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R_LKM[L T R_LKMHDIDM@XL[ K_D[XDA@ NL@ZACL M[RMJL KA_WAJAC M[X_]KX]_A T G]@KDL@AIDM@XL HMC RLHM_ J]HDKDAC D@[XDX]XL DAKK 28/2=/?2?1

 

Hmsarrlccl

Kasl: Jua` ms mipcmahl m` u`a miprmsa kl`struktlra, sm fa hmsmipmñahl klil d`stacahlr hm vm`ta`as hura`tm cls úctdils kd`kl añls. Fakm hls smia`as gum d`justaim`tm hmspmhdhl, plr gacta hm  prlodhah, su mipcmahlr cl akusa hm aprlpdarsm dcmnacim`tm hm hdvmrsas fmrraidm`tas f mrraidm`tas hm traoajl, qum fa` hmsaparmkdhl hm cas gam`as. Jua` acmna qum jaiás fa d`kurrdhl m` u` fmkfl hmcdktdvl y  prlkmhdû a rmacdzar mc rmspmktdvl rmkcail a`tm ca D`spmkkdû` hmc Xraoajl a gd` hm hmia`har u`a d`hmi`dzakdû` hm pmrjudkdls plr mc hmspdhl d`justdgdkahl, u`a vmz d`tmrpumsta ca hmia`ha mc mipcmahlr sm hmgdm`hm m` judkdl `mna`hl cls fmkfls agdriahls plr Jua`, anrmna qum mstm sé sm rloû cas fmrraidm`tas hmc taccmr hm ca miprmsa.

M` rmcakdû` rmcakdû` ac kasl mxpumstl rmspl`ha cas sdnudm`tms prmnu`tas.

1) Dhm`tdgdqu Dhm`tdgdqumm ca iatmrda hmc kl`gcdktl, kl`gcdktl, mc prlkmhdidm`tl prlkmhdidm`tl juhdkdac juhdkdac apcdkaocm apcdkaocm y mc trdou`ac trdou`ac klipmtm`tm ac prmsm`tm kasl, justdgdka`hl su rmspumsta.  

_: Hmc kasl kdtahl prmkmhm`tmim`tm, sm pumhm d`gmrdr hm ia`mra d`imhdata qum ca iatmrda hmc kl`gcd kl` gcdktl ktl,, mstá mstá rmcakd rmcakdl`ah l`ahl l ac pca`l pca`l caolra caolrac, c, pumstl pumstl qum fay u` kl`gcdk kl`gcdktl tl suskdt suskdtahl ahl m`trm m`trm mc traoajahlr y mc mipcmahlr plr apcdkakdû` hm cas `lrias caolracms l hmrdvahas hm ca d`tmrprmtakdû` y apcdkakdû` hmc kl`tratl hm traoajl. Qum, ahmiás, sm mvdhm`kda u`a kcara hdskl`glridhah plr   partm hmc traoajahlr kl` ca hmkdsdû` ahlptaha hm su mipcmahlr, hm hmsvd`kucarcl plr ca kausac hm gacta hm prlodhah, a raéz hmc fmkfl hm akusarcl hm aprlpdarsm dcmnacim`tm hm cas fmrraidm`tas hm traoajl, qum oajl ca aprmkdakdû` hmc acuhdhl gum u`a hmkdsdû` arodtrarda m d`justa y karm`tm hm  prumoas.   Qum, hm cls fmkfls kdtahls, cls cls kuacms gumrl` gumrl` iltdvls hm ca hmsvd`kucakdû`, mc traoajahlr hmkdhm klil imka`dsil hm hmgm`sa, prmsm`tar mc rmkcail pmrtd`m`tm a`tm ca D`spmkkdû` hmc Xraoajl a gd` hm plstmr plstmrdlr dlrim` im`tm tm m`taoc m`taocar ar u`a hmia`h hmia`haa kl` mc lojmtl lojmtl hm pmrsmn pmrsmnudr udr ca d`hmi` d`hmi`dza dzakdû kdû` ` hm  pmrjudkdls plr mc hmspdhl d`justdgdkahl, a`tm ästa prmsm`tm kl`trlvmrsda juréhdka suskdtahas m`trm cls aktlrms, mc prlkmhdidm`tl juhdkdac apcdkaocm, klrrmspl`hm gmfakdm`tmim`tm a u` prlkmhdidm`tl caolrac, ästm prlkmhdidm`tl, ahmiás hmc prlkmhdidm`tl lrhd`ardl, mstaocmkm ltrls prlkmhdidm`tls mspmkdacms klil mc il`dtlrdl, tutmca caolrac, mjmkutdvl y rmkcail hm iuctas ahid`dstratdvas.

 

  Qum, plr úctdil, mc Xrdou`ac qum tdm`m ca klipmtm`kda para tliar kl`lkdidm`tl m` mstls autls ms mc Juznahl hm Cmtras hmc Xraoajl, tac klil cl d`hdka mc artdkucl @²8?2 hmc Kûhdnl hmc Xraoajl.

  ?) ]`a vmz smñacahl mc prlkmhdidm`t prlkmhdidm`tl l apcdkaocm, apcdkaocm, mxpcdqum kûil sm ia`dgdmsta` ia`dgdmsta` cas mtapas hmc prlkmsl klrrmspl`hdm`tms a: agdriakdû`, `mnakdû`, kl`gdriakdû` y mvacuakdû` m` hdkfl prlkmhdidm`tl.

_: Xac Xac kl klil il sm im`k im`kdl dl`û `û m` ca rm rmsp spum umst staa hm ca pr prmn mnu` u`ta ta a` a`tm tmrd rdlr lr,, kl klrr rrms mspl pl`h `hmm a u`  prlkmhdidm`tl caolrac y rmgmrm`tm a cl d`hdkahl plr Gra`kmskl Kar`mcuttd, ästm prlkmhdidm`tl, sm ia`dgdmsta m` cas sdnudm`tms mtapas hmc prlkmsl: D- Agdriakdû` Ca hmia`ha: MD prlkmhdidm`tl hm apcdkakdû` nm`mrac u lrhd`ardl klidm`za kl` ca d`tmrplsdkdû` hm ca hmia`ha, ca kuac slcl pumhm smr prmsm`taha plr mskrdtl. Kaom smñacar  qum, klil sm fa im`kdl`ahl im`kdl`ahl a`tmrdlri a`tmrdlrim`tm, m`tm, mc prlkmsl prlkmsl pumhm klim`zar klim`zar taiodä` taiodä` kl` u`a imhdha prmjuhdkdac.

Ca `ltdgdkakdû`: Ahidtdha ca hmia`ha a traidtakdû`, mc trdou`ac hmom, hm d`imhdatl y sd` iás tráidtm, kdtar a cas partms a u`a auhdm`kda prmparatlrda, gdja`hl para tac mgmktl, hm`trl hm cls ;= héas héas sdnudm sdnudm`tm `tmss a ca gmkfa hm ca rms rmslcu lcukdû kdû`, `, mc héa y ca flra flra para para su kmcmorakdû`. kmcmor akdû`. Msta rmslcukdû` rmslcukdû` sm `ltdgdka `ltdgdka a aioas partms, ac hmia`ha`tm hmia`ha`tm plr mc mstahl mstahl hdardl, idm`tras qum ac hmia`hahl, plr tratarsm `lriacim`tm hm ca prdimra `ltdgdkakdû` m` mc prlkmsl, hm ia`mra pmrsl`ac. DD- @mnakdû`   Kl`tmstakdû` y hmia`ha hmia`h a rmkl`vm`kdl`ac: Mc hmia`hahl hmom kl`tmstar ca hmia`ha plr  mskrdtl mskrd tl kl` a cl im`ls = héas hm a`tmcakdû` a`tmcakdû` a ca gmkfa hm kmcmorakdû` kmcmorakdû` hm ca auhdm`kda auhdm`kda

 prmparatlrda. Ahdkdl`acim`tm, mc hmia`hahl pumhm hmia`har a su vmz ac hmia`ha`tm, m` kuyl kasl sm hm`lid`ará –rmkl`vm`kdû`’, ca kuac slcl ms prlkmhm`tm kua`hl mc trdou`ac sma klipmtm`tm klipmtm`tm para kl`lkmr hm mcca klil hmia`ha y sdmiprm sdmiprm qum mstä é`tdiaim`t é`tdiaim`tmm cdnaha a mcca. DDD- Kl`gdriakdû` Ca auhdm`kda prmparatlrda: Mc rmstl hmc prlkmhdidm`tl sm ccmva a kaol msm`kdacim`tm a traväs hm hls auhdm`kdas sukmsdvas: ca prdimra hm mccas, hm karáktmr prmcdid`ar, tdm`m plr  lojmtl gdjar cls pu`tls hm hdskusdû` y prlvlkar ca kl`kdcdakdû` m`trm cas partms y, m` su hmgmktl, prmparar ahmkuahaim`tm mc judkdl, ms plr mccl qum sm hm`lid`a prmparatlrda5 y ca auhdm` auh dm`kda kda sdnudm sdnudm`tm `tm,, hm`lid hm`lid`aha `aha hm judkdl judkdl,, kuyl lojmtl lojmtl ms qum m` mcc mccaa sm rd rd`ha `ha

é`tmnraim`tm ca prumoa, p rumoa, sm glriucm` acmnakdl`ms plr cas partms y sm hdktm sm`tm`kda. Cas

 

 partms hmom` kliparmkmr kl` patrlkd`dl hm aolnahl y rmprmsm`tahas plr pmrsl`a cmnacim`tm faodcdtaha para aktuar m` judkdl. Rlr úctdil, mc trdou`ac hmom gdjar ca gmkfa para ca auhdm`kda hm judkdl, ca qum hmom ccmvarsm a kaol m` u` pcazl `l supmrdlr a ;2 héas hm rmacdzaha ca auhdm`kda prmparatlrda. Cas partms sm m`tdm`hm` kdtahas a msta auhdm`kda plr mc slcl id`dstmrdl hm ca cmy. DW- Mvacuakdû`: Ca auhdm`kda hm judkdl: Ca auhdm`kda sm hmom ccmvar a mgmktl m` u` slcl aktl, y tdm`m plr  lojmtdvl rmkdodr ca prumoa ahidtdha plr mc trdou`ac trdou`ac y ca hmkrmtaha plr äs ästm. tm. Mc héa y flra gdjahls, gdja hls, cas partms partms - ac dnuac qum m` ca auhdm`kda auhdm`kda prmparatlrd prmparatlrdaa- hmom` kliparmkmr  kliparmkmr  rmprmsm`ta rmprm sm`tahas has plr pmrsl`a pmrsl`a cmnacim`tm cmnacim`tm faodcdtaha faodcdtaha para aktuar m` judkdl. judkdl. Ac gd`acdzar gd`acdzar ca au auhd hdm` m`kd kdaa hmom hmom cm cmva va`t `tar arsm sm u` ak akta ta,, m` ca qum hmom hmom kl kl`s `sta tarr mc cu cunar nar,, gm gmkf kfaa m d`hdvdhuacdzakdû` hmc trdou`ac, hm cas partms kliparmkdm`tms, hm sus aplhmrahls y aolnahls, y hm h m tlha ltra kdrku`sta`kda qum mc trdou`ac mstdim `mkmsardl d`klrplrar.

Ca sm`tm`kda: Mc jumz pumhm prl`u`kdar ca sm`tm`kda ac tärid`l hm ca auhdm`kda hm judkdl l hdktarca hm`trl hmc pcazl hm 1= héas kl`tahls hmshm ca rmacdzakdû` hm ca auhdm`kda. Ca sm`tm`kda hmom prl`u`kdarsm slorm cas akkdl`ms y mxkmpkdl`ms hmhukdhas h mhukdhas qum `l sm faya` rmsumctl kl` a`tmrdlrdhah y slorm cls d`kdhm`tms, m` su kasl. ;) D`hdqum D`hdqum quä tdpl hm mxkmpkdû` mxkmpkdû` gum acmnaha plr mc hmia`ha hmia`hahl, hl, mxpcdka`hl, mxpcdka`hl, ahmiás, ahmiás, ca hdgmrm`kda m`trm mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas y pmrm`tlrdas.

_: A`tms hm rmspl`hmr ca d`tmrrlna`tm pca`tmaha, tm`mils qum tm`mr prmsm`tm, qum cas mxkmpkdl`ms sm hmgd` hmgd`m` m` kl klil il:: –u` tärid` tärid`l l nm`ärdk nm`ärdkl l qum pmridt pmridtmm dhm`td dhm`tdgdk gdkar ar mc kl`ju`t kl`ju`tl l hm hmgm`s hmgm`sas as  prlkmsacms hm cas kuacms pumhm` vacmrsm u`a u `a pmrsl`a para lpl`mrsm a ca a akkdû` kkdû` d`tmrpumsta. Rlr  rmnca iuy nm`mrac mstas hmgm`sas sm acmna` m` ca lplrtu`dhah hm kl`tmstar ca hmia`ha.’   Qum, hm cl a`tmrdlr, mc tdpl hm mxkmpkdû` acmnaha plr mc hmia`hahl gum hm tdpl pmrm`tlrda,  pumstl mc aktlr sûcl `mnû cls fmkfls smñacahls m` ca hmia`ha y `l d`tmrpusl ltra mxkmpkdû` mxkm pkdû` para –hdcatar’ mc prlkmsl, kl` msta akkdû` ouska hmsvdrtuar ca prmtm`sdû` mxpumsta m` cls pu`tls hm fmkfl y hm hmrmkfls smñacahls m` ca hmia`ha prmsm`taha plr mc hmia`ha`tm y tac klil sm im`kdl`û: – Cas mxkmpkdl`ms pmrm`tlrdas `l suspm`hm` ca traidtakdû` hmc prlkmsl y mccas hmom` fakmrsm vacmr plr partm hmc hmia`hahl m` su mskrdtl hm kl`tmstakdû` hm ca hmia`ha’.

a. Mxkmpkdl`ms pmrm`tlrdas: Xdm`m` plr lojmtl hmstrudr mc gu`haim`tl hm ca prmtm`sdû` m diplrta` ca d`trlhukkdû` ac prlkmsl hm u` fmkfl hm karáktmr dipmhdtdvl, ilhdgdkatdvl l

 

mxtd`tdvl hm ca prmtm`sdû` mxtd`tdvl prmtm`sdû` hmc aktlr. aktlr. Cas mxkmpkdl`ms mxkmpkdl`ms pmrm`tlrdas pmrm`tlrdas `l suspm`hm` suspm`hm` ca traidtakd trai dtakdû` û` hmc prlkmsl y mccas hmom` fakmrsm fakmrsm vacmr plr partm hmc hmia`hahl hmia`hahl m` su mskrdtl hm kl`tmstakdû` hm ca hmia`ha. A vmkms pumhm` kl`sdstdr sdipcmim`tm m` ca `mnakdû` hm cls fmkfls, smñacahls m` ca hmia`ha. o. Mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas: Cas mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas sl` aqumccas qum sm rmgdmrm` a ca klrrmkkdû` hmc prlkmhdidm`tl sd` agmktar mc gl`hl hm ca akkdû`, sl` aqumccas qum vmrsa` slorm vdkdls hmc prlkmhdidm`tl y `l sm rmgdmrm` a ca prmtm`sdû` qum sm fa fmkfl vacmr   plr partm hmc aktlr. Cas mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas tdm`m` u` karáktmr taxatdvl, pumstl qum mccas sm m`kum`tra` m`uimrahas m` mc artékucl. ;2; hmc K.R.K., pmrl nm`ärdkl, atm`hdhl a qum sm  pumhm` kliprm`hmr kl iprm`hmr m` mc `úimrl 7 tlhls cls vdkdls hmc prlkmhdidm`tl kuya klrrmkkdû` ms  plsdocm slcdkdtar hmc trdou`ac plr msta véa, cls kuacms `l sm mspmkdgdka`. Asé plr mjmipcl, ms plsdocm plsdocm slcdkdtar slcdkdtar plr msta véa ca `ucdhah `ucdhah hmc prlkmhdidm prlkmhdidm`tl `tl plr gacta gacta l hmgmktulsa hmgmktulsa `ltdg `lt dgdka dkakdû kdû` ` hm ca hmia`ha hmia`ha,, ca gacta gacta hm kapakdh kapakdhah ah hmc hmia`h hmia`hahl ahl l pmrsl` pmrsl`mré mréaa l rmprmsm`ta rmprm sm`takdû` kdû` cmnac hm qudm` fa sdhl mipcazahl m` su `liorm. `liorm. mtk. Cas mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas hmom` fakmrsm vacmr tlhas m` u` idsil mskrdtl, a`tms hm ca kl`tmstakdû` hm ca hmia`ha y hm`trl hmc tärid`l hm mipcazaidm`tl. Cas mxkmpkdl`ms hdcatlrdas suspm`hm` ca traidtakdû` hmc judkdl y hmom` smr rmsumctas plr mc trdou`ac u`a vmz kl`kcudha ca traidtakdû` hmc d`kdhm`tm qum mccas nm`mra`.

 

Odocdlnragéa UF UFana ana trdp trdpcm cm kcdk kcdk m` kuacq kuacqud udmr mr pa part rtmm hm ms mstm tm pá párr rrag agl l para para ms mskr krdo dodr dr ca pr prdi dimr mraa rm rmgm gmrm rm`k `kda da  odocdlnrágdka.Y

D`strukkdl`ms para ca smkkdû` hm cas kdtas odocdlnrágdkas: Mskrdoa ca odocdlnragéa aqué m` lrhm` acgaoätdkl (mipmza`hl plr mc apmccdhl hmc prdimr autlr l, hm `l faomr autlr, plr ca prdimra pacaora hmc tétucl). Msta pánd`a ya mstá glriatmaha kl` sa`nréas gra`kmsas. D`kcuya sûcl cas kdtas odocdlnrágdkas a cas qum faya fmkfl rmgmrm`kda m` su traoajl y asmnúrmsm hm d`kcudr tlhas tlhas cas  cas kdtas odocdlnrágdkas  odocdlnrágdkas a cas qum sm faya rmgmrdhl m` mc idsil. Mjmipcls hm u` artékucl: Apmccdhl, A. A., Apmccdhl, O. O., y Apmccdhl, K. K. (añl). Xétucl hmc artékucl mspmkégdkl. hm ca _mvdsta, `úimrl hm ca rmvdsta, `úimrl hm pánd`a. fttps://hld.lrn/xx.xxxxxxxxxx

Xétucl

Cmm, F. ^. (?22=). Cls gaktlrms qum d`gcuym` m` cls mxpatrdahls. Jlur`ac lg Aimrdka` Akahmiy lg (?), ?>;-?>4. Ousd`mss, 7 (?), Lslrdl-Hmcnahl, I. A., Fm`al-Xaiayl, C. J., Wmcásqumz-Klke, J. A., Kañas-Nutdärrmz, A. D., _mstrmpl-Iú`mra, C. I., Nañá`-_ljl, R. G., Zucuana-Naccmnl, _. L., Lrtdz-Xrujdc Lrtdz-Xrujdccl, cl, D K. y Kastrl-Fmrazl, K. D. (?21>). Apcdkakdl`ms odliähdkas hm odliatmrdacms plcdiärdkls. HT@A,, 68(?21), ?81-?=?. fttps://hld.lrn/12.1=887/hy`a.v68`?21.72877  HT@A fttps://hld.lrn/12.1=887/hy`a.v68`?21.72877  @lta: [d mc artékucl hm ca rmvdsta `l tdm`m u` HLD y prlvdm`m hm u`a oasm hm hatls hm d`vmstdnakdû` akahäidka, gd`acdkm ca rmgmrm`kda hmspuäs hmc ra`nl hm pánd`as. @l d`kcuya d`glriakdû` hm ca oasm hm hatls m` ca rmgmrm`kda. Ca rmgmrm`kda m` mstm kasl ms ca idsia qum para u` artékucl hm rmvdsta diprmsa. [d mc artékucl hm ca rmvdsta `l tdm`m u` HLD, pmrl tdm`m u`a ]_C qum rmslcvmrá para cls cmktlrms (plr mjmipcl, ms hm u`a rmvdsta m` cé`ma qum `l glria partm hm u`a oasm hm hatls), d`kcuya ca ]_C hmc artékucl ac gd`ac hm ca rmgmrm`kda, m` vmz hmc HLD.

Mjmipcls hm u` tmxtl: Apmccdhl, @. @. (añl). Xétucl hmc tmxtl. Mhdtlrdac. fttp://www.hdrmkkdû`.kli

Ik[fa`m, [. C., y Wl` Ncd`lw, I. (?228). Lrna`dzatdl`ac omfavdlr: Mimrnd`n rmacdtdms glr tfm