Deshasheh, 1897 (1898)

DESHASHEH.

STATUE OF NENKHEFTKA.

Frontispiece.

DESHASHEH 18 9

7

BY

W. M. FLINDERS PETllIE, KIi\VAK[lS rUlJFl'lSSIlK IIF

VIIK-IMIKSIDENT

UK

llil:

Ki; Vl'

I'll 1,1

UIIVAT,

I|;V,

D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D.

UNIVKBSITV COLLEGE, LdXDIlX

AlifllAEnLOG ICAL

INSTITUTE,

LOXMOX

MKMIIKR OK THE IMrEBIAL r.KHMAN ARCIIAEOLOfilCAL INSTITUTE COllB. MEMH. SOfTETY OK ANTHROPOLOGY, RERLIN

MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OK NORTHERN ANTHJUARIES

With a (Chapter F.

Ll.

bi/

GRTFFTTH, M.A.,

FIFTEENTH

ME]\rOIR

F.S.A.

OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND

rvBUSHED BY

OllDEll

OF THE COMMITTEE

LONDON: SOLD AT

The offices OF

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, AND AT

ixn BY B.

59,

37,

Great Russell Street, W.C,

Temple Street, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.;

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Paternoster House, Cuaring Cross Road, W.C. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ASHER & Co., in, Bedford Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ;

1898

PRINTED BY GILUPIRT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITIOD, ST.

JOHN'S

IIOIISE,

CLKRKKNffELL, EX.

ECxYPT EXPLORATION FUND. IprcBlDcnt.

SIR

JOHN FOWLER,

K.C.M.G.

Bart.,

Uice=ipvcslC»cnt6.

SinE. ]\rAUNDF,TiioMrsoN,K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.l). Major - General Sir Francis Ghenfeu., G.C.M.G., K.C.B. TiiK Kev. Prof. A.

H. Sayoe, M.A.,

Charles Duulky Warner,

LL.I).

(U.S.A.).

The

Hev. AV.

Winslow,

G.

D.D.,

The

D.C.L.

L.

John

Hon.

HuTcniNSON (U.S.A.),

G.

J\[AsrER0, D.C.L. (France).

PuoF. Ad. ErmaNj Ph.D. ((iennany).

JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia).

M. CHARLEa Hentsch

(U.S.A.).

D.C.L

Bourinot,

G.ko.

(Canada). 1'rof.

LL.D.

Esq., L.H.D.,

The Hon. Chas.

(Switzerland).

Uion. tlicaaurevs. II.

f.ioii.

S.

J.

F. C. Foster, Esq. (U.S.A.).

A. Grueber, Er(i., F.S.A.

Secretaries.

The Rev. W.

Cotton, Esq., M.A.

/IlicnUicrs of

C,

Winslow, D.D.

Committee.

H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., Q.C., V.D. Miss M. Buodrick, Ph.D. (for Post. m).

The Marquis of Noutitampton.

SoMEus Clarke,

Francis

T.

W.

E. Cku.m,

Esq., F.S..\.

E.'^q.,

M.A.

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., ^M.A., F.S.A. jVLts.

F. Ll.

Griffith.

Farm R Hall, John Horniman,

T.

10

Esq. Esq.,

M.P.

Mrs. McGlure.

The Rev, W. MacGhegor, M.A. A. S. Murray, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.

(U.S.A.).

1).

Parrish, Esq. (U.S.A.).

Prof.

Wm.

Percival,

W. M. Flinders

Es.].,

M.A., F.S.A.

Petijih,

D.C.L.

(fm-

Chicago). F. G.

Hilton Price, Esq., F.S.A.

Mrs. Tiraud.

The Rev. H. G. Tomkins, M.A. The Lord Bishop of Truro. Hermann Weber, Esq., M.D. I^Iajor-General

Sir

Charles

K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S.

W.

Wilson,

CONTENTS.

CHAPTEE

INTKODUCTION. 1

Expluratimi uf Middle Egypt

2.

CeuR'tery of Deshaslieh.

Tii.MBS (IF

Tl.

1.

NkNKIIKFTKA AM) SuN.

TiiMB

Tjiii

2

I.

Anta.

oi'

3.

Chruuology of the ceuu'tery.

4.

Plan of the tomb.

5. Battle iu Syria.

PI.

6. Siege of town.

Shipof Auta.

9.

Ptecess of the

PI.

PI.

tomb.

.

Workmen, &

I-l

23. Nenkheftek's tond)

15

V.

24. Classes uf Vli.-L\.

Pis.

17. Fishing

PI.

and

l(i

.

Ki 17

in coffins

27, Burial in Idock

coffins

XilL, XiV

28, Burial without

coffins, full

29, Burial without

coffins,

IS

length

IS

contracted

is

30. Uncertain burials II.

CHAPTER

Pis.

sacrifice.

Pis.

V.

31

XVIII.

1)

32. Bodies mainly dissevered

XIX., XX.

10

Pi.

10 Pis.

XXIL,

XXIV., XXV.

.

.

Bodies with portions dissevered

33, Bodies

11

completely

reconstituted

34, Bodies 10

Pis.

Dis.skvkuku Bodies.

9

XXI.

harvest.

TdMiJS wrru

XV.-

XXIII 18. Lower faradc.

.

PI. IIT.

15. Recess of the tomb.

Workmen.

XXVI.

Amulets

burials.

26. Contracted burials

XYU 16.

PI.

X.-XII.

13. Field scenes and servants.

14. Cattle and funeral

IV.

i^KKFKCT BoDlKS.

burials.

25. Full-length

.

Thk Tomb of Suedu. 12. Plan of the tomb.

.

II.

CHAPTER

Pis.

CHAPTER

13

.

22, Wrecking of statues and sepulchre

ToMliS WITH

Pis.

pilhirs.

12

.

VI.

10. Animals, dancers, &c. 1 1

Condition of statues

.

IV.

PI.

7. Boat-building, &c.

8.

PI.

1

III.

IV.

PI.

....

19. Position of tomb and serdab

.

20. Statues found

CHAPTER

III.

21

.

....

and

dissevered

.....

completely

irregular

20

.

and

dissevered

35, Burial and treatment of bodies

22

.

23

24

OON'I'KN'I'S.

Ill

ClIAI'TKR MkASURHMKNTS ok

VI.

IIIIO

36.

.Mutevinl for meusurcineiil

37.

Diiiiciisioiis

SkKI/KTOiNS.

25

.

skulls coiiipaiod

25

38. Proportions of skulls compared

2B

39. Dimensions of bones

27

ol'

40. Proportions of bones 41 Roman skulls

.

28

.

29

.

CHAPTER

VII.

Minor Objects. 42. Wooden 43.

ti^'ures.

Clothiiii:

44.

Mallets, chisels,

45.

Palette, lioad-rests,

46. Pottery

and

sliarptiucrs

.

and I'ccd-work

DESHASHEH. INTRODUCTION. Thk work

(1.)

varied

has been more

of this year

than usual, and has

more the

fulfilled

character of exploration than in previous years.

One

of the

known

least

western side from the

parts of Egypt, the

Fayum

completely traversed and examined sites

was

to Minieh, ;

and two

within that area were excavated.

At

November

the end of

Behnesa, the

I

went

to settle at built

Mr. Geere accompanied

travelled

I

Avalking,

by the Arab I

gathered

One

coloured

cemeteries a

little

part of Egypt.

a larije fraction of the season.

losinir

examining the desert bcliind Behnesa, back fdur

we

miles,

importance

;

failed

All the toAvn

Araljic,

and

I

the people

;

them lying any other

saAv pieces of

The scenery here

is

in the

is

unlikt;

crossing the Nile j^lain and

the desert a hiirh sand dime

is

seen,

which seems to be the beginning of the endless Avaste.

for

of fresh Avater lies Ix'fore us, a qiiartcr to half

any tomlis of

mounds were

did not find anything

Ascending

a long strip of lilue lake

it,

When

a mile Avide.

the dune behind that

climbed, anotlicr lake

At one point blue

of importance except the beginning of the great

sand.

Seeing that the interest of

Nile,

harvest of papyri.

]\Iiuicli

coffins,

On

and only Roman toml)s were found

near the town.

Roman and

find

to

that the site

years ago,

fcAv

north of

On

is

could from

I

heads from

plaster

mentioned them, and I

I'eachinii'

skirt the cultivation,

certain result

was exploited a

Avhich

The permission to excavate was granted on November 30 but we were kept idle, Avaiting for its official transmission, till December 12, thus

which

the iulormation that

about.

;

each evening, on camping

;

villages

all

the people.

the

on donkey, partly

and constantly using a telescope to

me, and Mr. Grenfell and Mr. Hunt came soon after.

j^fii'tly

search the distance

for

Roman Oxyrhynkhos, and

huts there for our party.

desert.

Avater

of vieAV

divided

is

I

seen,

and yet

is

anothei'.

saAV six parallel lakes of

by high dunes

These lakes are

filled

up

of yelloAV

at each

high

and then gradually dry aAvay during the

the place would depend on that line, and not

succeeding months, leaving rich grassy plains,

on Egyptian remains, I handed the

on which the Arabs pasture their

entirely to Messrs. Grenfell

site

over

and Hunt, and went

cattle.

Avhole of this side of the country, for

exploring southward.

or four

miles into the cultivation,

The whole edge of the desert from Behnesa and Minieh was explored; all the ruins and ceme-

settled

tribes

teries Avere noted,

and many places examined

in the cultivated land and also back

in

the

of desert

Arabs.

The

some three is

held by

They have

almost ceased to be nomadic, mostly living in

houses

;

but they keep up the carrying of arms,

and any man of importance Avears a small arsenal, B

DKSnASIlKII. old

tlie

silvcr-innuiitcil

i-iclilv

serving' to

iittc'st liis r(sp(>ci;iliility,

of six-cliumhercil rcNulvcrs, lully

capncitv

Imsiiicss.

{\>v

and

in

nearly

\\liilr

at

\):\\v

;i

XXIInd Dvnastv

:

order to go northwards.

Faynni was then

At

traversed similarly.

all

j

I'd

came to my tent, and began giving me the names and details of all the sites of towns and cemeteries on both east and have

lie is the only native that I

west banks.

in

\\'ilh a

"with bodie-:

King

long

slalis,

them open, and

IVoiii

be

all

I'ecess

bones

with

pits

nna-e crack-;

them

ill

(he rock

in

found

of one

A

the \'th Dviiastw

;ige,

one case

in

;

cases

lew

rock chamber, in two

in a

down

half-wav

these;

and contained

from

to

twenty bodies.

These

tombs bad been half-a-dozen

up

mummies were

all

bandaged with narrow crossing in the

In

pit.

d('e[)

a.

Konian times maiiv of re-used,

i

the potters' and style of burial appear

secondarv burials of the .W'lllth Dvnastvwere

other

el

native scribe

a

j\resid

to

I

desert edge IVoni Uolmesa to ^Icdinet

The

and

proved

so I returned to Behncsa.

Willi

o\'ei'

jiit-

hoi-i/ontalK'

All of these are inteniiingled in one cemetei'v,

Kontan, except a cenietcry of

all

collin

the side lielow,

K'ing

tent and avoid nocturnal leasts sites

a

containing boiies hea|ied together.

luinlly nlilc U>

The

lowering

boxed

;i

Avas i-eceivcd with tin'

I

politenesses.

Avcaryinp;

to be

the

(^iiict

lor

l the

princijial

region was

this

of the chamber, distinguishable

yet

tlu;

but this

plain,

about

a,

site is entirely

aJiove the i)resent land.

might, howcA'er, cover an early site which Avas

formerly on the desert edge, and has since been covei'ed

twenty

and sun-oiinded with about feet of Nile deposits.

fifteen

or

Ibit on the other

hand two untinished graves were

ioiuid,

each

INTRO DUCTTOy. contaiiiin,^

n,

stock

n\'

mnllcts, diisds, liaskcts,

cord, etc., used by the WMrkiiien

f,,r

to

ex.-ivatiiio\

the yravel.

Ila.l the

town

heeii

near the ceini-

tlic

H'l'iting-

3

cemetery. '

worth while

,

In

go np to fetch the property. the Avork on the si)ot Mr. II. A\ Cicere

:

me by doing

the survey,

and attending

!

Mr.

Thompson

And

Gcere

lloman

in

thank Miss Hilda

of ollerin-s.

Ilaes.

|

assisted

lists

In the inkin-

in

left,

I

aiul

and

1

Dr.

ha.ve tu

for

skulls.

of the di-awings

U'rlni,

AValker.

in

Thus

also

tlie

skill

[

Mr.

of the

Th laroer

of Mr. Fi-mik

thank l)wthMr. Hunt and

nieasnrin- a

shared and lightened

and

the' restoration

[diotonraphs are due to

il

to

to

IlerJKsrt

lIus cord

liall

middle line

.another places hars of

the

tightened hy twisting

is

door.

trreat

tlie

forked iiiefe standinir on the \'

heneath which

ropes

to a dillerent hreed of

l)elon;;v(l

it

Tlie

iii>l)k'.

a iicci'ssar\' pai't of

hcini:;

the hack shows

at

;i

to thu capture

pdiiits

sons

the

(jI'

ancestral worship.

(if

lielpini:;

is

alsu a son

this

the

1)\'

cunipoiiiiiliMl

l)('ini^-

it

.Another son whose

was Shedu as

holding

a-

his

lost

— unless

— stands

hehind,

name

father's

is

hird which he has knocked over with

a throw-stick.

The

geiiett cats (?)

hunting

for

'niK

liinls

youiii:' siiliject is

a

ainniiL;'

variety

of

and

On

much destroyed hy the face, and

A

Copts.

water,

tliu

lari^'e

XXiV.

J'l.

is

is

row of large

(jroiips of cattle

the lower part. the

at

salt

in

much

The usual

it is

of the

thickly encrusted with

scul[)ture

iisii-speai'ing

scene,

caught on a Ijidcut out of master,

is

a

that remains. fish

pool fiefore the

In front of that

given.

two

Avitli

is

a,

very un-

usual sculpture, prol;ably uniipae, of a jiyraniid

and temple before door.

it, Avitli

a

man opening

the

Most unfortunately the decay prevents

our knowing

Avliose

pyramid

this Avas.

Lastly,

there arc servants Avith otf'erings at the base.

PL XXV.

On

the opposite half of the fac^ade

the scenes are so greatly destroyed that useless to try to

show

their arrangement.

it

coliin

mourner seated

a

a procession of

is

men

stream, the

Avhicdi

is

all

position very

a,

;

the

re-

of the boats are in less perfect condi-

the

base

cooking the funeral

ol'

the

feast.

are

Avail

servants

Parts of this loAver

line are in perfect state, OAving to

having been

modelled in hard plaster instead of being cut in

At each end

soft limestone.

The outer facade

the

iiukuown on sculptures

oi-

At

tion.

and

the

holding their oars up,

much decayed and weathered by

Besides that

down

boats iloating

the

with

liarge

Behind that

either end.

is

trcatling out

a,

it,

i>

exposure, and the scenes arc only traceable in part.

and liehind

before

mainder

l)y

funeral

under a caiiopv, the l)oxes of funeral furniture

cut

recesses

11

bears the

unusual

other end, with

filled

SIIKUL'.

line

at

near the door, the harvest

and slaughtering (18.)

the

()!

at the top, decay of

fall

granaries in the hackground.

low level

\vith

The wall

farm AVork. the

two

is left

the

]]cl(jw

lii|)})opotamiis.

good group of donkeys

the grain

seen at

I'lU'ijurite'

Dynast v.

the wall south of the door

the harvest and

all

uru u

ix'L'ds

A'fli

in

fisli

iuevitaljlo crocodile

PL XXIII.

tlio

ami

tliu l\'tli

ill

'I'OMl!

of the recess of

the facade are traces of a lart'e lii^ure of

Shedu

standinii'.

On

the sides of the passage leading from the

tomb above there

facade to the

long inscriptions. of built stone

rock

passage, ;

Shedu. figure

Avhom

having been

the lower part in salt.

There

is

a

small part of the north side of the

Avitli

horizontal lines of titles of Shedu,

and

vertical

;

jiart

thickly encrusted Avith

is

shown here etc.

is all

The upper removed

are remains of

a

larger part of the .south side,

columns of inscription of the

At of

Avitli

titles

of

the inner edge of this Avas a large

Shedu, and his sou

Ave saAV before in pi.

xxii.

Erdunefhotep,

For the

dis-

Avas

cussion of these and the other inscriptions see

One

Chapter IX.

l)y

Mr. GillKth.

BESHARHRn.

12

CHAPTER

IIT.

TOMBS OF NENKHEFTKA AND NENKHEFTEK. \Xv hiUX'

(19.)

cussion

i

if

two men

(l;itcs

— father

grandsons

or

is

(ii-st

and son

iKitcd,

abont the

at Raejqara,

(ho dis-

in

that tliese

cluiptoi',

— were

groatgrandsons

same naiufs known date

;i1i'(';h1\-

in the

prohidjlv

twn

ol'

of

narrciw spur

Avidth

(if

the plateau, fdling the whnle

(if

But the

it.

mastaba and

built

chainbers have been cntirelv remo\-('(l

Inr tlu!

the

sake of the stuue in early times

that

Dvnasty.

left

a

is

platform cut in the

;

and

all

with a

I'ock,

long blocks of rough coai'se limestone al)out

The

it,

it

iKiticed

I

digging above we found

was cleared

my men

the

being

would hardly continue.

down

X

41

inches,

doorway

a,

led

and two or three

feet

wide and

under the

the

floor

This

rock.

IS

chamber

is

(DGX-ill

long

of various levels

is

A

roof.

platf(jrm a

westward into the senhih

about S

and the

discouraged

was

in

inches),

much

i)it

chamber cut feet

This

platform.

Lastly, in clearing the

south-west corner of the

found 3S

and on

;

davs without linding

several

for

anything, and

feet

bank of

a

considerable W(.irk had been done here

a.

Iving

left

thrown out below, ])roving that some

chips

.Stati.b

few-

was indistinguishable from

the rest of the hill-side.

OF Nenkiiki'tka.

is

was covered with chips

Avholc

and sand, so that

lli'.Ai)

ils

tlio

and that their

;

latter half of the A-'th

a,

recess a foot

and

.')

to S

a,

hall'

high opens iu the north wall.

The

actual I'eniains fmiid of tlicin at Desliasheh

arc

the

ravaged

tonih-plntforni

empty

imd

tomb-well of the father, the stntues of father and S(in

the father's serdab, and

in

grave of the son with inscribed complete.

Perhai^s there

between the names, as of

the

basket

cncc in

two arms, /,•;

tiic

In.,

the

untouched

coHiii

and body

was no

in early

real difference

times the sian

interchanges

with

the

bat for distinction we keep a diftcrspelling as the Egyptians did.

the figures were not really

all

with

is

changes in spelling,

seated tiguro written with

lea

That

of (juc person,

sho\vn

by the

being accompanied

by the little Ijoy written with /. The tomb of Xenkheftka has been

run

in

upon

fr(»m the entrance.

sand were the statues, some part, others

end

;

and

half full

Lying

down

of sand

half in the

in the lowest

on the higher place or bench at the

in the i-ecess

the large statues

was the head of one of

and fragments of the smaller.

Pieces lay beneath the sand on the bench and

about the chandler, and the completion of the smaller figures was obtained by searching

all

the chijjs and sand for 10 or L5 feet around the j^it

on the outside

jolatform.

The whole

figures that wei-e here can hardly be

may have

lelt,

But

entirely disappeared.

following are certnin,

all

of limestone

of the

known,

of several there are but small [neces

others built

The chamlier was

(20.)

:

—

as

and the

TOMIJS OF NKNKFIKFTKA

AND NENKllKFTEK.

Nenkheftka. A. Statue, one foot broken, B. Statue, one foot

life size

other liroken.

lost,

„

(Cairo),

pi.

xxxii. 4, 5,

(Brit. ]\Ius.),

pi.

XXX.

1,

6.

front xxxii. 1, 2, 3.

Seated figure, with son by

C.

Pair in

D.

f

one base,

legs,

N., one leg lost,

C W'ife,

complete,

,,

(Cairo),

pi. xxxii. 7, 8.

,,

(Boston),

pi.

,,

E.

Group, N. and wife, shins

lost,

F.

Base of a gnnip of N. and

wife,

G. Bits of inscription from Ijase of a group like E,

xxxi.

1,

pi. xxxiii.

(Chicago),

pi. xx'xi.

(Chicago),

]j1.

29.

"1 ;

xxxiii. 2^

xxxiii. 27.

.'j-

Nenkheftek. (I.

Seated figure, one fore-arm

//.

Seated cross-legged figure, body

head

c.

„

„

,,

il.

Statue, only middle

c.

Statue, i'rom insertion in gruup,

left,

a

(Philadelphia),

pi.

xxx.

lost,

(Liverpool),

pi.

xxxiii.

lost,

(Brit. Mus.),

pi. x.xxiii. 30.

lost,

(

and leg of cross-legged

Leg of seated Arm,

;

xxxiii. 32.

3L

Ijoy,

(Boston)

Uncertain) —

Arm

2, 3

fi^Tiure,

figure,

Seated cross-legged figure, head, shoulder,

and knee

(2L)

lost,

1

The condition

wilful injury in every case.

St.vtue (A)

is

o\-, -with

ol'

a

is

uiMiip of his jiarents.

good-si/e(I liguri'

all

loAvcr iruid;

(lie

unclad,

figure

A

(lie l)cid\-

one, of wliicli

lessci'

just

state

lias lu^l

luil

(i^'iii-c,

n-odd

in

the

hnses have heen ti'iinincd d.iwn, and litfed into a.

of

slab

limestone

nndercut

Avith

recesses.

good work, es|jccially a group of N. and his wife

Ijoth of the figures are of

E

the Avoman's.

is

standing together, her right arm hacdc,

and her

]iressioii

the haso

is

lost;

is

!)roken into small

ahout the side

;

hand on

left

his

veiy natni-al and

and holh pieces,

oliaiuhei',

and parts of

\\

Of

G-

across his

The ex-

ai'ni.

lile like.

and

Ilalfol'

heen which were scattered 1)

\\

lia\-e

and on the platform outluive

heen hni'ut.

the inscribed base of a group, of size.

is

only two bils

F

alioTit

isoidy

the same "

of the

;

inscription

remain.

Of Xenkheftek the seated figure n has the left arm broken away, and head dcfachcd, bnt is

NkN'KIIKM'KK

chamber o|]',

two

slirudd

IIKMIIR IHS

I''aTII Kll.

be raxage

1,

•'^

S

P I

the heads l)i'oken

anil bodies scattered in (Vagments, ];\r'j;o

IT K 0.]

heads be sa\'ed absolutely

and yet the

ix'rlect, is

;t

TOMliS OF NKNKITRFTKA

IIuw

iiiystc'i'v.

lu'iid slioiild li;i\-o IjCL'U picktMl

a,

up

aiul hiid in tlie reecss, wilhicked to pieces, and the

by

Avere

nn^

uliin

nn'stake witli Uio hunieriis instead

of

Avitli

0.

Itodies

rniDjilrlcJi/

23, This

rcronfii'ttulcd.

was

a,

with more objects than any

was

At

well

made,

Avitli

broken up stands

pi.

fine intact

tomb,

The

cnilin

otlicr.

it

lid.

two

lav six IjowIs and

one bowl cniitaincd white

;

and annther black

xxxiii. 1-7).

nml

tli.^fscrcred

massive ends to the

the back and foot of

l)aint,

do not seem to have

liinl)s

A

II.".

chamber

long trench

Avest

of about

oC

tliirt\- la\'

Avrap})ings

ody. joint

No

v\n ankl(>-

a knee-cap

toe-bones by

shonldei',

and

in position.

breast,

in

a,

on the

thi"hs

I'^acli

leo-

thick mass

right shin Avas turned edge down,

thigh Avas on

its

side;

the

left

knee

There Avas no trace of ankles or on the shins, bnt three inches to s])are empty at the end of the cotfin. Here Ave see a

in

leg

had the splint-bone parted from the shin and in cloth bel'ore binding

A\'raj)ped

and then recomposed as a

Avas

The right

and then sAvathed together.

cloth four inches

vertebi'ao

pelvis still

Legs Avcrc each SAvathed separately,

the sockets.

all

bone

The

but the thighs Avere

attached to the skull.

low vertebrae lay

jneces.

and the end of the

radius rested in the palm of each.

woman

to

i)icked

Avas parted in three,

of a

and arm-

collar-bones, blade-bones,

Avhich Avas almnt a fiot short of the collin end.

covered a

in pei'fect

vertebrae Avere near

near the head end, nine inches above the head,

The body

man

slight

the head to south, at

Avirh

It Avas ipiite

full li'iigth.

a long recess

pit, Avith

'I'lie

it.

the head, but they Avere lying confused and out

the radius.

(33.)

the

been so thoroughly separated.

a

tomb, and I was not prepared to notice recou-

feet, Avhile

it

on again

;

the ankle-bones Avere each wrapped in cloth,

any

Avithout

but

similar,

The

toes.

Avas

foot,

kept

in

but out of order, apjioarcd

leg

left

exam})le,

and

Colleg(>.

Here the Avhole body appears

is

as

its Avi'ap})ings

an

noAv pi'eserved in University to

have

been completclv dissevered, and then reconstituted

so

far

as

the

long bones, but Avithout

knoAAdedge of the exact order Avere

;

the smaller bones

anyhoAv, the Avrapping

left

up

of

them

being the main point of att(>ntion. I

1.5.

We

have already noticed in the previous

chapter the perfect body of a child found in this

body

it

Avas

a

inan

(sei^

\)\.

AVith

tond).

of a

comjdetely dissevered

linen cloth rpiite inta(;t.

xxxv.), covered Avith

Within the

SAA-athings

of linen the skull lay base up, facing the feet; thc!

tAVo

1)la(le-bones Avere

together,

Avas in joint.

edges in thc curve of the loAver

feet

of tive A'ertelu'ae lay beside the skull.

\wvv

placed parallel

jaAV.

Avitli

A

their

length

The arms

and slightly bent, but they

WITH

'I'd^nis

were not joined hands on them was reversed, in

to tlic hladc's

and

;

there wove no

;

in tlie rii;ht

tlie lel't

arm

DissMVKiiJon isodiios.

arm

tlie nliia.

the radius, proving-

that they had been completely picked to pieces.

and top vertebra were by tlic riljs, ^ertebrac, and fingers were

Tlie l)reast-bone Tlie

pelvis.

mixed together,

mell

pell

vertebrae Avere joined, line of the

;

only three pairs of rest rouglily in the

tlie

The pehis was completely

spine.

disjointed, the saci'um lying flat

betsvecn

the

by

23

jilunderors, they Avould

part

the body, or have

ol'

have dragged out

much misplaced some

The approximate

large bones.

disjointing of all the

bones point to original

dissevering at burial.

W

(34.) biirird

50

Jiodin^ complclrJi/ di^.-icnered,

Irrcijuldvlij.

bottom of

the

A

2G.

shallow

and 10 deep, had

ins. sipiare

50 N. to

it

In this trench

lay

of both feet were

vertebrae, and a bit of the face.

mixed together between the

thighs, about a

quarter of the Avay from the head end.

The

bottom of

not preserved.

the fingers and thighs,

some

in

Of some were between the

toes

the bod)',

Here the body seems thoroughly,

only a

some

the knee.

Ijy

vertebrae

being

left

A

78.

body.

trench tomli, Avith a long recess for the

It

had been opened by plunderers,

the body Avas

still

Avrappings

The

Avest.

Beneath the

an ankle-bone Avas on the breast.

it

much

they AVere

;

There

bones at the

Avith loose

rotted,

and

Averc

no order noticeable

Avas

The

Avas in the grave.

pelvis

Avas divided.

A rock

'J-l.

chaml)er

some small

Avitli

right in the corners, of the Okl

ill

jars up-

Kingdom

type.

man's l)Oues Avere lying confusedly, two skulls

and bones of a boy Avrapped

of Ijoys in a corner,

The

in its linen Avrappings.

body lay on edge, facing the

l)ut

open trench

but cloth

in them,

A

together.

An

?>l.

have been cut np

to

fcAV

the thighs.

l)y

two

carel'idlv buried.

ends

the other s[dint was

blade-bone,

Here only a part of the ])ody has been preserved, and yet

two shin-bones and one splint were closely wrapped together \vith cloth around the lower ;

arm, fingers,

leg-bones,

about

])it

20 E. to W.,

S.,

covered Avith three big stones.

socket, the other

far out.

and

trench across

a,

One thigh was in the Ankle and toe bones

hips.

and

position

cloth.

A

1.

natural Avater-Avorn fissure, 9-12 inches

Avide, in the surface of the rock,

out (see

had been cleared

XXXV.), and in thisAvere placed, side

pi.

arm Avas bent back, Avith liand over the shoulder. The right humerus Avas in place under tlie body. The thighs Avcre excised from

up, Avith four vertebrae attached, but the outer

the pelvis, and Avrapped up in one

edges of the

left

Avith

roll

the shins and right forearm, Avithont any hand.

The knee-caps were adhering the splints Avere

Two

found.

;

but

removed, and only one

Avas

toe-bones

to the shins

Avere

found,

but no

feet.

by

thighs, shins, sjilint-bones,

side,

bones

all

A

tomb

Anta's tomb.

in the

The door

One shin, below The blade-bones

side of the hill beloAv

fissure,

leads to the foot end of

Tliei'e Avere

and

Avith

both ends.

slabs of finer stone.

mately in

But the

jilace, Avere

Avere almost

np

It

had been opened

bones, though

all

a|)i>i-oxi-

disjointed; the shins

to the place of the thighs,

the ankle-bones about the body.

and

If disturl)ed

back

oft".

The

balls of

both

oft"

by

Avide.

had both ends broken

oft".

Avere together Avith a fcAV loose

and the head

Avas at

t>v-o

missing ten

This

and the

is tlu^

one end of the

vertebrae attached.

A'ertel)rae,

jaw, fingers,

(st'e

Uiu'crtain.

])1.

rudest kind of burial yet

ty[)e of the skull

prognathism, slant of

forehea-d

arm-

All the ribs AVere broken, mostly at

toes.

found; in

all,

with the upper

a long recess just the size for the graA'e, lined

by plunderers.

broken

l)asin

and

jielvis Avas entire,

humeri Avere gone, having been battered blows from an instrument half an inch

verteln-ae,

142.

The

together.

tlie

teeth,

xxxvi., at

liase).

10.

A

is

the lowest,

and retreating

burial had been entirely

DKSIIASllKir.

21

(lirust ixAdv uii

of u

It

toinl).

certiiiu that

l)ody,

occasion

was

ol'

a

u['

h'lunaii ri'-usc

:\

man

alidiit

iliirly.

ciiK' a i'rw l)oncs coulil lie rofuvcrcil,

Tlioii_i:li

was

tin'

wrapped

remained

all

it

in

hail

ln't'ii

cloth, as

over the

iiisiile

it

a lai-Lidv dissevered

the of

mark

tin:

of clotli

socket in the

pelvis.

Having'

(35.)

relation

of

described

the

actual

more general \iew ol' the the treatment oi' the hody to the

we can take

hurials

now ;i

luirial custiim.

AVith Collin A\'it]iout cotlin

CHAPTER

Yl.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKELETONS. For

(36.) L'acli

Avas

inai-ked,

I'xainiiiatiuu uf the skflctDUs,

tliL'

raiX'Tully

and

cullccti'd,

all

incasureiiu'iits luado

bimos

tlic

in Euiiland.

tint

j)L'l\is.

millimetres,

median

The and

measurements the

mean

that

female bodies

widely A^arying examples.

])erfect,

male

eleveJi

iiv(!

nine

female

bodies dissevered.

skeletons were

museum,

lunst wait

one

male and

Besides these,

kept back at the

Cairo

measurements of Avhich

the

for

eiuiit

and

Ave

fortunately the box detained did

:

not contain any dissevered bodies, Avhich are the

smaller

formation

class

only

;

our

so

impairs

the

loss

of

better

the

in-

known

data.

First Ave shall

deal with the skulls, and of

these only the male skulls, for the sake of comparison.

Tlic

determination of sex Avas not

only by means of the

(37.)

]\Iai,e

skull,

but mainly by

skulls only, in JMilli.metuks

all

in

by the

stated

is

point, as in a small amoiuit of material

There were altogether twelve male and IVmr female of uncertain burial, and

are

avoids

the

disturl)ance

caused

by any

The points measured are as usually fixed. The measurement between the eyes is taken just above the suture, and fairly into the socket.

The

direct chord length of the frontal

bone is from suture to suture, nasiou to bregma that ;

of the medial suture

The bone

is

from bregma to lambda.

object of this Avas to shoAv

if

the frontal

pushed forward by extension of the

Avas

both grew together in length.

})arietal,

or

Vov

measurements of the i\Iedum

tln^

if

skulls

and skeletons, now

in the College of Surgeons,

London,

thank Dr. Carson, Avho

I

have

measured them.

to

fully

DKSITASIIKII.

20

Imvo added

Iloro -we

Mcdmn

tlio

XXriiid

of the

other Eii'vptian

XcAV

the

nf

skidl-i

tlic

tlic

Dviiastv,

the

in

tlio

Dviiasty, those

tlie

of

avcraiz-o

("olloii-e

and

Ilace,

ineasuroiiuMits of

IN'lIi

of

dolmen

bnilder?:.

and dissevered bndics.

wc

see that the perfect

in

everv dimension, excepting the

breadth; hnt

tliev

have a slight advantage

have mnre advantages

l)iauricidar hi-eadth than sion.

Xow

this

maximnm

in

dimensions: but

me;uis that the

t\-pes

of the

and the

2.

X\h

in

like tlu^

tlian

and

as

nasal,

one localitv makes

Tn short, the stock

and

cut-iip bodies;

i^s

.">.

The

all

better nourished and superior in ancestrv, and

of

so starting fi'om a liner basis thev did not

classes at

much

need

The cut-up bodies had ,1 poorer ancestrv, and reipiii'cd more personal skuU-gro^vth to make up i'>>r that. Tins is analagous to tlio Cambridge i-esult, that so

men who

indi\idnal gi-owth.

afterwards take honours

better skull

tliaii

jiassmen, but

beii'in

grow

with

a

le-s actively

during their coUegedife.

Comparing

Male

skulls;

[.Ninri'S

(Broca's leugth)

and

fact,

in

height, oODI.)

late

most basi-

\'ears

in

(Unerence than thirty-

less

genei'al

average l^g\-ptian skulls from

iSurgeons,

sions,

Hence

falls

tlie C'oHegct

between the variations of

Deshasheh and

i\leduin in all

dimen-

except a slight excess in orbital height. this

jMcdum-Deshasheh tvpe

is

to

be

taken as the general Egvptian tvpe, and not a,

IocmI varietv.

(38.)

V\C

may next

turn to the pro])ortions

of the sknll, instead of the absolute dimensions

comparing them by the

the skulls of various localities

In

late, we,

Deshasheh

breadth,

^vidlh.

and

more bke the

places and times, as ])reser\'ed in

were

liodies

four

or

five miles of distanee.

the same in both perfect

but the perfect

e\'e

ai'e

I'arlv

length,

the inherited featnre of the base of the sknll,

growtli of the parietals to enclose the bi'ain.

three

l)\-nastv with ^reilnm earl\-

see tliat the earl\' ^^^.'dum

and

so did not need so niucli of the iinliv idual

shrunk

liavu

comparing the skulls from Deshasheh

Cin

dimensions,

decidi'dlv snjierior in

and

later times the height

gnathous,

the

Avci'e

larger

the

in

become more markedly ortho-

])rofile

]\rediim

l>(i(lies

identical

per cent., while the eye has slightlv enlarged,

skidls are practical! v the same, excepting that ini'ft'ct

in

parts

facial

TVth and XXTTnd

skidls of

Dynasty are almost

in the

anv other dimen-

:

The :\b.dnm

1.

the

Coni])arini;- tlie jicrrcct

here tabulated, avc see the following

as

results

all

Surircons,

Algerian

ages

parts.

;

indices, or ratios l>etween

]\nOASUl!KMl';NT8

Egyptian of

New

vai-ioiis

places and dates, 1)nt the

K,ace skulls dill'cr ,iireatly (Vom this

The query only to converting

between

all

New

tlic

circular

from Flower's

Avith

is

dne

leno'th to Broca"s

also a great dift'erence

Race.

Tlie

]\Iediini

tvpe

more

of

very marked in comparison

is

SKIOLETONS.

TIIK

do

27

any strange cnstoms imported recentls'-arrived tril)es from other regions. liei-e

Ijy

Avitli

They accord do

tliey

fai'

Avitli

more

of the

Next we turn

(39.) the

skeletons

Avhich

to the

London from j\lednm

l)rought to

and

excavated

liave

I

comparisons of

(early

IVth

to

the

Dynasty), Desliasheh (Vtli Dynasty), and the

and the same

case

ol'

the

Ne.Av

the

(uoAv in the

;

The general

is

the

conclusion

Kace at Na.pida

LXth Dynasty).

tlieu

is

tliat

these

()f

by Dr. Garson, Avho

toms of burying perfect or of

measui'es at

stripi)ing

tlie

were a unified population as regaixls race and ancestry and this accords with Avliat bones,

;

concbuled from the modes of burial in

classes.

The proportions accord Avitli

largely

in

liotli

the inain

the average Egyptian type, Avluch

dnnvn

Upper Egypt.

i'rom

And

]\IiLLiArETi;ES.

avc

later

skulls

and fn-ui

certainly have not to

Malks.

my

has

disposal

stored at University

(still

by

(Ist-lllrd, or else Vllth-

(now

;

liis

results

;

Medum Averc

bones

measured

kindly placed

his

the NeAv llacc Iwnes

(.*(illege) Aveix;

AVarrcn, Avho has

]\Ir.

use of

the

Cohege of Snrgeons)

Deshaslieh people, Avliether they kept up cus-

is

Egyptian than cousins

more

alveolar index, or prognathism.

points

Itace

the Deshaslieli, and agrees

Egy2)tian

Ave

Avith the

New

the

Egyptians.

Egyptian sknlls and those of

tliese

orbits

typ(\

refers to a small uncertainty

the nasal index tliere

In.

OF

also

measured

given

me

the

and the Desliasheh bones

at t'ambridge) Avcre

mea

-.ured

by

myself.

"a.A-."isthe a-A'erage variation i'rom the mean.

AVe

iirst

deal Avith the al.isolute dimensions, of

male bodies.

2S

i)r:siiAsiii':ii.

priTccL and

tln'

C'oiii[);iriiin-

see that tlic perfcet liodics

fcinur and liunierus,

in the

upper

the lower the

Avliilo

and radins

in t\u' tibia

lialf

ai-e

Imiiicr

in

wo llio

is

and the scapula a

skeletons,

Ave

see

that

superior to the

Medumis

ann

15,

l)y

'

about

!ftrii,r,iMETitr;s.

the

the

in tlie leg

an'

small

as

as

l\rrilnni I)

the

liudics

Mcdninis.

Tn

sliort,

men were smaller alto;ethcr men hy almut tlirec or

lan

tl

lour

per cent.

The New

Itacc peo])le

seem

to liave l)een,-

on

and

especially lonu-er in the tibia and radius; they

Compai'ing

i

of i

Uw.

Iiavi!

csnasuen

wei-e larger in the

and nppei-

but almost the same in the

sacrnni

ciil-iip

the other hand, taller than the Deshashis,

little

^ledum

Deshashehis

the

'

|

Comparing the Deshasheh and

And

the

also lar^^'er in

larger.

Inrc-anii.

the

thus snpcrior

^\'o^('

of eacli lind), l)ut siniihir in

bodies,

'.

they arc the same

thcv

The saei'nm

lialf.

perfect

:

ciit-iii) liodits,

the

now

jicrfect

lower half df

eai-h limb.

the male and female skeletons

and

instructive dillereuces.

cnt-u])

bodies,

avc

see

MKA

DKSIIASHKII

30

skulls

mostly

are

Ronmn

the

of

cliHerc'iicos

measuremciifs,

of early

classes

skulls.

usual Avidth

Indices.

Mai.ks.

mav

we

Next

early

than the insignificant

loss

between the two

(liilerences

the

fi'oin

^

(1 and

Cut

BcliiU'sa.

rciffct.

70-2

70-1

77-5

70-2

Biauriculni-

C.Vl

(;(;•(;

f;.v7

71 -4

72-1

74-.S

7

1.5-I.

4G-3

'10

!J4-5

ni.

Height

74-3

Nasal

47

Alveolar

1);V.')

Here

aLfaui

vomaii skulls arc

til

same proportions

of the

I!;il.s;iiinin.

J)c.-lia.slii;li.

Breadth

\'ci'y

noiirlv

hciii'lit

these

of

reckoned

iu'.lic('s,

nasal

lonuth,

-r-

as

hasi-alvriilar -^ Ijasi-uasal.

-;ht,

111

ratios

the

tlio

)

1)i'i'a(ltli

:

take

oi'

up,

^reJiiiu.

E^'y])ti;iu.

70-9

70-0

77 "5

r,4-s

New

I.vnicics.

7;)-s

72-4

43

4S-1

lO-o

92

.")!)

(;•.')

lace.

I

]\'tli liyu.

Vtli liyii.

KoMKin.

7(;-()

7(i-;;

7(V(;

early ones; in

r.rendth

four dimensions the variations of cither class

AK'eolar

!)5-!)

04

94

Nasal

4S-1

48

in-2

Roman

slightly

is

difFerence avei'age

little

On drawing and

in

is

a

and

less,

the

height

the

narrower

the

in

thus

is

soon

he

to

on

is

latrr sknlls.

ivally

identical.

reach the very important con-

main

indices are in limits

of

alveitlar

New

tlie

index there

New

between the

whether they were

implies that

It

ditfercnce

Yth Dynastv and Roman time. The force of this result bears stronglv on

general uniformity of the

Middle I'^gypt

distinct

the

Race and the Egyptian of

(piestion of

i-ace in

a

in

the

eleinonts of the skull lietween the

a matter of great weight.

and

\arieties;

is

nasal

beyond the

llace almost

l']gvptian

tli(^

Yth Dynasty and Ifoman times in this district. To obtain such a proof of the continuity and is

mean breadth and

In these cases the

the

clusion that there has 1)een no distinct change in the

71-S

'mly real

the

Avhich

nose,

the

of

curves of the varieties their I'ange

character

And wu

thi;

other class,

the

intersect

as

the

Race

]X'ople Avere

ancestors of the Egyptians, or

pi'eliistiiric

dijferent

New

whether the

the

type.

invaders

intrusive

they Averc the

If

of

a

immediate

Kingdom Egyptians,

the disturbances of invasions have not seriously

ancestors of the

altered the l)alance of physical characteristics.

should be rerpiired to believe that Avithin a

Now

another question

becomes

importance when we have fixity of the is

crucial

the

settled

l^gyptian type Ihto.

This

tvj)(^

occurred in the type of l']gyptian skull, in

Ibiir

tliiiusmid vears latei'

tiM)k

])luce.

dates and jjlaccs from I'lgvpt,

stall'

of things.

we

the

all

see in the last column.

average

have proved

]']gy})tian

in

sions

New

New

much

Race,

skulls.

IVtli

Dynasty, and the R-omaii.

to

Avhicli

Some

the same

the

we hence we

And

and indices are of no value

since they are

the

Race

therefore

is

type whose fixity

one localitv.

have a strong fixed p^int with pare the

It

oJ'

I

lie

com-

dimen-

as distinctions,

in all

fnir classes,

Dynasty,

the

Rut some

Yth

indices

are of distinctive importance, as lor instance

avc

thousand years large and distinctive changes

practically identical with the average of all

the skulls of as

thus

of

(_>ld

in

This Avuuld

different type

sistent Avith

Eil)yan

a strong evidence that a

must belong

the

diflei'ence

another

is

to a different

body

This, howcN'or, Avoiild not be incon-

of people.

till'

Tiie pei'manence of the type

times

historic

very im])robable

a

lie

Avliile

no such dillcrence

I'ace.

Avas

two

classes

being

allied,

and

being due to an admiKturc Avith In

the

this

case,

cousin

if

the Ncav Race

of the

l'>gy[)tiau,

it

Avould seem that a I'ace Avith more slender nose

— perhaps

Arab or other Semite

— had mingled

with them to form the normal Egyptian.

31

CHAPTER

VII.

MINOR OBJECTS. Sonic of the minor objects found h;ivo

(42.)

liccn alivaily clcscril>c(I in connection

such as the amulets

burials,

niture of (sect.

Meni

with the

(sect.

i'lu-

20),

(sect, ol), l)ea(ls (sect. :M), cul)it

-l-l).

There

had

])rul_)aljly

many

l.)een

Avooden

statues like those found at Saq(|ara, but such

up

Avould naturally be used

aucicut plunderers.

nearly

life-size,

much

]nore

liead

Avas

chopped

Two

feet Avere found,

the other smalle]-, showing

A

had been destroyed. found,

off the

which

had

one

how

life-size

roughly

Ijcen

body, and greatly Aveathered,

any

hardly

that

so

A

remain.

tures

j

AVood by the

as

Avithout feet,

:30

lay

sand

the

in

the

tilled

10:5

l)ut

It

9)

and

Aveathered

iigure

ins. higli,

Avhich

of

Avell

xxxii.

(pi.

tondj ;

it

is

cracked,

has been of fine

is

fea-

A\\)rk.

remarkable as being

a uude

fiii'ure

:

there

is

only one such yet knoAvu

among namely, ston.e

that

at

Avooden

ka

the

statues, in

Cairo.

Another

tigui'c, also

Aveathered,

Avas

another pit;

it

limc-

greatly

found

in

Avears the

DKSllASllini.

men

E;iyptian

sloovcs arc in just

ti^^lit

gether seven sucli

The bodv and

narrow IkkIv and very

tlio

;

tlic

sliirts

same

Alto-

stvli'.

were found

in

Anothei' tond) containing nnich (dothing was

this

Finn

stiifF

5

4S^

(i(H

and two coarse

11

sliirts

kilted

stull"

powderv

cloth

LongUi

48

Very open

them over

and

5

ft.

from the shoiddi'r

to

])erson at least

uccil a

high to wear them well clear of the in sculptures the dress (hx's

foot,

not even reach

The lungest here, 5 ft. S.l ins. could not be worn hy a person under ft. 7 ins. high. The natural explanation would he that the

ankle.

I!

the di'css Avas (h'awn up loose over a girdle;

hut against

this,

inonumcnts, nor

no such

known

f »i-m is

on the

there any trace of the creases

is

Beside the

sliirts

some large pieces of

were placed in the

The

and overcast. ft.

10

ins.

j)ieces

measure

The

first

side

—

„'

„

8 7

other

Under

less

articles

(;'.)

anof

jiiece

beside

kilt,

too rotted to de-

the head was

a,

mass of linen

and fohU'd HI x 12

ins., as

cloth preserved.

15,}

A

„ 11

40

„ „

„

ol< f;:i

wide. 51

„

up

to 148 to the inch.

Of)

to the

textured stuff

threads

full

50x30 and 58x18.

othei's stull",

v^-itli

almost transparent,

very loose open

A

each wa\'.

iucji

stull" is

is

7

is

A

time

x 20, and

I-

delicate

line

72 x 30 threads.

of line

is

\'ery close-

A

48x22,

thread

through vrhich the limbs would be clearly outthe

;

stull"

of

all

of fine thread

and

it,

is

grouped so

effct of close

striped

open

wai'p

is

;

is

it

1.")

as to

and open.

give a

The most

x lo threads to the inch,

scarcely shades objects beloAV

evidently the stuff called "fishing-

in Avhicli

the damsels of the palace Avcnt

row king Sneferu about on

NonK

his lake.

Vlth Dynastv, because they arc only the connnon products used by ordinary people; the

,,

as a wrapper.

ins. long, 31. ins.

stouter

fine linen handkei'chief of the present

about

Smaller

yet they are as fine and finer than our present Aveaving.

(44.) Avhicdi

2

and near the edge of the

of these stuffs are as fine as the royal linen of „

— ft.

made

is

it

I)iece

to

had a patch neatly sewn into long and 7.} wide, showing that

had been actually used

pieces arc

another

(I)

Ilnclv-pleatcd

((!)

to the inch,

thi'enils

net,"

of these

one corner it

2

„

onc^

long, 47 ins. wide.

45 „ (Unknown length) 44 ,,

••^O

at

the other; the ends arc rolled

fi-inge at

28

selvedge

stuffs

These are

]4SA.

coffin,

uniforndv made Avith a

in

ins.,

?>Ct

i)illow.

lined

or wear which such a girdle Avould produce.

and a

x

deep,

ins.

S,\

!

The character of it varies very much. The woof is usually (jid\' half as (dose as the warp, tlu' usual make of l'-gvi)rian linen. The finest is 03 x 44.

of these

i;'reat K'n^tli

shawl S

i

Such would

the hem. ft.

the

stuff

stuff,

iucdies thick,

4.

a,

25).

on the bodv, (5) nmch blackened

eight

more or

18

stran^ii'C jjoint is

— most of

IG

50

stufl'

(1)

sect.

Most of the graves containing bodies had

Widlli.

tiil il,

5!J

of

stull",

termine.

a Loiigtli of i-kirt.

or

six

others Ibund elscwhci'c, and preserved

Fincstuft'

C)

mass of kilted

2;i

white, are

The

(2) a

])odv

22

too rotted to uiifold.

was

tin:

piece

Xo. 117 (sec

amidets.

0\'cr

other

05.

54

Coarse stufT

Two

4?>

the

of

th;it Wiiltli.

Lniiglli luhil.

were kept

at the Caii'o ]\Iuseuni.

coffin. Lpnt,'lh of .skirl.

of this t(vnl)

colliu

Two

unfiiushed graves

Avcre foimd,

contained the Avorkmen's tools

hind, buried in sand.

In 80, at 12

left ft.

1)C-

deep,

there Avcre several A\'oodcn mallets and Avooden chisels,

Avhich

had been used to excavate the

MINOR OBJECTS. and marly,

gravel, here, hard

so that

it

firm in upright sides without crumhling.

33

baskets,

These

gravel cut in working

chisels (pi. xxxiv. 15-18) Avere 8 to 21 ins. long.

been used to move the

which had

liolds

;

(

me was

probably used to

collect the gravel iu 2,

xxxiv.

(pi.

3), the other

with cords to

was used

(1)

haul up the the

A

quantity

surface.

of

and

fibre

-

to

stuff"

to

palm

it

papyrus cord

-was

lying with these.

The make

of the

baskets

that of

is

the Xul)ian and

ancient

liaskets,

on

seen

as

the

servants' heads in

the early sculp Mallets and Wooden Chisels.

Used

iu

tin-es; in

Roman

and modern times

digging grave.s throiigU liarj gravels.

plaited palm-leaf

and show very

breaking at the

little

j^oints,

though the heads are sometimes much knocked

The mallets

over. to

1

3 ins. long,

(pi.

this.

xxxiv. 13, 14, IG) are 11

and nre very

little

worn

;

being

supplanted

has

In

another

grave,

No. 109,

quite different from the masons' mallets, which

about

l)ecome deeply cut i\^YaJ by working on metnl

there

.5

ft.

lay

deep,

more

mallets and chi-

and a long

sels,

piece of rope at

north end

the

with

a

lonir O

handled

iiy

south

end,

in

one

Masons'

mal-

made

iSionecutter.s.

mallet

xxxiv. IG) at

the Mallets used

-

cross -head

witli (pi.

piece. chisels (pi.

xxxiv. 10-21).

9 X

with a hole

']

ins.,

in.

head of a mallet wide in

it,

shows

compound cross-head mallet was used With the mallets and chisels were two

that the then.

1-^

A

lets

Basket. [Left behind

were found

scattered

about

liy

grave-diggers.

!

Vth Dyn.

DKSnASnEIT.

:!4

They wore

stone rock under the

wore cut

tln'oiiiili

were

str;it;i

softer

-^lini-plN'

Im-lieil

uiauls (12 ins.

;inil

;

In

shar])ly.

several

ite

of

sandstone about o x the

In tond) 2\

marks

tlie

')

henvv stmie

with tools

of the i)ick

eiitt inn'

out

i^-reen

ujiou oi'

wide, tapei-ing to

probably by (45.) in

this tai>er

\'ei-\- little

served.

good

One

state to

was made

in

in

the

of the

across,

cutting

1

precious wood, and inscribed (see 10).

The better

kno\vii

them.

!)l-2,

three

])ieces. as

in.

:

sometimes

is

xxxiv.

})1.

1-0, 117, I-ISA.

8),

S.5

was

details

edge;

•],

an upright

one piece (as

in

Of these three are

the stem, Xos. 23, iVo. 4

in

(i)l.

sufficiently

xxxiv. 11);

it

t\vo layei-s, for the ease of cutting

reed-liolder, like

of Khe-ty

much decayed;

been opened and re-used

x.xxiv.

but more generally

is

IVom to)nb

117, 1

1

(i

148A.

in

up

fluted

f

,i-

the

(IXth Dynasty)

the

at the

liroken

tomb had

lloman nunnmies.

In

pi.

xxxiv.

(Mera), No. 7 from S5,

chamber, with two head-rests

sci-il)e

95,

ftS,

in tondis 2?), -12, 85, 91-2, 105,

were pre-

the

pi.

t\'|)e is witli

scribes' ])alettes

tlic

20,

J>,

Mei-a's, L;-rained to imitate

l(j is

tomb

1

tond)s

^[jiuv

these are not necessarily of poor

;

tombs, as block

circular stem; this

heavy pick.

Louvre.

being

I

')

I

in

tA'pes.

Vauious Tvi'Ks of ITkad-uksts.

The black colour Avas end, the red was tlu' Ioavci'. It was in

and

\ai'ii>ns

(jf

No. S fi'om 91-2 (two

the i)aiut-lioles and J.alette

ai'e

was found

tond)

show

lie;ld-]'ests

]\rKI!,l.

the

Avas a

it

17.

funeral fiu'inturc

Two

the toud)s.

at

in.

I

in

6

AND SaXPALS Or .V

1

stem,

Ihited

wiili

are s^lid hldcks, f)und ('),

of copjier, aud

'.«

'

TrKAIl-RKST

1

liead-i'esi

a

Made

plain

-with a

si;ains

chisel in

^^^—^^^^0 5

.

below

be alionf

to

if

flie

clKunhers

ins.,

the softer parts shoAvei]

in

of

Tlie

— blocks of (piartz-

of cojiper

rtdjliin^

tMinl,

dia]ihi-aL;-ni

the



Frnijnicnts of n similar palette, o-reatly rotted,

of the rock

|);irts

;i\v;iv

hy

loii^-

wlieii

,ut as to all people

things

and meaning of

Over the right arm of Anta arc his name and two of his titles " Royal acquaintance and

accoptaLle form of llattery fov

things,

readinir

(.vc? iirh)

enter to these tilings, he will praise

with his things

(7)

man

"the royal

wife,

Assembly (4th Mekhir), the Heat (in Mekhir), the Going forth of Min (oOtli of the month), and of the Sc))i-priest (4th day of the month), the Festival of

in order that they

?]

his

favourite)," have recently been

(or

clearer

old

they

things,

and

grace, for burial in the

therefore, they desired U) do

(C)

I

i\Iay

is

as to all crat'tsnioii

(3)

(5)

god

"roval dresser," or possibly "royal

title

much

:

praisuil

Osiris, the

the table of offerings are

The

ance Mcrt'lMiii."

[in?]

(4)

probably

dresser in the Great House, the royal acquaint-

•'

make out

evidently

is

Anta.

of

titles

aj'e

three columns of writing

mcnts becomes more connected, but cult to

'

Above

Yill.

ornament

Mert'niin."

afterwards the sense

;

[Western]

deserwd well

JMountain, as one Avho had

wife

"Great God

Tlie

of the dead.

Yll.

J'l.

4-S

instead of

Possibly he

is

called

Jicz,

or perha,ps

we

ma,y restore mahez

The ibex is usually called naa, but The addax is here the name is destroyed. iiuilii, OC^. The fat bull is aiui,, and on its ilank is marked the numeral Jlo. PI. XII. Anta is here entitled sciiicr or meaning of this ticltc:: (?), as in pi. vii., but the with j^

is

.

At her

not certain.

mother's

side

is

a

daughter, a " royal acquaintance," and in front

trusted his oAvn skill as royal architect more

of his

than that of his descendants.

scribe,

father

Ra

is

Nefer."

probably a son,

" the

Over the harper

is

royal

written

u "

HKSHASHKH.

men ii

'i'lic

The youth

"Avihl

fowl"

boat

"his eldest son

is

of a fortress,

name

nvc

in

of

front,

tlie

whom

makiiiL;-

word hows

Me/.au

tomb

of the

he loves, ^'overnor

The

remarks,

I'etric

with tolerahle certaiiitv from

pL x.w. inscriptions

There

name

end we

left-hand

the

at

;

Iiy

new

the

is

city

lieing

/;/-/

we

lia\e

a,

firmed by

tlie

o

be corrected to

note

con-

),

tlie

l-licfji

l.-hi'i-ji

Ju'irl-ii,

he says

is

:

"

-servants." tliat

name and

On titles

In

11.

2

may

Yr:ii-,

'I'li(i1li,

(J.i.l,

related to

Ovl^i(l

r

-

,7

J

iS_-J^ -^-Ti.^

:^\

:3_

rH //

\

V

\

\

nh

^,^(1 1!

/^v

V>

V^

ll

1

(S\

I

''' I

/

/

r,--

'K

'XM

I

1

'\-A

T

-

/

1^

'

i

' •\i.

:^AJ^Mk:iJi

I

:i

'^ ^^

r i.'

(!)

«f

/

/Aa^^

\

- ^f/

%Ml2ir^''^^

v:

./

'

WT^

I

j\ -7

y.

I

-ViJ

JjM

JiC \

YdA.

l!A'W/i

I

JIKc

\

:

--J

^

HASHEH.

TOMB OF ANTA,

N.

WALL.

0)

I > in I

H

O s O

n > z H >

> r r

1

:8

DESHASHEH.

TOMB OF ANTA. W. WALL,

N.

HALF.

VI.

1

DESHASHEH.

:8

TOMB OF ANTA. RECESS

N.

SIDE.

VII.

M

1

I^

G

'.

tw:a -^

i^^D

I

A'i

V

%-^^^'^

1 i&$^iti^^

ri^&i^

I^jV^OgI^I^ ^e

=io

ar

?!: Do'

^

t

la

^^-^^^ 4

a^o ^i11'^

o

^^

^^

:"^c.i:::..'^y!^^^|(>

V ms^

y ^

crzzO

ii'Ui^i

iPP^Xi^mi^'^ 5TO'i«o i^

/

\

^^Mi

iAV/l i1T>

K^^

J

li

y>^\

a\

1/

^1/

\

/

:iX

l^-aVj "Tri

^

^

L

\

/^

'-% /!

\

'

'1

J.*b-M.'r^>Mi''

^ i

(^I'MMM>.(\.A •A ^-

-raM

^^i

-^\\J\i-^SSkzMi^ Hi\

'7 TV" /

*

i

1

:

8

DESHASHEH.

TOMB OF ANTA,

PILLAR.

XIV.

^•^

"

n

I

II

•••^n

-c^^^