in shape permanently. Deformation of the materials may occur when load is applied, but must return to its original position when the load is removed. If a material is not elastic and deformation is present in the structure after removal of the load, repeated loading and unloading will eventually increase the deformation to the point where the structure would become useless. All structural materials must possess elasticity within a certain defined range of loading. If the loading is increased above that range, two types of behavior may occur – brittle and plasticity. When brittle, the materials will break suddenly. When plastic, the material will flow to a certain load that will ultimately result to fracture. The ultimate strength of a material is measured by the stress at which fracture or failure occur. Construction A building exists only as a design on paper if the means of erecting it are not available. Indeed, large construction is one major problem of the designer. Role of Machines The use of modern equipment in all types of construction has substantially ease the manual efforts in every phase of the work. For instance, hand labor involved in evacuation and earth moving is now being done by bulldozers, loader, backhoe, crane and buckets, excavators and trucks in disposing excavated materials. The wheelbarrow used to transport materials around the construction site has been

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replaced by mechanical buggy. Likewise, saws and planner are electrically powered so as the drill and hammer, bolts and screw are also tightened by mechanical wrench and impact hammer. Cranes and derricks are used to lift materials and structural steel members from the ground to their final position. The lifting capacity of a derrick is 18 tons and it has a maximum horizontal reach of 30 meters. In concrete construction, a climbing crane is also used for the same purpose. It has a lifting capacity of 5 tons with horizontal reach of 46 meters. Both the derrick and climbing crane are not limited by the height of the building for they could be positioned to the next higher level unlike the crane that stands on the ground. Scheduling With the advent of advanced technology, mechanical operations have stepped up on the highly sophisticated management operation with the aid of computers. Construction projects scheduling of men, machine and purchasing activities strictly adhere to PERT and CPM program focused on the critical path method. Under this system, each separate operation required to complete a project with other works. By this means, the most critical item or work that may cause delay could be identified and immediately acted upon by the construction manager. System Design Building Techniques and Design were combined gradually into a Unified System. System is defined as an “assemblage of compatible components that can be arranged together in a variety of ways to create the different configurations of a building”. In other wo rds this is called prefabricated parts. The root off the system lies in the use of modular coordination and standardization wherein all parts of a building fit into a repetitive pattern. The module unit is basic to modern construction. The sizes of standard material elements are used to establish all other dimensions, The geometry of a space and the proportions of a building and its components are derived from both mathematical and artistic proportions based on human scale. System Building In system building, attempt was made to combine the advantages of: 1. Modular Coordination 2. Prefabrication

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3. Functional Planning 4. Integration of compatible architectural, structural and mechanical components In a system building, the industrial production of a building is well emphasized rather than the production items. Likewise the performance criteria for a system building include the specifications of: 1. Desired load capacity of the structural members. 2. Heating ventilation and cooling requirements. 3. Desired performance of the building finishes in terms of durability, color and texture. 4. Detailed criteria for sanitary units and kitchen units. 5. Criteria for partitions such as strength and sound transmission rating. 6. Criteria for lighting intensity and quality. 7. Criteria for the outside wall in terms of type of windows, sash operation, sizes and strength of glass, water proofing and wind resistance. Since many different manufacturers provide the various components that make up the system, all of the components must be integrated to work together dimensionally and mechanically. Each must contribute to the optimum functioning of the complete building. The integration of building component is similar with the assembly of an automobile with different manufacturers providing components such as body, chassis, motor and various parts which when assembled together all contribute to the optimum performance of the finished products.

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Environmental Engineering Carbon Footprint of Green Materials used Carbon footprints are defined as the total sets of greenhouse gases produced by a typical structure. Each structure produces greenhouse gases that give effect to global warming within the country. One way of helping the environment is by reducing the carbon footprint produced by the Hospital. To certify the green properties of the Hospital, Carbon footprint of the electronic products that will be installed will be computed. Led Bulbs Based on what we have researched, the carbon emission done by a typical LED bulb ranges from up to 0.019 kg per day and 4.867 per year while a typical non-LED light emits from up to 0.125kg of carbon per day and 32.448 kg per year. Using these values, investigation of carbon emission produced by a typical LED light and fluorescent lamp will proceed. The estimated carbon emission for the LED bulb and fluorescent light of the Hospital is as follows: Total Carbon Wattage emission per produced by day LED per day 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor

49.52kwh 35.92kwh 49.52kwh 45.82kwh 25.79kwh

37.96kg 27.53kg 37.96kg 35.121kg 19.77kg

1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor

Total wattage produced by fluorescent lamp 95.44 kwh 69.23 kwh 88.5 kwh 88.31 kwh 49.71kwh

Total

202.97kwh

155.59kg

Total

391.19kwh

Carbon emission per day

299.88kg

73.16kg 53.07kg 67.84kg 67.69kg 38.10kg

Computing for carbon emission produced per month Total Carbon Emission per Day (LED)

Carbon emission of LED lights for 30 days

Total Carbon Emission per Day (fluorescent)

Carbon emission of fluorescent light for 30

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Total

155.59kg

4667.7kg

Total

299.88kg

days 8996.4kg

Carbon emission produced per year Carbon emission of LED lights for 30 days 4667.7kg

Carbon emission of LED lights for 1 year ( 12 months ) 56012.4kg

Carbon emission of fluorescent light for 30 days 8996.4kg

Carbon emission of fluorescent light for 1 year ( 12 months ) 107956.8kg

It is shown that the carbon emission produced by LED that will be installed in the Hospital is 51.88% lesser than what is produced by the fluorescent lamp, Meaning that LED bulbs is much more safer to use for the structure and environment because of significant reduction of carbon emission. The proposed project will adopt the green technology idea. We are going to study and estimate on how heavy our structure is regarding to the different type of loadings that we are going to put, because rooms are not the same with one another. The study will include the advantage and disadvantage of using an elevated floor system that will raise the structure. Green ideas like natural lighting and plant life installation in the structure will likewise be analyse. A study about the possible effects of adopting these green technology ideas will be discussed in the paper. The age of environmental awareness has not only forced the development of new ways to recycle refuse, but also new ways to dispose of it. Adaptation is difficult enough on an individual level, but for co-op and condo boards, the challenge is to ensure compliance with new recycling regulations for entire buildings. Today's innovative technology has alleviated this burden with effective solutions for garbage removal systems in co-ops and condos. We absorb the technology of America for waste management treatment and like in this article. New York City as a whole recycles 2,300 tons of curbside garbage per day, says Lucian Chalfen, Assistant Commissioner for Public Affairs at the New York City Department of

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Sanitation. That's 15 percent of all residential garbage collected, making ours the most successful program of any large city in the country. The program for multi- unit buildings consists of the following regulations: posting signs with specific recycling instructions; maintenance of a tenant-accessible recycling area, complete with proper containers for sorting; removal of garbage and non-recyclables from designated recycling containers; tying newspapers, magazines, catalogs, and phone books for collection; and flattening and tying corrugated cardboard boxes for collection. The first violation notice of these rules carries with it a $25 fine; four or more notices within six months will cost $500 each. Avoidance of fines and effective recycling efforts in co-ops and condos differ from building to building, depending on size. Smaller buildings, like brownstones, usually have no specialized facilities for garbage removal other than the required recycling areas. Carol Ferrara, president of Carol Ferrara Associates, manages over 40 small to mediumsized buildings. Her system is staffed by visiting superintendents who transfer garbage from designated areas to the street on pick-up days. Making Compliance Easier In order for the system to work, residents must comply; responsiveness has been mixed. Because recycling areas are outside, Sometimes people dump and run, or throw garbage over the fence, says Ferrara. She has noticed that those who were sloppy with their garbage before recycling are the same ones who are lax about compliance. Her perspective simplifies the issue: It's the same amount of garbage, just placed in different containers. Superintendents sometimes complain that it takes hours to remove the garbage, she says. This is why when initial recycling is done correctly, it saves not only time, but money. She realizes, however, that Different rules for different places may confuse people, like the difference between office and home recycling. This is why communicating the laws to residents is key to making all removal systems work. In larger buildings, garbage removal is more complicated. Some high-rises have designated areas on each floor with canisters for garbage and recycling, while others have trash chutes and compactor systems. Santos Tricoche, building superintendent at 180 Riverside Drive, which has 14 floors and 84 units, utilizes the canister system. Individual bins are placed at the back door of each unit. The maintenance staff transports the garbage and recyclables on Tuesdays and Fridays to the basement, where it stay ffb s until pick-up days. He has found this system to be very effective. Everyone is more aware

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of the environment, as seen by the quantity of materials being recycled and the way they're recycling, like properly cleaning containers, says Tricoche. A cost estimation showing the comparison of the typical materials with the green building materials which will be used in the Hospital which will be provided in this Part This will show the benefit it will give in terms of cost-saving, efficiency in water and energy, and its help to the environment. The materials would include: • The comparison of a typical fluorescent light to LED Bulb in terms of the electricity it provide per day, monthly, and annually. Its efficiencies in energy, its lifetime, and the cost saving benefit of LED Bulb. • The comparison of a conventional urinal to waterless urinal in terms of their prices, cost and savings in usage, paybacks, and the efficiency in water of waterless urinals. • The water saving property of AQUS System when installed to a lavatory connecting to a water closet. This will also include its savings per month in water, and cost expenses, and its return of investments. • The energy savings of Low Emissivity Windows, its total cost, and its return of investments. • The total cost of a 100w solar panel, the energy savings it provide, and its return of investments.

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4.4Review of Literature Hospitals St. Luke’s Medical Center St. Luke’s Medical Center’s legacy of excellence surpasses all expectations. For over a century, St. Luke’s superior brand of healthcare service has made it truly world class. With an outstanding success anchored on five pillars of expertise doctors, state of the art technology, guaranteed patient safety, excellent success rate and passionate customer service, St. Luke’s Medical Center is the first hospital in the country to be accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCI). With its undisputed leadership in virtually all medical specialties, including cardiovascular medicine, neurology and neurosurgery, cancer, ophthalmology, and digestive and liver diseases.

Figure 7: This figure shows St. Luke’s Medical Center Makati Medical Center The story of the Makati Medical Center or Makati Med began in the early 1960s when Dr. Manahan together with Dr. Jose Y. Fores, a distinguished surgeon and Dr. Mariano M. Alimurung, a famous cardiologist, decided to set up a world class medical facility in Makati.

Figure 8: This figure shows Makati Medical Center

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Elevated/Raised Floor Systems Easy Home Improvement o Maintenance of utilities with raised floor system is somewhat simple with a raised floor system. Routing and rerouting of electrical wirings is quite easy and less expensive. Also if the building is raised high enough off the ground, air conditioning ducts can be installed from below. Simple Foundation o Foundation supported by piers with a raised floor system makes levelling and repairs simple. Also the raised floor is less vulnerable to disruption from tree roots. Reduced Flood Risk

Figure 9: This figure shows how the elevated structure looks like when flood occurs By raising the floor system of the proposed hospital, the risk of getting flooded by typhoons is reduced and it is the most practical and cost effective way to protect and meet local building regulations in flood prone areas. Pest Control o With raised floor system, the building is above the ground keeping the pest away Achieving a flood resistant building Achieving a flood resistant building depends upon several things: a) Identifying the source, nature and severity of flood hazards affecting potential building sites. b) Selecting a building site where flood hazards are eliminated or minimized c) Determining design flood characteristics anticipated at the selected site, both now and over the life of the building d) Planning, designing and construction of the building to minimize any potential flood damages by: Elevating as much of the building as possible above the design flood level 33

Designing the building foundation and any portions subject to flooding to withstand design flood conditions and loads Using flood-damage resistant materials for any portions of the building below the design flood level Where flood proofing is permitted, employing appropriate methods and materials to either dry- flood proof or wet- flood proof those portions of the building below the design flood level The Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) is the area known as the 100year floodplain, or the area subject to flooding during the Base Flood. The Base Flood Elevation (BFE) is the water surface elevation associated with the 100-yr flood, and has a one-percent chance of being equalled or exceeded in any year. The SFHA is more precisely defined as the floodplain associated with a flood that has a 1-percent annual chance of being equalled or exceeded in any given year. Therefore the SFHA is not associated with a flood event that happens once in a hundred years, it is associated with a flood event that has one percent chance of occurring each and every year.

Fundamentals of flood resistant building The fundamental goal of flood-resistant construction is for buildings to resist floatation, collapse and permanent lateral movement during the design flood. a) Have the lowest floor (including basement): Elevated to or above the design flood elevation (Note that this discussion states that the lowest floor must be elevated. In fact, model building codes and some floodplain management regulations add freeboard, and require lowest floors to be set above the DFE in certain instances. Designers should determine any specific freeboard requirements for their projects, based on applicable regulations and code requirements.) For non-residential buildings only – be designed so that the building (and its attendant utility systems) are watertight below the design flood elevation (dryflood proofed) with walls substantially impermeable to the passage of water and with structural components having the capability of resisting hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads and effects of buoyancy (NOTE: dry- flood proofing is not permitted in V zones. b) Support the building on a foundation designed and constructed to resist all anticipated flood loads, in combination with other anticipated loads. c) Construct the building with flood damage resistant materials below the design flood elevation. d) In areas outside the V zone, and for buildings not dry- flood proofed, incorporate flood openings in walls forming an enclosure below the DFE, to allow the automatic equalization of flood levels. e) In V zones, or in other areas subject to extreme lateral flood loads, elevate the building on piles or columns (minimize the use of shear walls below the DFE, 34

wherever possible), keep the area below the DFE free of obstructions that could transfer flood loads to the elevated building, and use breakaway construction for any non-structural building elements.

Successful building designs A “successful” building will resist flood loads and other loads over a period of decades, and will exhibit the following characteristics. o Any flood damage will be minor and easily repairable. o The foundation will remain intact and fully functional following a design flood. o Any breakaway enclosures below the DFE will break free without causing damage to the elevated building, the foundation, building access structures, or utility systems. o The building envelope will remain sound. o The utility connections will be intact or easily restorable after a design flood. o The building will be accessible and usable after a design flood.

Flood proofing Flood proofing is the process of making a building resistant to flood damage, either by taking the building out contact with floodwaters or by making the building resistant to any potential damage resulting from contact with floodwaters. (Note that this discussion stats, where permitted and used, flood proofing must extend to the DFE. In fact, model building codes and some floodplain management regulations require flood proofing to extend to levels above the DFE in certain instances. Designers should determine any specific flood proofing elevations for their projects, based on applicable regulations and code requirements).

Floor proofing can be subdivided into several categories: Dry-flood proofing, requires use of special sealants, coatings; components and/or equipment to render the lower portion of a building watertight and substantially impermeable to the passage of water. Wet-flood proofing, allows the uninhabited lower portion of a building to flood, but uses materials that will not be damaged by flooding.

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Active flood proofing, sometimes known as contingent (partial)or emergency (temporary) flood proofing, requires human intervention to implement actions that will protect a building and its contents from flooding. Successful use of this technique requires ample warning time to mobilize people and equipment and flood proofing materials. Passive flood proofing, sometimes referred to as a permanent flood proofing, requires no human intervention- the building (and/or its immediate surroundings) is designed and constructed to be flood proof without human intervention. Table 5 Passive and Active Flood Proofing

Flood resistant materials According to the National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP), flood-resistant materials are those materials that are capable of withstanding direct and prolonged contact with floodwaters, without sustaining significant damage; direct and prolonged contact means at least 72 hours; significant damage means any damage requiring more than low-cost cosmetic repair (such as repainting). Designers are advised that interior finishes below the DFE must also be flood-resistant. The NFIP has determined that class 5 and 4 materials are flood-resistant; class 3, 2 and 1 materials are not judged flood-resistant by the NFIP

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Table 6 Flood Resistant Classification Materials

37

Table 7 Flooring Materials Classification for flood resistance (A)

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Table 8 Flooring Materials Classification for flood resistance (B)

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Plant life system

Enhances Air quality system o Plant life inside the hospital does not only enhance air quality but also enhances the exterior and interior design of the structure. Additionally staff morale, patient satisfaction and visitor impressions are also enhanced furthermore improve the recovery of patients with this kind of environment.

Figure 9: This figure shows the plant life inside the building o Fungi and bacteria are present in the soil as we all know but plants are very known to be very good at removing air-borne particles such as fungal spores and dust o Hydro culture is an alternative to soil, large plants can be grown in mediums made up of water and clay granules where a particle of soil not to be seen

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Natural light system o Sunlight is not only good for the patients but also softens the look of a harsh clinical environment with plants included they provide a healthy environment which is needed for fast recovery of patients.

Figure 10: This figure shows the plant life inside the building

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4.5Methodology Chart 1 Methodology Flowchart

START

Conceptualization and Proposal

Data Gathering

Soil Investigation from Surveys/ Interviews

Rainfall Data PAGASA

Data Organization and Planning

Design of Substructure

Evaluation

Not ok

OK Conclusion/ Documentation End 42

Methodology Flowchart Description Thesis Proposal The thesis proposal must be approved first before gathering the data. Data Gathering Gathering of data such as EIA will be considered. The EIA must be filed so that the researchers will know the condition of the site and what to add or remove on the design of the proposed structure. Design of Architectural Plans Using AUTOCAD software in making floor plans, perspectives and elevations. Computing of Loads Base from the NSCP 2010, using the coefficients and recommended load depending on the use or occupancy and location of the structure, Dead load, Live load, Wind and Seismic load will be computed using Microsoft Excel. Design of Structural Members Structural members such as beams, columns, slabs, and footings will be design based from the NSCP 2010 using the software, STAAD. Equations (Load Combination) = 1.2DL + 1.6LL for the computation of loadings is used base from the NSCP 2010 Consolidation of all the Designs and Data All the data that have been gathered, and the Architectural and Structural Design must all be consolidated. Estimation Cost The whole project can now be estimated to determine the budget needed for the project.

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CHAPTER 5 Detailed Engineering Design 5.1 Load and Codes

5.1.1 REFERENCES AND STANDARDS NSCP 2010 Edition UBC 1997 Edition

National Structural Code of the Philippines Uniform Building Code

5.1.2 DESIGN LOADS Dead Loads (Table 204-2. Minimum Design Dead Loads) 1.Floor and Floor Finishes a.Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 13mm mortar bed: 0.77 kPa 2.100mm Thick Concrete Hollow Block a. Both faces plastered :2.11 kPa Live Load (Table 205-1. Minimum Uniform 1. Wards & Rooms 2. Laboratories & Operating Rooms 3. Corridors Above Ground Floor 4. Garages (General Storage and/or Repair) 5. Garages Private or Pleasure – Type Motor Vehicle Storage 6. Deck

and Concentrated Live Loads) : 1.90 kPa : 2.9kPa : 3.8 kPa : 4.80 kPa : 1.9 kPa :1.9kPa

Seismic Load (Section 208. Earthquake Loads) NSCP 103-1 (Occupancy Category) Standard Occupancy NSCP Table 208-1 (Seismic Importance Factor) NSCP Figure 208-4 (Referenced Seismic Map of the Philippines) NSCP Table 208-3 (Seismic Zone Factor) NSCP Table 208-6 (Seismic Source Type) NSCP Table 208-4 (Near Source Factor) NSCP Table 208-5 (Near Source Factor) NSCP Table 208-2 (Soil Profile Types) NSCP Table 208-7 (Seismic Coefficient) NSCP Table 208-8 (Seismic Coefficient)

Structures I= 1.0 Zone 4 Z = 0.40 Type A Na = 1.20 Nv = 1.60 Type SE Ca = 0.44 Na Cv = 0.64 Nv

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NSCP Table 208-11 (Structural System) In Addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the Total Base Shear, V shall also not be less han the ff:

NSCP 208.5.2.2 (Structure Period) Method A 3/4 T = CT (hn) CT=0.0853 (for steel moment resisting frames) =0.0731(for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames) = 0.0488 (for al other buildings) hn = Height of structure Load Combinations (N.S.C.P. 2010 Provision 203.3. Load Combinations using Strength Design) Ultimate Quantity, U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L = 1.2D + 1.6L

(N.S.C.P. 203-5)

D = quantity due to Dead Load E = quantity due to Earthquake Load L = quantity due to Live Load f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly

MATERIALS 1. Compressive Strength of Concrete, fc’ = 21.00 MPa 2. Yield Strength of Reinforcing Steel, fy = 275.80 MPa 3 3. Unit Weight of Concrete = 2400 kg/m = 23.53596 kN/

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5.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS For Beam Girder-1(325 x 350)

For As

fc’ = 28 MPa

As = Pabd = 0.02696(325)(310)

fy = 276 Mpa

As = 2716.044mm2

Mu = 176.365 KN-m @ beam G-27

.: Use 28 mm diameter

Pmin =

=

= 0.00507

Pmax = 0.75 [Pb] = 0.75 [

Pmax = 0.03765 For Pa Mu = φfc’ωbd2 (1-0.59ω) 176.365x106 = 0.9(28)(325)(310)2 (ω 0.59ω 2 ) W = 0.26573 Pa =

=

0.02696 >pmin f

.:therefore steel yields .:assumption correct

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Girder-2 ( 300x 350)

For As

D = 310

As = Pabd = 0.026488(300)(310)

Mu = 160.47 KN-m @ beam 437

As = 2463.398 mm2

For Pa

.:Use 28 mm diameter

Mu = φfc’ωbd2 (1-0.59ω) 160.47 x106 = 0.9(28)(300)(310)2 (ω -

Bottom bar

0.59ω 2 ) N 28 =

=4

W = 0.261097 4 pcs.-28mm double reinforced bar Pa =

= Top bar

0.026488 >pminpminpmin