Design of A Drying Oil Production Process
November 26, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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IAO 8??3 Hujnmlojtmbs `h Iaoldimb Ojkdjoordjk Urmitdio Nosdkj `h m Nrydjk @db Ur`nuitd`j Ur`ioss
Gy U`tadwmj
Bmf`jp`j
895;5;55=54
Lmjmssmwdj
Uaotgumsmf
895;5;55==9
[uttdiamd
Tdjkiamr`ojlmf
895;5;55==?
Yupmwd
Wujksmojk
895;5;55==4
^oiajdimb Mnvds`r3 Msst. Ur`h. Nr. A`jk-Ldjk Fu Ojkbdsa Mnvds`r3 Nr. J`jsoo Jdldtsdrdwmt
^ao Iaoldimb Ojkdjoordjk Urmitdio Yia``b Fdjk L`jkfut—s _jdvorsdty `h ^oiaj`b`ky ^a`jgurd
Urohmio
^ads rop`rt ds m pmrt `h Ubmjt Nosdkj Ur`coit (IAO 8??). ^ao purp`so `h tads rop`rt ds t` pr`vdno tao nosdkj pr`ioss `h potr`iaoldimb pbmjt tamt robmtos wdta djtokrmtd`j `h prmitdimb fj`wbonko `h iaoldimb ojkdjoordjk gmso `j smhoty mjn oi`j`ldi. Nrydjk `db ds m typo `h vokotmgbo `dbs wadia mro mnndtdvos t` pr`nuits bdfo pmdjt mjn vmrjdsa t` mdn tao nrydjk pr`ioss waoj taoso pr`nuits mro i`mton `j m surhmio. Nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss ds nosdkjon dj `rnor t` pr`nuio tao nrydjk `db mt ?5,555 t`js/yr. t`js/yr . ^ads pr`ioss ds ndvdnon djt` hdvo soitd`js, i`jsdstdjk `h hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j, romitd`j soitd`j, kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, mjn nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. ^ads rop`rt nosirdgos mg`ut tao notmdb `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss tamt ds ndvdnon djt` sovoj iamptors djibundjk djtr`nuitd`j, tao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow, lota`n`b`ky, sdlubmtd`j mjn rosubts, sdzo mjn i`st ostdlmtd`j, oi`j`ldi mjmbysds, mjn i`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j. [o a`po wa` k`os tar`uka dt wdbb hdjn dt usohub mjn w`rta bomrjdjk.
D
Mgstrmit
Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m i`lp`ujn tamt ds roqudron h`r pmdjts, vmjdsaos, surhmitmjts, notorkojts, mjn s`mps. N@ imj go lmjuhmituron hr`l miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) wadia imj pr`nuio miotdi midn (MM) ms m soi`jnmry pr`nuit. Aojio, tads pr`coit mdlon t` ovmbumto tao sdlpbdhdon N@ pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hr`l MI@ mjn tao pr`hdtmgbo `pormtdjk i`jndtd`js `h pr`ioss tamt imj pr`nuio ?5,555 ?5,5 55 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db wdta 44 wt% pu purdty. rdty. ^ads pr`ioss wms ndvdnon djt` hdvo soitd`js wadia woro hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j, romitd`j soitd`j, kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j, mjn N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j. Hdrstby, MI@ wms ldxon wdta roiyibon MI@ goh`ro i`lprosson t` 9 gmrs. ^ao ldxturo wms aomton up t` >55µI mjn wojt t` tao romitd`j soitd`j. ^ads romitmjt stroml wms hon djt` tao romit`r W-=5= t` pr`nuio tao N@, MM, mjn kul (wmsto). Mhtor tamt, tao pr`nuit stroml wms i``bon n`wj mjn ojtoron kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j t` rol`vo tao kul mjn taoj tao hdbtrmto ojtoron tao joxt soitd`j waoro MI@ wms hurtaor purdhdon hr`l tao pr`nuit mjn wojt gmif t` hdrst soitd`j ms m roiyibo stroml. Hdjmbby, tao pr`nuits wadia mro N@ mjn MM woro sopmrmton. N@ mjn MM wdta 44 wt% mjn 44.? wt% purdty rospoitdvoby, woro sojt t` i``b n`wj goh`ro tmfdjk t` st`rmko. Dj mnndtd`j, oqudplojt sdzdjk, mjn i`stdjk woro imrrdon `ut t` ovmbumto tao oi`j`ldi homsdgdbdty h`r tao pr`ioss. Ms m rosubt, tao hdxon impdtmb djvostlojt (HID) i`st wms 7=,447,7>? _YN. _btdlmtoby, tao oi`j`ldi mjmbysds wms porh`rlon t` ovmbumto tao pr`hdtmgdbdty `h tao pbmjt. Mssulo tamt, dt roqudron 9 yomrs `h i`jstruitd`j mjn amn m bdhotdlo `h 75 yomrs. ^aoroh`ro, tao pmygmif pord`n p ord`n (UGU) wms 7 yomrs mjn ? l`jtas. l`jta s. ^ao djtorjmb rmto `h roturj (DWW) wms 95.;5%. ^ao oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st (OM@I) wms ->,=1=,5=> _YN/yr. ^ao vmbuos `h taoso pr`hdtmgdbdty irdtordm sa`won tamt tads pr`coit pr`coit wms mttrmitdvo h`r djvostlojt.
DD
^mgbo `h i`jtojts Umko
Urohmio
D
Mgstrmit
DD
^mgbo `h i`jtojts
DDD
Bdst `h hdkuros
XDD
Bdst `h tmgbos
DQ
Iamptor = Djtr`nuitd`j
=
=.= Gmifkr`ujn `h nrydjk `db
=
=.7 _so `h nrydjk `db
=
=.9 Nrydjk `db lmrfot kr`wta
7
=.9.= Y`utaomst Msdm lmrfot
7
=.9.7 Our`po lmrfot
>
=.> @gcoitdvos
?
=.? Yi`po `h w`rf
?
Iamptor 7 ^ao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow
8
7.= Nohdjdtd`j mjn pr`portdos `h nrydjk `db
8
7.7 Womitd`j djh`rlmtd`j
1
7.9 Ur`ioss nosirdptd`j
4
7.> Bdtormturo rovdow
=5
7.>.= Ur`nuitd`j `h =-totrmnoiojo mt =55 t`js/yr 7.>.7 Mjmbysds, syjtaosds, mjn nosdkj `h iaoldimb iao ldimb pr`iossos3 Djh`rlmtd`j h`r tao probdldjmry nosdkj `h obovoj iaoldimb pr`iossos
=5 =5
Iamptor 9 Lota`n`b`ky
==
9.= Lota`n`b`ky
==
9.=.= Nosdkj m probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j
==
9.=.7 Dlpr`vo tao probdldjmry pr`ioss hb`wsaoot mjn porh`rl sdlubmtd`j
==
9.=.9 Ostdlmto `h tao sdzo mjn i`st `h lmdj oqudplojt
==
9.=.> Uorh`rl mj oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j
==
DDD
Umko
9.7 [`rf pbmj
=7
Iamptor > Ydlubmtd`j mjn rosubts
=>
>.= ^ypos `h tao `pormtd`j
=>
>.7 Djput-`utput struituro
=>
>.9 Ur`porty lota`ns soboitd`j
=?
>.> Ydlubmtd`j `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
=;
>.>.= Hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j
=;
>.>.7 Womitd`j soitd`j
=4
>.>.9 Kul sopmrmtd`j
75
>.>.> MI@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7=
>.>.? N@ sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7?
>.>.8 Lmss mjn ojorky gmbmjio >.>.; Ytroml sullmry
74 95
Iamptor ? Ydzo mjn i`st ostdlmtd`j
9>
?.= Oqudplojt mjmbysds
9>
?.=.= Womit`r
9>
?.=.7 Hdbtor
9?
?.=.9 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
9?
?.=.> Uulp
98
?.=.? Hdron aomtor ?.=.8 Aomt oxiamjkor
98 9;
?.7 I`stdjk imbiubmtd`j
94
Iamptor 8 Oi`j`ldi mjmbysds
>5
8.= ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt
>5
8.7 I`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk
>=
8.7.= Ndroit i`sts
>=
8.7.7 Hdxon i`sts
>7
8.7.9 Kojormb oxpojsos
>7 DX
Umko
8.9 Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j
>8
8.9.= Imsa hb`w ndmkrml
>1
8.9.7 Oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st
?=
Iamptor ; I`jibusd`j mjn sukkostd`j
?7
;.= I`jibusd`j
?7
;.7 Yukkostd`j
?7
Wohorojios
?9
Mppojndx M I`st mjn sobbdjk prdio
??
Mppojndx G Oqudplojt sdzdjk mjn i`stdjk
?8
G.= Uulp
?8
G.=.= Uulp sdzdjk
?8
G.=.7 Uulp i`stdjk G.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
8= 8?
G.7.= Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk
8?
G.7.7 Ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj i`stdjk
;5
G.9 Hdbtor
;>
G.9.= Hdbtor sdzdjk
;>
G.9.7 Hdbtor i`stdjk
;8
G.> Hdron aomtor
;1
G.>.= Hdron aomtor sdzdjk G.>.7 Hdron aomtor i`stdjk
;1 15
G.? Womit`r
19
G.?.= Womit`r sdzdjk
19
G.?.7 Womit`r i`stdjk
1?
G.8 Aomt oxiamjkor
1;
G.8.= Aomt oxiamjkor sdzdjk
1;
G.8.7 Aomt oxiamjkor i`stdjk
4;
Mppojndx I _tdbdty i`sts
=5= X
Umko
Mppojndx N Oi`j`ldi imbiubmtd`j
=57
N.= Noproidmtd`j
=57
N.7 Wovojuo
=59
N.9 ^mxmtd`j, imsa hb`w mjn pr`hdt
=59
N.> Ndsi`ujt hmit`rs
=59
N.? Umygmif pord`n
=5>
N.8 Djtorjmb rmto `h roturj
=5>
N.; Oqudvmbojt mjjumb `pormtdjk i`st
=5?
XD
Bdst `h hdkuros Umko
Hdkuro =.= ^ao nrydjk `db mppbdimtd`js
=
Hdkuro =.7 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj ^amdbmjn
7
Hdkuro =.9 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Xdotjml
7
Hdkuro =.> ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Djn`josdm, Lmbmysdm, Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s
9
Hdkuro =.? ^ao Our`po pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot
>
Hdkuro 7.= ^ao iaoldimb struituro `h =-totrmnoiojo
8
Hdkuro 7.7 ^ao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hb`wsaoot
4
Hdkuro >.= ^ao gb`if hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
=>
Hdkuro >.7 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss D
=?
Hdkuro >.9 M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss DD
=?
Hdkuro >.> M kudnobdjo h`r usdjk taorl`nyjmldi lota`ns `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss DDD
=;
Hdkuro >.? ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j
=1
Hdkuro >.8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao tolpormturo `h tao hdron aomtor mjn lmss hb`w rmto `h nrydjk `db dj W-=5= `utbot stroml
=1
Hdkuro >.; ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao romitd`j soitd`j
=4
Hdkuro >.1 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
75
Hdkuro >.4 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7=
Hdkuro >.=5 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
77
Hdkuro >.== ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
79
Hdkuro >.=7 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
79
Hdkuro >.=9 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotybmton imst`r `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=5=
7>
Hdkuro >.=> ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7?
XDD
Umko
Hdkuro >.=? ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao julgor `h stmkos mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57 ^ -=57
78
Hdkuro >.=8 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao hoon stmko st mko mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57 ^ -=57
78
Hdkuro >.=; ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao rohbux rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57 ^ -=57
7;
Hdkuro >.=1 ^ao robmtd`j gotwooj tao ndstdbbmto t` hoon rmtd` mjn lmss hrmitd`j `h miotdi midn dj ndstdbbmto stroml mjn nrydjk `db ` db dj g`tt`l stroml `h ^-=57
71
Hdkuro >.=4 ^ao lmss gmbmjio `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
74
Hdkuro >.75 ^ao pr`ioss hb`w ndmkrml ndmk rml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
95
Hdkuro 8.= Ndsi`ujton iulubmtdvo imsa hb`w ndmkrml n dmkrml `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
?=
Hdkuro G.= ^ypo `h pulp soboitd`j
?;
Hdkuro G.7 Ydzo `h pulp
?4
Hdkuro G.9 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h pulp
87
Hdkuro G.> Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
;=
Hdkuro G.? Xortdimb iybdjnrdimb rmndmjt soitd`j sfotia (Ubmj vdow)
;4
Hdkuro G.8 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor
1=
Hdkuro G.; ^olpormturo nrdvdjk h`rio pr`hdbo h`r A-=58
11
Hdkuro G.1 Umrmlotors `h djbot mjn `utbot stroml `h saobb mjn tugo aomt oxiamjkor
4>
Hdkuro G.4 Wobmtd`j gotwooj i`rroitd`j hmit`r, tolpormturo ohhoitdvojoss mjn mj n aomt impmidty rmto rmtd`
4>
Hdkuro G.=5 Lmtordmb hmit`rs `h aomt oxiamjkor
XDDD
41
Bdst `h tmgbos Umko
^mgbo 7.= ^ao pr`portdos `h =-totrmnoiojo
;
^mgbo 7.7 ^ao fdjotdi nmtm n mtm h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
1
^mgbo 9.= ^ao notmdbon w`rf pbmj
=9
^mgbo >.= ^ao nostdjmtd`j i`nos `h stromls h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
=?
^mgbo >.7 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao hoon propmrmtd`j soitd`j
=4
^mgbo >.9 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao romit`r soitd`j
75
^mgbo >.> ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao kul sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7=
^mgbo >.? ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao miotybmton imst`r `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
7>
^mgbo >.8 ^ao nosirdptd`j mjn djput nmtm `h tao oqudplojt dj tao nrydjk `db sopmrmtd`j soitd`j
71
^mgbo >.; ^ao stroml sullmry `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
9=
^mgbo >.1 ^ao aomt nuty roqudron h`r omia oqudplojt
99
^mgbo ?.= Yullmry `h oqudplojt sdzdjk
9>
^mgbo ?.7 ^ao romit`r sdzdjk rosubts
9?
^mgbo ?.9 ^ao hdbtor sdzdjk rosubts
9?
^mgbo ?.> ^ao ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj sdzdjk rosubts
98
^mgbo ?.? ^ao pulp sdzdjk rosubts ^mgbo ?.8 ^ao hdron aomtor sdzdjk rosubts
98 9;
^mgbo ?.; ^ao aomt oxiamjkor sdzdjk rosubts
91
^mgbo ?.1 ^ao oqudplojt i`st mjn djstmbbmtd`j i`st
94
^mgbo 8.= Ubmjt i`sts ostdlmton hr`l nobdvoron oqudplojt i`st
>5
^mgbo 8.7 ^`tmb impdtmb djvostlojt sullmry dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
>=
^mgbo 8.9 Bdst `h tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk
>7
^mgbo 8.> Notorldjmtd`j `h tao `pormtdjk bmg`r roqudrolojt dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
>>
DQ
Umko
^mgbo 8.? _tdbdty i`st `h tao nrydjk `db ` db pr`nuitd`j Ur`ioss
>?
^mgbo 8.8 [msto tromtlojt i`st `h tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
>?
^mgbo 8.; Wmw lmtordmb i`st dj tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
>?
^mgbo 8.1 ^`tmb i`st `h mbb pmrmlotors h`r imbiubmtdjk tao i`st `h lmjuhmiturdjk
>8
^mgbo 8.4 Ndsi`ujton rmto
>;
^mgbo 8.=5 LMIWY—s rmtd` h`r imbiubmto noproidmtd`j noproidmtd `j i`st
>1
^mgbo 8.== Imsa hb`w mjmbysds
?5
^mgbo M.= ^ao prdio `h rmw lmtordmbs, pr`nuits, mjn utdbdty
??
^mgbo G.= Djh`rlmtd`j `h pulp
?8
^mgbo G.7 Mjt`djo—s oqumtd`j i`jstmjts i`jstmjts
85
^mgbo G.9 I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h pulp
8=
^mgbo G.> Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h pulps
87
^mgbo G.? Urossuro hmit`rs `h pulp
89
^mgbo G.8 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h pulp
89
^mgbo G.; Djh`rlmtd`j `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
8?
^mgbo G.1 X`bulo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
88
^mgbo G.4 Lmtordmb soboitd`j, typo `h i`bulj, trmy typo mjn trmy sdzo `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
8;
^mgbo G.=5 Lmxdlul mbb`wmgbo stross `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
81
^mgbo G.== [obnon c`djt ohhdidojiy `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
81
^mgbo G.=7 Ldjdlul prmitdimb wmbb tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
84
^mgbo G.=9 Nmtm mg`ut tadifjoss `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
84
^mgbo G.=> I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
;5
^mgbo G.=? Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h ndstdbbmtd`j i`bulj
;7
^mgbo G.=8 Djh`rlmtd`j `h hdbtor
;>
^mgbo G.=; Ydzo `h tao hdbtor
;>
^mgbo G.=1 ^adifjoss `h hdbtor
;?
^mgbo G.=4 I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h hdbtor
;8
Q
Umko
^mgbo G.75 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdbtor
;;
^mgbo G.7= Gmro l`nubo hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor
15
^mgbo G.77 Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h hdron aomtors
1=
^mgbo G.79 Urossuro hmit`rs `h hdron aomtor
17
^mgbo G.7> Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h hdron aomtor
17
^mgbo G.7? Djh`rlmtd`j `h romit`r
19
^mgbo G.78 Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h romit`r
1?
^mgbo G.7; Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h romit`r
18
^mgbo G.71 Urobdldjmry nmtm `h aomt oxiamjkor
1;
^mgbo G.74 @vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt
45
^mgbo G.95 Ostdlmton aomt trmjshor mrom (J` h`ubdjk hmit`r)
4=
^mgbo G.9= ^ypo `h omia aomt oxiamjkor
47
^mgbo G.97 H`ubdjk hmit`r
49
^mgbo G.99 ^olpormturo ohhoitdvojoss, aomt impmidty rmto rmtd`, tolpormturo i`rroitd`j hmit`r, `vormbb aomt trmjshor i`ohhdidojt mjn aomt trmjshor mrom
4?
^mgbo G.9> I`lpmrds`j `h aomt trmjshor mrom hr`l ^OLM mjn amjn imbiubmtd`j
4?
^mgbo G.9? Woi`llojnon lmtordmbs h`r strojkta mt adka mjn b`w tolpormturo
48
^mgbo G.98 Lmtordmb `h aomt oxiamjkor
48
^mgbo G.9; I`jstmjts h`r Gmro l`nubo hmit`r `h aomt oxiamjkor
4;
^mgbo G.91 Dnojtdhdimtd`j julgor `h aomt oxiamjkor
4;
^mgbo G.94 Urossuro hmit`rs `h aomt oxiamjkor
41
^mgbo G.>5 Oqudplojt i`st nmtm `h aomt oxiamjkor
44
^mgbo G.>= I`st `h aomt oxiamjkor
=55
^mgbo I.= Notorldjmtd`j `h tao utdbdtdos i`st
=5=
^mgbo N.= Noproidmtd`j siaonubo h`r LMIWY—s LMIWY —s lota`n
=57
^mgbo N.7 Notorldjmtd`j `h noproidmtd`j gy LMIWY—s LMIWY—s lota`n
=57
^mgbo N.9 Wovojuo `h nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss
=59
^mgbo N.> Ovmbumtd`j `h imsa hb`w
=59
QD
Umko
^mgbo N.? I`ll`jby uson hmit`rs h`r imsa hb`w ndmkrml imbiubmtd`js
=5>
^mgbo N.8 Iulubmtdvo ndsi`ujton imsa hb`w
=5?
QDD
Iamptor = Djtr`nuitd`j
Dj tads iamptor prosojts m vdow `j tao gmifkr`ujn, mppbdimtd`j, mjn lmrfotdjk `h nrydjk `db (N@). L`ro`vor, tao iamptor j`tdhdos `gcoitdvos mjn mj n si`po `h tads pr`coit. =.= Gmifkr`ujn `h nrydjk `db
Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m fdjn `h vokotmgbo `dbs wadia nrdos ujnor i`jndtd`js `h j`rlmb tolpormturo mjn prossuro. ^ypdimb oxmlpbos `h nrydjk `dbs djibuno bdjsoon `db, p`ppy `db, wmbjut `db, sujhb`wor `db, mjn smhhb`wor `db. @taor fdjns `h vokotmgbo `dbs n` j`t nry ujnor i`jndtd`js `h j`rlmb tolpormturo mjn prossuro. Nrydjk `db imj go nry l`ro gy gbomiadjk ujnor tao suj, aomtdjk t` adka tolpormturo `r g`dbdjk. Gbomiaon nrydjk `db ds imbbon ‒suj-gbomiaon `db“ `db“ `r ‒suj-t suj-tadifojon adifojon `db“ `db“ mjn aomton aomton `jo ds imbbon ‒s ‒ stmjn `db“ `db“ V=\. Dj tads pr`ioss, nrydjk `db imj go pr`nuion hr`l miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@) V7\. =.7 _so `h nrydjk `db V9\
^ao lmdj mppbdimtd`j `h nrydjk `dbs ds mnndtdvos dj pmdjt mjn vmrjdsa djnustrdos t` mdn dj tao nrydjk pr`ioss waoj taoso pr`nuits mro mppbdon t` surhmios. Dj mnndtd`j, nrydjk `dbs mro uson dj surhmitmjt, notorkojt, mjn s`mp djnustrdos.
Hdkuro =.= ^ao nrydjk `db mppbdimtd`js
=
=.9 Nrydjk `db lmrfot kr`wta
Nrydjk `db ds mj dlp`rtmjt i`lp`jojt `h pmdjts mjn vmrjdsaos wadia mppbdon t` surhmios. ^aoroh`ro, tao nolmjn `h nrydjk `db imj go roprosojton gy tao lmrfot `h pmdjts mjn vmrjdsaos V>\. =.9.= Y`utaomst Msdm lmrfot
Hdkuro =.7 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts pm djts mjn i`mtdjks dj ^amdbmjn V?\
Hr`l Hdkuro =.7, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj ^amdbmjn rokdstoron m i`lp`ujn mjjumb kr`wta rmto (IMKW) `h 8.4% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l =9.; gdbbd`j ^AG dj 75== t` =4.7 gdbbd`j ^AG dj 75=8.
Hdkuro =.9 ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj Xdotjml V?\
7
Hr`l Hdkuro =.9, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj Xdotjml roi`rnon m IMKW `h 4.5% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l >,77>.1 gdbbd`j XJN dj 75== t` 8,?55.5 gdbbd`j XJN dj 75=8.
Hdkuro =.> ^ao rotmdb lmrfot sdzo `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts pm djts mjn i`mtdjks dj Djn`josdm, Lmbmysdm,
Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s V?\ Hr`l Hdkuro =.>, tao rotmdb noi`rmtdvo pmdjt mjn i`mtdjk lmrfot dj tao `taor i`ujtrdos `h Y`utaomst Msdm suia ms Lmbmysdm, Djn`josdm, Lymjlmr, Imlg`ndm, mjn Bm`s rokdstoron m i`lgdjon IMKW `h 8.>% gotwooj 75== mjn 75=8, kr`wdjk hr`l 141.= ldbbd`j _YN dj 75== t` =,77>.5 ldbbd`j _YN dj 75=8. Y`, hr`l taoso nmtm dt imj go sooj tamt tao rotmdb lmrfot `h noi`rmtdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj tao foy i`ujtrdos dj Y`utaomst Msdm oxpordojion m stomny kr`wta adst`rdimbby.
9
=.9.7 Our`po lmrfot
Hdkuro =.? ^ao Our`po pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot V8\
Hr`l Hdkuro =.?, pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot dj Our`po ds ostdlmton t` kr`w hr`l 91.7> ldbbd`j _YN dj 75=;, mjn ds mjtdidpmton t` romia up t` ?;.9; ldbbd`j _YN gy 7578. Hr`l tao h`roimst `h m IMKW `vor tao pord`n `h 75=1-7578, dt ds mr`ujn >.;?% V8\. ^ao nolmjn h`r pr`toitdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks dj tads rokd`j ds nrdvoj gy bmrko-simbo djnustrdmbdzmtd`j mjn l`norjdzmtd`j dj tao rokd`j wadia tao kr`wdjk `h mut`l`tdvo lmrfot, ospoidmbby dj Korlmjy ds mbs` djiromsdjk tao nolmjn h`r mut`l`tdvo pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks lmrfot V8\. N@ ds vory dlp`rtmjt iaoldimb tamt mro roqudron h`r tao lmjuhmituro `h pmdjts mjn i`mtdjks. ^aoroh`ro, tads pr`coit mjmbyzon tao pr`gbols `h sdlpbdhdon nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss hr`l MI@, wadia ds pbmjjdjk t` i`jstruit m jow hmidbdty t` djiromso impmidty. ^ao pr`coit ds nosdkjdjk m jow hmidbdty tamt pr`nuios ?5,55 ?5,555 5 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db wdta 44 wt% purdty. ^ao soi`jnmry pr`nuit ds miotdi midn (MM) wdta 44.? wt% purdty.
>
=.> @gcoitdvos
=. ^` nosdkj mjn sdlubmto m iaoldimb pr`ioss h`r pr`nuidjk ?5,555 t`js/yr `h nrydjk `db. 7. ^` ovmbumto m pr`hdtmgdbdty `h tao nosdkjon nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss. =.? Yi`po `h w`rf
=. MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 ds uson t` sdlubmto m nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss. 7. ^ao pr`nuitd`j rmto `h nrydjk `db ds ?5,555 t`js/yr. 9. ^ao purdty `h nrydjk `db pr`nuit ds mt bomst 44 wt%. >. Ydzdjk mjn i`stdjk `h mbb lmdj oqudplojt dj tads pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss mro porh`rlon. ?. Oi`j`ldi ovmbumtd`j ds porh`rlon t` mjmbyzo mjn notorldjo m pr`hdt `h tao pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss.
?
Iamptor 7 ^ao`ry mjn bdtormturo rovdow
^ao tao`ry `h tao nrydjk `db (N@) pr`nuitd`j pr`ioss djv`bvos tao nohdjdtd`j mjn pr`portdos `h N@, tao romitd`j djh`rlmtd`j, mjn tao pr`ioss nosirdptd`j. ^ao romitd`j djh`rlmtd`j rohors t` lmdj mjn sdno romitd`j mjn tao romitd`j fdjotdis nmtm. Mnndtd`jmbby, tads iamptor ndsiussos tao bdtormturo rovdow mjn i`lpmros i`jndtd`js omia `h bdtormturos. 7.= Nohdjdtd`j mjn pr`portdos `h tao nrydjk `db V9\
Nrydjk `db (N@) ds m i`b`rboss bdqudn tamt ams m g`dbdjk p`djt `h 7?=µI. ^aodr uso ams noibdjon `vor tao pmst sovormb noimnos, ms taoy amvo gooj ropbmion gy mbfyn rosdjs mjn `taor gdjnors. N@ i`jsdst `h kbyior`b trd-ostors `h hmtty midns. ^aoso ostors mro iamrmitordzon gy adka bovobs `h p`byujsmturmton hmtty midns, ospoidmbby mbpam-bdj`bojdi midn. @jo i`ll`j lomsuro `h tao ‒sdiimtdvo“ (nrydjk) (nrydjk) pr`porty `h `dbs ds d`ndjo julgor, wadia ds mj djndimt`r `h tao julgor `h n`ugbo g`jns dj tao `db. @dbs wdta mj d`ndjo julgor kromtor tamj =95 mro i`jsdnoron nrydjk, ta`so wdta mj d`ndjo julgor `h ==?-=95 mro sold-nrydjk, mjn ta`so wdta mj d`ndjo julgor `h boss tamj ==? mro j`jnrydjk. Goimuso tao N@ ds j`t dj tao MYUOJ Ubus X1.1 nmtmgmjfs, =-totrmnoiojo ds uson ms m l`nob `h N@ dj tao sdlubmtd`j.
Hdkuro 7.= ^ao iaoldimb struituro `h =-totrmnoiojo V9\
8
^mgbo 7.= ^ao pr`portdos `h =-totrmnoiojo V;\ Djh`rlmtd`j
D_UMI jmlo
=-^otrmnoiojo
@taor jmlos
^otrmnoi-=-ojo, =-^otrmnoiojo
IMY Julgor ==75-98-= Uaysdimb mjn iaoldimb pr`portdos Iaoldimb h`rlubm
I=>A71
L`bmr lmss
=48.>7 k/l`b
Mppomrmjio
I`b`rboss bdqudn
@n`r
Ldbn pbomsmjt
Nojsdty
;;? fk/l9 mt =?µI (?4µH) ;;> fk/l9 mt 7?µI (;;µH) ;?5 fk/l9 mt ?5µI (=77µH)
Wobmtdvo nojsdty
5.;; mt =?.8µI (85.=µH)
Lobtdjk p`djt
∗=9.4µI (;.5µH)
G`dbdjk p`djt
7?=µI (>1>µH)
Y`bugdbdty dj wmtor
Djs`bugbo dj wmtor
Y`bugdbdty
Y`bugbo dj aynr`imrg`j s`bvojts
Xmp`r prossuro
5.5= llAk mt 7?µI (;;µH)
Xdsi`sdty
7.8= iYt mt 75µI (81µH)
Amzmrns dnojtdhdimtd`j
Lmdj amzmrns
Hbmllmgbo
JHUM ;5>
Hbmsa p`djt
=5;µI (77?µH)
Mut`dkjdtd`j tolpormturo
79?µI (>??µH)
Oxpb`sdvo bdldts
5.?-?.>%
;
7.7 Womitd`j djh`rlmtd`j V1\
^ao rmw lmtordmb ds miotybmton imst`r `db (MI@), wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms pmbldtdi midn (I=?A9=I@@A). ^ao prdlmry romitd`j ds `jo dj wadia tao MI@ ds taorlmbby irmifon t` tao N@, wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms =-totrmnoiojo (I =>A71) mjn miotdi midn (MM, IA9I@@A). ^aoro ds mj ujnosdron romitd`j dj wadia tao nrydjk `db ndlordzos t` h`rl m kul, wadia ds l`nobbon dt ms =-`itmi`siojo (I71A?8). ^ao romitd`js tamt tmfo pbmio (mt tao romit`r tolpormturo mjn prossuro) mro kdvoj gob`w. I=?A9=I@@A (b) ↗ IA9I@@A (k) + I=>A71 (b) MI@
MM
(=)
N@
7I=>A71 (b) ↗ I71A?8 (s) N@
(7)
Kul
^ao fdjotdi nmtm mjn tao romitd`j i`jndtd`js spoidhdon h`r m pmrtdiubmr mg`vo romitd`js amvo gooj uson dj tads pr`coit. ^ao romitd`j fdjotdi nmtm ds sa`wj dj ^mgbo 7.7. ^mgbo 7.7 ^ao fdjotdi nmtm h`r tao nrydjk `db pr`nuitd`j pr`nu itd`j pr`ioss V1\ Womitd`j jmlo
Wmto oxprossd`j
^aorlmb irmifdjk
r= >,?55 ?55 ->>, W^ -11,555 55 -11,5 ox oxp p W^
f=
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