Descripcion de Las Ocho Inteligencias Y Sus Habilidades

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs aimnfnkikhs  © Hkncn`dhs Hkncn`dhs ]`mfh, S. F.

 

Ndknch Khs crnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfn bhdcn is y s us aimn fn kikhs

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N. Ndt r` ku ccnó d

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NN. @mohtnv `s

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NNN. Fis cnd c` lhd ths k hf ju tu r`

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3.9. Cuéfhs s ` d fis cndc` lhd t hs k hf ju t ur` NZ. Fis NL c` d dnù `s liy `rhs k h 9= iù` s ;.9. °Yu î s h k hm h hd s hù ir0 y °p `r q uî hds hùir fis NL0

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;.=. Fis nd thfnb hd cnis pis ` i pis `? p r` p uhs t i p réctnci

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;.3. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni nd thrp hrs ` d if

9;

;.3.9. Cól` u si sir fi nd th thfnbhdcni ndt hr hrphrs `d `dif piri hd sh shù ir ir i f` s prh/ ik ik` ffhhs cchhdt hs hs hd hd hf iu ffii nd ccffus nv nvi ;.;. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni hs picnif ;.;.9. Cól` u s iirr fi nd thfnbhdcni hs pi picnif piri hd s hù hù ir i f` s pr prh/ ik` fhs ch chd ths hhdd hf iu fi nd cfu s nv nvi ;.8. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni fnd b öìs t nci ;.8.9. Cól` u s iirr fi nd thfnbhdcni fnd bö ìs tntnci p iri hds hù hùir i f`s pr prh/ik `fhs ch chd ths hd hd hf iu fi ndcfu s nnvv i ;.:. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni gndhs t îs nci ;.:.9. Cól` u s iirr fi nd thfnbhdcni gnd hs tî tîs nc nci piri hd s hù hù ir i f` s pr prh/ ik` fhs ch chdt hs hhdd hf iufi nd cfus nv nvi ;.2. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni d itu rifns t i ;.2.9. Cól` us us iirr fi nd thfnbhdcni di ditu rifns ti ti p iri hd s hù hù ir i f` f`s pprrh/ik` fhs ch chdt hs hd hd uudd iiuufi nnddcfus nnvv i

9; 92 91 =9 =9 =8 =: 35 35

;.1. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni lus ncif

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;.1.9. Cól` u s iirr fi nd thfnbhdcni lu s nc ncif piri hd s hù hù ir i f` s pprrh/ ik` fhs ch chdt hs hhdd u d iufi ndcfus nv nvi ;.>. Fi ndt hfnb hd cni fó bnc`-lit hlét nci

3; 32

;.>.9. Cól ól`` usi usirr fi ndthf dthfnnbhdc bhdcnni ffób óbnnc`c`-lit ithl hlét étnnci pir piri hhdsh dshùi ùirr i f`s pr prh/ h/ik ik`f `fhs hsch chdt dths hs hd ud iu iuffi ndc dcffusnvi usnvi ;.95. Fi nd thfnb hd cni ndt rip hrs `d if ;.95.9. Có Cól` uuss iirr ffii nnddt hf hfnb hhddcni nndd trtriphrs `d `dif piri hhdds hù hù ir ir i f` s pprrh/ ik ik ``ffhs ch chd tthhs hhdd uudd iiuu ffii nndd ccffu ssnnvi

32 ;9 ;=

Z. Fhctu ris rhc` lhdk ikis s ` mrh fis ndt hfnb hd cnis lÿft np fhs

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ZN. Fhct uri c` lp rhd s nv i

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ZNN. Hohrcncn` s

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ZNNN. ]hs u lhd

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]hcurs `s

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K`culhdt `s

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Hd fichs kh Nd thrîs

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Mnm fn` brijìi

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

N. Ndtr`kuccnód Ndkhphdknhdthlhdth kh f` quh c`dsnkhrhl`s ndthfnbhdcni (cipicnkik, j`rtifhzi, jicuftik ` tifhdt` kh fis  phrs`dis), d`s rhsuf rhsuftiré tiré luy luy véfn véfnk` c`d`c c`d`chr hr cól` có l` trimioir trimioir udi i udi c`d ciki ndthf ndthfnb nbhdcn hdcni. i. Khsirr`ffi Khsirr`ffirr fis cuifnkikhs piri hvifuir, `mshrvir y pfidnjncir ictnvnkikhs rhficn`dikis c`d fis ndthfnbhdcnis d` hs tirhi jécnf. Sh rhqunhrh ndvhdtnvi y crhitnvnkik phr`, s`mrh t`k`, p`khr rhc`d`chr y iprhcnir fis knjhrhdths ndthfnbhdcnis y sus lhdths. Shbÿd Birkdhr (=558), ‖khmhl`s c`lprhdkhr cól` p`khl`s c`lmndir fi ndthfnbhdcni y fi l`rif  piri crhir hf lu ludk` dk` hd quh quhril`s quhril`s vnvn vnvnr“. r“.

Birkdhr pr`p`dh hf cuftnv` kh fis knjhrhdths ndthfnbhdcnis khdtr` kh cndc` tnp`s kh lhdths. Hd hsti udnkik, vil`s i pr`judknzir hd fi th`rìi kh fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur` hd rhficnód i ciki udi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis. If aimfir kh NL, f` prnlhr` quh d`s prhbudtil`s hs cól` sh puhkhd lhknr. Uiri fi liy`rìi kh f`s `ccnkhdtifhs, fis c`sis hxnsthd s`f` sn s`d cipichs kh lhknrsh. Hdtrh fis c`dshcuhdcnis kh cuifqunhr th`rìi, sh hdcuhdtri tilmnîd hf imus` kh fi lhkncnód, ffhbidk` i c`djudknr hf ndthrîs p`r udi ndthfnbhdcni c`d fis aimnfnkikhs quh hsti `t`rbi. U`r hff`, hs nlp`rtidth jilnfnirnzirsh c`d fis aimnfnkikhs, risb`s, iptntukhs y pr`kuct`s quh luhstrid ciki udi kh hffis, c`d fi jndifnkik kh p`khr nkhdtnjncirfis y khthctirfis jécnflhdth. Zil`s i hxilndir f`s crnthrn`s knkéctnc`s quh Birkdhr subnhrh i fi a`ri kh `mshrvir fis NL. Hsti lnriki hxnbh udi j`rli fnlpni y d` hdouncnik`ri hdouncnik`ri s` s`mrh mrh fis ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis piri p iri quh aiyi fi léxnl léxnlii ndcfusnód ndcfusnód p`s p `snmf nmfh. h. Isì, Isì , tilmnîd hdc`dtrirîn hdc` dtrirînss  phquhùis rhjf rhjfhxn hxn`dhs `dhs s`mrh s` mrh cól` `mshrvirf `m shrvirfis, is, tidt` hd hstukn hstuknidth idthss dhur`tìpnc`s c`l` c` l` dhur`knvh dhur`knvhrs`s rs`s.. ‖Fi th` rìirhficn`dik`s th`rìi kh fis NL ijnrli fi ndthf ndthfnb nbhdcni hdcni d` hs ud hfhlhdt` hfhlhdt` ÿdnc` ÿdnc` snd` quh q uh prhshdti prhs hdti knjhrhdths knjhrhdths isphct`s c`d fiquh bf`mifnkik kh fi lhdth.“ (Birkdhr, 9>>2)

Hd hsti udnkik, d`s vil`s i ichrcir i fi th`rìi kh fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur` y if khsirr`ff`  p`rlhd`rnzik` kh ciki  p`rlhd`rnzik` cik i NL. NL.

NN. @mohtnv`s 9

C`d`chr fi th`rìi kh fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur`

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

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]hc`d`chr ciki udi kh fis NL if khtiffh 3

Hvifuir, pfidnjncir y pr`p`dhr ictnvnkikhs hd rhficnód i ciki NL   NL y chrhmr`

Jnburi 9. NL y chrhmr`. Juhdth ? www.ilifnis`fhr.c`l

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Fi pr`p`rcnód

Jnburi =. Fi pr`p`rcnód pr`p`rc nód.. Juhdth ? www.gfnghrs.`rb

NNN. Fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur` Hd Fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur`,  Birkdhr, kh icuhrk` c`d fi ahbhl`dìi kh fi cnhdcni y fi thcd`f`bìi y fis c`dkncn`dhs bf`mifnzikis khf ludk`, p`dh îdjisns hd fi tirhi kh hkucir j`rlif h ndj`rliflhdth, rhpfidthidk` fis préctncis hkucitnvis ictuifhs, piri prhpirir phrs`dis ndstrunkis, crhitnvis, crhitn vis, rhsphtu rhsp htu`sis `sis,, îtncis, pr`jhsn`di p r`jhsn`diffhs y cipichs cipic hs kh rhs`fv rhs` fvhr hr pr`mf pr`m fhli hlis. s. Hsth pfidthilnhdt` irr`oi ud brid rht` piri f`s hkucik`rhs , yi quh sh f`s ndvnti i hstir luy if c`rrnhdth kh f`s khscumrnlnhdt`s kh fi cnhdcni, fi dhur`cnhdcni, fi thcd`f`bìi y hf aulidnsl` piri fi j`rlicnód kh f`s shrhs aulid`s hd hst`s élmnt`s, y isì c`dtrnmunr if khsirr`ff` h ndd`vicnód kh ifthrditnvis quh s`fucn`dhd pr`mfhlis c`dcrht`s y `mohtnv`s aulid`s. Fi hkucicnód khmhré prhpirir piri fis c`dkncn`dhs prhshdths y juturis, hdshùir lidhris cnhdtìjncis kh  phdsir y kh sndt sndthtn htnzir zir fi ndj`rli ndj`rlicnód, cnód, quh q uh surb s urbhd hd kh knjh knjhrhdt rhdths hs juhd juhdths ths y knscn k nscnpfn pfndis, dis, j`rlid j`rlidk` k` piri simhr  s imhr   pfidthir  pfid thir pr`mfhli pr`mfhliss y prhbudtis, prhbudtis, quh bhdhrhd bhdhrhd if ifthrd thrditn itnvis vis kh s`fucnód s`fucnód kh udi vnki vnki lho lho`r. `r.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf rht` kh fi hkucicnód khf snbf` QQN hs c`dtrnmunr i j`rlir phrs`dis knscnpfndikis, sndthtnzik`ris, crhitnvis, rhsphtu`sis y lhtókncis, cuftnvidk` hstis aimnfnkikhs khf phdsilnhdt` kh ciki phrs`di.  U`r tidt`, hscuhfis, ndstntucn`dhs hkucitnvis, pikrhs, pr`jhs`rhs y cunkik`rhs aid kh thdhr hd cuhdti fis iptntukhs y f`s c`d`cnlnhdt`s quh sh vif`rid y fi cfish kh phrs`dis quh prhthdkhd j`rlir.

3.9. Cuéfhs s`d fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur` Xdi lhdth knscnpfndiki

Hs iquhffi quh puhkh phrcnmnr hf ludk` i trivîs kh th`rìis, hstructuris y cfisnjncicn`dhs… A`wirk Birkdhr d`s ndtr`kuch hd fi vnsnód kh fi lhdth knscnpfndiki shdcnffilhdth, c`l` udi j`rli kh pfidthir y `mshrvir fi rhifnkik `rbidnziki, k`dkh ciki phrs`di tnhdh fi cipicnkik kh iprhahdkhr fi rhifnkik kh j`rli lÿftnpfh. Isì ffhbil`s i `mthdhr udi liy`r c`lprhdsnód ndlhkniti i c`rt` pfiz` kh f`s ahca`s, sh puhkh p uhkh pr`judknzir pr`judknzir hd `tr` tnp` tnp` kh simhr. sim hr. Xdi phrs`di c`d udi lhdth knscnpfndiki hs cipiz kh ffhvir i cim` ud pr`chs` kh iut`hvifuicnód y ictuifnzicnód kh su simhr. Ndc`rp`ri y iprhahdkh f`s c`dchpt`s khskh hf hdthdknln hdthdkn lnhdt`. hdt`. Hs nlp`rtidth ifhoirsh ifhoirsh khf k hf sndshdtnk` sndshdtnk` kh fi lhl`rnzicn lhl`rnzicnód ód iut`létnci, quh q uh hsté hxhdti kh shdtn s hdtnln lnhdt`s hdt`s y hl`cn`dhs. Hstir khspr`vnst` kh udi lhdth knscnpfndiki ffhvi if ndknvnku` i hdthdkhr fi rhifnkik khskh fi suphrjncnifnkik, f` quh f` ifhoi kh fi c`rrhsp`dsimnfnkik khrnviki kh su ndthriccnód c`d hf hdt`rd`7 p`shhr  y cuftnvir udi lhdth knscnpfndiki aimnfnti duhstr` cuhrp`, duhstr` chrhmr` y duhstr` édnl` piri l`tnvird`s, iprhdkhr y rhtr`ifnlhdtird`s. Sh pr`luhvhd isì isphct`s l`tnvicn`difhs kh iut`rrhbuficnód khf iprhdknzioh, p`r udi pirth, y khf khsirr`ff` phrs`dif y pr`jhsn`dif, p`r fi `tri. Fi lhdth khf jutur` khmh shr knscnpfndiki hd k`s shdtnk`s judkilhdtifhs? ]hc`d`chr fis knjhrhdths lidhris ` j`rlis quh thdhl`s kh cfisnjncir, rhbufir y snsthlitnzir. K`ln K`lndir lidhris lidhr is kh ilpfnir ilpfnir fi pr`pni pr` pni j`rlicnód kuridth t`ki t` ki fi vnki, kh udi j`rli rhbufirdiry knvhrsis snsthlétnci.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hd fi liy`rìi kh f`s c`fhbn`s, s`f` sh hdshùi c`dthdnk`s, quh sh khmhd iprhdkhr kh lhl`rni, crntnci Birkdhr7 hs khcnr? ‖Yuî rhy snbunó i quî rhndi, hd quî iù` pisó tif c`si, cuédt`s  pfidhti  pfi dhtiss aiy hd hf snsthl snsthlii s`fir, htc.“. htc.“. Hs` d` hs hf phdsilnh phdsilnhdt` dt` knscnpfn knscnpfndik`, dik`, s`f s` f` hs lhl`rni lhl`rni iculufitnvi, quh sh m`rri hd ud`s kìis. Uiri quh fis phrs`dis puhkid phdsir kh udi lidhri knscnpfndiki, f`s hkucik`rhs (k`chdths, jilnfnis, s`cnhkik) khmhd aichr quh hf dnù` hdtnhdki f` quh sh fh hsté hdshùidk` y aichrf`  prictncir.  prictn cir.  D` p`khl`s p` khl`s `f ` fvn vnkir kir quh f`s c`dthdn c`dthdnk`s k`s s`d ndvh dvhdcn dcn`dhs `dhs khf k hf shr aulid`, aulid`, hf chrhmr` d` hsté  prhpirik` piri p iri iprhdkhrf`s iprhdkhrf`s kh lidhri ndtu ndtunt ntnnvi, dhchsnti dhchsnti jnoirf jnoirf`` i trivîs kh fi c`lprhdsn c `lprhdsnód ód y hf hohrcncn` ho hrcncn` ipfn ip fncik cik`. `. Uiri A. Birkdhr, fis lhkncn`dhs ndthrdicn`difhs cirhchd kh shdtnk`. Uruhmis c`l` UNSI, cuidt` lés sh chdtrhd hd lhl`rnzicnód kh c`dthdnk`s, fho`s kh udi j`rli kh phdsir  knscnpfndiki, lés idicródncis shréd. Hd su `pndnód, hd hsti hri knbntif, k`dkh fi ndj`rlicnód hs ndjndnti, fi j`rlicnód kh udi lhdth knscnpfndiki sh aich lés nlp`rtidth y dhchsirni yi quh f`s hstuknidths c`d c`d`cnlnhdt`s s`mrh udi knscnpfndi khmhréd khsirr`ffir su phdsilnhdt` crìtnc` y shr cipichs kh muscir y shfhccn`dir f` nlp`rtidth y khscirtir f` quh d` khdtr` kh fi brid cidtnkik kh ndj`rlicnód knsp`dnmfh hd fi rhk.

Xdi i lhdth sndtîtnci Xd

Iquhffi lhdth quh i pirtnr kh fi lhdth idthrn`r y judkilhdtédk`sh hd knscnpfndis trikncn`difhs ` d` trikncn`difhs hs cipiz kh ciptir fi hshdcni, hf sìlm`f` ` hf vif`r irquhtìpnc` kh f` quh hxnsth kh l`k` sucndt`. Hd hf élmnt` icikîlnc`, i lhduk` hf hstuknidth tnhdh quh fnknir c`d dulhr`si ndj`rlicnód. F` lnsl` suchkh hd f`s élmnt`s pr`jhsn`difhs, k`dkh hf ndknvnku` dhchsntiré thdhr cipicnkik kh sìdthsns. Fi lhdth sndtîtnci d`s phrlnth hxtrihr, shfhccn`dir, lidhoir y hstructurir fi ndj`rlicnód rhcnmnki y trisfikirfii ` rhc` trisfikirf rhc`dvhrtn dvhrtnrfi. rfi. Hsth tnp` kh phdsilnhdt` sndtîtnc` hs trhlhdkilhdth ÿtnf i fi a`ri kh iflichdir ndj`rlicnód nlp`rtidth. Hf simhr sn quh `cupi fubir hd hf chrhmr`, p`r tidt` hs luy nlp`rtidth shr cipichs kh hdcrnptir kh l`k` sndtîtnc` y kh p`khr v`fvhr i hsh c`d`cnlnhdt` y hdc`dtrir, hfim`rir ` hxtrihr ud duhv` shdtnk`. Fi lhdtifnkik sndthtnzik`ri sh ki cuhdti kh quh a`y hd kìi hstil`s ndudkik`s kh ndj`rlicnód. I l`k` nfustritnv`, Birkdhr shùifi quh, “sn sh musci fi pifimri hv`fucnód  hd   hd ndthrdht, p`krìil`s pisir  t`ki fi vnki fhyhdk` juhdths shcudkirnis, lucais kh hffis kh cuhstn`dimfh vif`r, p`r f` quh sh dhchsnti kh ud crnthrn` j`rlik` piri khcnknr hd quî p`dhr ithdcnód y quî nbd`rir. Uiri p`khr sndthtnzir fi ndj`rlicnód, hsti sh khmh udnr kh fi j`rli lés c`ahrhdth p`snmfh, piri quh thdbi shdtnk` y puhki shr  tridslnsnmfh aicni `tris phrs`dis.“ Fi lhdth sndtîtnci, sn mnhd tnhdh ud c`lp`dhdth nddit`, d` hs cuftnviki kh j`rli c`dtnduiki hd fis htipis hkucitnvis. Shr cipichs kh hxtrihr fis nkhis juhrzi, f`s isphct`s hsphcniflhdth rhfhvidths kh udi ndj`rlicnód y c`djnburir c`d hff`s duhvis nkhis, p`stufik`s ` iccn`dhs sup`dh thdhr udi brid ibnfnkik lhdtif. Hst` ndcrhlhdti duhstri cipicnkik piri ndc`rp`rir duhv`s c`d`cnlnhdt`s rhfhvidths. ‖Lhd`s hs lés“ p`krìi shr fi jrish quh khscrnmnhsh hsti lhdth khf jutur`.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Xdi i lhdth c rhitnvi Xd

Hf ludk` hd hf quh vnvnl`s hs ims`futilhdth cilmnidth, suoht` i d`rlis y rhbfis jfuctuidths, k`dkh sh rhifnzid lnfhs kh `phricn`dhs c`d udi ripnkhz ndusntiki. Fis duhvis thcd`f`bìis, fi bf`mifnzicnód y fi dhur`knvhrsnkik hstéd c`dtnduilhdth lircidk` thdkhdcni. U`r hs` hd duhstr` prhshdth c`dtndu`, y hd hf jutur`, shré lés y lés c`lÿd quh p`kil`s c`dj`rlir ud iprhdknzioh crhitnv`. Hd hsh shdtnk`, fis phrs`dis crhitnvis s`d judkilhdtifhs, hd tidt` quh mrndkid `p`rtudnkikhs, isulhd rnhsb`s y d` tnhdhd lnhk` kh im`rkir duhvis lnrikis kh ud thli. Birkdhr hscrnmh quh fis phrs`dis, quh s`d crhitnvis, t`lid `p`rtudnkikhs, isulhd rnhsb`s, d` tnhdhd lnhk` i cihrsh y hffis lnslis sh fhvidtid y sh prhbudtid quî puhkhd iprhdkhr kh f` suchknk`. Lucais vhchs fh aid prhbudtik` cól` aichr piri quh fis phrs`dis shid crhitnvis. Su rhspuhsti hs snhlprh fi lnsli? ‖Hs luca` lés jécnf nlphknr quh ifbunhd shi crhitnv`, i aichr quh ifbunhd f` shi. (…) Kncnîdk`fh i f`s dnù`s, i f`s oóvhdhs, quh aiy s`f` udi rhspuhsti c`rrhcti y cistnbidk` if ifuld` sn c`dthsti fi rhspuhsti ndc`rrhcti. Hs` dudci j`lhdti fi crhitnvnkik“. Idth hsth tnp` kh pfidthilnhdt`s, udi shdcnffi j`rli kh p`thdcnir fi crhitnvnkik hs jiv`rhchr fis lÿftnpfhs rhspuhstis hd fis hvifuicn`dhs y pr`puhstis lht`k`fóbncis kh fis NL. Fi lhdth crhitnvi rhqunhrh h nlpfnci ‖nr lés iffé khf c`d`cnlnhdt` y fi sìdthsns hxnsthdths piri pfidthir  duhvis prhbudtis, pr`p`dhr duhvis s`fucn`dhs, kir j`rli i fi `mri, kh lidhri quh sh ilpfìhd f`s bîdhr`s hxnsthdths ` sh c`djnburhd `tr`s duhv`s7 fi crhitnvnkik ndc`rp`ri udi ` lés knscnpfndis hstimfhcnkis y rhqunhrh ud cilp` ndj`rlik` hd hf quh sh puhki hlntnr ouncn`s ichrci kh fi cifnkik y fi ichptimnfnkik kh fi crhitnvnkik“ (p. =91). Fi hkucicnód quh hsté chdtriki hd hf khsirr`ff` kh fi lhdth crhitnvi tritiré kh d` rhprnlnr f`s hrr`rhs y l`striré ud cirécthr imnhrt`. Ikhlés, `jrhchré rhprhshdticn`dhs lÿftnpfhs y knvhrsis kh udi lnsli hdtnkik hdtn kik kh hstukn` hs tukn` y ifnlhdti ifnlhdtiré ré hf hdtusnisl` hdtusnisl` p` p`rr fi hxpf`ricnódW9\. W9\Kh Ouidis, É. ]hvnsti kh Usnc`f`bìi y Hkucicnód . Z`f. 9, d¿. 9. ==2-=3 ==2-=35. 5. XDHK. XDHK.

Birkdhr knstndbuh knstndtis cfishs kh sìdthsns? i. C`dchpt`s c`lpfho`s? k`dkh ud c`dchpt` hstnpufik` puhkh udnr ` jusn`dir udi shrnh kh jhdólhd`s.  m. Lhtéj`ris p`khr`sis, nlébhdhs y thlis? quh quhkid rhprhshdtik`s hd nlébhdhs quh jicnfnti jicnf ntidd fi c`lprhsnód. c` lprhsnód. Fis nd ndj`brijìis j`brijìis y f`s lipis lhdtif lhdtifhs hs khf k hf khsnbd tandgndb  p`krìid  p`krìid shr  udi kh hstis j`rlis kh sndthtnzir. c. Lhtith`rìi ? hs udi suhrth kh lirc` bhdhrif s`mrh th`rìis kh ud lnsl` c`dchpt`. Hs udi th`rìi quh sh khknci k hknci if hstukn hstukn`` kh k h `tri th`rìi ` c`dou c`doudt` dt` kh th`rìis. th`rìis . Sndthtn Sndthtnzid zidk`, k`, p`k p`krìil`s rìil`s ffilirfi ‖th`rìi kh fis th`rìis“. k. Dirritnvis? k`dkh hf ndknvnku` sndthtnzik`r rhÿdh hf lithrnif hd udi dirritnvi c`ahrhdth. h. ]hifnzicn`dhs snd pifimris? fis rhprhshdticn`dhs irtìstncis pfislikis hd cuikr`s, hscufturis ` phrj`rli  phrj`rlidchs  dchs  s`d  s`d hohlpf`s kh hsth tnp` kh hxprhsnód sndtîtnci.

1/89

   

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

j. ]hbfis y ij`rnsl`s ? aichd rhjhrhdcni i jrishs lhl`rimfhs y ipfncimfhs i lÿftnpfhs cis`s. Ibfutndi simnkurìi hd p`cis pifimris, c`l` f`s rhjridhs ` f`s knca`s p`pufirhs. b. [ix`d`lìis? hs `rkhdir y `rbidnzir hf lithrnif kh icuhrk` i ciricthrìstncis khsticimfhs. a. [h`rìis? ff`s `s c`dchp c`dchpt`s t`s puhkhd p uhkhd shr c`lmndik`s c`lmndik`s piri p iri kir ud shdtn shdtnk` k` i ud c`dchpt` c` dchpt` kh liy`r  hdvhrbikuri. Fi th`rìi kh fis NL shrìi hf rhsuftik` kh udi lhdth sndtîtnci, i phsir kh su c`lpfhonkik. I c`dtnduicnód, sh ikoudti ud hdfich i ud irtìcuf` kh Oid K`xruk quh aimfi kh cndc` tnp`s kh lhdths. Lés ikhfidth, tritirhl`s k`s hd pr`judknkik? K`xruk, O. ‖Cndc` lhdths piri hf jutur` kh A`wirk Birkdhr“. Fnmhrty idk gd`wfhkbh. WHd fìdhi\ X]F knsp`dnmfh hd? attp?//w attp?//www.f ww.fnmhrtyg nmhrtyg.c` .c`l/mf`b-irtn l/mf`b-irtncuf`s/=59 cuf`s/=59 8/2/91/rhshi-8-lhdths-piri-hf-jutur`-kh-a`wirk-birkdhr-p`r-oid-k`xruk

Xdi Xd i lhdth rhsphtu`si rhs phtu`si

[`k`s c`d`chl`s hf vif`r khf rhspht`, phr` piri p`khr iprhcnir hf rhspht` ahl`s kh c`lhdzir p`r  c`lphthdcnis mésncis fi bf`mifnzik`, hlpitìi, hf hst` iftrunsl`, fi cifli y isìfi p`khr ffhbiry id`iprhcnir dhur`knvhrsnkik. Hd hsthc`l` ludk` hs ud pis` prhvn` piri piz c`lÿd, vhr lés fi hf ludk` c`l` ud udnvhrs` khvistik` y jift` kh rnquhzi. Dhchsntil`s j`lhdtir fis lhdths quh vif`rhd y rhsphthd fis knjhrhdcnis. Birkdhr shùifi quh hsti hs udi kh fis lhdtifnkikhs lés jécnfhs kh hxpfncir, phr` d` snbdnjnci quh shi jécnf kh f`brir. Fi lnsnód lés bridkh rhcih hd f`s hkucik`rhs puhst` quh, sn sh prhthdkh hdshùir i  phrs`dis i quh rhsphthd rhsp hthd i su próon pró onl`, l`, sh khmhd pr`vhh pr` vhhrr l`khf`s y `jrhchr udi hkucicnód quh j`lhdth j`lhdth udi p`sturi jiv`rimfh if rhsphct`. Hff`, s`mrh t`k`, cuidk` hf p`khr kh fis rhficn`dhs hs isnlîtrnc`. Yunzés, udi kh fis prndcnpifhs utnfnkikhs y ipfncicn`dhs kh hsti lhdth khf jutur` tnhdh quh vhr c`d fis ndthf nd thfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis ndthrphrs`dif h ndtriphrs`dif ndtriphrs` dif kh fi [h`rìi [h` rìi kh fi fiss NL? Ndtriphrs`dif? hd rhficnód c`d hf dhchsirn` rhspht` aicni ud` lnsl`. Imrizir fi knbdnkik y j`rtifhchr fi iut`c`djnidzi, fi iut`hstnli, fi shburnkik y hf iut`c`dchpt` c`l` prnlhr hsfimód hd fi rhficnód c`d ud` lnsl`. Ndthrphrs`dif? p`thdcnir fi cipicnkik kh hscucair, hlpitnzir, d` ouzbir y ichptir y hdthdkhr if `tr`7 y aichrf` khskh udi p`sncnód kh iphrturi. Hd ud ludk` c`lpfho`, c`l` hd hf quh vnvnl`s, khmhrìil`s, snhlprh quh shi p`snmfh, kir prn`rnkik if rhspht` p`r hsis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd ud `rnbhd y crhhdcnis knstndtis i d`s`tr`s, y hsphrir quh hffis d`s khvuhfvid fi lnsli ictntuk. Xdi Xd i lhdth îtnci î tnci

>/89

   

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Xdi vhz quh ahl`s ifcidzik` fis m`dkikhs y c`lprhdsnód kh fi lhdth rhsphtu`si, d`s ichrcil`s udi lhdth quh vi lés iffé7 piri hff`, hs dhchsirn` phdsir hd hf ludk` hd hf quh rhiflhdth d`s bustirìi vnvnr, aimntik` p`r phrs`dis a`drikis, c`dsnkhrikis y c`dstructnvis, knspuhstis i sicrnjncir sus ndthrhshs p`r hf mnhd c`lÿd. U`r tidt`, fi hkucicnód tnhdh quh ic`bhr fi lnriki shcufir y îtnci, quh `cupi fi j`rli kh s`cnhkik hd su c`doudt`. Ndspnrir i juturis bhdhricn`dhs, hd hf khsh` y hsphridzi kh vnvnr hd ud udnvhrs` lés lircik` p`r fi jfhxnmnfnkik, fi c`lprhdsnód, fi ndthbrnkik y s`mrh t`k` hf rhc`d`cnlnhdt` khf `tr`- iftrunsl`-. Xd` kh f`s ndstrulhdt`s judkilhdtifhs kh hsti lhdth, hs hf c`lpr`lns` kh hkucir i phrs`dis quh q uh hstîd knspuhstis knspuhstis i shr c`lpisn c` lpisnvis vis y îtncis. îtncis. Fi lhdtifnkik îtnci sh rhjfhoi hd knstndt`s r`fhs quh ffhvil`s i cim` y cól` f`s rhs`fvhl`s. ‖Lh bustirìi vnvnr hd ud ludk` ciricthrnzik` p`r hf muhd trimio`“, hscrnmh Birkdhr. Uiri îf, hf muhd trimio` hdcirdi fi hxchfhdcni, hf c`lpr`lns` y fi îtnci. Hxpfnci quh hf khsijì` riknci hd udnr hst`s trhs c`dchpt`s. S`mrh t`k` a`y, cuidk` fis c`sis cilmnid répnk`, cuidk` duhstr` shdtnk` khf tnhlp` y khf hspicn` sh vh ifthrik` p`r fi thcd`f`bìi lucais vhchs, cuidk` f`s lhrcik`s s`d luy p`khr`s`s y d` hxnsthd juhrzis cipichs kh l`khrirf`s. Hs iaì k`dkh rhcih hf khsijì` khf muhd trimio`. Hsti lhdth îtnci, quh hsté vndcufiki c`d fis nkhis y fis `mris khf pr`pn` pr`jhs`r, fi p`krìil`s rhficn`dir, p`r udi pirth, c`d B``k Ur`ohct, Ur`ohct, pr`yhct` quh, khskh 9>>:, c`fnkhri c`d f`s psncóf`b`s Lnaify Csngszhdtlnaifyn, Rnffnil Kil`d7 p`r `tri pirth, p`khl`s rhficn`dirfi c`d su ndthrîs ictuif hd hf muhd us` kh su th`rìi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs, i fi quh yi aicìil`s rhjhrhdcni hd cipìtuf`s idthrn`rhs y quh, kh duhv`, trihl`s iquì. ]hc`rkhl`s hsti hdtrhvnsti? ‖ Xdi lifi phrs`di dudci ffhbi i shr ud muhd pr`jhsn`dif‖ (Ilnbuht, pr`jhsn`dif‖  (Ilnbuht, F. Fi Zidbuirkni7 93 kh imrnf kh =59:). Hf ludk` hd quh vnvnl`s hsté, hd cnhrti lhknki, lircik` p`r fi ahbhl`dìi kh fi cnhdcni, fi thcd`f`bìi, fi c`ludncicnód répnki y hf c`dtict` kh t`k`s c`d t`k`s. Hd hsth c`dthxt`, hf pr`yhct` kh cuftnvir fis cndc` lhdths kh jutur` tnhdh luca` shdtnk`.

NZ. Fis NL c`d dnù`s liy`rhs liy`rhs kh 9= iù`s ;.9. °Yuî sh khmh hdshùir0 y °p`r quî hdshùir fis NL0 Cuidk` prhthdkhl`s im`rkir f`s pr`brilis kh ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs, fi prhlnsi judkilhdtif khmhrìi  pirtnr kh udi hkucicnód pfu  pirtnr pfurif rif,, `rnh `rnhdtiki dtiki i pr`p` pr`p`rcn`di rcn`dirr fis mishs kh c`lprhdsn c`lprhdsnód ód y phdsiln phdsilnhdt hdt`` crnt crntnnc` quh c`dvnvi c`d f`s knjhrhdths l`khf`s kh phdsilnhdt`. Khskh fi mn`f`bìi, fis lithlétncis, fis fhdbuis, fis cufturis, aisti p`khr c`djnburir duhv`s dnca`s kh c`d`cnlnhdt` y duhvis piutis. Fi prhbudti quh d`s ic`lpiùiré hd lés kh udi `cisnód i f` firb` khf curs` hs, °quî hs fi ndthfnbhdcni0 Khskh udi phrsphctnvi c`fhctnvi, puhkh shr khjndnki c`l` iquhffi cipicnkik kh ikipticnód lÿftnpfh i udi sntuicnód vntif khf suoht` ` hf brup`. Yuh sh susthdti tidt` hd hfhlhdt`s c`bdntnv`s c`l` lhtic`bdntnv`s. Ifbud`s snsthlis c`bdntnv`s  s`d lés fhdt`s khmnk`s i lÿftnpfhs riz`dhs? bhdîtncis, cufturifhs, iprhahdknkis, triulis, htc… p`r tidt` hs nlp`snmfh prhkhcnr cuif hs hf rntl` kh c`lprhdsnód kh ud suoht` hd udi lithrni c`dcrhti. C`dsnkhrir hsth isphct` hs nlp`rtidth, yi quh hstimfhchl`s udi rhficnód rhficnód hstn hs tnliki liki kh cuidt` tirkiré ud ik`fhschdth ik` fhschdth hd rhs`fv rhs` fvhr hr ud hdnbli, hdnbli, ud pr`mfhli pr` mfhli,, udi sntuicnód… phr` dudci p`khl`s simhr cnhrtilhdth cuif hs su vhf`cnkik kh phdsilnhdt`.

95/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

 Duhstri hstri cipicnkik kh l`strir f` ndthf dthfnb nbhdth hdthss quh s`l`s d` s`f` vn vnhdh hdh c`dkncn`di c`dkncn`diki ki p`r isphct`s  Du bhdîtnc`s, snd` tilmnîd p`r cól` ahl`s brimik` duhstr` iprhdknzioh, cól` ahl`s rhsuhft` duhstri ndthfnbhdcni hl`cn`dif, cuéf hs duhstri jfhxnmnfnkik jrhdth i ahca`s ndhsphrik`s, cól` ndthbril`s fi ikvhrsnkik… Isì p`khl`s khcnr quh udi phrs`di ndthfnbhdth hs iquhffi quh simh ikiptirsh if c`dthxt` y f`brir thdhr îxnt` quh hstî hxprhsik` hd fi rhs`fucnód kh ud pr`mfhli ` hd fi crhicnód kh ud pr`kuct` kh utnfnkik piri fi c`ludnkik hd fi quh ‖`phri“ .

]hc`rkil`s quh fi th`rìi kh fis NL pfidthi ud c`dstruct` misik` hd virn`s prndcnpn`s? Ciki phrs`di p`shh `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis. Fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis trimioid c`doudtilhdth kh lidhri c`lpfhoi. Fi liy`r pirth kh fis phrs`dis puhkhd khsirr`ffir ciki ndthfnbhdcni aisti ud dnvhf ikhcuik` kh c`lphthdcni. Khdtr` kh ciki cithb`rìi aiy lucais lidhris kh shr ndthfnbhdths. Hstis s`d fis mishs khf phdsilnhdt` kh Birkdhr y i pirtnr khf cuif pfidthi cól` fi lhdth `phri (i trivîs kh cndc` lhdths) y cól` fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs s`d j`rlis kh hxprhsnód kh fis lnslis.  D` prhthd prhthdkh kh hxpf hxpfnncir cuhstn cuhstn`dhs `dhs kh fi phrs`dif phrs` difnnkik, dn kh fi lhd lhdth, th, dn khf cirécthr c irécthr ` f`s shdtn shdtnln lnhdt`s. hdt`s. Khoi cfiri su nlp`rtidcni (ndthfnbhdcni ndthrphrs`dif h ndtriphrs`dif) phr` d` sh hrnbh c`l` ud burÿ hd rhficnód i f` quh hs, ` d`, c`rrhct`. Hsh ai snk` hf brid p`thdcnif hd fi `mri kh Birkdhr, fi cipicnkik kh ndthbrir nd thbrir c`dchpt` c` dchpt`s, s, d` hxcfu hxc funr nr y l`tnvir l`tnvir i shbun s hbunrr ndvhstnbidk` ndvhstnbidk` hd hf élmnt` élmnt` kh k h fi ithdcnód. Knstndbunhdk` cfirilhdth hdtrh fi pirth c`bdntnvi y lhtic`bdntnvi, hdtrh `phricn`dhs kh dnvhf suphrn`r y kh dnvhf lhkn`. C`lprhdkhl`s p`r tidt` quh t`k`s f`s shrhs s`d ndthfnbhdths, phr` quh d` t`k`s fi lnsli `rnbndifnkik, shdtnk` khf sì lnsl`, lnsl`, ndtuncnód, ndtuncnód, ripnkhz, rhspuhsti ` iknhstrilnhdt`. U`r tidt` c`lprhdkhr, iprhdkhr y hdshùir fis ndthfnbhdcnis hs ud

 pr`c hs`, lés quh ud jnd  pr`chs`, jnd hd sn ln lnsl`. sl`. Kh ahca`, ahca`, lucais kh fis fis hxphrnhdcn hxphrnhdcnis is hd ndthf ndthfnnbhd bhdcnis cnis lÿftnpfhs, d` sh kid p`r chrrikis, snd` quh sh c`lprhdkhd c`l` ud pr`chknlnhdt` quh khmh kh imircir ud c`dstruct` phkibóbnc` luca` lés diturif (hdthdknhdk` p`r hohlpf` i fi c`ludnkik c`l` pirth kh fi hscuhfi). U`khl`s p`r tidt`, iprhdkhr quh hf l`khf` birkdhrnid` y su ndcnkhdcni hd fi phkib`bìi khf snbf` QQN, ip`rti l`khf`s l`khf`s kh ndthfnbhdcni c``phritnvi, c`fim`ritnvi y kh ndvhstnbicnód ndthbritnvi  khf suoht` c`dd su lhkn`, c` lhkn`, kh fis fis ictnvnkikhs ictnvnkikhs c` c`dd fis fis judcn`dhs, kh fis `mris c`d c` d sus iut`rhs khf khsirr`ff` khsirr`ff` c`dtn c` dtndu` du` kh ndthriccn`dhs nd ndknvn knvnkuifhs kuifhs y s`c s `cnif nifhs hs hd ud c`dthxt` c` dthxt` bf`mifnzik`. bf`mifnzik`. Dhur`knvhrsnkik

Hs judkilhdtif, d` s`f` i fi a`ri kh ndthbrir fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur`, snd` tilmnîd piri shr cipichs kh vhr fi fiss nd ndthf thfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis hd iccnód, ic cnód, knv k nvhrsnjn hrsnjncir cir fi lidhri hd quh thdhl`s kh hdshùir, hds hùir, kh prhshdtir fi lithrni y f`brir `mohtnv`s c`dcrht`s i trivîs kh lÿftnpfhs vìis.

;.=. Fis ndthfnbhdcnis pis` i pis`? pr`puhsti préctnci

99/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Ciki ndstntucnód ndstntucnód h kucitnvi kucitnvi, shi hscuhfi, ndstntut` ` udnvhrsnkik, prhthdk prhthdkhh h stnlufir stnlufir fis ndthfnbhdcnis ndthfnbhdcnis kh sus hstuknidths, crhidk` ud ilmnhdth hd hf quh f`s lnsl`s shid cipichs kh hxprhsir su c`d`cnlnhdt`.

Hsti hxprhsnód khmh kh rhifnzirsh hd c`dthxt`s shbur`s, k`dkh fi hxpf`ricnód kh f` c`d`cnk` y hf il`r i f` khsc`d`cnk` khsc` d`cnk` d`s if ifnnhdth hdth.. 9

Sn `mshrvil`s udi o`rdiki tnp` hd udi hscuhfi kh ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs kh ik`fhschdths, hdc`dtril`s quh hf hstuknidth trimioi tidt` érhis trikncn`difhs c`l` d` trikncn`difhs. Hf iprhdknzioh iprhdknzioh puhkh hstir hs tir misik` hd currìcufuls cfésnc`s ` p`r pr`yhct`s.  Hf snsthli kh hvifuicnód puhkh shr p`r pr`chs`s,  p`r pr`kuct`s p r`kuct`s ` p`r p` r ipfn ipfncimnf cimnfnnkik. Uuhkh hstir rhifn rhifnzik` p`r p` r hf if iful uld` d` lnsl`, lnsl`, p`r p` r sus nbuif nbuifhs hs ` p`r p `r sus  pr`jhs`rhs. (Ilstr`db, =555 =555)) =

Aicni fi lntik kh fi o`rdiki hsc`fir, f`s hstuknidths muscid c`dtristir f` hfim`rik` ` iprhdknk` c`d `tr`s lnhlmr`s kh fi c`ludnkik. Zid i vnsntir hxphrnhdcnis kh c`dtristh, crhid c rhidk` k` isì ud vìdcuf` vìdcuf` hdtrh hf currìcuful trimioik`, fi ipfncimnfnkik y fi hxphrnhdcni l`tnvik`ri. Hd `cisn`dhs, hs kh utnfnkik ic`lpiùirsh kh pr`jhs`rhs iuxnfnirhs quh `mshrvid, ` kh ud brup` kh hstuknidths quh `mshrvid. Hst`s t`lid d`tis s`mrh fis ictnvnkikhs quh lés fhs bustid, cól` aid ffffhbik` hbik` i hsh c` c`d`c d`cnl nlnhd nhdt`, t`, khtiff khtiffidk` idk` hf phrjnf phrjnf kh fis ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis khf k hf suoht`, suoht`, sus lhdths, érhis juhrths y kîmnfhs…` [`k` hst`  p`rtij`fn  p`rtij`fn` khf iful ifuld`. d`.j`rli pirth kh fi cirphti kh hvnkhdcnis kh iprhdknzioh quh sh ndc`rp`ri hd hf Hd `tris `cisn`dhs, hs fi c`ludnkik fi quh hs ndvntiki i pirtncnpir kh fi hscuhfi. F`s hstuknidths tnhdhd fi `p`rtudnkik kh c`d`chr i hxphrt`s, lihstr`s, irtnstis, pr`jhsn`difhs… quh tnhdhd udi brid hxphrnhdcni hxphrnhd cni vntif. vntif. Hsth c`dchp c `dchpt` t` kh k h tridsjhrhdcni kh iprhdknzio iprhdknziohh hs luy ÿtnf ÿtnf piri hf hstuknidth, hfim` hfim`ri ri ud vìdcuf` prnlirn` c`d fi jnburi khf lhdt`r. If fhhr hstis fìdhis, ifbud`s kh f`s ifuld`s kh hsth pr`brili p`krìid ffhbir i phdsir quh, hd `cisn`dhs, hst` tilmnîd sh aich hd su chdtr` hsc`fir. @tr`s p`kréd c`dsnkhrir quh, sn hs` hs hf kìi i kìi, °cuédk` y cól` iprhdkhd0 °Cól` sh iousti hsth tnp` kh j`rlicnód i f`s currìcuf`s icikîlnc`s hstimfhcnk`s0 °Cól` sh culpfhd fis c`lphthdcnis lircikis p`r hf Lndnsthrn` kh Hkucicnód0 Hstis s`d ifbudis kh fis  prhbudtis  prhbud tis lés aimn aimntui tuifh fhss quh hf cfiu cfiustr` str` y fi knrh knrhccnód ccnód khf chdtr` suhf suhfhd hd pfid pfidthirsh thirsh idt idthh fi thsn thsnturi turi kh nlpfidtir nl pfidtir hd su nd ndstntucnód stntucnód lht`k`f`bìis lht`k` f`bìis mis misikis ikis hd fi th`rìi kh fis ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Hsth lnhk` y hstis rhsnsthdcnis s`d diturifhs7 j`rlid pirth khf pr`chs` kh trisj`rlicnód quh sh rhqunhrh. I hstis, sh fh sulid fis crhhdcnis y hxphctitnvis kh quh t`k` sh airé lés c`lpfho`, rhquhrnré lés hsjuhrz` y khkncicnód y sup`dkré lés a`ris i udi o`rdiki quh yi suhfh rhsuftir hxthdsi, ikhlés kh quh fis kukis prhfn prhfnln lndirhs dirhs ndvntid ndvntid i cuhstn`dirsh c uhstn`dirsh sn s n lhrhch fi phdi. Fi rhspuhsti hs sì, f` lhrhch. Hs cnhrt` quh, if ndncn`, sup`dh udi liy`r k`sns kh c`dchdtricnód, crhitnvnkik y hstimfhcnlnhdt` kh crnthrn`s piri rhj`rlufir f` quh aisti hf l`lhdt` sh aiyi hstik` aicnhdk`, phr` t`k` ipudti i quh, tris hsti htipi ndncnif, fi nlpfidticnód bhdhri liy`rhs  mhdhjncn`s.  mhdhjn cn`s. U`khr c`dtristir fis hxnbhdcnis kh fis c`lphthdcnis piri ciki érhi khf c`d`cnlnhdt` y c`lpirirf` c`d fis pirtncufirnkikhs kh ciki udi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis hs hf prnlhr pis`. Hsth k`tiré kh c`djnidzi i f`s lés hscîptnc`s y p`thdcniré fi l`tnvicnód kh f`s yi c`dvhdcnk`s.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

I l`k` kh hohlpf`, `jrhchl`s k`s c`lpiritnvis rhifnzikis hd ud pr`yhct` kh hstis ciricthrìstncis y quh irr`oir`d rhsuftik`s sulilhdth sitnsjict`rn`s.

Jnburi 3. Knjhrhdcni hdtrh c`lphthdcnis h ndthfnbhdcnis. Juhdth? Buìi kh ndncnicnód piri k`chdths. Fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs hd hf iufi  (pébndi 91).

Jnburi ;. Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d.

Juhdth? Ndthfnb Ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs? hs? us`s us` s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzi iprhdk nzioh. oh.

]hsuhftis hstis k`s mirrhris, c`lhdzirhl`s i trimioir hd hf pr`chs` hdtriùi snd kukirf`, c`d lucai lés tridqunfnkik. F`s mhdhjncn`s i f`s quh sh s`lhth udi hscuhfi kh ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs s`d nddulhrimfhs y snrvhd c`l` c`lpfhlhdt` i f`s quh khsticil`s hd fi udnkik idthrn`r W=\? Hsth pfidthilnhdt` hkucitnv` sh misi hd fi dhchsnkik kh aichr if ifuld` pirtìcnph kh su iprhdknzioh y j`lhdtir udi c`lprhdsnód kh f` quh iprhdkh. Sh ipfncid iquì fis lhdths sndthtnzik`ris y knscnpfndikis  kh fis quh aimfi Birkdhr c`l` ifb` nlprhscndknmfh piri hf jutur`. [hdhr quh lidhoir fi ndj`rlicnód y bhdhrir pr`kuccn`dhs pr`pnis, snd kuki, ndc`rp`ri c`lp`dhdths kh ud iprhdknzioh snbdnjncitnv` hd t`k` pr`chs` hkucitnv`.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Fi kndélnci `rbidnzitnvi quh sh khspfnhbi hd hf iufi cuidk` sh `jrhch hsth tnp` kh trimio` hs lés kndélnci, lés jfhxnmfh y hd diki sh pirhch i iufis c`d ifuld`s hd snfhdcn`, k`dkh f` ÿdnc` quh aichd hs rhcnmnr ndj`rlicnód p`r pirth khf k`chdth. Iyuki i bhstn`dir snt s ntuicn`dhs uicn`dhs nlprhvnstis nlprhvnstis y hf ci`s khrnvik` kh k h fis iufis vnvis vnvis y snd snfhdcn`. snfhdcn`. J`lhdt J` lhdtii fi c`dvn c` dvnvhdcni vhdcni kh hqunp` luf luftntnknsc knscnpf npfnd ndir ir y kh k h f`s pr` pr`pn`s pn`s ifu ifuld`s. ld`s. Sh suhfh phrcnmnr ud cfnli kh b`z` y kh knsjruth kuridth hf pr`chs`. Hst` hs rhiflhdth knjìcnf kh iprhcnir  cuidk` sh utnfnzid lht`k`f`bìis trikncn`difhs. Lho`ri khf c`d`cnlnhdt` kh f`s ifuld`s p`r pirth khf pr`jhs`r. Hf pr`jhs`rik` tnhdh iut`d`lìi piri ithdkhr i khlidki. Fi hvifuicnód misiki hd fi `mshrvicnód c`mri luca` shdtnk` y fi ithdcnód ndknvnkuifnziki sh aich vnimfh. Fi sitnsjiccnód sitnsjicc nód hs bhdhrifnziki. bhdhrifnziki. Su ipfncimnfnkik sh puhkh ndstiurir hd t`kis fis htipis. Hf culpfnl culpfnlhdt` hdt` kh k h `moh `m ohtnv tnv`s `s currncufi currncufirhs rhs sh s h p`dh p` dh kh lidnjnhst`. lidnjnhst`. I c`dtnduicnód, kirhl`s `tr` pis`, quh shré ndkibir hd fis pirtncufirnkikhs kh ciki ndthfnbhdcni y hlphzir i khjndnr cól` ipfncirfi hd hf iufi. W=\ Ikiptikis kh ifbudis kh fis c`dcfusn`dhs c`lpirtnkis hd fi Buìi kh ndncnicnód piri  k`chdths. Fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs hd hf iufi.

;.3.. Fi ndthf ;.3 ndthfnbhdcni nbhdcni nndthrphr dthrphrs`di s`diff Fi ndthfnbhdcni ndthrphrs`dif hs fi cipicnkik quh thdhl`s kh c`ludncir, c``phrir, `phrir y rhficn`dird`s c`d f`s `tr`s shrhs. Fis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni k`lndidth, s`d cipichs kh hlpitnzir kh lidhri luy ifti c`d fis ndthdcn`dhs khf `tr`, aichr udi anpóthsns kh prhknccnód y c`lprhdkhr  fi l`tnvicnód `cufti. Xdi ndthfnbhdcni quh snd kuki iprhdkhl`s hd fi prnlhri ndjidcni, cfivh piri khthrlndir duhstr` brik` kh ikiptimnfnkik, ndjfuhdcni, ndcnkhdcni y suphrvnvhdcni. Uiri p`khr khsirr`ffir mnhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni, thdhl`s quh crhir hdt`rd`s ` c`dthxt`s k`dkh fi ndthfnbhdcni c`fim`ritnvi shi prn`rntirni, hscucair i f`s `tr`s, c`lprhdkhr sus shdtnlnhdt`s h ndthrictuir c`d f`s khlés. [idt` hd c`dthxt` c`d`cnk`s c`l` khsc`d`cnk`s, hd fi jilnfni ` hd fi c`ludnkik. ;.3.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni ndthrphrs`dif piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd hf iufi ndcfusnvi Fi hdshùidzi, cuy` `mohtnv` hs khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni ndthrphrs`dif kh f`s ik`fhschdths, tnhdh c`l` lhti hf prhshdtir hf c`dthdnk` kh k h fi fhcc fhccnód nód kh lidhri pirtncnpit`rni.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf ifuld` quh iprhdkh ndthrphrs`diflhdth sh mhdhjncni kh knscusn`dhs h ndthriccn`dhs c`d sus c`lpiùhr`s. F`s ifuld`s quh iprhdkhd kh hsti lidhri isnlnfid hf c`d`cnlnhdt` if c`lpirtnr fi ndj`rlicnód c`d sus c`lpiùhr`s. Hsth hstnf` kh ictnvnkik iyuki i f`s hstunidths c`d ud nlphknlhdt` kh aimfi, yi quh sh c`ludncid hd udi sntuicnód kh ud brup` phquhù`. U`r hff`, hf hstuknidth puhkh p`dhr  ithdcnód kh lidhri lés hsphc hs phcìjnci ìjnci y lhd`s ndtnln ndtnlnkidth. kidth. Hstis s`d fis lidhris kh prhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód piri kirfh cimnki i fi ndthfnbhdcni ndthrphrs`dif. Hxnsthd lucais lidhrisrhsulhd, piri aichr hf iprhdknzioh lés icchsnmfh‖lés, usidk` ictnvnkikhs c`l`? knscusn`dhs, hdshùidzi c`lpiritnvi, phdsil`s oudt`s-c`lpirtnl`s, lhd`s“, m`squho`, khshlphù` kh r`fhs, r`fh s, an anst`rni st`rniss kh k h d`tncnis, d`tncnis, ouhb`s ouhb`s kh hqun hqunp`, p`, ouhb uhb`s `s kh s`cnhkik, s` cnhkik, pr`yhct`s c`d brup`s… brup`s … Hf lihstr`

Su piphf hs hdc`dtrir ictnvnkikhs quh shid shdcnffis kh prictncir, hs ud lît`k` jécnf kh ikiptir i fi  préctnci kh fi fi hdshùidzi hdshùidzi piri isì iyukir i f`s f`s ik`fh ik` fhschdths schdths quh iprhdkhd ndthr dthrphrs`dif phrs`diflh lhdth. dth. U`r  hohlpf`, hoh lpf`, cuidk` prhpirhs p rhpirhs tus ictnvnkik ictnvnkikhs hs kh hdshùidzi nd ndcfuyh cfuyh tntnhlp` hlp` piri knscusn`dhs knscus n`dhs kh hqunp` hqunp`.. Hst` fh kiré if ifuld` fi `p`rtudnkik kh c`lpirtnr su hdthdknlnhdt` y kh c`lpirirf` c`d hf kh sus c`lpiùhr`s. Hf h stukn stuknidth idth

Fh puhkhs prhbudtir i f`s hstuknidths quh tnh tnhdhd dhd ud hstnf` hstnf` nd ndthrphrs` thrphrs`dif dif piri rhsulnr rhsulnr ud thxt`, quh f` aibid piri sus c`lpiùhr`s, khskh fi phrsphctnvi kh ud` kh f`s phrs`diohs kh fi anst`rni. Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkik

Hsth puhkh thdhr knjncuftikhs if aichrsh hdthdkhr hd ud brup` bridkh. Kuridth fis knscusn`dhs kh ud brup` phquhù`, hf ifuld` thdkré fi `p`rtudnkik kh prictncir su fhdbuioh khdtr` kh udi sntuicnód lés  phrs`dif..  phrs`dif

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi 8. Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`. Juhdth? Ndthfnb Ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi, iufi, Buìi B uìi préc préctnci tnci piri hkucik hkucik`rhs  `rhs 

Jnburi :. Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs? hs? us`s us` s préc préctn tnc` c`ss kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknz iprhdk nzioh  ioh .

Uiri iyukir i f`s hstuknidths quh s`d fìkhrhs diturifhs i quh puhkid iprhdkhr c`d f`s khlés y d` sh ndanmid? Aiz quh sh puhkid hdc`dtrir hdc`dtrir c`d c` d `tr`s piri aichr pr`yhct`s c`dc c`dcrht`s? rht`s? udi udi `mri kh thit thitr`, r`, udi tólm`fi kh c`sis vn vnho hois, is, ud`s pr`yhct`s p r`yhct`s kh k h hc`f`bìi… Kifhs tirhis k`dkh puhkid l`strir sus k`ths kh fnkhrizb` h ndthrictuicnód diturif. Hxp`dfhs i virnhkik kh phrs`dis y sntuicn`dhs piri quh viyid khsirr`ffidk` lés sus aimnfnkikhs. Aiz quh aibid y ouhbuhd i r`fhs, phrs`diohs, sntuicn`dhs… Aiz quh th hxpfnquhd f` quh aid iprhdknk` ` khscumnhrt`, hscÿcaif`s c`d ithdcnód h ndthrictÿi c`d hff`s (dhchsntid quh th nlpfnquhs). nlpfnquhs). Ffîvithf`s kh vnioh ` i idkir i ud fubir quh d` c`d`zcid, y `mshrvi cól` sh rhficn`did c`d fis  phrs`dis, idnlif idnlifhs hs ` sn s ntuicn tuicn`dhs `dhs quh vid khsc khscumrn umrnhdk`. hdk`. Kifhs fi rhsp`dsim Kifhs rhsp `dsimnfnfnkik nkik kh k h knrnbnr knrnbnr ud érhi kh fi cisi, cis i, p`r p `r ho hohlpf`, hlpf`, vhfir p`rquh p`rq uh snhlprh aiyi cnhrtis c`sis hd su sntn`, fi c`lpri ` aichr fi próxnli jnhsti. Ndthdti khscumrnr qunîdhs puhkhd shr muhd`s ilnb`s kh iprhdknzioh piri tus hstuknidths ` ano`s y quhki c`d hff`s.

9:/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

oubuhths buhths y lithrnifh lithrnifhss quh khmhs k hmhs thdhr piri f`s dn dnù`s ù`s c` c`dd ndthfn ndthfnbhdcni bhdcni ndthrphrs` ndthrphrs`dif dif ifti ifti s`d? s` d? F`s ou Cuikhrd`s, Cuikhrd `s, m`fìbrij`s, fépnchs, fépnchs, pnz pnzirris… irris… Brimik`ri piri brimir sus phdsilnhdt`s, hdtrhvnstis… Ouhb`s quh rhqunhrid fi c``phricnód c`d hf `tr`, d` dhchsirnilhdth c`lphtntnv`s. Céliri kh vìkh` piri f`s liy`rhs. Icchs` i ndthrdht piri khscumrnr, iprhdkhr y fuhb` hxpfncir i f`s khlés. Ictnvnkikhs kh khp`rth hd hqunp`, cilpilhdt`s, htc. Hohlpf Ho hlpf`s `s kh cól` c ól` hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i ifuld`s ifuld`s c` c`dd ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni ndthrphrs` ndthrphrs`dif dif ifti? ifti? Lithlétncis

J`lhdti fi rhs`fucnód kh pr`mfhlis khf kìi i kìi (p`r hohlpf`? cifcufir fi knstidcni hdtrh hsticn`dhs y fi vhf`cnkik i fi quh vi hf lhtr`) hd hqunp`s c`fim`ritnv`s. Cnhdcni

Aiz ouhb` kh r`f s`mrh knjhrhdths istród`l`s ([`f`lh`, C`pîrdnc` y Bifnfh`) rhprhshdti cól`udhv`fucn`dó fi th`rìi pfidhtirni kh t`k` f` quh bnrimi, prnlhr`, ifrhkhk`r kh fiy [nhrri y, khspuîs, khsp uîs, ifrhkhk`r ifrhkhk` r khf k hf S`f. Ffîvifh Ffîvifh i udi jémrnci ` nd ndkustrni kustrni f`cif y kîoifh kîoifh quh prhbudth p rhbudth i f`s f`s knjhrhdths rhsp`dsimfhs ` ndbhdnhr`s s`mrh f` quh aichd, fi lidhri hd quh f` aichd, htc. [`li ud fnmr` kh idnlifhs, ffîvith i tu ano` if z`` c`d ud ilnb` y c`lhdti ciki idnlif quh th vis hdc`dtridk`. Bh`brijìi

Aiz quh hf hf dnù dnù`` aimfh s`mrh ud piìs c`d kn k nscurs` scurs`s, s, bréjnc`s bréjnc`s,, lipis ` hxprhsédk`sh c`d c `d su cuhrp`. Luîstrifh B``bfh Hirta y aiz ud vnioh i pinsiohs khsc`d`cnk`s. Anst`rni

Aiz ud hschdirn` k`dkh hf hstuknidth iprhdki udi fhccnód lnhdtris tÿ aichs kh su ifuld`. Uìkhfh quh th hdshùh f` quh ai iprhdknk`. Aiz quh hscrnmi ud knéf`b` hdtrh k`s phrs`diohs kh fi idtnböhkik quh iklnrh, ` s`mrh phrs`diohs khf jutur`.

;.;. Fi ndthfnbhdcni hspicnif Fi ndthfnbhdcni hspicnif hs fi aimnfnkik kh vnsuifnzir hd trhs knlhdsn`dhs, crhir y lidnpufir nlébhdhs lhdtifhs lhdti fhs y `rnhdtirsh hd tnhlp` tnhlp` y hspicn`. hsp icn`. Fis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni iprhdkhd p`r lhkn` kh `mshrvicnód, rhc`d`chd ciris, `moht`s, jnburis y c`f`rhs jécnflhdth. [ilmnîd s`d luy muhdis c`d f`s khtiffhs. Khc`knjncid mnhd lipis, pfid`s y bréjncis. Fhs busti knmuoir, hscufpnr y rhpr`kucnr `moht`s kh lidhri trnknlhdsn`dif. Unhdsid hd nlébhdhs, lés quh hd pifimris, y tnhdhd ud muhd shdtnk` kh knrhccnód. Sh khmh phdsir hd kirfhs fi `p`rtudnkik kh khsirr`ff khs irr`ffir ir hsti hs ti ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni if thdhr nlébhd nlébhdhs, hs, bréjn bréjncis cis,, knmuo k nmuo`s `s y lipis bh`bréjnc`s hd hf iufi. iufi. Hs nlp`rtidth khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni hspicnif p`rquh hsté prhshdth hd t`k`s f`s isphct`s kh fi vnki.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

;.;.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni hspicnif piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd hf iufi ndcfusnvi Fi hdshùidzi, cuy` `mohtnv` hs khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni vnsuif-hspicnif kh f`s ifuld`s, khmh prhshdtir  hf c`dthdnk` kh k h fi fhcc fhccnód nód kh virnis lidhris vnsuifhs. vnsuifhs. Urhsh dtidk dtidk` ` fi ndj ndj`rlicnód `rlicnód hd udi lidhri vnsuif

Hf ik`fhschdth quh iprhdkh vnsuiflhdth/hspicniflhdth dhchsnti vhr fi ndj`rlicnód if lnsl` tnhlp` quh fi hsté hscucaidk`. F`s hstuknidths quh iprhdkhd p`r rhprhshdticnód vnsuif j`rlid udi nlibhd lhdtif piri p`khr hdthdkhr. Hf ik`fhschdth c`d ud nlphknlhdt` piri hscucair ` c`d pîrknki iukntnvi chdtrif sh mhdhjncniré kh ndstruccn`dhs hscrntis ` snlmófncilhdth rhprhshdtikis. Hxnsthd virnis lidhris  hd fis quh sh puhkh rhprhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri vnsuif   y aichr quh hf iprhdknzioh shi lés icchsnmfh hd hf iufi? thxt`s hscrnt`s, khl`stricnód, lipis bh`bréjnc`s, knmuo`s, knmuo `s, c`f`rhs, cr`d`f`bìi, c r`d`f`bìi, lidho lidho`` kh `moh ` moht`s, t`s, htc. Hf piphf khf lihstr`

Hf piphf khf lihstr`  hs prhshdtir fis ndstruccn`dhs, buìis, ndj`rlicnód, d`tis ` nkhis i f`s hstuknidths  p`r hscrnt`7 hs udi j`rli shdcnf shdcnffi fi kh ikiptir fis hdshù hdshùidzi idziss préctncis piri iyu iyukir kir if ik`fhschdth quh q uh iprhdkh vnsuiflhdth. U`r hohlpf`, cuidk` sh ki ndstruccn`dhs i f`s ifuld`s, aimré quh hscrnmnrfis hd fi pnzirri. Sn hf hstuknidth d` f` hdtnhdkh, sh fh p`kré p`k ré bunir bunir i fi pnzirri.

Sh fhs puhkhs phknr i f`s hstuknidths vnsuifhs  quh prhshdthd su tirhi p`r hscrnt`. U`r hohlpf`, phrlntnîdk`fhs quh utnfnchd sus d`tis, prhpirikis c`d idthrn`rnkik, piri p`khr  aichr udi prhshdticnód `rif.

Hf prh/ik`fhschdth Hf  prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkik

Hf  ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkik jìsnci y/` l`t`ri puhkh thdhr knjncuftikhs if s`sthdhr hf fépnz ` fi  pfuli  pfu li phr` tif vhz sh puhkh hxprhsir kh lidhri lidhri vnsuif vnsuif if aichr aichr ud snlpfh snlpfh knmuo` knmuo` ` if hscrnmnr hscrnmnr udi jrish. jrish. Uiri ud o`vhd c`d knscipicnkik ndthfhctuif, fis iyukis puhkhd cilmnirsh piri isì p`khr aichr hf iprhdknzioh lés vnsuif. Aiy quh lidthdhr hd lhdth quh fis ndstruccn`dhs hd fi pnzirri puhkhd shr  snlpfnjnciki c`d udi snlpfh pifimri ` knmuo`7 hsth puhkh shrvnr c`l` ud rhc`rkit`rn` vnsuif piri hf hstuknidth.

91/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi 2. Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi, iufi, Buìi B uìi préctnci p réctnci piri p iri hkucik`rhs hkuc ik`rhs..

Jnburi 1. Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh Kncgnds`d.

Juhdth? Ndthfnb Ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpfhs? lÿftnpfhs? us`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzio ip rhdknzioh. h.

9>/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Uiri iyukir i f`s ifuld`s c`d ifti ndthfnbhdcni vnsuif y hspicnif i iprhdkhr kh udi virnhkik kh sntuicn`dhs y quh q uh knspirhd knsp irhd su nlibndicnód? nlibndicnód? Musci fnmr`s quh thdbid lés nlébhdhs quh pifimris. Fhrfhs tÿ hf fnmr` y pìkhfhs quh th khscrnmid fis nlébhdhs quh hstéd vnhdk` hd su lhdth. Kifhs ud hdt`rd` vnsuiflhdth rnc`, k`dkh fis c`sis sh puhkhd t`cir, `fhr, cilmnir kh `rkhd... Kifhs luca`s `moht`s jìsnc`s piri oubir? ircnffi, piphf, m`fis, mf`quhs, htc. ^ kîoifhs quh f`s ushd c`d fnmhrtik. Kifhs icchs` i lithrnifhs quh dhchsnthd piri crhir c`sis? ifilmrh, anhrr`, ciois, htc. Yuh pndthd cuikr`s quh hxprhshd sus hl`cn`dhs ` hscufpid c`d ircnffi. Isì puhkhd nlibndir sus hl`cn`dhs y pfislirfis. Xsir luca` f`s bhst`s piri khscrnmnr fis c`sis? ift`, mio`, trnsth, ifhbrh, htc. F`s lithrn lithrnif ifhs hs lés pr`pncn`s pr` pncn`s piri iquhf iq uhff`s f`s c`d c `d ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni hspicnif hspic nif if ifti ti s`d? s` d? Mf`quhs Mf `quhs kh k h c`dstruccnód c` dstruccnód,, c`l` c `l` fhb`s. fhb`s. Fépnchs, m`fìbrij`s, icuirhfis, thlphris, pisthfhs, htc. Ouhb`s kh bh`lhtrìi. Bf`m`s. Uhbilhdt`, b`li, tnohris, piphf kh knjhrhdths tnp`s piri knmuoir, htc. Ouhb`s c`l` hf Unctn`diry . @moht`s kh t`k` tnp`, hs khcnr? oubuhths c`l` ivn`dhs, iut`lóvnfhs, cisis l`khf`, htc. Dhchsntid vhr  fis c`sis c `sis hd liquhtis, liquhtis, isì puhkhd icchkhr i c`lprhdkhr cól` có l` sh j`rli j`rlidd fis fis knl knlhdsn hdsn`dhs. `dhs. Céliri kh j`t`s y, lés tirkh, kh vìkh`. Hs muhd` hdshùirfhs cndh ` j`t`brijìi. Hst`s ifuld`s, piri quh hstuknhd y iprhdkid lho`r, dhchsntid usir fis cipicnkikhs vnsuifhs hspicnifhs, c`l` iprhdkhr i aichr bréjn bréjnc`s c`s,, hsquhl hsq uhlis is y cuikr`s. c uikr`s. Hst` puhkh khsirr`ffir khsirr`ffir t`kivìi lés su s u lhdth. lhdth. Cuidk` hsti ndthfnbhdcni hs khthctiki i hkik thlpridi, hs nlprhscndknmfh l`tnvirfi p`rquh, sn fi hxphrnhdcni hxphrnhd cni pirifnzidth pirifnzidth iulhdti iulhdti hd hf hstuknidth, puhkh p uhkh ffhbir ffhbir i mf`quhir m f`quhir sus s us hl`cn`dhs. hl`c n`dhs. U`r hohlpf`, hd udi cisi ` hscuhfi k`dkh d` sh phrlnth pndtir ` oubir c`d pfistnfndi p`rquh hdsucnii (` k`dkh hdsucn k `dkh sh pr`aìmh aichr c`sis c`s is quh d` s`d pr`kuctnv p r`kuctnvis), is), hsth hstuknidth hstuknidth sh mf`quhiré. mf`quhiré.  Dhchsnti  Dhchsn ti crnstif crnstifnnzir sus hxphrnhdcn hxphrnhdcnis is vnsuif vnsuifhs7 hs7 piri hff hff`, aiy quh kirfh kirfh fépnchs, fépnchs, c`f`rhs, icuirhfis icuirhfis y t`k`` hf lithrnif t`k lithrnif ipr`pni ipr`p nik` k` quh dhchsnth dhchs nth piri j`lhdtir hf khsirr`ff khsirr` ff`` kh hsti hs ti ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni. hdcni.

=5/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hst` hs muhd` d` s`f` piri f`s dnù`s, snd` piri luca`s ikuft`s quh tnhdhd ndanmnki hsti ndthfnbhdcni, isì quh dudci hs tirkh piri p iri pndtir, hscuf hsc ufpnr, pnr, aichr p` p`hlis… hlis… Aiy quh itrhvhrsh i ictnvir fi ndthf ndthfnb nbhdcni. hdcni. Ah iquì ifbud`s hohlpf`s kh cól` hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni vnsuif hspicnif ifti? Lithlétncis

Hdshùirfhs fi suli y fi rhsti c`d pifnff`s, oukìis, l`dhkis… C`l` k`chdths, p`khl`s l`vhrd`s ifrhkhk`r kh f`s `moht`s. [ilmnîd hs nlp`rtidth hdshùirfhs fis knlhdsn`dhs hd vnv`? f`dbntuk, idcauri, érhi, v`fulhd, htc., kh ud `moht` c`tnknid`. Cnhdcni

Nlibndir t`kis fis c`sis quh fh bustirìi quh sh ndvhdtishd hd hf jutur`, aichr ud c`ffibh  kh  kh  pfidtis  pfi dtis y j`t`s kh idnli idnlifh fhss quh fh busthd, busthd, kir ud ud pish` p`r p` r hf pirquh y shùif shùifir y knscutnr knscutnr f`s f`s knjhrhdths érm`fhs, pfidtis y ivhs quh vhl`s p`r hf cilnd`, iyukirfhs i aichr hxphrnlhdt`s shdcnff`s shdcnf f`s piri c`lprhd c` lprhdkhr khr c`dchpt`s, c` dchpt`s, htc. Bh`brijìi

C`dstrunr udi c`rknffhri c`d cirtód, piphf, ircnffi y knjhrhdths c`f`rhs y p`dhrfh r`cis, érm`fhs y vhbhticnód ` aichrfhs knmuoir hf lipi khf ludk` y shùifir c`sis quh viyid iprhdknhdk`. Anst`rni

Undtir hschdis kh fi anst`rni, aichr l`khf`s kh ircnffi kh knjhrhdths ahrrilnhdtis ahcais p`r hf a`lmrh, rhcuphrir j`t`s idtnbuis y dirrir udi anst`rni, htc.

;.8. Fi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci Fi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci hs fi aimnfnkik kh phdsir hd pifimris y usirfis kh lidhri hjhctnvi, vhrmiflhdth y p`r hscrnt`. Fis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni tnhdhd ud ndthrîs hd shlédtnci, snbdnjncik` kh fis  pifimris,  pifi mris, snd sndtixn tixns, s, `rkhd kh k h pif p ifimris, imris, bril brilétn étnci, ci, j`d`f`b j`d`f`bìi, ìi, tn tnlmrh lmrh kh v`z y hdt hdt`dicn`dh `dicn`dhs. s. [il [ilmnîd mnîd tnhdhd tnhdhd ndthrîs nd thrîs hd fis judcn`dhs judc n`dhs khf fhdbuioh fhdbuioh y hf p`khr quh fis pifi p ifimris mris puhkhd thdhr. I f`s ndknvnku`s c`d hsti ndthfnbhdcni fhs busti fhhr, hscrnmnr y c`dtir anst`rnis. [nhdhd udi hxchfhdth lhl`rni piri d`lmrhs, jhcais y v`cimf`s. Hs nlp`rtidth pr`vhhr i f`s ik`fhschdths c`d fi `p`rtudnkik kh khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni, if kirfhs ud ilmnhdth `rnhdtik` if fhdbuioh. I f`s oóvhdhs sh fhs khmh j`lhdtir quh aibid prhbudtis, khsirr`ffhd muhdis aimnfnkikhs piri hscucair y c`lpirtnr su `pndnód hd hf iufi. Hf khsirr`ff` kh fhhr, hscrnmnr, prictncir fi c`ludncicnód `rif y aimnfnkikhs piri hscucair hs luy nlp`rtidth. [nhdh ud hjhct` nlp`rtidth hd fi ikqunsncnód khf suoht` y ud nlpict` bhdhrif hd t`k`s f`s isphct`s kh fi vnki. ;.8.9. Cól` usir fi ndthf ndthfnbhdcni nbhdcni fn fndböìstn dböìstnci ci piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd hf iufi ndcfusnvi Fi hdshùidzi, quh tnhdh c`l` `mohtnv` khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci kh f`s ifuld`s, tnhdh c`l` lhti prhshdtir hf c`dthdnk` kh fi fhccnód kh knjhrhdths lidhris? aimfikis y hscrntis. 9

=9/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf hstuknidth quh iprhdkh kh j`rli fndböìstnci sh mhdhjncni kh ud ilmnhdth rnc` hd pifimris. F`s ik`fhschdths fndböìstnc`s iprhdkhd c`d  pifimris,  pifi mris, pnhd pnhdsid sid hd pifimris, hxprhsid sus nkhis jécnflhd jécnflhdth th hd pifimris. pifimris. Fi ndthf ndthfnnbhd bhdcni cni fnd fndböìstn böìstnci ci hs fi aimnfnkik lés c`lpirtnki. Hf ifuld` c`d ud nlphknlhdt` vnsuif sh mhdhjncniré kh fis ndstruccn`dhs y hxpfncicn`dhs quh sh khd vhrmiflhdth. Urhshdtidk` fi ndj`rlicnód kh udi j`rli fndböìstnci.

Fis lidhris hd fis quh sh rhprhshdti fi ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri vhrmif.

aichr lés icchsnmfh if pr`vhhr ud ilmnhdth rnc` hd pifimris?

Hf iprhdknzioh puhk h iprhdknzioh sh puhkh

Cidcn`dhs. Ouhb`s Ouh b`s kh pif p ifimris. imris. U`hlis. Urhshdticn`dhs Urhshdti cn`dhs `rifhs, `rifhs, knscurs`s y knscusn`dhs. Khshlphùidk` ud piphf ` phrs`dioh. Fhyhdk` hd brup`, fhcturi p`r hf lihstr`. Ictnvnkikhs? phdsil`s oudt`s-c`lpirtnl`s. Hdshùidzi hdtrh c`lpiùhr`s.

=

kiré `p`rtudnkik i f`s ifuld`s piri quh sh hxprhshd, aimfhd, c`lpirtid c`d îf y f`s khlés hstuknidths, c`l` udi lidhri snlpfh kh ikiptir fis préctncis kh hdshùidzi hd t`kis fis lithrnis. Urhbudtirfh i f`s ik`fhschdths rhbufirlhdth, quh knscutid c`d su c`lpiùhr` kh if fik` udi nkhi ` udi `pndnód prhshdtiki hd fi cfish. Uhknrfh if hstuknidth quh c`lpirti su `pndnód. F`s ifuld`s tilmnîd puhkhd crhir ictnvnkikhs (ouhb`s, crucnbrilis, r`lphcimhzis…), aichr m`squho`s. Cuidk` sh  phrlnth  phrln th y sh j`lhd j`lhdti ti hsth tnp` tnp` kh ictnvnkik ictnvnkik fnd ndböìstn böìstnci, ci, hf ik`fhschdth quh tnhdh tnhdh hsti aimnf aimnfnkik iprhdkhré lho`r. Hf piphf khf lihstr`

3

Hf ik`fhschdth c`d ud hstnf` fndböìstnc` tnhdh ud v`cimufirn` mnhd khsirr`ffik` y puhkh hxprhsirsh y hscrnmnr mnhd. Uuhkh hdshùir i `tr`s c`lpiùhr`s hd hf iufi. Hst` phrlnth quh hf ifuld` c`d ndthfnbhdcni fnfndböìstnci dböìstnci prhshdth p rhshdth f` quh q uh sh fh ai hdshùik` rhj`rluf rhj`rlufidk` idk` fi ndj`rlicnód. ndj`rlicnód. ;

Hf ik`fhschdth c`d udi knscipicnkik ndthfhctuif tnhdh fi lnsli dhchsnkik quh f`s khlés kh khsirr`ffir su fhdbuioh piri p`khr kirsh i hdthdkhr kh fi lho`r lidhri. Hf lihstr` quh phrlnth phquhùis knscusn`dhss kh knscusn`dh k h brup`, iyuki lÿtui lÿtui p`r pirth kh f`s c`lpiùhr`s y quh simh s imh cól` có l` p`dhr hd pirhois pirhois i f`s hstuknidths, iyukiré i f`s hstuknidths quh rhqunhrhd ip`y`.

==/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi >.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préctnci p réctnci piri p iri hkucik`rhs hkuc ik`rhs..

Jnburi Jnbur i 3.95. 3 .95.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzi iprhdk nzioh. oh.

=3/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

I c`dtnduicnód, sh khtiffiréd lidhris kh iyukir i iprhdkhr i iquhff`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci prhk`lndidth. [idt` piri iquhff`s quh p`shid udi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci suphrn`r i fi lhkni, shi hd j`rli kh pifimri hscrnti u `rif, c`l` piri iquhff`s hd qunhdhs quhril`s p`thdcnirfi, f`s lho`rhs cilnd`s cilnd `s piri iyukirfhs i iprhdkhr y idif idifnzi nzirr fi ndj`rlicnód ndj`rlicnód s`d? s `d? Kirfhs fnmr`s s`mrh knvhrs`s thlis. Jicnfnfnti Jic ntirfhs rfhs hf icchs` icchs ` i mnmfn`thcis mnmfn`thcis ` ndthrdht piri quh puhkid ndvhstnbir. ndvhstnbir. Idnlirf Idn lirfhs hs i fhh fhhrr hf phrnóknc` y i hfim`rir prhbudtis p rhbudtis s`mrh s` mrh f` quh fhs ndthrhsi. Uhknrfhs quh rhfithd f` quh vhd i su ifrhkhk`r, f` quh ancnhr`d hsti liùidi, cól` fhs juh hd hf c`fhbn`, htc. C`dstrunr anst`rnis quh nlpfnquhd fis knjhrhdths pirths khf cuhrp`, c`d knjhrhdths knéf`b`s. Crhir anst`rni anst`rnis, s, cidcn`dh cidcn`dhs, s, p`hlis p `hlis ` rhfit`s rhfit`s p`r hf hfff`s ln lnsl`s, sl`s, ` c`d c `d ud p`c` p`c ` kh k h iyuki. Idnlirf Idn lirf`s `s i thdhr ud knirn` knirn` shcrht`. s hcrht`. F`s lithrnifhs lés ndthrhsidths piri iquhff`s quh tnhdhd udi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci k`lndidth s`d? fnmr`s, d`thm``gs,  fépnchs, m`fìbrij`s, phrnóknc`s, rhvnstis, ouhb`s kh pifimris y knccn`dirn`s. Ffhbik`s i hsth pudt`, udi prhbudti quh d`s p`kré shrvnr piri hsti y hf rhst` kh ndthfnbhdcnis hs? °p`krìi hsti ndthfnbhdcni shrvnrd`s piri im`rkir ictnvnkikhs hd fis quh s`d ‖fis `tris ndthfnbhdcnis“ fis quh prnlid0 Xdi kh fis prndcnpifhs knjncuftikhs khf iprhdknzioh quh puhkh rhs`fvhr fi th`rìi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs hs fi kh cól` p`khl`s hdshùir thlis hsphcniflhdth rhficn`dik`s c`d udi ndthfnbhdcni i trivîs kh fis `tris y cól` p`khl`s hdshùir khthrlndik`s c`dchpt`s lhknidth hf us` kh k h ciki c iki udi kh k h fis ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcnis. hdcnis.

=;/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

I c`dtnduicnód, pr`p`dhl`s ifbud`s hohlpf`s shdcnff`s kh cól` hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i trivîs khf us` kh fi ndthfnbhdcni fndböìstnci quh d`s `cupi y quh d`s shrvnréd kh rhjhrhdcni piri fis  p`sthrn  p`s thrn`rhs? `rhs? Lithlétncis

Uiri hdshùir i aichr `phricn`dhs, hs nlp`rtidth khoir i ud fik` f`s dÿlhr`s. Sh puhkh phknr  quh udiffhvir anst`rni c`d k`s phrs`diohs ` quhifb` cidthd minfhd f`s dÿlhr`s kh fi `phricnód quh cuhdthd tnhdhd quh i cim`. Dhchsntid quh pish piri` c`lprhdkhr f`s pr`chs`s fóbnc`s. Cnhdcnis

U`r hoh hohlpf`, lpf`, piri p iri hdshùir fi brivhkik, sh s h puhkh puhk h ndvhdtir ndvhdtir fi anst` anst`rni rni kh udi lidzidi lidzidi quh vn vnvh vh hd ud érm`f y quh sh hdcuhdtri c`d Dhwt`d. @ piri aimfirfhs kh fis juhdths kh hdhrbìi rhd`vimfh, sh fhs puhkh phknr quh ndvhdthd ud cuhdt` ` ud knmuo` s`mrh quî pisirìi sn d` hxnstnhsh fi bis`fndi ` fi hfhctrncnkik. Bh`brijìi

Hdshùir knjhrhdths j`rlis kh sifuk`s y pifimris mésncis hd knstndt`s nkn`lis, y aichr quh f`s ifuld`s fis is`cnhd c`d f`s piìshs. [ilmnîd, p`r hohlpf`, nr kh hscifiki y phknrfhs quh, c`dj`rlh viyid sumnhdk`, khscrnmid f` quh vhd? hf thrrhd`, fi vhbhticnód, fis r`cis… Anst`rni

Aichr quh khscrnmid f`s cilmn`s kh r`pi quh ai aimnk` hd hf ÿftnl` snbf` ` aichr quh rhfithd fi anst`rni kh udi b`ti kh ibui quh vnioi i trivîs kh ud rì`, piri c`d`chr f`s rì`s khf piìs. Cndhsthsni

Aichr quh c``rkndhd udi anst`rni c`d hf cuhrp`, fi v`z y hf l`vnlnhdt`.

]hndthrprhtir fi ndthfnbhdcni vhrmif ` fndböìstnci phrlntnré quh duhstr`s ano`s ` ifuld`s puhkid hxprhsir  f` quh pnhdsid ` snhdthd kh j`rli hscrnti, aimfiki ` rhfitiki. Uiri hff`, khmh hxnstnr ud cóknb` c`dshdsuik` c`l`, p`r hohlpf`, fi lnsli fhdbui ` ud c`doudt` kh sìlm`f`s ` cóknb`s c`d hf quh sh fhs phrlnti c`ludncirs c`ludncirsh. h. Hd cis` c is` kh knjn k njncuftik cuftik piri fi c`ludncic c`ludncicnód, nód, sh puhkh nd ndvn vntir tir i crhir c rhir ud fhdbuio fhdbuiohh  pr`pn`. Hsti ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni hsté f`cifn f`cifnziki, ziki, prndcnpif prndcnpiflhdth lhdth,, hd hf ahlnsjhrn` ahlnsjhrn` nzqunhrk`, y hsté c` c`dhctiki dhctiki c` c`dd hf érhi kh Mr`ci. Uhrln Uhrlnth th fi c`lprhdsnód c` lprhdsnód khf fhdbuioh fhdbuioh aimfik` aimfik` y hscrnt hsc rnt`. `. Fi ndthfn ndthfnbhdcni bhdcni vhrmif, vhrmif, if shr  s hr  c`dsnkhriki c` dsnkhriki tid nl nlp` p`rtidth rtidth hd duhstri cuf c ufturi, turi, sh s h vndcufi vndcufi i shdtn s hdtnln lnhdt`s hdt`s kh iut`hstnli? sn hf dnù` dnù` snhdth quh sh hxprhsi mnhd, sh shdtnré mnhd. U`r f` tidt`, thdhl`s quh crhir c`dkncn`dhs óptnlis piri quh  puhkid hxprhsirsh hxprhsirsh shbÿd sus lhkn`s lhkn`s y aimnf aimnfnnkikhs c`d c `d hsti ndthf ndthfnnbhd bhdcni. cni. Uiri ifbunhd c`d trist`rd`s khf fhdbuioh, hxprhsirsh hs nbuif kh nlp`rtidth quh piri f`s quh d` tnhdhd knca`s trist`rd`s. U`r hff` hs nlp`rtidth iprhdkhr i hscucair, i rhfitir, i minfir lnhdtris sh fhh, i aichr  fhtris c`d ircnffi... Hst` puhkh pr`p`rcn`dir aimnfnkikhs nlp`rtidths kh iut`hstnli quh iyukhd i f`s ndknvnku`s i phdsir, i iprhdkhr, i s`fucn`dir pr`mfhlis, i c`ludncirsh y i crhir ud fhdbuioh vhrmif  pr`pn`. [ilmnîd [ilmnîd puhkh iyukir iyukir i quh fi fi ndthf ndthfnnbhd bhdcni cni vhrmif vhrmif hlh hlhro roii kh `tris j`rlis sn utn utnffnzil zil`s `s `tris ` tris ndthf nd thfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis c`l` c `l` mis mish. h.

;.:.. Fi ndthf ;.: ndthfnbhdcni nbhdcni gndhstîs gndhstîsnci nci

=8/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Fi ndthfnbhdcni gndhstîsnci hs fi aimnfnkik kh lidhoir `moht`s c`d khstrhzi y khl`strir iptntukhs jìsncis. Hst`s ndknvnku`s tnhdhd fi cipicnkik kh c`dtr`fir sus l`vnlnhdt`s c`rp`rifhs piri hxprhsir nkhis y shdtnlnhdt`s, puhkhd lidhoir `moht`s jécnflhdth usidk` sus aimnfnkikhs l`t`ris jndi y bruhsi. [nhdhd fi cipicnkik kh iprhdkhr p`r lhkn` kh l`vnlnhdt`, pirtncnpicnód h ndthriccnód. Fhs busti trimioir c`d sus lid`s, tnhdhd hxchfhdth c``rkndicnód y fhs busti khsirlir `moht`s y irlirf`s kh duhv`. Xsid fi lidnpuficnód kh `moht`s piri rhs`fvhr pr`mfhlis. Sh luhvhd jrhcuhdthlhdth y d` sh puhkhd shdtir  qunht`s. Aimntuiflhdth, tnhdhd knjncuftikhs kh iprhdknzioh y kh ic`rkirsh kh f` quh sh fhs hdshùó kh lidhri vhrmif ` vnsuif. Fis phrs`dis c`d ndthfnbhdcni gndhstîsnci iprhdkhd lho`r aicnhdk` fis c`sis. Hs nlp`rtidth `jrhchrfhs i hst`s oóvhdhs fi `p`rtudnkik kh khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni p`r lhkn` kh ictnvnkikhs, c`l` hf khshlphù` kh ud piphf, lìlnci, kidzi, irthsidìis, knmuo`… Dhchsntid lidhoir y t`cir fis c`sis. Fi ndthfnbhdcni gndhstîsnci hs nlp`rtidth piri hf khsirr`ff` ndthbrif khf ik`fhschdth y fh phrlnth t`lir pirth hd khp`rths ` ictnvnkikhs ictnvn kikhs cufturif cufturifhs. hs. ;.:.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni gndhstîsnci piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd hf iufi ndcfusnvi Fi hdshùidzi piri khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni gndhstîsnci kh f`s oóvhdhs tnhdh c`l` `mohtnv` prhshdtir hf c`dthdn c` dthdnk` k` kh fi fhcc fhccnód nód kh lidhri ndthrictnv ndthrictnvii y pirtn p irtncnpitnvi. cnpitnvi. Urhsh dtidk dtidk` ` fi ndj ndj`rlicnód `rlicnód

Hf ik`fhschdth quh iprhdkh c`d gndhstîsnci dhchsnti ictnvnkikhs quh fh phrlntid ictnvnkik jìsnci, hxphrnhdcnis c`dcrhtis y lidnpuficnód. F`s hstuknidths iprhdkhd lho`r  cuidk` fi ictnvnkik ictnvnkik kh k h iprhdknz iprhdk nzioh ioh phrlnth phrlnth quh hf ifuld` ifuld` sh s h luhvi. Hf ik`fhschdth c`d c `d khjncn k hjncnhdcni hdcni kh ithdcnód sh mhdhjncni kh hsth hdj`quh, yi quh hf tnhlp` rhquhrnk` kh c`dchdtricnód hs rhkucnk`. Urhshdtidk` fi ndj`rlicnód cndîtnci.

Hxnsthd virnis j`rlis kh rhprhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri gndhstîsnci y hstrithbnis piri fi fiss iufis quh jicnfntid hf iprhdknzioh piri f`s ifuld`s quh dhchsntid ictnvnkik jìsnci? kidzi, m`squho`s, l`vnlnhdt`s ` bhst`s, lìlnci, cairikis, khp`rths, lidnpuficnód kh `moht`s… Hf piphf khf lihstr` Hf piphf khf lihstr` hs

prhpirir ictnvn ictnvnkikhs kikhs quh phrln p hrlntid tid quh f`s oóvhdh oóvhdhss c` c`dd ndthfn ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis gndhstîsncis gn dhstîsncis sh luhv luhvid id piri jicnf jicnfnti ntirr su s u iprhdknz iprhdk nzioh ioh.. Xd ik`fhschdth ik `fhschdth c`d c `d ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni gndhstîsnci gndhstîsnci dhchsnti l`vhrsh kh su fubir. Hst` puhkh f`brish, p`r hohlpf`, pnknîdk`fh i fi cfish quh pirh y aibid ud lndut` kh hohrcncn`s bunik`s (ouhb`s c`l` ‖Snlód knch“) ` ndcfunr ud m`squho` kh knhz lndut`s quh f`s ifuld`s prhshdthd piri p`khr khl`strir udi fhccnód kh anst`rni. Hf h stukn stuknidth idth

Hf hstuknidth  dhchsnti iprhdkhr i hxprhsirsh kh knjhrhdths lidhris y hd sntuicn`dhs virnikis. Fhvidtir  fi lid` hd cfish hs udi lidhri jìsnci y snlpfh kh hxprhsirsh. Xdi s`drnsi hs `tri lidhri kh c`ludncir  shdtnlnhdt`s snd aimfir.

=:/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs

Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs  jìsncis dhchsnti `p`rtudnkikhs kh prictncir sus aimnfnkikhs l`t`ris jnd jndis is y bruhsis. Hd ud ilmnhdth ilmnhdth quh j`lhdth j` lhdth hf l`vn l`vnln lnhdt`, hdt`, hf ik`fhschdth ik` fhschdth thdkré lucais `p`rtudnkikhs kh l`vhrsh. U`r hohlpf`, shré cipiz kh c`dthstir shùifidk` fi s`fucnód i udi suli `  piri ndkn ndkncir cir su hkik. Hf lihstr` lihstr` tilmnîd tilmnîd puhkh ndvn ndvntir tir if if iful uld` d` i hscrnmnr hscrnmnr udi rhspuhsti hd fi pnzirri pnzirri.. Aiy lucais lidhris kh phrlntnrfh if o`vhd c`d knscipicnkik quh sh luhvi. Hf ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkik ndthfhctuif l`vhrsh7 prhvnhdh quh hstîd shdtik`s kuridth udi fhccnód y fhstilmnîd phrlnthdhchsnti fi `p`rtudnkik kh hst` ndthrictuir p`sntnvilhdth c`d suspisnvilhdth c`lpiùhr`s.

Jnburi Jnbur i 99. 9 9.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préc préctn tnci ci piri hkucik` hk ucik`rhs. rhs.

=2/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi Jnbur i 9=. 9 =.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzioh. iprhdknzioh.

I c`dtnduicnód, sh khtiffiréd lidhri kh iyukir i iprhdkhr i f`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni c`rp`rifgndhstîsnci. Uiri hff`s, fi ndthriccnód jìsnci, hf hstìluf` téctnf y fis ictnvnkikhs quh nlpfnquhd hf cuhrp` y fis lid`s s`d fis lho`rhs vìis piri iyukirfhs hd hf iprhdknzioh? Aichr quh ictÿhd tidt` c`l` shi p`snmfh piri iprhdkhr. Iyukirfhs i rhc`rkir f` quh aid iprhdknk` c`d bhst`s kh fis lid`s, pirths khf cuhrp`, lnl`... Iyukirfhs i aichr hxphrnlhdt`s y pr`yhct`s kh cnhdcnis, lithlétncis, htc.  Dutrn  Dut rnrf rfhs hs hd ud ilmn ilmnhdth hdth k`dkh fis c`sis hstîd i fi fi vnsti vnsti y puhkid hxpf hxpf`rir. `rir. U`dhr U` dhr i su if ifcidc cidchh lithrnifh lithrnifhss quh snrv s nrvid id piri crhir c rhir y hxphrnlhdtir. hxphrnlhdtir. Ifthrdir phrn`k`s kh khscids` c`d l`vnlnhdt`. Hdshùirfhs i lhkntir hd l`vnlnhdt` y i rhspnrir c`dscnhdthlhdth. Oubuhths Oubuht hs y lithrnif lithrnifhs hs nkhif nkhifhs hs piri hstuknidt hs tuknidths hs c` c`dd ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni c`rp`rif c` rp`rif y gn gndhstîsnci? dhstîsnci? Oubuhths piri lidnpufir. Oubuht Oub uhths hs kh k h c`dstruccn c` dstruccnód, ód, c`l` c `l` fhb`s, fhb`s, lhcid lhcid`s, `s, htc.

=1/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Ircnffi fi y l`khf l`k hfik` ik`s. s. Ircnf Hxphrnlhdt`s kh cnhdcnis. [`k` tnp` kh vhstuirn`s, liqunffioh ` knsjrichs piri thitr`. Muhd`s zipit`s piri nr i cilndir, m`fsis piri rhc`bhr pnhkris, pfulis, pfidtis, jf`rhs… ]`lphcimhzis. Lÿsnci. Hohlpf`s piri hdshùir knjhrhdths thlis i f`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni c`rp`rif ` gndhstîsnci? Lithlétncis

Uiri hdshùirfhs knlhdsn`dhs (f`dbntuk, idcauri, érhi, v`fulhd), hdshùirfhs bhst`s quh snbdnjnquhd f` quh s`d. U`r hohlpf`? ud trnédbuf` s`d trhs bhst`s kh fi lid`. Cnhdcni

Uhknrfhs aichr ud ouhb` kh r`f s`mrh c`dchpt`s kh cnhdcni7 p`r hohlpf`, fi hv`fucnód kh f`s idnlifhs  prhanstórnc`s  prhan stórnc`s aisti f`s l`d`s y f`s shrhs aul aulid`s, id`s, ` hf cncf` kh vn vnki ki kh udi lirnp`s lirnp`sii aisti quh sh c`dvnhrth hd `rubi ` crnséfnki. [ilmnîd, ffhvir i cim` hxphrnlhdt`s cnhdtìjnc`s shdcnff`s hd cisi. @  phknrfhs  phknrf hs quh iprhdkid ichrci ichrci kh f`s ét`l`s, hfhctr`dhs hfhctr`dhs y pr`t`dhs pr`t` dhs (su dÿcfh` dÿcfh` y fis fis órmntis hd hf suhf suhf`) `) y khoir quh sh luhvid piri iprhdkhr hf piphf kh t`kis fis pirtìcufis c`d su cuhrp`. Bh`brijìi

Hdshùirfhs ifbud`s l`vnlnhdt`s kh minfh kh `tr`s piìshs ` aichr quh hf dnù` ndvhdth bhst`s c`d fis lid`s piri fis knjhrhdths j`rlicn`dhs bh`fóbncis quh tnhdh quh iprhdkhr. Anst`rni

Iyukirfhs i aichr udi `mri s`mrh fi khl`cricni y i oubir c`d knjhrhdths phrs`diohs. Hdshùirfhs i  o oubi ubirr lhknid lhknidth th fi fi hxprhsnód hxprhsnód c`d su s u cuhrp` kh f`s knjhrhdt knjhrhdths hs l`vnln l`vnlnhdt`s hdt`s irtìstnc`s irtìstnc`s.. F`s pr`jhs`rhs puhkhd khsirr`ffir knjhrhdths hstrithbnis quh jicnfnthd ud lho`r iprhdknzioh gndhstîsnc`7 ikhlés kh fhvidtir snlpfhlhdth fi lid` piri p`khr pirtncnpir, p`krìid kir udi pifliki ` aichr  l`vnlnhdt`s c`d f`s mriz`s. F` nlp`rtidth hs crhir sus pr`pn`s cóknb`s. Hs vntif piri f`s hstuknidths gndhstîsn gn dhstîsnc`s c`s thd thdhr hr fi fi `p`rtud `p` rtudnnkik kh k h p`khr p`k hr hxprhsirsh c`d t`k` t`k ` hf cuhrp`7 p`r p` r hs`, hf pr`jhs`r y f`s  pikrhs khmhd jiv`rhchd phquhù`s phquhù`s hspicn hspic n`s k`dkh k `dkh hf ndkn dknvn vnku` ku` puhki iprhdkhr.

=>/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Xdi hxphrnhdcni tid shdcnffi c`l` nr if lhrcik` ` c`rrhr p`r fi pfiyi puhkhd shr shdcnffis phr` nlp`rtidths shsn`dhs kh c`dhxnód piri hf hstuknidth, k`dkh hsth puhki hxprhsir sus shdtnlnhdt`s h nkhis.

;.2.. Fi ndthfnbhdcni ;.2 ndt hfnbhdcni diturifnsti Fi ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti hs fi ndthfnbhdcni lés rhcnhdth nkhdtnjnciki p`r Birkdhr. Hs fi aimnfnkik kh hdthdkhr, iprhcnir y `mshrvir hf ludk` diturif y hf ilmnhdth. [ilmnîd hs fi aimnfnkik kh cunkir kh fis  pfidtis  pfid tis y idnli idnlifh fhs. s. Fis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni sh snhdthd jilnfnirnzikis c`d fi diturifhzi, fhs busti hstuknir y iprhdkhr t`k` f` rhficn`dik` c`d idnlifhs y pfidtis. ]hc`d`chd h nkhdtnjncid lucais hsphcnhs kh pfidtis y idnlifhs. Uiri khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni, hf lihstr` khmh pr`vhhr if hstuknidth c`d fi `p`rtudnkik kh cunkir kh fis pfidtis y j`lhdtirfhs fi `mshrvicnód kh f`s idnlifhs. Khmh phknrfhs quh ibruphd pnhkris h ndshct`s p`r  cithb`rìis. Khsirr`ffir ndthfnbhdcni piri lho`rir c`lprhdsnód kh fi diturifhzi y khf ilmnhdth. Hsti ndthfnbhdcni fhshsti iyukiré i crhir hs udhshdcnif lhkn` ilmnhdth lés fi sid`. ;.2.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd ud iufi ndcf ndcfusnvi usnvi Fi hdshùidzi, quh tnhdh c`l` lhti khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti kh f`s prh/ik`fhschdths tnhdh c`l` `mohtnv` fi prhshdticnód khf c`dthdnk` kh fi fhccnód kh lidhri quh aibi udi c`dhxnód c`d fi diturifhzi y hf ludk` diturif. Urhsh dtidk dtidk` ` fi ndj ndj`rlicnód `rlicnód kh lidhri vnsuif

Hf hstuknid hstuknidth th quh q uh iprhdkh kh lidh lidhri ri diturifnsti diturifnsti sh  mhdhjncni  mhdhjn cni cuidk` cuidk` hf lihstr` lihstr` aich udi udi c`dhxnód c`dhxnód hdtrh hdtrh hf iprhdkn iprhdknzio ziohh y hf lu ludk` dk` diturif diturif.. Isì, sh s h snhdth snhdth tridqunf`` hd fi diturif tridqunf diturifhzi hzi y is`cni is` cni hf iprhdknzioh iprhdknzioh c`d c` d hf ludk` ludk` i su ifrh ifrhkhk khk`r. `r. Urhsh dtidk` dtidk` fi ndj`rlicnód ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri vnsuif.

Hf ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs kh iprhdknzioh icikîlncis puhkh, ifbudis vhchs, hdc`dtrir su cilnd` c`d c` d fi iyuki kh ilmnhdths diturifhs. diturifhs. Hxnsthd Hxn sthd lucais lidhr lidhris is kh rhprhshdtir rhprhsh dtir fi ndj`rlicnód ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri vnsuif piri aichr hf iprhdknzioh lés icchsnmfh usidk` fi diturifhzi. Hstis s`d ifbudis ictnvnkikhs quh khmhd kh j`lhdtirsh piri p`khr  khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni hd hf iufi? `mshrvir, c`dstrunr, cfisnjncir, ndvhstnbir, phknrfhs quh hdcuhdtrhd  pitr`dhs, idif idifnz nzir, ir, htnquhtir htnquhtir,, nkhdtn nkhdtnjn jncir… cir… Hf piphf khf lihstr` Hf piphf khf lihstr`  hs prhshdtir hohrcncn`s, ictnvnkikhs ` pr`puhstis hd fis quh hf hstuknidth thdbi

quh hstimfhchr ridb`s kh cfisnjncicnód, cithb`rìis, ` ifbudi ictnvnkik quh hsth ndtrìdshcilhdth rhficn`diki c`d fi diturifhzi kh fi c`lpiricnód, fi `mshrvicnód, ` fi c`lpr`micnód cnhdtìjnci. Cuidk` shi p`snmfh, hf lihstr` tritiré kh hdc`dtrir fiz`s hdtrh fi diturifhzi y fi fhccnód.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf h stukn stuknidth idth

Hf hstuknidth  diturifnsti simré cól` ndthbrir kh lho`r lidhri hf c`d`cnlnhdt` ikqunrnk` kh hsti j`rli  p`rquh hdthdkhré hdthdkhré fis fis c`dhx c` dhxnn`dhs ndstnd ndstndtn tnvil vilhdth hdth.. Xsidk` `moht`s kh fi ditur diturif ifhzi, hzi, c`l` lithrn lithrnif if piri lidnpufir, lidn pufir, hs udi lidhri shdcnf shdc nffi fi kh aichr, p` p`rr hohlpf`, hohlpf`, udi c`lpiric c `lpiricnód nód hdtrh fis fis vhdis kh udi a`oi a` oi y fis vhdis khf cuhrp`. Hf hstuknidth diturifnsti luyhsth `mshrvik`r f` quh pisi hd su c`lprhdkhr. lhkn` ilmnhdth y fh busti aichr   prhbud  prhbudtis tis kh f` quh d`ti. d`ti.hsXsi shdtnk` kh shdtn kkh h `mshrvicnód piri Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs

Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs  dhchs  dhchsnti nti simhr y jiln jilnfnfnirn irnzirsh zirsh c`d c `d hf lhkn` ilmnhdth. ilmnhdth. U`r  U `r  hohlpf`, d`tir quh ud cnhrt` érm`f hs ud pudt` kh rhjhrhdcni hs udi lidhri snlpfh kh iyukir if ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs i hdc`dtrir hf cilnd`. Lidhoir `moht`s diturifhs hd cfish tilmnîd iyukiré if o`vhd i aichr fiz`s c`d hf ludk` hxthrd`.

Jnburi Jnbur i 93. 9 3.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préctnci p réctnci piri p iri hkucik`rhs hkuc ik`rhs..

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi Jnbur i 9;. 9 ;.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzioh. iprhdknzioh.

I iquhff`s quh tnhdhd udi brid ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti fhs iyuki? ]hfioirsh, rhspnrir, cilndir y hstir hd c`dtict` c`d fi diturifhzi. Uhrlntnr quh hff`s `rbidnchd, musquhd y j`rlhd sus pr`pn`s pitr`dhs. ]hficn`dir t`k` f` quh iprhdkhd c`l` sn juhsh ud snsthli. Uhdsir hd cól` iprhdkhd y hf nlpict` khf simhr hd hf ludk`. ]hc`bhr ndj`rlicnód lhknidth cithb`rìis, tnp`s, shblhdt`s, itrnmut`s, c`f`rhs, lircis, tiliù`s, rhbfis, htc. Ndtr`kucnr ndstrulhdt`s ` léqundis y su us`. U`r hohlpf`, hdshùirfhs j`t`brijìi piri quh puhkid aichr  cfisnjncicn`dhs kh iquhff` quh lés fhs busti. [hdhr oubuhths ` lithrnifhs quh khmhrìid hstir chrci kh hff`s, c`l`? fupi, thfhsc`pn`, lncr`sc`pn`, fnmr`s kh rhjhrhdcni s`mrh ivhs, ndshct`s, idnlifhs, pfidtis, jf`rhs, fnmr`s (s`mrh anst`rni, cnvnfnzicn`dhs,  puhmf`s, rizis, rizis, htc.), éfmulhs, éfmulhs, htnquhtis, htnquhtis, phbilhdt phbilhdt`, `, tnohris tnohris y khlés, khlés, piri `rbidnzir `rbidnzir sus c`dhxn`dhs. c`dhxn`dhs. Ifbud`s hohlpf`s s`mrh cól` hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i f`s dnù`s c`d ud prhk`lndn` kh fi ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti diturif nsti s`d? s `d?

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Lithlétncis

C`dhcti t`k`s f`s c`dchpt`s kh fi diturifhzi. U`r hohlpf`, sn sh hstéd trimioidk` fis pr`brhsn`dhs lithlétncis, `mshrvir cól` crhchd fis pfidtis ` f`s érm`fhs. Aichr knibrilis, c`doudt`s quh rhjfhohd iquhff`` quh c`lpirth iquhff c `lpirth fis lnslis ciricthrìs c iricthrìstncis tncis h nkhdtn nkhdtnjncir jncir fis knjhrhdcnis. [ilmnîd, shùifir ndjfu ndjfuhdcnis hdcnis lithlétn lithl étncis cis hd fi diturifh diturifhzi? zi? muscir musc ir fis j`rlis bh`lîtrn bh`lîtrncis cis `c `cuf uftis tis hd ud pinsioh. Cnhdcnis

Hxpfncir cól` f`s knvhrs`s c`dchpt`s cnhdtìjnc`s sh rhficn`did c`d fi diturifhzi7 p`r hohlpf`, c`dhctir f`s c`dchpt`s jìsnc`s, c`l` fi hdhrbìi s`fir, y hf lhkn` ilmnhdth7 fi quìlnci `rbédnci y f`s  pféstnc`s  pféstn c`s y su nlpict` hd fi [nhrri7 [nhrri7 knscutnr knscutnr fis fis kn k njhrhd jhrhdths ths fhyhs fhyhs kh k h fi jìsnci kh Dhw Dhwt`d t`d s`mrh s` mrh hf thrrhd`7 thrrhd`7 hxpfncir cól` judcn`di hf snsthli7 iyukirfhs i aichr c`fhccn`dhs kh knvhrs`s `rbidnsl`s diturifhs. Bh`brijìi

Hdshùirfhs ichrci kh fi jf`ri y fi jiudi kh f`s knjhrhdths piìshs, quh iprhdkid ichrci kh fis knjhrhdths tîcdncis kh cuftnv` hd knjhrhdths cfnlis, quh hstuknhd cól` hf crhcnlnhdt` bh`bréjnc` ai ijhctik` i fis  p`mfi  p`m ficn`dhs cn`dhs kh idnlif idnlifhs hs y ivhs… ivhs… Anst`rni

Knscutnr cól` f`s jhdólhd`s diturifhs ndjfuyhr`d hd hf curs` kh fi anst`rni. U`r hohlpf`, fis hdjhrlhkikhs hd fis knjhrhdths cnvnfnzicn`dhs idtnbuis, fi khsipirncnód kh f`s knd`siurn`s, htc. [ilmnîd, iprhdkhr ichrci kh cól` fis knjhrhdths p`fìtncis kh b`mnhrd` ijhctid if lhkn` ilmnhdth. [`k`s f`s quh vnvnl`s hd hf pfidhti khmhrìil`s nlpfncird`s hd p`thdcnir hsti ndthfnbhdcni , c`d fi cuif ahl`s nk` phrknhdk` hf c`dtict`, y kird`s cuhdti kh quh hs luy nlp`rtidth. F`s quh s`d lés ipisn`dik`s y p`shhd hsti aimnfnkik lés khsirr`ffiki s`d `mshrvik`rhs dit`s y fhs busti tidt` hxphrnlhdtir quh aunréd kh f`s fnmr`s. [nhdhd ud brid il`r p`r fis lisc`tis, fis pfidtis ` fi c`cndi. Luca`s mnóf`b`s, m`tédnc`s, `rdntóf`b`s ` hcóf`b`s (c`l` Cairfhs Kirwnd, Lhdkhf ` L`rbid) juhr`d lif`s hstuknidths. Hsti ndthfnbhdcni mnhd ndthbriki phrlnth hvntir fi kns`cnicnód hdtrh hf lhkn` diturif y hf s`cnif y, sn  mnhd t`kis s`d kh hsphcnif rhfhvid rhfhvidcni cni khskh khsk h duhstris prnl prnlhris hris htipis hv`f hv`futn utnvis, vis, hsti sh s h c`dthlpf c`dthlpfii c`l` c `l` judkilhdtif hd fi htipi prhhsc`fir piri hf p`sthrn`r j`lhdt` kh vif`rhs. Uiri c`lprhdkhr f`s jhdólhd`s kh fi lhdth, ahl`s thdnk` quh `ms ` mshrvir hrvir prhvnilhdth prhvnilhdth hf lhkn`. lhkn`. Hs luy nlp`rtidth quh hf hstuknidth iprhdki i vndcufir fi ndthfnbhdcni diturifnsti c`d fi cnhdcni ` fi thcd`f`bìi, puhs hsti ÿftnli ai c`dtrnmunk` if khsirr`ff` kh fi `mshrvicnód. Fi c`dcnhdcni hc`fóbnci hs ifb` quh sh puhkh hstnlufir khskh phquhù`s y hd fis knjhrhdths htipis hkucitnvis. Idths kh aimfir kh îtnci, d`rlis ` vif`rhs, hs judkilhdtif quh hdshùhl`s i quh ilhd, cunkhd y c`d`zcid fis phquhùis j`rlis kh vnki (cunkir ud phquhù` phz, udi pfidtnti). Uuhkhd aichrf`, ikhlés, hd j`rli kh cuhdt`s, cidcn`dhs, l`vnlnhdt`s ` isidi .

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;.1.. Fi ndthfn ;.1 n dthfnbhdc bhdcni ni lusncif l usncif Fi ndthfnbhdcni lusncif hs hf c`doudt` kh aimnfnkikhs quh d`s jicnfntid hf rhc`d`cnlnhdt` kh pitr`dhs s`d`r`s, rntl`s, tnlmrhs, t`d`s, y v`chs.. Hs tilmnîd fi cipicnkik kh hxprhsirsh p`r lhkn` khf l`vnlnhdt` rìtlnc`, fi lÿsnci y fi kidzi. Fis phrs`dis quh`tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni iprhcnid fi lÿsnci y puhkhdcidcn`dhs iprhdkhr `jécnflhdth i t`cir ud ndstrulhdt`, s`f`s c`d `tr`s, usidk` rntl` y s`dnk` piri c`lp`dhr lÿsnci. ]hcuhrkid jécnflhdth hf t`d` kh udi cidcnód, tnhdhd muhdi v`z y tnhdkhd i kir b`fphcnt`s c`d hf pnh ` ipfiuknr hd tnhlp`. Hsti ndthfnbhdcni puhkh khsirr`ffirsh hd hf iufi cidtidk`, minfidk` ` aicnhdk` ndstrulhdt`s lusncifhs. A. Birkdhr knch quh hs luy cfiri fi rhficnód hxnsthdth hdtrh fi lÿsnci y fis hl`cn`dhs (Ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs, 9>>3) hd hf iufi crhi ud ilmnhdth p`sntnv` y c`dkuch if iprhdknzioh. ;.1.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni lusncif piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd ud iufi ndcf ndcfusnvi usnvi Fi hdshùidzi quh tnhdh c`l` `mohtnv` hf khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni lusncif kh f`s prh/ik`fhschdths khmh  prhshdtir hf c`dthdn c`dthdnk` k` kh k h fi fi fhccnód fhccnód kh knjhrhdt knjhrhdths hs lidhris, lidhris, ndcf ndcfuyh uyhdk` dk` lÿsnci lÿsnci y rntl`. rntl`. Urhsh dtidk dtidk` ` fi ndj ndj`rlicnód `rlicnód kh udi j`rli lusncif

Hf o`vhd quh iprhdkh kh lidhri lusncif sh mhdhjncni kh ciki sntuicnód khdtr` khf iufi k`dkh aiy lÿsncis, yi shi kh j`dk`, cidcn`dhs ` rntl`. F`s ik`fhschdths quh tnhdhd hsti aimnfnkik rhcuhrkid f` quh aid iprhdknk` cidtidk`, hd vhrs` ` rnlidk`. Hf ifuld` sh mhdhjncni kh fhccn`dhs quh hstéd cidtikis ` kh ndj`rlicnód prhshdtiki hd rnli. Hxnsthd lucais lidhris kh aichr hf iprhdknzioh lés icchsnmfh usidk` virnis subhrhdcnis piri ictnvnkikhs y hstrithbnis, y aichr hf iufi lés lusncif? cidcn`dhs, rnlis, prhshdticn`dhs rìtlncis, kidzi, lÿsnci kh j`dk`, fhcturi hd brup`s, ipfiuknr, p`hlis, hscucair f`s s`dnk`s kh fi diturifhzi, tirirhir, ouhb`s kh hc`s, hxpf`ricnód kh s`dnk`, c`r`… J`rlis kh prhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód piri prh/ik`fhschdths c`d ndthfnbhdcni lusncif.

Hf piphf khf lihstr`

Hs tritir kh pr`vhhr i f`s hstuknidths c`d knvhrsis `p`rtudnkikhs piri khl`strir su ndthfnbhdcni lusncif. Hf lihstr` lihstr` j`lhdti quh f`s ifu ifuld`s ld`s prhshdthd p rhshdthd hf rhsulhd kh udi anst`rni hd udi cidcnód, phrln phrlnth th quh f`s hstuknidths tirirhhd lnhdtris trimioid, puhkid thdhr lÿsnci kh j`dk` ibrikimfh lnhdtris hscrnmhd ` kuridth fi hvifuicnód `, snlpfhlhdth, phknrfh i fi cfish quh nkhdtnjnquh f`s s`dnk`s kh fi diturifhzi. Hst`s s` s`dd ifbud`s ifbud`s hoh hohlpf`s lpf`s quh q uh jicnfntid jicnfntid hf iprhdknzio iprhdknziohh i f`s prh/ik` prh/ik`fhschdths fhschdths c`d c `d ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni lusncif. lusncif. Hf hstuk hs tuknidth nidth lusncif

Hf hstuknidth hstuknidth lusncif hsté luy c`dscnhdth c`ds cnhdth kh f`s s` s`dn dnk` k`ss hd hf lhkn` lhkn` ilmnhdth y ili fi fi lÿsnci. Sh S h fh  puhkh phknr quh irrhb irrhbffh udi fhccnód c`rti kh brilétn brilétnci ci ` lithlétn lithlétncis cis hd ud vhrs` vhrs` ` udi cidcnód. Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs

Hf ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkikhs vnsuifhs sh mhdhjncniré kh hstis ictnvnkikhs. Fi phrs`di cnhbi tnhdh udi dhchsnkik liy`r kh khsirr`ffir su `ìk`.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi Jnbur i 98. 9 8.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préc préctn tnci ci piri hkucik` hk ucik`rhs. rhs.

Jnburi Jnbur i 9:. 9 :.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzioh. iprhdknzioh.

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Uiri f`s dnù`s c`d ndthfnbhdcni lusncif, aiy rntl`s y pitr`dhs quh s`d lho`rhs piri iprhdkhr y khsirr`ff khs irr`ffir ir su s u lhdth? 9

Iyukirfhs i crhir cóknb`s ldhl`tîcdnc`s quh fhs hxpfnquhd cól` judcn`did fis c`sis. =

Aichr quh fhid fnmr`s y quh ouhbuhd c`d dÿlhr`s, pifimris y lÿsnci. 3

Cuidk` iprhdkid ifb` duhv`, phknrfhs quh hscrnmid cidcn`dhs ` rhpntid hf t`d` quh fhs busti. F`s lithrnifhs quh sh khmhrìid pr`l`vhr hd hf hdt`rd` s`d? Knjhrhdths hstnf`s lusncifhs piri jiv`rhchr hf rhc`d`cnlnhdt` kh knvhrs`s pitr`dhs lusncifhs. Cidcn`dhs, rnlis y cuhdt`s. Ouhb`s kh dÿlhr`s y lÿsnci. Uitr`dhs lusncifhs y kh pifimri. Ouhb`s quh utnfnzid sìlm`f`s y cóknb`s. ]`lphcimhzis. Lÿsncis khf ludk`. Ndstrulhdt`s lusncifhs. Ipirit`s piri brimir fi v`z y hkntirfi c`d hjhct`s.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hohlpf`s kh cól` p`khr hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i f`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni lusncif ifti? Lithlétncis

Uiri hdshùir fis timfis kh luftnpfncir, aichrf` c`d timfis lusncifhs y quh fis iprhdkid hd knjhrhdths t`d`s. Cuidk` aibid pr`mfhlis kh hcuicn`dhs, quh cidthd hd v`z ifti fi `phricnód quh aid kh ffhvir i cim`. Cnhdcni

U`r hohlpf`, sn sh hstéd hdshùidk` fis fhyhs kh jìsnci kh Dhwt`d, quh aibid lÿsnci c`d hffis7 aichr ud lusncif u `mri kh thitr` c`d knéf`b`s y cidt`s, s`mrh cnhdtìjnc`s y f` quh khscumrnhr`d7 utnfnzir knipis`dhs, ibui, irhdi, htc. piri aichr hxphrnlhdt`s hd t`rd` if s`dnk`. Bh`brijìi

Hdshùirfhs f`s knjhrhdths piìshs, cufturis y fubirhs y f`s knjhrhdths tnp`s kh lÿsnci (mithrìis, tilm`rhs, htc.) is`cnik`s c`d hff`s. [ilmnîd, vhr phfìcufis idtnbuis k`dkh hf s`dnk` d` hri f` lés nlp`rtidth, c`l` hf cndh luk`, y p`dhrfhs lÿsnci y knéf`b`s. @tr` hohrcncn` p`krìi shr  s`f` p`dhr hjhct`s, c`l` hf snfmnk` kh ud trhd, udi dumh, vnhdt`. U`r `tr` fik`, piri iprhdkhr  s`mrh ahca`s anstórnc`s, puhkh shr ndthrhsidth ndvhdtir cidcn`dhs s`mrh hsth ` aichr quh khscumrid cuédtis cidcn`dhs aimfid kh ud ahca` anstórnc` hd fi cufturi f`cif.

;.>. Fi ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci Fi ndthfnbhdcni fóbnci-lithlétnci hs fi aimnfnkik kh cifcufir, lhknr, rhs`fvhr pr`mfhlis, vhrnjncir  anpóthsns, usir imstriccnód y riz`dilnhdt` ndkuctnv` y khkuctnv`. Hsti ndthfnbhdcni sh suphrp`dh s`mrh f`s cilp`ss kh fis lithl cilp` lithlétn étncis cis,, fi cnhdcni y fi fóbnci. fóbnci. F`s ndknvnku`s quh tnhdhd hsti ndthfnbhdcni hstéd ndthrhsik`s hd dÿlhr`s, pitr`dhs, shcuhdcnis fóbncis y dulîrncis. Fhs busti rhs`fvhr lnsthrn`s, ouhb`s kh fóbnci y iknvndir. S`d répnk`s piri aichr fi c`dhxnód hdtrh fi ciusi y hf hjhct`, sh prhbudtid cól` judcn`did fis c`sis y rhsuhfvhd pr`mfhlis kh céfcuf` lhdtif répnkilhdth. ;.>.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd ud iufi ndcfusnvi Hs nlp`rtidth `jrhchrfhs i f`s ik`fhschdths fi `p`rtudnkik kh khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni, ip`rtédk`fhs ud ilmnhdth k`dkh puhkid hxphrnlhdtir, s`rthir, cithb`rnzir y rhs`fvhr pr`mfhlis. Fi ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci hs dhchsirni hd fi ictnvnkik knirni y hs luy ÿtnf hd luca`s isphct`s y cilp`s kh k h fi vn vnki. ki. Urhsh dtidk dtidk` ` fi ndj ndj`rlicnód `rlicnód kh udi j`rli fóbnc`-lithlétnci

Xd ifuld` quh iprhdkh khskh hsti ndthfnbhdcni dhchsnti ictnvnkikhs quh j`lhdthd sus j`rtifhzis? hdc`dtrir hf `rkhd hd sntuicn`dhs c`lpfhois, cfisnjncir, shcuhdcnir pitr`dhs, hdcioir, rhs`fvhr f`s  pr`mfhlis  pr`mfhl is i trivîs trivîs kh fi c`lprhdsnód c`lprhdsnód y hf hf idéf idéfnnsns fóbn fóbnc` c` (d` s`f` s `f` p`rquh sì), lidnpuf lidnpufir ir jécnf jécnflhd lhdth th f`s f`s dÿlhr`s h nkhdtnjncir fi fhy kh ciusi y hjhct` (G`dcai Und`s, ^`bi hd ]hk, =59;).

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J`rlis kh rhprhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód kh lidhri fóbnc`-lithlétnci

Hxnsthd lucais lidhr Hxnsthd lidhris is piri aichr aic hr hf iprhdknzioh iprhdknzioh lés icc icchsnmfh hsnmfh usidk` hsti ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni. hdcni. Ifbudis Ifbudis ictnvnkikhs ictnvn kikhs i j`lhdtirsh piri p iri p`khr p` khr khsirr`ffir k hsirr`ffir hsti ndthfn ndthfnbhdcni bhdcni hd hf iufi? iufi? rhs`fvhr pr`mfhli pr` mfhliss ` ichrtno ichrtno`s `s lithlétnc`s7 rhifnzir pr`yhct`s kh ndvhstnbicnód, rhc`pnficnód kh kit`s hstikìstnc`s y idifnzir f`s lnsl`s ln sl`s77 lhknr, prhbudt p rhbudtir ir y idifnzir idifnzir f` hdc`dtrik` hdc `dtrik`77 th`rìis th`rì is cnhdtìjncis y lithl lithlétn étncis cis77 hxphrnlhdtir hxphrnlhdtir fi fhy kh fi ciusi y hf hjhct`7 cfisnjncir `moht`s lhknidth knibrilis? kh pfidtis, kh irm`fhs, kh c`sis quh aiy hd fi =59;). dhvhri7 usir sìlm`f`s imstrict`s y j`rlufis7 cuifqunhr tnp` kh céfcuf`… (G`dcai Und`s, ^`bi hd ]hk, Hf piphf khf lihstr`

Hs kir fi `p`rtudnkik if ifuld` kh rhs`fvhr s`f` f`s pr`mfhlis, lhknidth th`rìis fóbncis. Aichrfh  phdsir i trivîs trivîs kh fi fi rizód, hf hf phdsiln phdsilnhdt` hdt` fóbn fóbnc`, c`, fi knifî knifîctnci, ctnci, hf rhmitn rhmitnr, r, knif`bir knif`bir y irbu irbulhd lhdtir. tir. Hf Hf lihstr` puhkh aichr prhbudtis piri p`khr ffhbir i fi riìz khf pr`mfhli? snf`bnsl`s, khmith s`crétnc`… Ndthdtir khjhdkhr udi nkhi hd fi quh d` crhhd piri p iri hdc`dtrir hdc` dtrir cuif hs fi fóbnci fóbnci `c `cuf ufti ti hd hffi. hffi. [ilmnî [ ilmnîdd  puhkh hdlircir hdlircir fi fi hdshùidzi hdshùidzi hd fi fi fhy fhy kh fi fi ciusi y hf hjhct`. Hf lih lihstr` str` puhkh nfustrir nfustrir fi fi rhficnód rhficnód hxnsthdth hxn sthdth hdtrh fis knjhrhdths fhccn`dhs quh iprhdkhd ip rhdkhd y piri p iri quî fhs vifh ` vif vifkré kré hd fi vnki vnki hd tîrlnd`s fóbnc`s, y iyukirfhs i khsbf`sir f`s pis`s fóbnc`s hd fi vnki piri ffhbir i hstimfhchr fi c`dhxnód quh khshid. U`r hohlpf`, sn qunhrhd shr lîknc`s, hdt`dchs tnhdhd quh hlphzir p`r… (G`dcai Und`s, ^`bi hd ]hk, =59;). Hf ifuld` c`d ndthfnbhdcnis fóbnc`-lithlétncis iftis

hdcuhdtrid fis lithlétncis luy jécnfhs phr`, cuidk` fi hdshùidzi kh fis lithlétncis sh chdtri hd c`sis quh hff`s suphrid jécnflhdth, puhkhd ffhbir i imurrnrsh h ndcfus` susphdkhr, p`r hs` hs judkilhdtif chdtrirsh hd f`s isphct`s kh fi fóbnci, piri quh puhkid ffhbir i iprhdkhr y c`lprhdkhr, hd fubir kh hdshùirfhs kh lhl`rni (G`dcai Und`s, ^`bi hd ]hk, =59;). Juhdth? attp?//w attp?//www.y`bihdrhk.c` ww.y`bihdrhk.c`l/=5 l/=593/5:/ 93/5:/9>/hdshdir-i-f 9>/hdshdir-i-f`s `s-dn -dnd`s d`s-i-trivhs-kh-fis-n -i-trivhs-kh-fis-ndthf dthfnb nbhdcnis-f`b hdcnis-f`b nc`-lithlitnci/

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi Jnbur i 92. 9 2.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préctnci p réctnci piri p iri hkucik`rhs hkuc ik`rhs..

Jnburi Jnbur i 91. 9 1.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

3>/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzioh. iprhdknzioh.

Hs judkilhdtif quh f`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci thdbid fi `p`rtudnkik kh rhs`fvhr  hff`s s`f`s f`s pr`mfhlis7 hs nlp`rtidth quh sh hstimfhzcid sntuicn`dhs c`d cnhrti y pr`brhsnvi c`lpfhonkik y hdshùirfhs th`rìis fóbncis. Fis lho`rhs lidhris kh hdshùirfhs cól` judcn`di fi fóbnci, s`d fis snbunhdths. Aichrfhs phdsir phds ir i trivîs kh fi rizód (phdsiln (p hdsilnhdt` hdt` fóbnc`)7 hdshùirf hds hùirfhs hs knif k nifîctnci, îctnci, i rhmitnr y knif`bir knif`bir ud irbulhdt`. Aichr prhbudtis piri p`khr ffhbir i fi riìz khf pr`mfhli? snf`bnsl`s, khmith s`crétnc`. Ndthdtir khjhdkhr udi nkhi hd fi quh d` crhhd piri p iri hdc`dtrir hdc` dtrir fi fóbnci fóbnci `cufti ` cufti hd hffi. hffi. Hdlircir fi hdshùidzi hd fi fhy Hdlircir fhy kh fi ciusi y hf hjhct`7 hs ÿtn ÿtnff l`strir cól` c ól` fi fiss knjhrhdths cufturis hdshùid hsti fhy. Nfustrir fi rhficnód Nfustrir rhficnód hxnsthdth hdtrh fis knjhrhdths fhccn`dhs quh q uh iprhdkhd y piri quî q uî fhs vifh ` fhs vifkré hd fi vnki hd tîrlnd`s fóbnc`s. Iyukirfhs i khsbf`sir f`s pis`s fóbnc`s hd fi vnki piri ffhbir i hstimfhchr fi c`dhxnód quh khshid. U`r  hohlpf`, sn qunhrhd shr lîknc`s, aichrfhs riz`dir s`mrh hf cilnd` quh khmhd t`lir. Fis ictnvnkikhs quh ictnvid ` l`tnvid fi ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci s`d? Uuzzfhs, hsphcniflhdth f`s quh tnhdhd quh vhr c`d khscumrnr jnburis `cuftis. ]hifnzir ouhb`s kh dÿlhr`s, c`l` f`s suk`gus. U`dhr hd `rkhd y shcuhdcnir sus oubuhths, su irlirn`, sus fnmr`s… Undtir p`r dÿlhr`s fis nlébhdhs quh ipirhchd hd ud cuikr`. Aichr r`lphcimhzis. ]hifnzir ]hifn zir hxphrnlhdt`s hxphrnlhdt`s cnhdtìjnc`s cnhdtìjnc`s.. Fhhr jnf`s`jìi, khmitnr ` fhhr cuhdt`s quh tnhdhd quh vhr c`d `tris j`rlis kh riz`dir. Ifbud`s hohlpf`s kh cól` hdshùir f`s knvhrs`s thlis piri iquhff`s ifuld`s c`d ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`lithlétnci k`lndidth? Lithlétncis

F`s hstuknidths c`d ndthfnbhdcni fóbnc`-lithlétnci ifti hdcuhdtrid fis lithlétncis luy jécnfhs. Uhr`, cuidk` fi hdshùidzi kh fis lithlétncis sh chdtri hd c`sis quh hff`s jécnflhdth puhkhd suphrir, puhkhd ffhbir i imurrnrsh h ndcfus` i susphdkhr, p`r hs` hs judkilhdtif chdtrirsh hd f`s isphct`s kh fi fóbnci,  piri quh puhkid ffhbir i iprhdkhr y c`lprhdkhr, hd fubi ubirr kh hdshùirf hdshùirfhs hs kh lhl`rni lhl`rni.. Yunzés Yunzés shrìi muhd` hdshùirfhs jnf`s`jìi y phdsilnhdt` khskh phquhù`s.

;5/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Cnhdcni

Aichr quh lnkid fi thlphrituri hxthrn`r h ndthrn`r kh fi cisi, t`kis fis a`ris khf kìi, kuridth udi shlidi. Cuidk` aiyi ahca` hst`, prhbudtirfh sn puhkh khkucnr fi jórlufi piri cifcufir fi thlphrituri ndthrn`r y hxthrn`r y khoirfh fnmrh hd sus khkuccn`dhs. [ilmnîd, aichr quh iprhdki fi timfi phrnóknci kh f`s hfhlhdt`s c`d dÿlhr`s ` muscidk` pitr`dhs, c`l` hf phs` itólnc` ` hf dÿlhr` itólnc`. @ kirfh ud c`doudt` kh jf`rhs ` pnhkris y aichr quh f` cfisnjnquh shbÿd udi mish kh ciricthrìstncis khthrlndikis. Bh`brijìi

Aichr quh rhc`pnfh rhc`pnfh hstikìstn hstikìs tncis cis s`m s`mrh rh fi hc`d`lìi kh kn k njhrhd jhrhdths ths piìshs piì shs y quh c`dhcth, c `dhcth, p`r p` r hohlpf hohlpf`, `, hf UNM c`d fi hsphridzi kh vnki, fi tisi kh ifjimhtnzicnód, hf dÿlhr` kh a`spntifhs, htc. S`mrh t`k`,  phrlntn  phrln tnrf rfhh quh rhjfh rhjfhxn xn`dh. `dh. [ilmnîd, [ilmnîd, aichr aichr hf ho hohrcn hrcncn` cn` if rhvî rhvîs, s, p`r p `r hohl hohlpf`? pf`? c`bhr udi mirri mirri kh pid y ffhbi i ndjhrnr p`r ndthrkhphdkhdcni kh kódkh vnhdhd t`kis fis c`sis quh aiy hd hffi y cuédtis phrs`dis trimioir`d, cuédt` bistir`d... Aichr quh hdcuhdtrh hsi cikhdi fóbnc`-lithlétnci knvhrtnki. Hsth hohrcncn` hs judkilhdtif piri iprhdkhr ndthrkhphdkhdcni y hc`f`bìi, p`r hohlpf`. @tr` hohrcncn` puhkh shr aichr  ud hstukn` s`mrh hf cifhdtilnhdt` bf`mif y f` quh p`krìi pisir sn ciki lhs iulhdtiri ud brik` fi thlphrituri khf pfidhti. Anst`rni

Aichr quh crhh udi fìdhi kh tnhlp` kh virn`s hvhdt`s anstórnc`s y cifcufh hf tnhlp` lhkn` hdtrh hf khsirr`ff khs irr`ff`` snb s nbdn dnjncitn jncitnv` v` hd ciki c iki cnv c nvnfnfnzi nzicnód cnód y hf pis` pis ` p`r p `r fi cufturi. cufturi. Yuh idifnch idifnch fi fiss riz`dhs fóbn fóbncis cis quh aiy hd ciki ahca` anstórnc`7 p`r hohlpf`, khf snbf` QQ puhkh aichr ud khsbf`sh p`r phrn`k`s kh buhrri, kh piz, kh irth... Yuh idifnch f`s l`tnv`s quh hdcuhdtri piri quh sh rhifnzishd knca`s ahca`s. Cndhsthsni

Ijncnódif` if khp`rth y i p`khr lhknr sus rhsuftik`s. U`r hohlpf`, quh pnhdsh hd f`s mhdhjncn`s kh cilndir =5 lndut`s if kìi. Hst` fh iyukiré i p`khr cunkir tilmnîd su sifuk. [ilmnîd, aichr quh sifbi i ndvhstnbir hd hf cilp` ` fi cnukik ` aichr quh hstimfhzci shcuhdcnis dulîrncis ` fóbncis? cuédtis  phrs`dis kh kn k njhrhd jhrhdths ths piìshs piìs hs ai vnst` vnst` hsti liùidi, liùidi, quî hkik thdìid, kh quî shx` hrid, hrid, quh ivhdtu ivhdturh rh kh quî piìshs hrid, htc. Hf vif`r kh hsti ndthfnbhdcni s`f` sh ai vndcufik` i f`s pr`chs`s lithlétnc`s cfésnc`s, phr` su vif`r s`cnif y hxnsthdcnif hxnsthdcnif hs luca` lés pr`judk` p r`judk`.. Hs lhkni lhknidth dth hf idéfnsn idéfnsns, s, fi c`lprhdsnód y hf phdsilnhdt` phdsilnhdt` quh q uh  p`khl`s  p`k hl`s thdhr thdhr udi udi phrsphctnvi lé léss cf c firi kh fis fis c`sis? c` sis? cól` pisid, p`r quî q uî pisid y cól` lh snhd snhdt` t` cuidk` `currhd ` currhd.. Hsti ndthfnbhdcni hs ifti tilmnîd hd lhkntik`rhs, jnfós`j`s y phdsik`rhs quh cfisnjncid, `rkhdid y crhid lipis c`dchptuifhs kh su lhdth, f` quh hstimfhch pirélhtr`s kh cilmn`. D` hstil`s aimfidk` s`f` kh dÿlhr`s, dÿlhr`s, ssnd` nd` kh phdsilnhdt` imstrict` . U`r `tr` fik`, d` ahl`s kh `fvnkir quh, oudt` c`d fi cipicnkik fndböìstnci y fi cipicnkik hspicnif, fi cipicnkik cipic nkik fóbnc` lithlétnci lithlétnci hs fi quh q uh aimntuifl aimntuiflhdth hdth sh ai vhdnk` ln lnknhdk` knhdk` kh k h j`rli trikncn trik ncn`dif `dif c`d f`s thst psn ps nc`lîtrn c`lîtrnc`s c`s y cuy`s rhsuf rhsuftik`s tik`s pr`p` pr`p`rcn`di rcn`didd hf c`d`cnk` c`c c`cnnhdt hdthh Ndthfhctuif Ndthfhctuif c`d hf quh sh cithb`rnzi if ndknvnku` c`l` lés ` lhd`s ndthfnbhdth. Hst`s pfidthilnhdt`s s`d f`s quh, hd brid lhknki, snrv s nrvnh nhr`d r`d i Birkdhr piri j`rluf j` rlufir ir su s u th`rìi th`rì i kh k h fis ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs.

;.95. Fi ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif ;9/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Fi ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif hs fi cipicnkik kh c`d`chrth y hdthdkhr tus shdtnlnhdt`s. [ilmnîd hs fi cipicnkik kh c`dtr`firth y trimioir c`dscnhdthlhdth c`d tus phdsilnhdt`s y shdtnlnhdt`s. Fis phrs`dis quh tnhdhd hsth tnp` kh ndthfnbhdcni usid su iut`c`d`cnlnhdt` piri nkhdtnjncir y phrshbunr  sus `mohtnv`s hd fi vnki. [nhdhd udi iut`rrhprhshdticnód nkhif, hdtnhdkhd ud ridb` ilpfn` kh hl`cn`dhs y c`d`chd mnhd sus vnrtukhs y khmnfnkikhs. Urhjnhrhd trimioir ndkhphdknhdthlhdth y tnhdhd udi muhdi iut`hstnli. Uiri khsirr`ffir hsti ndthfnbhdcni, hf lihstr` khmh pr`vhhr if hstuknidth c`d ictnvnkikhs quh hstnlufhd fi nlibndicnód y hf trimio` ndkhphdknhdth. Sh fh khmh `jrhchr fi `p`rtudnkik kh trimioir hd  pr`yhct`s quh q uh rhqun rhqunhrid hrid quh hxpf`rh hxpf`rh sus vif`rhs, vif`rhs, crhhd c rhhdcnis cnis y hl`cn`dhs. hl`cn`dhs. Hf khsirr`ff` kh hsti ndthfnbhdcni tnhdh c`dshcuhdcnis nlp`rtidths. Hs dhchsirni piri hf îxnt` y fi rhifnzicnód phrs`dif. ;.95.9. Cól` usir fi ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif piri hdshùir i f`s prh/ik`fhschdths hd ud iufi ndcfusnvi Fi hdshùidzi quh tnhdh c`l` `mohtnv` khsirr`ffir fi ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif kh f`s ifuld`s prhshdtiré hf c`dthdnk` kh k h fi fhcc fhccnód nód kh lucais lidhri lidhris, s, vif vif`ridk` `ridk` fi ndknvn ndknvnkuifn kuifnkik. kik. Hf ik`fhschdth quh iprhdkh ndtriphrs`diflhdth sh mhdhjncni trimioidk` s`f` y iutód`lilhdth. F`s hstuknidths quh iprhdkhd p`r lhkn` kh rhprhshdticnód ndtriphrs`dif dhchsntid rhvnsir f` quh sh fhs hdshùó y c`dhctirf` c`d su vnki prnviki. Xd ifuld` c`d udi knscipicnkik jìsnci ` ndthfhctuif sh mhdhjncniré kh hsti ndthrdifnzicnód. Urhshdtidk` fi ndj`rlicnód

Hxnsthd virn Hxnsthd virnis is j`rlis kh prhshdtir fi ndj`rlicnód ndj`rlicnód kh udi udi lidhri ndt ndtriphrs`dif riphrs`dif y aichr fi hdshùidzi lés icchsnmfh icc hsnmfh usidk` ictnvn ictnvnkikhs kikhs quh `jrhzcid ` jrhzcid fi p`snmnf p` snmnfnkik nkik kh k h fi ndthrdif ndthrdifnz nzicnód? icnód? knirn`, knirn`, tnhlp` tnh lp` piri rhjfhxn`dir, rhjfhxn`dir, ilnb`s p`r p `r c`rrhsp c `rrhsp`dkhdc `dkhdcni ni,, hd hf iufi ` juhri khf k hf iufi, iufi, ndvhstnbicnód, ndvhstnbicnód, fhcturi hd snfhdcn`, aichr l`khf`s phrs`difhs, r`lphcimhzis, hdshùidk` i hstuknidths lhd`rhs, rndcód kh fhcturi, knmuo` fnmrh… Hf piphf khf lihstr`

Hf lihstr`  quh  q uh qunhrh l`tnvir l`tnvir if ifuld ifuld`` c` c`dd ndthfn ndthfnbhdcni bhdcni ndtriphrs` ndtriphrs`dif dif khmh kh k h aichr fiz`s knrhct`s hdtrh hftirfh iprhdknzioh khfshik`fhschdth. U`r hohlpf`, hsquhfht`, khmh  prhbud  prhbudtirf h i fi fi cfish cfishysnfiifbÿd ifvnki bÿdphrs`dif hstuknidth hstukn idth ai r`t` ifbud ifbudi i hxtrhl hxt rhlnkik nkikcuidk` y phrlnt phrlsh ntnnrhstukni quh hf hf hstuknidt hstukn idthh knscuti f` quh fh ai pisik`. Hf hstuknidth c`d ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif airé fi c`dhxnód ndlhknitilhdth. F`s hvhdt`s c`d vif`r hl`cn`dif (p`r hohlpf`, ud vnioh, hf dicnlnhdt` kh ifbunhd hd fi jilnfni, fi luhrth kh ud imuhf`…) s`d `p`rtudnkikhs piri aichr udi c`dhxnód hdtrh fi hscuhfi y fi vnki. Sh rhc`lnhdki kir i f`s hstuknidths tnhlp` piri phdsir. F`s ik`fhschdths c`d hsti ndthfnbhdcni snhdthd fi dhchsnkik kh shdtnrsh hd ilmnhdths jilnfnirhs. Hf h stukn stuknidth idth

Uuhkh pfidthirsh i f`s hstuknidths quh hscrnmid ud knirn`, hd vhz kh hscrnmnr ud hdsiy`. [ilmnîd sh fhs  puhkh phrlntn phrlntnrr trimioir trimioir s`f`s ifbud ifbudis is vhchs y `jrhchrfhs `jrhchrfhs ifbÿd ifbÿd rn rndcód dcód ciffik` ciffik` (hd hf iuf iufi, i, chrci kh fi sifnki, oust` ijuhri khf iufi…).

;=/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d knscipicnkik

 ndthfhctuif puhkh thdhr knjn Hf prh/ik`fhschdth c`d udi knscipicnkik ndthfhctuif k njncuftikhs cuftikhs piri p iri hdthdkhr f` quh q uh hsté  pisidk` hd su jilnf jilnfni7 hst` hs d`rlif d`rlif. Hscucair y hdthdkhr hdthdkhr quh quh fi fi hxphrnhdcn hxphrnhdcnii kh `tr`s hstuknidths hstuknidths sh  pirhch i fi fi pr`pni hs udi udi fhccnód fhccnód nlp`rtid nlp`rtidth. th.

Jnburi Jnbur i 9>. 9 >.

Ikipticnód kh ndvhdtirn` piri hf ifuld`.

Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi. iufi. Buìi B uìi préctnci p réctnci piri p iri hkucik`rhs hkuc ik`rhs..

;3/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jnburi Jnbur i =5. = 5.  Lhdÿs knkéctnc`s pfidthik`s p`r f`s iut`rhs Fndki Cilmhff, Mruch Cilmhff y Khh

Kncgnds`d. Juhdth? Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Xs`s préc préctnc`s tnc`s kh hdshùidzi y iprhdknzi iprhdk nzioh. oh.

Uiri iquhff`s c`d ndthfnbhdcni ndtriphrs`dif ifti, khmhl`s c`dchkhr hspicn`s kh rhjfhxnód y idéfnsns quh fhs phrlntid c`dhctir c`d f` quh s`d y quh isì iprhdkhr. Hff`s s`d sus lho`rhs lihstr`s y d`s`tr`s s`f`  p`khl`s  p`k hl`s shr jicnf jicnfntik`rhs kh su iprhdknzio iprhdknzioh? h? Iyukirfhs i hdthdkhr cól` t`k` cilmni hd hf ludk` y i iprhdkhr khf cilmn`. Kirfhs Kirf hs tnhlp` piri p iri idifnz idifnzir ir f` quh q uh aid ahca` y quî iprhdknhr`d ip rhdknhr`d kh hff`. hff`. Uhknrfhs quh hxprhshd sus `pndn`dhs y shdtnlnhdt`s s`mrh f` quh iprhdknhr`d. [ritir kh kirfhs `pcn`dhs i fi a`ri kh iprhdkhr y yi quh s`d muhd`s c`d hf hstimfhcnlnhdt` kh `mohtnv`s, kirfhs fi `p`rtudnkik kh quh lirquhd f`s suy`s. Iyukirfhs i crhir su pr`pn` pfid kh hstukn`s c`d `mohtnv`s i c`rt`, lhkn` y firb` pfiz`7 quh rhjfhxn`dhd s`mrh quî dhchsntid piri f`brirf`. Uhknrfhs quh ffhvhd ud knirn`. Kirfhs ud shdtnk` kh pr`pnhkik phrs`dif hd fis ictnvnkikhs quh iprhdkhd. Hs judkilhdtif t`lir  khcnsn`dhs shbÿd f` quh sh aimìid lircik`. Aichr quh idifnchd sus pr`pnis j`rtifhzis y khmnfnkikhs hd ciki lithrni y crhhd ud pfid kh iprhdknzioh  piri aichr jrhdt jrhdthh i sus khmnfn khmnfnkikhs, f` quh rhj`rziré rhj`rziré sus pudt`s juhrths. juhrths. F`s ou oubuhths buhths y lithrnifhs lithrnifhs quh khmhd k hmhd thdhr f`s dn dnù`s ù`s c` c`dd ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni ndtriphrs` ndtriphrs`dif dif ifti ifti s`d? s `d? 9

Ouhb`s kh ud s`f` oubik`r? knjhrhdcnis, r`lphcimhzis, hdnblis, ichrtno`s, htc. =

D`thm``gs  piri hscrnmnr. 3

Céliris y vnkh`céliris piri rhbnstrir sus `mshrvicn`dhs vnsuifhs. ;

]`lphcimhzis lithlétnc`s. 8

Xd rndcód tridqun tridq unf` f` k`dkh k` dkh rhjf rhjfhxn hxn`dir. `dir. Hohlpf`s Ho hlpf`s kh k h cól` c ól` hdshùir knvhrs`s thlis i hstuknid hs tuknidths ths c`d c `d ndthfnb ndthfnbhdcni hdcni ndtriphrs` ndtriphrs`dif dif ifti? ifti?

;;/89

 

Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Lithlétncis

C`dhctir c`d c`dchpt`s kh fi vnki rhif. Hxpfncirfhs fi bh`lhtrìi y cól` hsti iyuki i crhir f`s hknjncn`s k`dkh vnvhd? fìdhis rhctis, rhctédbuf`s, cìrcuf`s, irc`s, htc. [ilmnîd, phknrfhs quh c`lpirhd y c`dtristhd knjhrhdths lidhris kh rhs`fvhr hcuicn`dhs c`lpfhois, quh hs udi tîcdnci quh iyukiré i trizir  supuhst`s, hdc`dtri hdc`dtrirr pitr`dhs, htc. Cnhdcni

C`dhctir t`k`s f`s c`dchpt`s kh fi vnki rhif. U`r hohlpf`, hxpfncir cól` fi quìlnci iyuki i khscumrnr duhv`s lhkncilhdt`s ` cól` iprhdkhr kh f`s l`vnlnhdt`s kh fis hstrhffis. [ilmnîd, hdshùirfhs sifuk diturif? cól` crhir ud pfid piri hstir sid`s y shr hc`fóbnc`s, quî sh hsphri quh c`dsulid kh ciki brup` kh ifnlhdt`s, hxphrnlhdtir c`d knhtis piri knjhrhdths hdjhrlhkikhs. U`r `tri  pirth, phknrf phknrfhs hs quh sh p`dbid hd hf piphf pip hf kh cnhd cnhdtìjn tìjnc`s c`s y pnhd pnhdshd shd y snhd snhdtid tid c`l` c `l` sn juhshd Hndsthn Hndsthnd, d, Likilh Curnh ` Fhvn-L`dtifccndn. Bh`brijìi?

Uhknrfhs quh hxpfnquhd cól` shrìi su vnki sn vnvnhshd hd `tr` piìs knjhrhdth y aichr quh nkhdtnjnquhd fis knjhrhdths c`dkncn`dhs cfnlétncis y cól` c`dkncn`did fi hxnsthdcni aulidi. Yuh rhjfhxn`dhd s`mrh cól` có l` ndjfuyh ndjfuyh hf cfnli cfnli hd hf cirécthr y fi hxprhsnód kh fis hl`cn`dhs. Anst`rni

C`dshbunr quh idifnchd f`s knjhrhdths ic`dthcnlnhdt`s anstórnc`s y hdtnhdkid cól` ijhctir`d i fis  phrs`dis i dnvhf dnvhf hl hl`cn`dif `cn`dif.. [ritir kh hxpfn hxpfncir cir fis fis hl`cn`dhs hl`cn`dhs `cuf `c uftis tis kh ifbud ifbud`s `s phrs`dio p hrs`diohs hs anstórnc`s. anstórnc`s.

  Hd hsticfivh udnkik, ahl`s udi khifis y ahl`skhahca` andcipnî hd isphct`s hd f`s quh rhvnsik` p`krhl`silpfnilhdth jnoird`s piriciki nkhdtnjncir udindthfnbhdcnis phrs`di p`shhk`ri udi khthrlndiki ndthf nd thfnb nbhdcni, hdcni, ` f`s rhcurs`s rhc urs`s quh sh s h puhkhd puhk hd utnfn utnfnzir zir piri khsirr`ffirf k hsirr`ffirfii ` p` p`thdcnirf thdcnirfii hd hf rhst`. U`khr ffhbir i nlpfidtir ud pr`brili kh ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs hd hf iufi sup`dh ud pr`chs` kh iprhdknziohh c`fhctnv` iprhdknzio c `fhctnv` (ifuldik`, (ifuldik`, pr` pr`jhs` jhs`rik` rik` y jilnfn jilnfni)? i)? If hqunp` k`chdth

Fh phrlnth khsirr`ffir su nlibndicnód y crhitnvnkik piri trimioir f`s c`dchpt`s khskh udi phrsphctnvi knjhrhdth y iprhdkhr i bhstn`dir hf cilmn` y f`s knjhrhdths y duhv`s tnp`s kh c`djfnct` quh puhkid surbnr  hd su ipfncicnód (pfidnjncicnód, prhpiricnód y khsirr`ff`).

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

F`s ifuld`s

S`d ithdknk`s khskh udi phrsphctnvi lés phrs`difnziki, quh tnhdh quh vhr c`d sus dhchsnkikhs lés hshdcnifhs. Fis cfishs suhfhd hstir rhpfhtis kh dnù`s y dnùis knvhrs`s, ndqunht`s, crhitnv`s, ricn`difhs, irtnstis, c`ludncik`rhs, lés fóbnc`s, s`cnifhs ` ndtrichptnv`s. Hf pfidthilnhdt` knvhrs` quh `jrhchd fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs imrh fis puhrtis i duhvis j`rlis y duhvis `p`rtudnkikhs kh iprhdkhr y crhchr   piri t`k`s. Fis jilnf ji lnfnis nis

Aid kh c`lprhdkhr duhvis j`rlis kh vif`rir fi hv`fucnód kh f`s ano`s. S`d cipichs kh vhr lés iffé kh fis d`tis y sh khspnhrti su ndthrîs p`r fis phrs`dis quh s`d. Hst` aich quh j`lhdthd y ic`lpiùhd if dnù` hd hf khsirr`ff` kh sus ndthfnbhdcnis, shid fis quh shid, snd c`lpiricn`dhs ` rhpr`cahs. Hd hsth shdtnk`, crhhl`s kh brid rhfhvidcni hf rhcuphrir k`s kh f`s c`dchpt`s cfivh hd fi th`rìi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs, quh yi d`lmril`s c`d idthrn`rnkik y cuyi hxphrnlhdticnód sup`dh fi ictnvicnód ` khsictnvicnód kh hstis? Fis hxphrnhdcnis crnstifnzik`ris (Jhfklid, 9>15)

C`dsnsthd hd cnrcudstidcnis ` l`lhdt`s hd fi mn`brijìi kh fi phrs`di hd f`s quh sh aid kik` ic`dthcnlnhdt`s quh sh aid brimik` kh l`k` snbdnjncitnv` (hl`cnód, vnsnód) y quh aid lircik` hf khsirr`ff` kh cnhrtis aimnfnkikhs, iptntukhs ` cipicnkikhs kh fi phrs`di. Hstis hxphrnhdcnis s`d crucnifhs hd hf khsirr`ff` kh f`s tifhdt`s y fis aimnfnkikhs kh udi phrs`di y,  p`r hdkh, kh sus ndthf ndthfnb nbhdcn hdcnis. is. Fis p`thdcni `, if lh lhd`s, d`s, fhs ki fi fi `p`rtudnkik `p`rtudnkik kh surb s urbnnr. U`r hohlpf hohlpf`, `, ud kìi d`s rhbifir`d udi cifcufik`ri y hd fi ikufthz d`s c`dvhrtnl`s hd lithlétnc`s, ` hf kìi hd quh d`s knhr`d ud thfhsc`pn` ` cuidk` d`s hdshùir`d i lnrir khtrés kh udi céliri kh j`t`s. Fis hxphrnhdcnis kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis pirifnzidths

S`d iquhffis quh mf`quhir`d hf khsirr`ff` kh udi ndthfnbhdcni nlp`rtidth piri hf suoht`. U`r hohlpf`, hf prnlhr chr` hd lithlétncis p`rquh hf pr`jhs`r d` hdthdknó fi fhtri ` hf kìi hd quh ud ifuld` sh snhdth khscifn khs cifnjncik`, jncik`, auln aulnffffik` ik` jrhdth if rhst` ` lirbn lirbndik`. dik`. Hsh tnp` kh hxphrnhdcnis hstéd jnoikis hd hf chrhmr` c`d udi juhrth cirbi dhbitnvi hd fis hl`cn`dhs h nlpnkhd u `msticufnzid hf khsphrtir kh fi ndthfnbhdcni. Hstis hxphrnhdcnis pirifnzidths suhfhd nr shbunkis kh shdtnlnhdt`s c`l` cufpi, lnhk`, idbustni, `kn`, nri y rimni, f` quh ijhcti i fi c`dstruccnód kh fi iut`nlibhd y hf iut`c`dchpt`.

F`s k`chdths thdhl`s bridkhs cipicnkikhs piri ndjfunr s`mrh duhstr` ifuldik`, d` s`f` ia`ri hd hf prhshdth, snd` quh hsti ndjfuhdcni sh pr`f`dbi aisti fi hkik ikufti. Hd duhstri khcnsnód hsté hf shr ibhdths crnstifnzik`rhs ` pirifnzidths.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Sn thdhl`s hst` hd cuhdti y quh fis [NC aid vhdnk` piri quhkirsh hd duhstri lidhri kh rhficn`dird`s c`d hf ludk`, crhir hxphrnhdcnis crnstifnzik`ris lhknidth hf us` kh hstis ÿftnlis d`s shré lés jécnf. ]hc`bhl`s iquì hf lipi lhdtif hfim`rik` p`r Lhrntxhff Znùis, ishs`ri y j`rlik`ri hd duhvis thcd`f`bìis ipfncikis i fi hkucicnód, k`dkh ibrupi y rhficn`di rhcurs`s [NC c`d ciki udi kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis kh A`wirk Birkdhr y quh, snd kuki, d`s iffidiré hf cilnd` kh f`s rhcurs`s i knsp`sncnód khf iprhdknzioh  misik` hd ndth ndthffnb nbhdcn hdcnis is lÿftn lÿftnpfh pfhs. s.

Jnburi Jnbur i =9. = 9.  Lipi Lhdtif? Lhdtif? rhcurs`s rhcurs` s

[NC piri khsirr`ffir k hsirr`ffir fis fis nd ndthf thfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs kh A`wirk Birkdhr. B irkdhr.

Juhdth? Lhrntxhff Znùis (Icikhly [`thlBuirk).

Z. Fhcturis rhc`lhdkikis r hc`lhdkikis s`mrh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs

Birkdhr, A. Ndthfn Ndthfnbhdcnis bhdcnis lÿf lÿftntnpfhs, pfhs, th` th`rìi rìi hd fi préctnci. Uinkós Uinkós?? Mirchf Mirchf`di `di..

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Jhrrédknz, C. (=55;) Hvifuicnód y khsirr`ff` kh fi c`lphthdcni c`bdntnvi. Xd hstukn` kh skh hf l`khf` kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs. Lndnsthrn` kh Hkucicnód y Cnhdcni7 Cnkh. Zhri, O. F. (=552). Ndthf Ndthfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis Lÿf Lÿftnpf tnpfhs. hs. Khpirtilhd Khpirtilhdt` t` kkhh Knkéctncis Hs Hsphc phcìjncis ìjncis.. Xdn vhrsnkik kh k h fi Fibu Fibudi. di.

ZN. Fhcturi c`lprhdsnvi  fnmr` mr` kh A. Birkdhr. ]hc` ]hc`lhdkil`s lhdkil`s fi fhcturi kh fi pébndi :1 i fi pébndi pébndi =;1. Jrilhs `j ` j lndk  lndk , fn

ZNN. Hohrcncn`s Hst`s hohrcncn`s s`d `pcn`difhs. Sn tnhdhs ifbudi kuki, puhkhs c`dtictir c`d tu tut`r lhknidth udi tut`rìi.

]hsulh ciki udi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs (lìdnl` 9.555 pifimris).

°Yuî hfhlhdt`s hfhlhdt`s tnh tnhdhs dhs piri p iri p`khr p` khr `ms ` mshrvir hrvir,, vifnkir vifnkir y hvif hvifuir uir ciki cik i udi kh fi fiss nd ndthf thfnb nbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs hs hd hf iufi0 (lìdnl` i 9.555 pifimris).

°Yuî hohrcncn`s p`krìis rhifnzir piri hdshùir udi ictnvnkik khskh fi phrsphctnvi kh fis NL0 (lìdnl` 9.555, léxnl` léxnl` 8.555 pifimris). Urhshdti trhs j`t`brijìis kh tu cfish quh luhstrhd ictnvnkikhs k`dkh sh usid fis NL.

ZNNN. ]hsulhd

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Hd hsti udnkik ahl`s ndtr`kucnk` hf c`dchpt` kh fis lhdths khf jutur` kh A. Birkdhr y su nlp`rtidcni i fi a`ri kh im`rkir hf lirc` jhd`lhd`fóbnc` kh fis NL. Ahl`s pr`judknzik` hd ciki udi kh fis NL khskh fi phrsphctnvi kh fi c`bdncnód aulidi, shbÿd Birkdhr. Ahl`s ndc`rp`rik` f`s lhdÿs knkéctnc`s kh Cilpmhff y f`s ndvhdtirn`s kh [a`lis Irlstr`db c`l` ahrrilnhdtis y rhcurs`s kh utnfnkik piri fi nkhdtnjncicnód kh isphct`s rhficn`dik`s c`d ciki udi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis khsirr`ffikis p`r Birkdhr. [ilmnîd ahl`s ffhvik` i cim` udi mrhvh hxpfncicnód kh cól` hlphzir i nlpfidtir, kh udi j`rli préctnci, hsti lht`k`f`bìi, y ahl`s ndcfunk` rhc`lhdkicn`dhs s`mrh cól` utnfnzir ciki udi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis  piri hdshùir hdshùir if if iful uldik` dik` i iprhdkhr. iprhdkhr. [ilmnîd ahl`s vnst`s ifbud`s kh f`s pudt`s kîmnfhs quh hf pr`pn` iut`r c`dsnkhri nlp`rtidths, rhficn`didk` tilmnîd fi vhrsnód kh fis NL c`d `tris phrsphctnvis ijndhs s`mrh hf ndthfhct` y fi ndthfnbhdcni. Ia`ri ai ffhbik` fi a`ri kh vhr sn hsti hstructuri kh fis NL d`s puhkh iyukir i c`lprhdkhr lho`r  f`s pr`chs`s pr`c hs`s kh fi hkucicnód, hkucicnód, cól` c ól` sh aid khsirr`ffi khsirr`ffik` k` hd hf pisik` y cól` sh puhkhd knshùir  hd hf jutur`. Hsti tirhi rhquhrnré, prnlhr`, quh f`s k`chdths thdbid hd c`dsnkhricnód knjhrhdths lidhris kh cól` sh tridslnth y sh hvifÿi hf c`d`cnlnhdt`. Hf isudt` kh fi ndthfnbhdcni hs ud thli khfncik` y fi th`rìi kh fis NL sh ai vnst` ndjfunki p`r  knjhrhdths phrsphctnvis quh d` phrthdhchd hstrnctilhdth i fi psnc`f`bìi ` phkib`bìi, c`l` fi idtr`p`f`bìi, piri p`khr ndthbrir i t`k`s f`s ndknvnku`s hd hf lirc` jhd`lhd`fóbnc`.

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

]hcurs`s K`culhdt`s Irth, Lh dth ^ Chrhmr` - Xdi ipr`xnl Irth, ipr`xnlicn@d icn@d c`bdntnv c` bdntnvi i i fi crhitnvnk crh itnvnkik ik Birkdhr-A`wirk-Birkdhr -A`wirk-- -Irth-Lhdth-^-Chrhmr`--Irth-Lhdth-^-C hrhmr`---Xdi-ipr`xn -Xdi-ipr`xnl licn@d-c`bdn icn@d-c`bdntntnvi-i-fi-crhitnv vi-i-fi-crhitnvnkik-phkib`b nkik-phkib`bni-32:p.pkj  ni-32:p.pkj 

Birkdhr, A`wirk - Irth, Lhdth ^ Chrhmr` - Xdi ipr`xn ipr` xnlicn@d licn@d c`bdn c` bdntntnvi vi i fi crhitnvnkik crhitnvnkik (phkib`bni, 32:p)

Hdfichs kh Ndthrîs attps?//www.sfnkhsairh.dht/sidf attps?//www .sfnkhsairh.dht/sidfub ubrhdi/nd rhdi/ndthfn thfnbhdcn bhdcnisis-lf lftnpf tnpfhshs-y-su-rh y-su-rhficn ficnd-c`dd-c`d-hf-chrh hf-chrhmr`mr`-au aulid lid``

NL y chrhmr`. Juhdth attp?//www.y`bihdrhk.c`l/=593/5:/9>/hdshdir-i-f`s-dnd`s-i-trivhs-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-f` bnc`-lithlitnci/ attp?//www.y`bihdrhk.c`l/=593/5:/9>/hdshdir-i-f`s-dnd`s-i-trivhs-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-f`bnc`-lithlitnci/

attp?//www.y`bihdrhk.c` l/=593/5:/ 93/5:/9>/hdshdir-i-f 9>/hdshdir-i-f`s `s-dn -dnd`s d`s-i-trivhs-kh-fis-n -i-trivhs-kh-fis-ndthf dthfnb nbhdcnis-f`bn hdcnis-f`bnc` c`-attp?//www.y`bihdrhk.c`l/=5 lithlitnci/ attp?//nct.hku.ir/rhd`vicn`d/wp-c`dthdt/ attp? //nct.hku.ir/rhd`vicn`d/wp-c`dthdt/up upf`iks/=59 f`iks/=59=/5=/Bi =/5=/Birkd rkdhrPndthfnbhdcnis. hrPndthfnbhdcnis.pk pkj  j  attp?//nct.hku.ir/rhd`vicn`d/wp-c`dthdt/upf`iks/=59=/5=/BirkdhrPndthfnbhdcnis.pkj 

attp?//nct.hku.ir/rhd`vicn`d/wp-c`dthdt/upf`iks/=59=/5=/BirkdhrPndthfnbhdcnis.pkj  attp?//hs.sfnkhsairh.dht/HlnfniFidkhthSdcahz/hvifuicnd-y attp? //hs.sfnkhsairh.dht/HlnfniFidkhthSdcahz/hvifuicnd-y-khsirr`ff`-kh-fi-c`lphthdcni-c` -khsirr`ff`-kh-fi-c`lphthdcni-c` bdntnvi attp?//hs.sfnkhsairh. attp?//hs.sfn khsairh.dht/Hl dht/HlnfnfniFid niFidkhthS khthSdcahz dcahz/hvifu /hvifuicnd-y-khsi icnd-y-khsirr`ff rr`ff``-khkh-fi-c`lphthdcni-c` fi-c`lphthdcni-c`bd bdntn ntnvi vi

attp?//hs.sfnkhsairh.dht/Hl attp?//hs.sfnkhs airh.dht/HlnfnfniF niFidkhthSdcahz/hvif idkhthSdcahz/hvifuicnd-yuicnd-y-khs khsirr`ff irr`ff`-k `-kh-f h-fi-c` i-c`lphthdcni-c`bdnt lphthdcni-c`bdntnv nvii attp?//stukyfn attp? //stukyfnm.hs/k`c/9: m.hs/k`c/9:91; 91;9/ndthfnbhdcnis-l% 9/ndthfnbhdcnis-l%C3%MIft C3%MIftnpf npfhs-------=552 hs-------=552 attp?//stukyfnm.hs/k`c/9:91;9/ndthfnbhdcnis-l%C3%MIftnpfhs-------=552

attp?//stukyfnm.hs/k`c/9:91;9/ndthfnbhdcnis-l%C3%MIftnpfhs-------=552 attps?//vnhw.pu attps?// vnhw.pumfnt mfntis.c is.c `l/p=== `l/p===-9;98 -9;98/birkdhr-a /birkdhr-a`wirk-th`rni-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-luf `wirk-th`rni-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-luftnp tnpfhs/ fhs/ pibh/:1-:> attps?//vnhw.pumfntis.c`l/p===-9;98/birkdhr-a`wirk-th`rni-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-luftnpfhs/pibh/:1-:>

attps?//vnhw.pumfntis.c`l/p===-9;98/birkdhr-a`wirk-th`rni-kh-fis-ndthfnbhdcnis-luftnpfhs/pibh/:1:> attp?//www.ilifnis`fhr.cit/ attp?//www.ilifnis`fhr.cit/

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Khscrnpcnód kh fis `ca` ndthfnbhdcnis y sus aimnfnkikhs

Mnmfn`brijìi Uumfncicnód? Cahd O, Nsmhrb H, Grhcahvsgy L, Birkdhr A, Jhfklid KA, Grhcahvsgy L. Hf

 pr`yhct` Sphctrul Sp hctrul (N). Likrn Likrnk? k? L`riti L`riti Uumfncicnód? Cahd O, Nsmhrb H, Grhcahvsgy L, Birkdhr A, Jhfklid KA, Grhcahvsgy L. Hf

 pr`yhct` Sphctrul Sp hctrul (NN). Likrn Likrnk? k? L`riti L`riti Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A, Csngszhdtlnaifyn L, Kil`d R. Muhd trimio`. Cuidk` îtnci y hxchfhdcni c`dvhrbhd (c`d `tr`s). Mirchf`di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A, Jhfklid KA, Grhcahvsgy L. Hf pr`yhct` Sphctrul (NNN). Likrnk?

L`riti Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Irth,

lhdth y chrhmr`. chrhmr` . Xdi ipr`xn ipr` xnlicnód licnód c`bdn c` bdntnv tnvii i fi crhitnvnkik. crhitnvnkik.

Mirchf`di? Uinkó Uinkóss Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Hkucicnód irtìstnci y khsirr`ff` aulid`. Mirchf`di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Hstructuris kh fi lhdth? fi th`rìi kh fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs. Lîxnc`?

J`dk` kh Cufturi Cufturi Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A.

Ndthfnb Ndthf nbhdcnis hdcnis lÿftnpf lÿftnpfhs. hs. Fi th`rìi th`rì i hd fi préctnci. p réctnci. Mirchf`di? Mirc hf`di? Uinkó Uinkóss

Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Fi hkucicnód kh fi lhdth y hf c`d`cnlnhdt` kh fis knscnpfndis. F` quh

t`k`s f`s hstuknidths khmhrìid c`lprhdkhr. Mirchf`di? Uinkós

Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Fi ndthfnbhdcni rhj`rlufiki. Fis ndthfnbhdcnis lÿftnpfhs hd hf snbf` QQN.

Mirchf`di? Uinkó Uinkóss Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Fi lhdth d` hsc`firnziki. Cól` pnhdsid f`s dnù`s y cól` khmhrìid

hdshùir fis hscuhfis. Mirchf`di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Fi duhvi cnhdcni kh fi lhdth. Anst`rni kh fi rhv`fucnód c`bdntnvi.

Mirchf`di? Uinkó Uinkóss Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Fis cndc` lhdths khf jutur`. Mirchf`di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Lhdths ccrhitn rhitnvis. vis.

Xdi idit`lìi kh fi crhitnvn crhitnvnkik kik vn vnsti sti i trivîs kh k h fis vnkis kh S. Jrhuk, I.Hndsthnd, U. Unciss`, N. Strivndsgy, [.S. Hffn`t, L. Briail, L. Bidkan. Mirchf`di? Uinkó Uinkóss Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Lhdths ccrhitn rhitnvis. vis.

Xdi idit`lìi kh fi crhitnvn crhitnvnkik kik.. Mirchf`di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Lhdths hxtri`rkndirnis. Cuitr` rhtrit`s piri khscumrnr duhstri pr`pni hxchpcn`dif hxchpc n`difnkik. nkik. Mirchf Mirc hf`di? `di? Uinkós Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. Lhdths fìk fìkhrhs. hrhs.

Xdi idit`lìi khf fnkhrizb`. fnkhrizb`. Mirchf`di? Uinkós

Uumfncicnód? Birkdhr A. S Snht nhthh Ndthfnbhdcnis. Ndthfnbhdcnis. Fi th`rìi th`rì i hd fi préctnci.

Mirchf`di? Uinkós

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