Design de Games
Short Description
Apostila de disciplina design de jogos digitais...
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UNISALESIANO DE ARAÇATUBA.
TECNOLOGIA EM DESIGN E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE JOGOS DIGITAIS
DESIGN DE GAMES.
PROF. FRANCIS MARTINS DE SOUZA.
ARAÇATUBA. 2009
1
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INTRODUÇÃO.
Durante da década de 70 surgiram os primeiros jogos digitais, com uma aparência simples e jogabilidade mais simples ainda. Esses jogos não apresentavam grandes recursos gráficos, e nem roteiros elaborados, mas conseguiram criar uma geração de adeptos que passavam horas jogando aquele game como movimentos e recursos primários. Atualmente ao contrario dos anos 70 e 80 os jogos digitais apresentam recursos gráficos de alta qualidade e interação, roteiros mais do que muitos filmes do cinema e estão entre os três mercados mais lucrativos do planeta. Com os processos de design de games cada dia mais desenvolvidos, novas tecnologias e sistemas para que o jogador interaja cada vês mais, pode-se imaginar que os jogos digitais serão fonte de estudos e desenvolvimentos profissionais e acadêmicos, tendo em vista seu aspecto simbólico, estético e didático ou até mesmo como ferramenta de divulgação e fortalecimento de marcas e lançamento de novos produtos. A proposta desse curso é demonstrar ao aluno teorias de design de games que possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos conceitos, verificando aspectos metodológicos, principais gêneros, noções de roteiro, mecânica dos games e interação e imersão. im ersão.
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1. CONCEITUAÇÃO DE JOGOS. “Quando falamos em jogo (seja ele digital ou do mundo real),
partimos do pré-suposto de que o homem possui uma relação intrínseca com o universo do jogar. Mais do que Homo Sapiens, o ser humano é o Homo Ludens”
Johan Huyzinga Segundo Assis, “A rigor, todos os games são passatempos. Salvo para
os profissionais que os desenvolvem ou os estudam, a posição do jogador é daquela pessoa que quer despenda algum tempo alheado de seu entorno, imerso em um contexto de desafio formal inofensivo.” i nofensivo.”
Mas um passatempo de verdade não inclui pelo menos em principio a idéia de “pontuar” ou mesmo de “ganhar”. Quem joga paciência ou pratica um pouco de bilboquê está definitivamente gastando seu tempo. É claro que, depois de alguma pratica,
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Basicamente um jogo pode ser qualquer tipo de competição onde regras são feitas ou criadas em um ambiente restrito ou até mesmo de imediato, diferente do esporte, cujas regras são universais. Em sua ampla maioria os jogos são disputados como uma forma de lazer, sem que os participantes enfoquem na competição condições de vitoria como um ponto essencial. Podemos dividir os jogos em reais e eletrônicos. el etrônicos. Dentro dos reais podemos citar: - Jogos de mesa ou tabuleiro tabul eiro (enquadrados cartas e os RPGS). E dentro dos eletrônicos podemos citar: - Videogame – Jogos de computador - Jogos em rede
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2. DESIGN DE GAMES.
Dentro das variações ocorridas no design encontramos há algum tempo uma nova terminologia, o Design de Games. Para entendermos melhor essa nova nuance primeiramente é ideal entendermos a importância do Designer para a concepção de novos games. Observando a história dos games verifica-se que em 1972 surge o primeiro grande sucesso do mundo dos games que foi o jogo Pong que transformou o espectador (Viewe) em um Jogador (Player). O Pong era uma adaptação do jogo de tênis de mesa para um meio eletrônico, e o motivo de seu sucesso estava em alguns aspectos como:
Facilidade de jogar e sem segredos;
Cada jogador passava a ser único, uma vez que a “bolinha” nunca se
movia para o mesmo lugar;
Limpeza visual e minimalista do Tênis de Mesa; Sociável, por necessitar de dois
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Foto 01 – Pong – Fonte: Arquivo Pessoal
Considerando que o jogo Pong apresenta uma estrutura gráfica e funcional extremamente simples, bem como sua jogabilidade, este poderia ser desenvolvido por um profissional que não seguisse uma estrutura metodológica de Design. Mas nos jogos atuais temos gráficos complexos, roteiros e estórias bem elaborados, jogabilidade simples, no entanto, apresando sistemas refinados e objetivos específicos e principais que os players devem entender de maneira clara. Além disso, podemos nos deparar com games para determinadas faixas etárias, para determinado sexo, para divulgação e fortalecimento de marcas e até mesmo jogos corporativos. A amplitude atual dos games necessita de um processo metodológico estruturado para que possa se tornar um campeão de vendas.
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É ideal saber que as idéias para novos games apresentadas por um Game designer, não são obtidas através de meios intuitivos ou mágicos, isto é, o game designer é auxiliado por um processo estruturado com ferramentas de criatividade que oferecem subsídios para que o novo conceito de game venha atender as necessidades estéticas, funcionais e simbólicas que o player almeja. Para que se entenda melhor esse processo apresentamos um modelo de um processo de design que pode servir como base para criação de um game, onde segundo Lobäch (2001:139) “O designer industrial pode ser considerado como um produtor de idéias, recolhendo informações e utilizando-as na solução de problemas que lhe lh e são apresentados”. Processo Criativo 1. Fase de Preparação
Processo de Solução do Problema
Processo de design
Análise do Problema
Análise do problema de design
Conhecimento do Problema
Análise das necessidades
Coleta das informações
Análise do Mercado
Análise das informações
Análise estrutural (estrutura de constução) Análise de Concorrentes Análise de Configurações Distibuição, montagem, serviços aos clientes
2. Fase de geração
Alternativas do problema
Alternativas de design
Escolha dos métodos de solucionar
Conceito de design
problemas, Produção de idéias,
Alternativas de solução
Geração de Alternativas.
Esboço de ideias
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Esse método aqui descrito é uma adaptação do processo de design descrito por Lobach (2001:142) aplicado ao design de produtos, mas que com certeza pode ser aplicada ao design de games, tendo em vista que um games também é um produto, mas não nã o é um produto físico. De acordo com Lobach o processo de design é tanto um processo de criatividade e de solução de problemas, onde o ponto de partida é conhecido como fase de preparação que é o ponto de partida para o designer. Nessa fase deve-se realizar colhetas e analises de dados a fim de conhecer a fundo o problema. Podem-se analisar aspectos mercadológicos, os concorrentes, aspectos estruturais, configurativos e até sistemas de distribuição e serviços de atendimento aos clientes. Na fase de geração são geradas as idéias e novas soluções. Existem varias ferramentas de criatividade para auxilio dessa fase inclusive o Brainstorning. Após a geração de alternativas aparece a fase de Avaliação, que serve como a verificação de todas as idéias, pode-se nessa fase realizar um feed back para as fases f ases anteriores.
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O Roteiro; Mecânica dos games; Imersão – Interatividade. Exercício 01
–
Descreva a estrutura metodológica de design proposta
no capítulo que vimos anteriormente. Exercício 02 importância.
–
Descreva a fase de análise do problema e sua
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3. OS GÊNEROS DOS GAMES. Aventura – Basicamente representam historias que são desenroladas de acordo com as ações do jogador. Muitos autores afirmam que há um alinha tênue deste tipo de jogo com os RPGs. Um dos jogos mais famosos é o Myst e Tomb Rider.
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Figura 04 – Mortal Kombat – Fonte: http://www.webdesignerdepo http://www.webdesignerdepot.com t.com
Labirinto – Basicamente os jogos se passam em um labirinto. O mais famoso de todos é o Pac-Man da Nanco Japonesa de 1980.
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Figura 06 - Super Mario World – Fonte: http://www.webdesignerdepot.com http://www.webdesignerdepot.com
Shooter (Tiro) – Os jogos de tiro passaram por uma evolução absurda. São praticamente jogos de ação, onde o jogador em tempo real deve destruir diversos alvos na tela.
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(aviões, carros, navios, helicópteros) a realidades cotidianas (cidades, pessoas, etc). Temos vários clássicos como: Sim City, The Sims, etc.
Figura 08 – Microsoft Flight Simulator 98 - Fonte: http://www.webdesignerdepot.com
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Podemos citar nessa classe jogos como, Age of Emperies, Axis and Allies, etc.
Figura 10: Age Of Emperies – Asian Dynasti – Fonte: http://www.jogosparawindows.com.br http://www.jogosparawindows.com.br
Role Playing – Os RPGs sempre foram considerados prato cheio para os jogos eletrônicos, começando desde os MUDs (Multi User Dungeon), até os atuais recheados de gráficos, som e recursos de rede. Um exemplo atual é a série Diablo da Blizzard.
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Figura 12 – FIFA 08 – Fonte: http://www.webdesignerdepot.com http://www.webdesignerdepot.com
Adultos – Jogos com temática sexual são basicamente um nicho de mercado que fazem parodias com as classes de jogos citadas anteriormente. Advergames – Jogos que são projetados como estratégia de divulgação de produtos, promoverem marcas e organizações. organi zações.
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Gêneros de jogos eletrônicos Beat 'em up · Luta · Plataforma · Tiro (Tiro em primeira pessoa Ação · Light gun shooter · Shoot 'em up · Tiro em terceira pessoa · Tactical shooter · MMO FPS) FPS)
Ação-aventura Stealth · Survival horror Dating sim · Graphic adventure game (Escape the room) · Interactive
Aventura fiction · Interactive movie · Visual novel
Action role-playing game · Computer role-playing game · Console RPG role-playing game · MMORPG · MUD · Roguelike · Tactical roleplaying game 4X game · Artillery game · Estratégia em tempo real · Estratégia por
Estratégia turnos · Turn-based tactics · Wargame
Construction and management simulation (Business · City · God ·
Simulação Government) Government) · Life simulation (Pet · Social) Social)
Flight simulator (Combat flight simulator) · Racing game (Sim Vehicle simulation racing) · Space flight simulator · Submarine simulator · Train simulator · Vehicular combat game
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adversários comuns não pode apresentar um nível de dificuldade maior que o “chefão” e adversários comuns da ultima fase.
Outro aspecto importante e irrelevante dos games é o fator da iteratividade, isto é, um game só funciona a partir da interação de um jogador. O game play ajuda a criar a interatividade e cria uma experiência exploratória imersiva. É interessante que um game possa apresentar alguns conjuntos de decisões que o jogador possa tomar para chegar a um objetivo, gerando
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Exercício 01
–
Escrevam resumidamente quais são os pontos
principais do game play.
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Figura 13 – Cenas do games Resident Evil e Silent Hill respectivamente. Fonte: http://images.google.com Fonte: http://news.filefront.com http://news.filefront.com
Os roteiros devem ser construídos visando vi sando a descrever todos os passos
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METAPLOT – EXEMPLO 01: PLANTS VS ZOMBIES. Veremos um exemplo do roteiro inicial de um game, onde nosso objeto de estudo será o jogo Plants Vs Zombies para plataforma Playstation Playstation
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Entertainment, foi lançado em 1996. 1996. O objetivo deste jogo é, basicamente, acabar com o mal que esta assolando a pequena cidade de Tristam, Tristam, espalhado pelo Diablo, o Senhor das Trevas. O personagem ganha pontos de
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
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