Design for Assembly by Tom Hausherr, CID+, CIT CEO, PCB Libraries, Inc. Every PCB layout must go through the component assembly process and there are several things t hat a PCB designer can do to make the t he assembly process easier.
IPC Classes 1, 2 & 3 for defect reject / accept cr iteria A PCB designer needs to design every layout to meet one of the IPC Product Classes so that the manufacturer knows the category classification of the end e lectronic product being designed. A PCB designer can find these 3 Product Classes in almost every IPC standard publication.
CLASS 1 – General Electronic Products Includes products suitable for applications where the major requirement is function of the completed assembly.
CLASS 2 – Dedicated Service Electronic Products Includes products where continued performance and extended life is required, and for which uninterrupted service is desired but not critical. Typically the e nd-use environment would not cause failures.
CLASS 3 – High Performance/Harsh Environment Environment Electronic Products Includes products where continued high performance or per formance-on-demand is critical, equipment downtime cannot be tolerated, end-use environment may be uncommonly harsh, and the equipment must function when required, such as medical life support, military battlefield or ot her critical systems. The IPC-7351B for land pattern standard uses a 3-Tier PCB library system for various electronic device applications. These include Most, Nominal and Least dimensional criteria. See Figure 1 for the 3-Tier footprint density levels.
Figure 1 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
These 3-Tiers are not directly related to the three IPC Classes, but picking the most appropriate land pattern might help the manufacturer achieve a higher yield for a specific IPC Product Class. It is widely assumed that if a design needs to meet IPC Product Class 3 that a “Most – Level A” land pattern must be used. This is not true. Any of the IPC-7351B 3-tier environments can be used to build a Class 3 board assembly. It’s just that a Density Level A (Most Environment) land pattern will make it easier for manufacturing to achieve a higher yield. However, an IPC -7351B Nominal Environment land pattern can be used to create a Class 3 electronic product. And the Least environment might also be used to create a Class 3 product but the manufacturing price will go up as the yield goes down.
Silkscreen under components / Useful silkscreen outlines Silkscreen outlines add cost to PCB fabrication and in most cases is not necessary. However, if you use silkscreen outlines, here are my guidelines for creating PCB library parts. 1. Silkscreen Outlines should never be located under t he component because they are covered up during assembly and do not provide any useful function to the assembly process 2. J-STD-001E Assembly Requirements Section 9.2 – Silkscreen Polarity Marking, Reference Designators, Revision Level and Serial Numbers Shall be visible after assembly as shown in Figure 2 3. Silkscreen outlines should be mapped to the m aximum component body outline 4. Your company’s “Pad to Silkscreen” drafting rule should override maximum component body mapping 5. Silkscreen outlines are used for assembly placement registration accuracy and post assembly inspection 6. The silkscreen line width and pad to line gap are normally the same value 7. Silkscreen outlines should always be located inside the Placement C ourtyard. Otherwise the silkscreen outlines can get confused with other components or overlap with other silkscreen outlines. 8. Only one line width should be used throughout the entire P CB library
Figure 2
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Silkscreen to pad clearance & Silkscreen on pads IPC-7351C (to be released) will introduce guidelines for 3-Tier silkscreen lines widths as shown in Figure 3. Some PCB designers allow silkscreen on pads and they ex pect the fabrication shop to trim the silkscreen away from the pad. But what if the fabrication shop doesn’t do that? Silkscreen ink on a solder pad becomes a solderability issue.
The assembly shop will be scrapping the silkscreen ink off the pads prior to applying the solder paste via stencil if fabrication shop does not. But assembly will be dealing with soldering issues from the pad contamination!
Figure 3 Polarity Marking & Sometimes No Marking is Polarity Components that can be inverted (like Resistors) during assembly do have polarity marking. All parts that have to be inserted in a particular rotation re quire a silkscreen marker to indicate polarity or Pin 1 . My recommendation for silkscreen polarity is to extend the silkscreen line the full length of the Pin 1 pad as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
For bottom-termination components, the placement courtyard hugs the package body or the pads. In this case, the “absence of silkscreen” is the best polarity marker as shown in Figure 5 for a QFN package.
Figure 5
Assembly Outlines and Polarity Marking The assembly drawing component outlines should be a simple closed polygon and the polarity marker should be a simple chamfer to locate Pin 1 as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Courtyard Excess Courtyard Excess as shown in Figure 7 is used as a guideline for part placement. Every assembly shop has their unique tolerances and if the guidelines place the components too close the assembly shop has a manufacturing allowance which will be the necessary gap betwee n courtyards.
Figure 7 If the assembly shop do es not require a “manufacturing allowance” the PCB designer can place the courtyards so they touch, but not overlap as shown in Figure 8. Crowding & overlapping courtyards can lead to solder bridging during assembly.
Figure 8
Part Placement & Alignment In the 1980’s assembly shops preferred all polarized parts should be pointed in the same direction. With today’s
technology that is no longer necessary however, aligning parts in nice neat rows will add aesthetic v alue to the final PC board. And if you’r e selling boards on the open market, consumers will naturally choose the pretty board.
Also, nicely ordered parts are better for signal routing and use of space.
Footprint Origins Components come packaged in Tape & Reel, Tubes & Trays. The pick & place machines pick up the component at the center of gravity. When PCB designers put the origin of the PCB library part in the center, they are aiding the assembly shop. However, some component packages have irregular shapes and the center is difficult to determine. And for PCB design layout ro uting, through-hole connector pins might need to fall on a gr id pattern 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
and making Pin 1 the origin optimizes signal routing. A c entric origin marker helps the PCB designer identify the location of the footprint origin. However, some CAD tools auto-generate an origin marker in the software and in that case there is no need to add an additional origin marker in the PCB library part.
Figure 9 Assembly Rails or Frames The assembly shop needs the board edge to clamp onto while the board travels through the pick & place machines and the solder reflow oven. If the PCB designer places components close to the board edge due to high density part placement, then a breakaway panel must be added to aid the assembly line. The breakaway tab could also contain the Global Fiducials and Tooling Holes as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
When the board is completely assembled the breakaway t abs must be removed. There are two methods o f separating the breakaway tabs. The first and most popular m ethod is Routing and Mouse Bites as shown in Figure 11. The trace routing must be at least 1 mm away from the finished board edge and the mouse bites. And components should be located at least 2 mm away from the Routed Edge and Mouse Bite holes as shown in
Figure 12.
Figure 11
Figure 12
The other process of separating the breakaway panel is V-Scoring as shown in Figure 13.
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Figure 13 Some PCB designers like to insure that the breakaway tabs are secure and won’t breakaway during handling. In
this case the PCB designer will add a frame around the entire PCB design and use mouse bites and routing channels. Adding a frame reduces the number of boards you can get on a panel but it does add rigidity to the individual board to insure the breakaway tabs do not prematurely break away during assembly handling.
Global and Local Fiducials Global Fiducials are a must for the Pick & Place machine to optically bombsite the fiducial locations to register the board for machine placement accuracy as shown in Figure 14.
Figure 14 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Local Fiducials are used for Fine Pitc h QFP components when the pin pitch is less than 0.625 mm and BGA components when the pin pitch is less than 0.8 mm and shown in Figure 15. With today’s modern equipment, many assembly shops do not require local fiducials however; they might come in handy for repair/replacement.
Figure 15 Surface Mount Solder Joints These 7 factors are used to calculate the optimum Land Size per IPC-7351 1. Component Body Tolerance 2. Component Terminal Tolerance 3. Fabrication Tolerance – ± 2 Mil (0.05 mm) 4. Placement Tolerance – ± 1 Mil (0.025 mm) 5. Land Size Round-off 6. Land Spacing Round-off 7. Solder Joint Goals for Toe, Heel and Side – See Figure 16
Gull Wing Lead Pitch > 0.625
Least Level C
Nominal Level B
Most Level A
Toe
0.15
0.35
0.55
Heel
0.25
0.35
0.45
Side
0.01
0.03
0.05
Round-off Factor Courtyard Excess
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Round-off to the Nearest 0.01 or 0.05 0.10
0.25
0.50
Figure 16 The heel fillet in a gull-wing lead component is very important. Lots of reliability studies establish that 60-80% of gull-wing solder strength is in the heel. L and position or length that precludes forming the minimum heel fillet is a failure mechanism.
Plated Through-hole (PTH) Hole and Pad Size Calculations Before you calculate the pad size, you must first calculate the hole-size per Figure 17.
Figure 17 Once you figure out the hole-size, the annular ring can be calculated by adding a m inimum annular ring value of 2 mil (0.05 mm) plus a minimum fabrication allowance of 16 mil (0.4 mm) to t he hole-size. The nominal fabrication allowance is 20 mil (0.5 mm) and the maximum fabrication allowance is 24 mil (0.6 mm). You can also use the PCB Libraries, Inc. Proportional Padstack Chart to auto-generate a good known annular ring. The Proportional Padstack starts out using the least annular ring for small holes and nominal annular ring for average hole sizes and most annular ring for large hole sizes. Download the Proportional Padstack Chart and many other important library construction documents here - http://www.pcblibraries.com/forum/pcb-libraryconstruction-guidelines_forum30.html 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Manufacturer Recommended Footprint Patterns IPC-7351B has standard mathematical formulas for calculating “Standard Component Families”. Over 50% of all component packages in the electronics industry today are “Non -standard Packages”. These non-standard
packages require the component manufacturer to provide a recommended footprint pattern. Typically the component manufacturer will create test patterns and run them through the assembly process to se lect which pattern has the best solder joints.
Minimum Pad to Pad Clearance The minimum pad to pad clearance is defined by the assembly shop. Before you create your PCB library parts, discuss this issue with your assembly shop engineer. The IPC-7351 c alculator default minimum pad to pad clearance is set to 6 mil (0.15 mm) but some assembly shops require 8 mil (0.2 mm) pad to pad clearance to optimize their assembly process and reduce scrap and increase yield.
Pad Trimming Under Components Pad trimming is used exclusively for Gull Wing component leads for low profile component packages that have no space under the component (between the PCB and the component bottom). However, IPC says that regardless of the component stand-off value, a PCB designer should not trim the pads under low profile components. See
Figure 18.
Figure 18 Zero Component Orientation Zero component orientation indicates the location of pin 1 and the rotation the PCB library was built to. This is important for automating the pick & place assembly line. When an assembly shop starts a project, they have to insure the rotation of every part o n the PCB layout to insure that every component is attached with the cor rect rotation. This currently is a manual time consuming process. IPC-7351C will introduce two acceptable rotations, see Figure 19 Part 1. Level A is pin 1 in the upper left corner and Level B is pin 1 in the lower left corner. If a PCB designer creates the entire PCB library with a known rotation, they can indicate that in the assembly drawing to provide the assembly shop with a known starting point. When every PC B designer in the electronics industry organizes their entire PCB library using either Level A or Level B (not both) then the assembly shop can start the process of automation however, the assembly shops will continue to ver ify zero component orientations until they have consistency in the X/Y pick & place data.
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Figure 19 Part 1 Figure 19 Part 2 illustrates IPC-7351C Level B ze ro component orientation rotated counterclockwise by 90°.
Figure 19 Part 2
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
X / Y Coordinate File The PCB designer creates a pick & place file normally in M/S Excel format. The spreadsheet contains the reference designator of every component in the PCB layout and its associated X & Y location from the PC Board Origin and the rotation of each component per the Zero Component Orientation of the PCB library pa rt. If the PCB designer does not provide an X/Y coordinate file, the assembly shop will take hours to calculate the center of each component to program the pick & place assembly line.
Thermal Pad Paste Mask Reduction These component families have Thermal Tabs – QFN, PQFN, SON, PSON, SOP and QFP The paste mask stencil must be reduced by a value between 40 – 65% and evenly dispersed in a checker board pattern so when the PCB goes through the reflow oven, the thermal pad paste mask spreads out evenly. See Figure 20 for an example of a QFN with a thermal pad and its associated paste mask stencil reduced by 50%.
Figure 20 Rounded Rectangle Pad Shape Surface mount pad shapes have been at the center of controversy since the 1980’s. IPC has always recommended
either a full radius or corner radius pad shape while the component manufacturers recommend a rectangular pad shape. The goal is to aid the assembly process t o make it more efficient. The number one issue with the industry not adopting the Rounded Rectangle Pad S hape is that many CAD tools did not support it until re cently. In my opinion, the rounded rectangle pad shape should be used for every surface mount component package. It is the universal pad shape that improves fabrication and assembly and meets IPC standards. The only goal now is to get the component manufacturers to adopt it in their datasheet drawings. See Figure 21 for the optimal sizing.
Figure 21 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
If you look at an assembled PC board you will notice that most of the solder pulls away from the corners of the pad (land). See Figure 22. The rounded rectangle pad shape also opens up additional routing channels for dense layouts.
Figure 22
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Via-in-pad Technology Via-in-pad technology is just starting to take off because of new component packages like Land G rid Array (LGA) where there is no room for a typical dog bone via fanout. See Figure 23.
Figure 23
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Also, fine pitch BGA’s need to use the via -in-pad technique and sometimes not locating the via in the center of the pad is necessary to open routing channels on inner layers. See Figure 24 for an example of a routing solution for a 0.6 mm pitch BGA.
Figure 24 The main assembly problem with using via-in-pad technology is the fabrication process must insure that the via is plated, plugged, capped and surface finish with a flat surface. It’s the “Flat Surface” that is the most important issue. If there is a slight dimple in the pad, the paste mask will trap air that will get super heated in the reflow oven and blow a hole into the component lead and create a void. See Figure 25 for an example of a BGA void.
Figure 25 2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Non-Solder Mask Defined Pads Either the PCB designer or the fabrication shop must swell the solder mask to preve nt solder mask from encroaching on the solder pad (land). Depending on the solder mask fabrication process, there is a manufacturing tolerance. If you are using multiple fabrication facilities, it is best not to swell the solder mask in the PCB library or in the Gerber data that is provided to fabrication. Let the fabrication shop swell the solder mask to a value that is compatible with their solder mask registration tolerances to insure that no solder mask will end up on an exposed pad. Most BGA’s have collapsing balls that needs to collapse around the edge o f the pad. If the solder mask is not swelled, the BGA ball cannot collapse around the pad edge and this will compromise the BGA solder joint connection. In Figure 26, the image on the left is a non-solder mask swell and no Ball collapse around the pad. The image on the right has a solder mask swell and the BGA ball collapsed around the pad.
Figure 26 Note: J-STD-001E and IPC-A-610E have looser criter ia for solder mask than bare board fabrication. Solder mask has a purpose during assembly – keep solder from wetting in specific areas. But during the assembly process high temp cycles and mechanical actions may degrade the mask material. At that point it probably doesn’t matter.
However, it would become an issue if the solder mask darkened so much that silkscreen markings required to be discernible were not.
Solder Mask Defined Pads Solder mask defined pads are only used in two applications that I know of. When designing library parts for Flexible Circuits it is best to solder mask define the Toe and the He el to assist in holding the pad down to the PCB during flexing. The other reason is solder mask defining BGA pads in hand held devices such as cell phones. The BGA pin pitch in an average cell phone is 0.4mm or less and the ball and pad sizes are very small. During drop testing, it has been proven that the BGA solder joint holds up better than the pad to pre greg adhesion. The pad will break away from the PCB before the ball breaks away from the pad. So solder mask defining BGA very fine pitch BGA’s helps to hold the pad to the PCB which decreases failure in dropping the device. See Figure 27.
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Figure 27 Paste Mask Stencil for Micro-miniature Components The average paste mask stencil thickness is 0.125 - 0.15 mm (5 – 6 mils) thick. The stencil manufacturer must thin out the stencil areas around all c hip components less than 0402. Figure 28 is an example of a real 1:1 scale 0201 chip resistor that has a 0.033 mm thickness and placed on 0.15 mm paste mask. You can easily see that the solder volume is way too much for this miniature component. So t he paste mask stencil must be thinned out to reduce the solder volume.
Figure 28
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
Mounting Hardware Every PCB layout has mounting holes to attach the PCB to an enclosure. It is important for the PCB Designer to add keep-outs to allow for the hardware manufacturing to lerance to prevent short circuiting the hardware t o a trace, via, copper pour or component pad. See Figure 29.
Figure 29 For non-plated (unsupported) mounting holes I highly recommend a pad so t hat the metal hardware (screw head, washer or nut) contact a pad rather than the bare board. For m any years I created unsupported mounting holes with no pad annular ring, but I never saw the damage that metal hardware does whe n it comes in contact with the bare board FR4 material. The solder mask and woven glass get roughed up when torque is applied to tighten the screw and when too much torque is applied, the FR4 material cr ushes. I also recommend that the pad be constructed using a Donut Pad with the inside diameter of the pad to be pulled away from the hole by 5 mil (0.12 mm) so that the drill bit goes str aight through FR4 material and does not hit any me tal. See Figure 30 for nonplated mounting-hole construction.
Figure 30 Written By: Tom Hausherr CID+, CIT Founder & CEO of PCB Libraries, Inc.
[email protected] www.PCBLibraries.com
2013-2014 PCB Libraries, Inc.
http://www.PCBLibraries.com
