DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE UNIDAD-5.pdf

November 23, 2017 | Author: Hernan Roberto Lopez Ledezma | Category: Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Industrialisation, Pollution, Water Pollution

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INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE OAXACAc c

DEPTO. DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL c c

DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE c c

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ANDREA DENISSE PONCE REYES c c c ING. MARIO SERGIO LERIN CRUZ

GRUPO: IA

8° SEMESTRE

HORA: 8:00-9:00

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5.1 CRECIMIENTO DEMOGRÁFICO, INDUSTRIALIZACIÓN Y USO DE LA ENERGÍA.

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c ',,c , c & c 2+,&-c , c !'c ' ,, 'c ,&'+!;,'c !! -c 2+ 8c&c+ c, c!'c 'c, c'&c(c!c+ c, c&c 'c c !c :& c ' c '! c &c :&-! c + c !c .+c (c !c '&c !!c 5c '&2& 'c c!'c9!'c,0,'c&c-, ;c'&'6c c,, c !c'&c 'c &c .!,,c c '7c 'c c &&!c , c '6c 9! 'c c 6c !c , '2!.++c c '%c , c 2, +c ,:&'-c (c ,'c '!6c !c 3% c , c %'c , c ! 'c2 + , +'6c'c' & 'c, !c 'c, c'' c:& c !c '' c c , c !'c ' ,, 'c , '++!!,'c 5c '! ,c 2+c +c!c2,,c2+,&-c+ c:& c!c'&' c '76c!c, ,c, c +%7cc'!c5c ,c:& c+ +c c!c,&'+6c'c 0c c !'c '&,+ 'c , c !'c 2+,&'c &.&+,'6c ,,c :& c ''c 2+ 'c (++ c +%7c 2+c &2!+c c '&c .!,,c /+c ''. +c 'c, ,cc'!c, c '6c'c, c 3% c, c& -'c'c, c.+6c' c 5 c 2+ 'c &c (+c % +c (c . +c , c +%7c /+c !!6c ' c 5c 5 5c '+c,+c, c%+, 'c +'c% +,+ 'c, c +%7c 3 , +6c c!c - &!,,c, c2, +c''. +c!c, ,c:& c2& ,c' +c+ :& +,c !c ',c, !c '+6c5c% +,c !cA ( ' Ac c 'c , c 3+@+c 2+c 6c :& c &c , c !'c 2+$ +'c $'c 2+ 'c 2+c !'.+c !c %+,c , c , '++!!c , c &c 27'6c ' c '&c %'c +%0c2 +c$2c c c c c c c c Y c

5.2 IMPACTO DE LAS ACTIVIDADES HUMANAS SOBRE LA NATURALEZA.

!c + c , %+$.c 'c ', +,c 2+c !%&'c &+ 'c !c 2+2!c + '2'! c , c!'c,@'c:& c '$c '&.+ ,c !c ,c&+!6c '+ c ,c c!'c 9!'c+ c@'6c,@'c:& c2+ c:& c ;6c'cc' cc!'c ,,'c , &,'6c c!c '&2 +-- c , c!c 5&,,c / +6c 'c %+c :& c !c, ++c , !c ,c &+!c , 2 , c , !c @c (c !c ,'+&c , c !c 2!c (c :& c !c & c, !c'c '$c c2+ c, +,c2+c !c+ c, %+$.c(c, c !'c - ! 'c , c &+;6c 'c +c :& c !'c (+ 'c 2+! 'c !c + '2 c ' c 2! c c !'c 27' 'c $'c , '++!!,'6c 2+c !c :& c !c , %+,c 5(c :& c -&!+!c '+ c,c!c 2c , c ' ,,c:& c ' c 5c , '++!!,c c ''c 27' 'c c!'c9!'c@'c &,c2+ c'+ c!c ++c !c×c 2 '6c'&c'&2 +-- c, 2 , c , c '&c ,2c !c ,c &+!c / +6c c 2++c , !c c c :& c - c 2+ , 'c 2+c ,+c (c ,.+c ,5c ,6c c '&c , ++c / +c ' +$c '+ c ,c , ', c !c %&,c D& ++c &,!c &,c !c ,c -c c ' +c ! +,c c,c'&c2+.&,,,6c2& 'c!c.& + cc0c' c@, c!c 'c &+;6c !c+ c- !c, c'&c (c!'c2+2'c2+ ''c, %+$.'c 2+$ 'c c +%6c ,'%'c !c 2c , !c 5+ c '+ c !c ,c ' %9c !c %+,c, c, '++!!cc!'c27' 'c, '++!!,'c !c+ c'&c +%06c !c ',,c, c !+c+ ',&'cc, %+,! '6c!'c2+! 'c, +-,'c, c!c +c c&,, '6c, !c, ' c, c,'2 +c, c '2'c&+! '6c, c6c 6c '$c 2!,c !c :& c !%&'c !!c c , c !c 2&! 6c :& c , cc. +cc!'c27' 'c$'c2+ 'cc ,,c:& c' c, '++!!c(c+c!c :& c c!%&'c;'c' c5c 2 ;,cc!&5+c 'c2+! 'c$'c%+- 'c'c!c c '.0+6c :& c , c c 3 , +' c $'c !!$c , c !'c 2+2'c &,, 'c (c :& c c %+c ,,c 'c 2+,&c , c !c !c &!;c , c +%7'c '=c !c 2!&c , c !'c %&'c ! 'c !c - + +' c c !!'c 2+,&'cc, %+,! '=c!c2!&c, c!'c%&'c $'6cc!'c:& c- + c!c ! '6c c ' & 'c '+ c !c !%7c , c !'c '2 'c +'=c !c 2!&c+,-=c!c,&! +c, c!'c! '=c !c, ++c, !c ,c!c (c- % !c !c2c, !c5+ c'+ c!c'&2 +. c, !c2! cc'!c 'c2+2+!c c!c, ',,c, c2!c'c0cc!c +%7c:& c'& c,,-,&c !c ,c %+7!6c .& c , ', c !c 2+2c &c , c !'c -7'c , c & '+'c !'c '6c2& 'c5(6c, $'c, c'&c.&cc'2+ c, c!'c-,, 'c + !,'c c !c%+&!&+c(c , c 2+,&+c c '&+c+ &+''c+ -! '6c 5c ',c', +,cc&c+ 2+c, c+ ',&'c, c,2c(c2+c'&2& '6c c&c % +,+c, c2 +&+ 'c, ,cc!'c2+2'c& 'c%+7!'c

Y c

c !c 'c ,,c :& c 5c ,c + ,c !c 9 +c , c 5 'c c !c 2! 6c' c5c+ ,c!'c- ! 'c, !c, ++c !c(cc !!'6c5c ,'&,c !'c - ! 'c , c%&c 2! 6c !c 2 +,,c , c ,. + 'c '2 'c - % ! 'c (c! '6c !c 2+c , c & +''c . + ,, 'c&+! 'c c c ,''c .' '6c !c , ++c , !c'& !6c !c &!c 'c !c '2+ c ,, c ' c 2+,& c !'c! 'c '+'c2+c:& c!c '2 c5&c 3'c(c2 +''6c c &,c 2! c :& c 'c+''c:& c ' c !;c c '&c +% c c !cc5&c /& 'c !c (+c 2+ c , c !c +''c 2& , c + '&+' c c &c + ,&c 2+%+ '-c , c !c 5!,,c , c!c ++6c c &c ,'&c , c '&c 2,,c, c'2+ 6cc+7;c, !c+2! c2c, c!c' 2+ c+ c2,,c , c2+,&c, !c5+ 6c, c'&c'&. c2,,c, c 8+c !c'&c(c '&c,'+&c(c , !c + c& &0+c , c '&c '2 c / +c !c %+- c 2+! c (c !c %+c ,. + c + c !c- c' +-'c (c !c + c &! ++c.+ cc!c+''c !6cc 'c&!2+cc, c, c!'c+ '&!,'c:& c' c 2+ 6c 'c !;+c (c '+c ' 'c :& c 5+c !c 2+2!c '2 c c 2 !%+c®es la nuestra!. c Estudio de impacto ambiental c '&,c , c 2c !c 'c &c 8&c , c $!''c 0K 7.'6c '' $'6c ++ !,'c + c '76c &(c 8 -c 'c !c , .6c 2+ ,c (c -!&c , c !'c 2'c '%.-'c 2'-'c (Lc %-'6c:& c2& , c2+,&+c&cc&c8&c, c 'c, c+% c+2c '+ c !c ,c c.7'6c!%c(c5&c c.+c + %,c2+c !c '&,c, c!! -+cc!&' 'c'+ c!'c2'c:& c2& , c2+,&+c'+ c '&c +c!c'!c(c, '++!!c, c&c2+( 6c '! +c!'c ,,'c2+c %+!'c (c ' %&+!'6c (c c % +!6c 2+2 +c ,c+ ,&c c !c , c '&c - !c, c'%.c c '&,c , c 2c !c !;c &c'' c2! 86c c &5'c .+ 'c,''c(cc. 'c:& c'c&(c,.7! 'c, c&.+c/+c5 +c ''c '&,'c 5(c -+'c0,'c(c ' c &'c &'c &c +'c ' %9c !c -,,c , c :& c' c+ 6c !c+%'c:& c!'c5%cc !c:& c!'c 38c c '&,c , c 2c !c 2 + c 2++c !'c '& 'c (Lc ,$'c ! 'c2+ -'c(c2' ++ 'cc!c 8 &c, c&cc5&c /+c !!c ' c 2+c!c '&c !c 3' c c :& !!c :& c ' c '2 +c % ++c c ' & c , c !c c c +-0'c , c ' 2+ 'c, c'&!c' c -!9c c !'c 2'c ,+ 'c c !'c ,+ 'c c 5.2.1 CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL c , c c !c c !c 2+ ' c c !c c , c &!:& +c% c>.7'6c:&7cc!%?cc c, c&cc, c-+'c Y c

% 'c c !&%+ '6c .+'c (c + 'c ! 'c :& c ' c c 2& ,c ' +c -'c2+c!c'!&,6c!c' %&+,,cc2+c !c '+c, c!c2!6cc 6c:& c 2& ,c' +c2 +8&,! 'c2+c!c-,c- % !cc!6cc2,c !c&'c+!c, c !'c2+2 ,, 'c(c!&%+ 'c, c+ + c(c% c, c!'c''c cc !c 'c 0c !c +2+c c !'c & +2'c + 2+ 'c , c '&''c '!,'6c !:&,'c c %' ''6c c ;!'c , c !!'6c ' 2+ c :& c ! + c , '.-+! c!'c, 'c&+! 'c, !c'6cc:& c2& ,c. +c!c '!&,6c!c5% cc !c '+c, !c29!c c ,,c:& c& c !c2, +c, !c5+ c'+ c!c&+! ;c(c2+ c & -'c ',, 'c c ' & c , c !c -,c c ' ,,6c !c ,c c :& c !c +, c ' c , ++c ,c - ;c $'c !c 2+ c '!c , !c 5+ 6c:& c!c,&8cc&+' c2+c ,c, !c! %&8 6c:& c2' ++ c .+c!c&!&+c5&6c! c2 +c,. + +' c, c!'c, $'c' + 'c--'c/ +c +'c !!'c' c,2c!c ,c c2+c'+ --+6c !c5+ c,2c(c ,.c ' c'c ,c' %9c'&'c ',, 'c !c 2+%+ 'c !%6c 2+c &c 2+ c (c !c ! +,c + c , %+$.6c 2+c !c +6c 2+,& c !c ! +c , !c ,6c !! %,c c !%&'c ''c c +c +c !c :&!+c !%c , c !c ++c c 'c :& c 3'c &c 2!,,c '!&c + c !c , '++!!c !%6c !c - c , c !c -!;c (c !c c , !c :&!+c !%6c 2 +c 'c 2+ c :& c !c 5+ c ' 2c +;+!'c /+c !!c 'c '+c :& c 2+ 8c !'c + &+''c + -! 'c (c c + -! 'c (c :& c c c , c :& c !c ' c , !c c 'c.&, !c2+c!c-,c'+ c !c2! c

cc 'c&c, c!'c2+! 'c ! 'c$'c2+ 'c:& c . c c & '+c &,c (c '&+% c &,c ' c 2+,& c &c , ' :&!+6c c + '&!,c, c!c,c, c&!:& +c'&'c!c ,c 6c c,,c!6c :& c&' c . 'c,- +''c c !c5+ 6c c!'c! '6c- % ! 'cc +! 'c 32& ''cc,''c:& c'+ 2' c!'c- ! 'c 2! 'c c!c&+! ;c

c c 2& , c '&+%+c c 2++c , c +'c . ' 'c , c !c &+! ;c>.& 'c&+! '?cc c, ,cc!'c,. + 'c2+ ''c2+,&-'c , !c 5+ c >.& 'c +2%0'?c :& c .+c !'c -,, 'c , c !c -,c ,+c

'c .& 'c :& c % +c c , c +% c +2%0c $'c 2+ 'c 'c ,&'+! 'c >.+%+7.'6c , +'c (c &+ + '6c -,,c +c (c 2 +! +?6c +! 'c > -!&+'c (c 2:& '?6c %+7!'c >%+:&7'?6c ,!+'c > -' '6c 2@! '6c + ''c , c 8+, +7?c (c .& 'c -! 'c>%' 'c, c&'c, c- 57&!'?cc.& c, c 'c' c , c !c +% c .7'c c % %+$.c ,, c ' c 2+,& c &c ! +c c !c 6c(c' c!c+ 6c!c%&cc!c'& !c+,! c !c ,c c ' c5c,-,,6c2+c'&c '&,c(c'&c +2+ 6c c ''c+ 'c2 'c:& c 'c+ 6c%&c(c'& !=c'c +%6c 'c,-'c 'c + c +6c(c:& c!c (+7c , c !'c 'c +9c c $'c , c &c , c !'c ! 'c , !c c Y c

Tipos de contaminación ambiental c, !c%&c 'c!c+2+c!c%&c, c +'c 3+@'6c c ++%''6c 2+,&'c :&7'6c + ',&'c ,&'+! '6c (c , c +'c 2'c c %&'c + ',&! 'c ''c +'c , ++c !c !,,c , !c %&c(c!c5 c9!c2+c!'c&''c2+ ,,' *c c, !c'& !c 'c!c+2+c!c'& !c, c +'c 3+@'6c c '&+6c , ' 5'c 3'6c 2+,&'c :&7'6c (c , ' 5'c ,&'+! 'c c c , !c '& !c 2+,& c &c , ' :&!+c .7'6c :&7c (c !%c :& c . c %- c !'c 2!'6c ! 'c (c 5&' *c c , !c + c 'c !c ,c ,@c c !c '. +c , c %' 'c 3'6c 6c&c+'c:& c. c !c+!c, '++!!c, c2!'6c! 'c(c :& c. c %- c!c'!&,c, c!'c5&' *c

Efectos de la contaminación ambiental 32 +'c c'!&,c !c(c+,!%'c, c!c- +',,c, c!.+c, !c &+c>?6cc, c, '++c2+c2+ +c- ;c!c:& c5'c5+c +c2 'c &c''2 5c!cc !c, c!'c%+, 'c&,, 'c. c!c'!&,c +,-'&!+c c2+c:& c 3' c&c+ !c,+ c + c !c& c, c !'c2+7&!'c 'c, !c+ c, c!c&,,c(c !c %+' c, c!c2+ ,c +c , c !'c + +'c >!c A7c ,A?6c :& c 'c &c ,,+c 2+,c , c +'! +''c !c . c 2 +'' c , c !c c , !c + c + '2+,6c c &c 2+ 'c '! 'c , c @'6c ,& c .! c !c , '++!!c , c . 'c +,-'&!+ 'c%&,'6cc !c.+c!c'2++c2+7&!'c ! 'cc&c ,$ +c +c , c 6c + +'6c %+ 'c c !'c -7'c + '2++'c $'c 2 :& @'c (c !& %c ++c !'c 2+ , 'c + +! 'c 'c - '%,+ 'c 5!!+c :& c 2+c ,c & c , c c +%+'c 2+c +c 9c , c ''c 2+7&!'6c !c ! +c, c!c2+ ,c7c ,c, c!'c+ +'c& c&c6 !c !!, . c - +, + ( ! c D!!?c c + '2& 'c c '6c ' c 'c :& c !'c 2+ 'c, c2+ 2c%!!c(c++ 'c+'c0c' c! + c c + '2 c !c 2c ,+ c '+ c ' + 'c 5&'6c ' c 2& , c !&+c !c 32'c , !c $+ c , c . + ,, 'c . ''c +2! '6c &, 'c , c ++ 'c' +'c(c&,, '6c+ 'c$'c ''6c!'c 3c, c! 'c '2 'c , c 2!'c (c ! '6c .+''c c &!-'c c $+ 'c -&! +! '6c & c, c' :&7'6c cc ''c !&' 'c 5c !! -,c c &c + c %& + !c &,!6c ' c 5c 32+ ',c c & +''c '&,'c (c . + '6c !&( ,c +,'c .,'cc .+ +c(c c!c2'! c'!&+c!c+''cc

c /c >/ !c +!c '+ c c !$?6c &c 2 !c , c c 7.'c , c 2+ +c !7 6c +,+c :& c A&c c ,' +! c , c .!& c 5&c '+ c !c !c %!!c (c ' c 2& , c , +c + c !'c &5'c -+! 'c &+! 'c , !c !Ac %9c !c 2 !6c !c 2 +&+c , c !c '&2 +. c ++ '+ c 5c & ,c 2+3, c 1Mc c !c 9!c '%!c 'c ' 'c , c ,3,c , c +c 2+c :& c , c &'! '6c 5c & ,c c 1c !c !! 'c , c !,'c c×#?6c+c%'c, c . c - +, +c &(c +c c !c '. +c ' c -c & ,c c

Y c

(+c ,,c 2+c !c + c , c + ',&'c c !'c - + , +'6c!c % 'c , !c '0+!6c c 0c !c3,c+'c> ?c' c&!;cc2+2 ! c2+c +'! 'cc c !c .+c , c !$2+'c .!&+ ' 'c c , ' '=c (c 'c 2+c 2 +c'!c!%&'c 8 2!'c *c V c ,c !!c !! -c &c -, c! c %!!6c &:& c &5'c 'c !'c 7.'c:& c,&,c, c:& c 3'c&c+ !c + c !c! c %!!c (c !c c 5&6c '2 ! c 2+:& c ,c :& c &5'c , c !'c, !'c!$'c 3' 'c'c'&. 'c(c2c''.+'c c 2+cc!c2+2c2! 8,,c, !c.& c, !c!c c c Consecuencias del cambio climático global

*c Crecimiento del nivel del agua por la fusión de porciones de hielo polar:c !c :& c +%+7c !c , '2+c , c ×!,c (c !'c 27' 'c 8'6c !c '&+c, !c',c, cP!+,c(c!c57c, c cP+'c c6c'7cc!'c !+ , ,+ 'c , c 8%c (c 5%c c 56c !&c c !c ,c (c %!, '56c ,, c -- c 2+3, c 1c !! 'c , c 2 +''c %9c !c '&c , c ×,+!%76c +!%7c (c '&,'c ! 'c > ?c !c- !c, !c+c c !c+ c' c& +$c2+c !c@c1c c#c 6c 'c 2+-+7c :& c !'c %&'c '& ++$ 'c &!;,'c 2+c !c ' c ' c -,,'c 2+c !c %&c '!,c , !c +6c ',c 2+! 'c , c ,'2!,,c , c %&c ,&! c 2+c '&c 5&6c -,, 'c2+,&-'c(c, c&+'c *c Aumento de las enfermedades respiratorias, cardiovasculares e infecciosas:c &','c 2+c ':&'c (c 2!%'c +2! '6c , $'c , c !c 2'+c(c!c, '5,+c, ,c!c!+c *c Las altas temperaturas generarán un aumento de la demanda del agua potable:c 2 +c + ,&+$c !'c - ! 'c , c !'c !' '6c &',c , '' c *c Escasez de alimentosc c!'c,.&!, 'c, c&!-c2+c!c. c, c !'c'& !'c(c!'c!'c 2 +&+'c *c Extinción de gran cantidad de especies animales:c c ' & c , c 'c c !'c '' 'c %9c !c 6c !c + c , c !c 2 +&+c , !c +c . +7c ! c c !'c +! '6c !'c &! 'c '&( c &c '2 c , c '!&'c 2+c !'c 2 'c c !!6c !c ' c- +7c. ,c!c-,,c2 ':& +c(c!c,- +',,c+ 2+ ' ,c c '2 'c ,0'c>9'c c !c&,?c

Y c

*c Aumento de la intensidad y frecuencia de las lluvias, huracanes y tornados:c c&c' 'c c!'c7, 'c, c&',,c2+c !c+ c , c!c -2+c, !c%&c *c Disminución del nivel de agua de ríos y lagosc, ,cc!c -2+c &',c2+c !c& c, c!c 2 +&+c *c Éxodo de ecosistemas:c!c+ %c+2!c' c 3 , +$c5c!&, 'c$'c !'6c(c!'c+ % 'c, c':& 'c(c2'c' c, '2!;+$c5c+ % 'c:& c 5(c .+c 2+ c , c !c &,+c (c !c %c /+c '&c 2+ 6c !'c '' 'c ' +'c ,+$c 'c 2+.&,'6c (c :& c !c !;c , !c +c 2+-+$c !c &,c, c!'c''c *c Los suelos se tornarán casi desérticos:c 2 +, ,c %+c 2+ c , c '&'c &+ 'c *c El aumento de las temperaturas permitirá la reproducción de ciertos insectos::& c ! c &'+$c . + ,, 'c c !'c 2!'c (c . +$c !'c &!-'c c 5.2.3 DETERIORO AMBIENTAL Y DISMINUCIÓN DE LOS SERVICIOS AMBIENTALES.

Deterioro ambiental

c -,c , +6c !c ,,,6c !c '!&,c (c !c '2 +;c , c -,c c ! 'c c !'c :& c 'c 5 'c - ,c '&+,c 'c 'c ,+'c & cc /+ c :& c ,'c !'c ,,, 'c c !'c :& c 2, 'c +c 5(c .& +c ,'2 '! 'c(c.+&c, c- +,, +'c ',, 'c %&+ c&5'c, c!'c.+ 'c, c!'c:& c5(c,'2 'c, $'c, c 5 +'c!c-,c$'c%+,! c(c,6c'c.!c +'c ! 'c7'c 2+c2, +c'+ --+c !c , + 5c c 8+ 'c , 'c , c -,6c c ,'2 +c , c 8+c '!&,6c c +c c .+'c $%! 'c , c &6c 'c :&''c :& c ,.7! c 2,+7'c , +=c 'c +%6c &5'c , c !'cc +'c ,,, 'c , c !'c :& c ,'.+&'cc'c,'2 '! 'cc 8+c+ ! c& '+c!,,c, c-,c

'c + 2 +&' 'c , c !'c %+, 'c - 'c 7.'c (c !%'c 2+ c c & '+'c 8'c c ,c ' 6c &5'c - 'c 8c .+'c '2 &!+ 'c c !'c -8 'c '2! 'c c !'c ,%''c , c &!+',6c +'c - 'c 8c .+'c c +-! 'c (c ,'c :& c 2'c 'c ,- +,'c

Y c

c , 'c % +!c , c !'c + 2 +&' 'c , !c 5+ c '+ c !c &+! ;c :& ,+7c 2! c 'c c +2+$+'c !'c :& c .!&( c ,+ c '+ c & '+c -,c ,6c 2+c '6c 2+ c , c 'c ' c '$c + ,c c .+ +c !%&'c '2 'c :& c 2c ,+ c c !c &+! ;6c , c +c ,c(c +cc'+'c c &5'c ' 'c 2 ''c :& c !c +''c +%06c !c c '.0+6c!c!!&-c$,cc!c'&+c 'c!%c:& cc c:& c- +cc'+'6c :& c'c+'c!'c:& c!c2+,& c(c!'c:& c!c2, cc c +%6c 'cc 'c '76c !c 5+ c c '&c &+6c , c +c 'c &+!6c 2+,& c &c 2c 2+ c c !c ,c :& c ! c +, cc D+c 2+ c , c ' c 2c c . c ,+$ c c !c &+! ;6c 'c +%c +c 2+ c !c . c , c +c ,&+, +c +c !c :& c &++ c c +'c '. +'c 'c 2+ 6c 2 +c !! -+c ' c c c !c -,c ,+6c 'c c c $'c 2+ cc '+' c ' c &c 2c !c &,c :& c 'c +, 6c !;+c '&'c , ' 'c (c+ 2 +&' '6c -!++c & '+c 22 !c c % 'c (c -7'c , !c , '++!!c(c +c!'c.+'c , c!'c&! 'c, c+&'c !c , ++c !6c 'c 2+ c , c !'c 2+ ' 'c :& c 'c !c 2+ ' +c 'c2+ 6c,, c' c '2 +c2, +c!;+c !c2c:& c !c5+ c% +c'+ c !c &+! ;6c c 2+,&c , c '&c , '++!!c ,&'+!6c !%c (c 7.6c '7c c -!++c !'c + 2 +&' 'c :& c c !c 5+ c c '&c &+c ,c '+ c !c ,c:& c! c+, c c2,+7c, +c:& c !c, ++c !c2+ c'+ c!c ++c&c 'c , c !c 2+c , !c 5+ c '+ c !!c D+c ,,c , c %' 'c 3'c ' c 5c ! +,cc!c'. +c(c5c2 + ,c'&'2 ,,'c,&+ c 'c, c@'c !%&'c , c ''c 'c 5c ',c ' @!,'c c &!2! 'c , c !c 3c, c!%&'c '2 'c !c5+ c2+-c(c% +c2+ 'c'c c !c c&:& c '!c ,'2&' +c , c !%7'c &(c 2+ +'c c ,'2'c , !c .& %c ,c &c 2+ c 2&!'c !c , '++!!c , c !c 5&,,c 2 +c 0c +8c '%c 2+ 'c . 'c '6c'+ c,c +'c !c5+ c.& c2;c, c +!+!cc' %&+,,c /+c$'c, c)c@'c !c5+ c5c2& 'c c2 !%+c !c :&!+c, !c ,c (6cc- '6c!c5c+c++ ,! c /+c !;+c !c , ++c !c :& c ', ++ 'cc2+$ +'cc *c *c *c *c

''c 2+ ' ,c

c'+ 32!c

c, '+&c, !c5$c

c+,&c, c '2 'c 3'c !c'! cc

Y c

*c cc

cDisminución de los servicios ambientales.

c 2+2!c ' & c , c !c 20+,,6c + ,&c c ! +c , c !'c '' 'c 'c!c,'&cc ' c, c!c2+,&c, c'&'c 'c(c' +-'c ! 'c 5+c 2,+7c ' +c !%c 2+ %&+'c 5'c :&0c 2&c !c +'.+c (c ! +c :& c 5 'c ',c c & '+'c '' 'c 5c . ,c!c2+,&c, c'&'c' +-'c ! 'c c + '2 c c !'cservicios de provisión6c ! 'c c !c 2+,&c , c ! 'c c !c , +6c 2, 'c , +c :& c '&c 'c ' c 5c + ,c c !c &,c &! c ' c 2+,& c &c %+c ,,c , c ! 'c c .+c , c %+'6c - % ! 'c (c + =c 'c +%c ' c + c 'c ' c 5c ' %&,c c 'c, c!c+'.+c(c, %+,c, c&5'c '' 'c&+! 'c c !c 'c , !c %&c '&'+,c 2+c '&c 5&c 2c & '+c '%'c 2'-'c 9c &,c !c '+&c , c .+ '+&&+c c 2+ ''c (c +'c + ' +-+'c 5c 2 +,c :& c &5'c $'c 2 +''c c !c &,c %c 'c !c %&c ,&! 6c !c &'c :& c 5 'c , c !!c 'c , &,c c '!c , !c %&c:& c&!;'c2+c+ %c, c& '+'c&!-'6c!c 3+c 3 , c + cc (c*Cc!c2,,c, c' c c !c&,c

c - +'c , c 5& ,! '6c !c c , !c %&c (c !c 20+,,c , c !c ,- +',,c c !'c '' 'c &$'c 5c . ,c !c 2,,c , c ' c, !c-!c!7:&,c c

'cservicios de regulaciónc:& c.+ c!'c '' 'c0c& '+c '%'c -, 'c, c, ++c c2,,c, c&!2 ;c, c!'c 'c , c !c '. +c .& c + ',c , ', c 5 c &5'c @'6c !c + %&!c , !c !c !!c(c+ %!c' c5c-'c! +,c c&5'c+ % '6c2+2! c, ,cc !'c'c, c!'c& +'c- % ! 'c&+! 'c c

c%&!c,6c !c+!c, c!c +'c, c!'c'& !'6c!c2&+.c, !c%&6c !c +!c , c 2!%'c (c !c 2,,c , c + ,&+c !c 2c c - 'c 3+ 'c c!'c5&+ '6c5c,'&,c c&5'c+ % 'c, !c2! c c P! 6c c !c :& c + '2 c c los servicios culturales6c !c 20+,,c , c '2 'c c -!+c + !%'c c + 2+ ' -'c , c !%&'c '' 'c 5c , !,c!'c .'c '2+&! 'cc '0'c:& c!c% c 7c, c !!'c c' 6c c!%&'c''c!c c, !c-!+c+ c, c +'c '' 'c c !c 2+ ' c , c '2 'c c 2 !%+6c + c !c 2+ c :& c !c ' ,,c' c2+c ''c!&%+ 'c/+c 8 2!6c!c2+ ' c, !c:& ;!6c&c- c c !c&!,,c', +,c c2 !%+c, c 3c(c ! $c, c!%&'c27' 'c (c&!&+'c ' +'6c+ c !c +0'c(c2+ c:& c!c% c' c2+c Y c

!'c + 'c , c ':& 'c '.!'c , c +0+c

03c (c !%&'c 27' 'c , c

,c!c ++c'c, c! ++c +c, c!'c' & 'c:& c& '+'c -,, 'c 5c ,c c !c c (c :& c 2, 'c - +c c &!:& +c!&%+c 'c !+c:& c& '+c, ' c, c +c 'c(c' +-'c, c!c&+! ;c5c ,c . '6c c!%&'c' 'c,+$'c2+c!'c '' 'c&+! 'c c57c !c2+c, c+c c +c, !c-!+c, c!'c '' 'c&+! 'c(c !c,- +',,c:& c!'c5c

5.2.4 DESERTIFICACIÓN

c, ' +.c '$c, .,c2+c!c- c, c!'c 'c,'c, c

&5c +c !c ' +.c c F!c, %+,c, c !'c ++'c , c;'c $+,'6c ' $+,'c (c '&59 ,'c ' '6c + '&! c , c ,- +''c .+ '6c ! 'c c !'c -+ 'c !$'c (c !'c -,, 'c 5&'Gc c '&c - ;6c !c , %+,c , c !c ++c ' c , . c c !c + ,&c c !c 20+,,c , c !c2+,&-,,c!%cc c, c!'c ++'c' 'c

c, ' +.c&++ c c ,'c !'c 'c 3 2c !c $+,c (c . c !'c ,'c , c '&'' c , c !! 'c , c 2 +''6c!&( ,c &c %+c 2+2+c , c !'c 2+ 'c c !'c ++'c ' 'c c , ' +.c &++ c c !'c ++'c ' 'c , c ,c !c &,6c (c '&'c . 'c ' c 32 + c c !c - !c !!6c !6c + %!c (c &,!c 'c ++'c ' 'c &2c !c #Cc , c !c '&2 +. c ++ '+ c , !c 2! c (c 'c !c 5%+c , c $'c , c c !! 'c , c 2 +''Q&c +c, c!c2!c5&c c !c@cc 'c ++'c' 'c!&( c,'c!'c + % 'c ++ '+ 'c ,, c !c '' ;c , !c %&c !c !c2+,&, c ' 5'6c .++8 6c, +c(c+'c' +-'c, c2+-' c, c!'c '' 'cc c 'c ' +'c2+c !c .&&+c , '++!!c , & '+c :& 6c 'c c ' c !'c +!6c!c, ' +.c(c!c, %+,c, c!'c' +-'c, c!'c '' 'c c !'c ++'c ' 'c ;+$c !'c .&&+'c 8+'c c !c '+c 5&6c (c 2'! c' c+ - +c!'c!%+'c!;,'c c!%&'c+ % 'c/+c!c6c !c , ' +.c 2+ c + c !'c , '.7'c ! 'c $'c %+, 'c , c !c &!,,c (c 'c &c 2 , c 2+ c 2+c ''. +c !'c ',, 'c 5&'c$''c c!'c ++'c' 'c

c+ ,&c2 +'' c(c'&'!c c!c2+-'c, c!'c' +-'c, c!'c '' 'cc + '&!,c , c !c '' ;c , c %&6c !c &'c '-c , c !'c ' +-'c (c !cc !$c'c &c ;c &5c (+c c !'c ++'c ' 'c:& c c!'c'' 'c:& cc!c'c

c, ' +.c 'c !c + '&!,c , c &c .!!c , c !+%c ,c c !c !%+c , !c :&!+c + c!c, ,c(c !c'&'+c, c!'c' +-'c, c!'c '' 'c c !'c ++'c' 'c c2+ 'c '$c& ,c'+ c!'c '' 'c, c!'c ++'c Y c

' 'c2+c !c 2+-'c , c ' +-'c ! 'c c ! 6c .++8 6c &'! 6c +! 'c , c '+&c (c %&c 2+c !'c ' + 'c 5&'c (c !c %,6c 2+c !c ++%c(c2+c !c' c' c& c' c+&( cc&cc, c .+ 'c 5&'c (c .+ 'c !$'c 'c2+ +'c !&( c .+ 'c,+ 'c c !c 2+ 'c , c !c2!6c !'c .+ 'c ' 'c (c , c 2!7'c (c . 'c , c !c%!!;cc !'c ,'+' 'c c !'c +,'c +! 'c, c! '6c(c.+ 'c,+ 'cc!'c2+ 'c(c!'c2+$'c , c&'c , c !c ++c(c !'c 2+ ''c + !,'c c !c !c 'c .+ 'c !$'c , c ', +c !&( c ' :&7'c (c !c + ,&c 2+( ,c c !c ,'2!,,c , c%&c ,&! , ,c !c ! c %!!c +'c :& c !c +cc '!c&,!c(c+ %!c, c ''c.+ 'c 'c2! 86c 'c2'! c , +!cc '!c!!c Causas de la desertificación.

c, ' +.c 'c&',c2+c&cc, c.+ 'c:& cc c !c 2c(c-+7c, c& +,c!c!&%+c''c!&( c.+ 'c,+ 'c! 'c c !c 2+ 'c , !c @c , c !c2!6c .+ 'c , c 2!7c (c ' '6c (c !c +c +!=c (c 0c .+ 'c ,+ 'c c !'c 2+ 'c (c 2+$'c , !&'c , c !c ++c(c !'c 2+ ''c + !,'c c !c !c

c, ' +.c c !&%+c , ,c c .+ 'c ,+ 'c :& c !! -c !c &'c '' ! c, c !'c '''c + &+''c &+! 'c 2+c 2+ c , c !'c &'&+'c , c !c ++c c !c - !c !!c'c '&c 2& , c - +' c 3 +,c 2+c !cc !$c%!!c c ', +c :& c !c , ' +.c 'c !c + '&!,c , c !'c .:& 'c , c 8c ,2,'c 2+c !'c &'&+'c , c !c ++6c :& 'c c 2& , c + '2, +c , &, c c !'c .+ 'c ,+ 'c c !c 2+ 'c , c !c2!c(c!c%!!;6c& ,c!c2+ 'c'+ c!c ++c, c.+'cc '' ! 'c 'c ,& c c &c +c2+,&-,,c, c !c ++c (c c &c '2+!c , ' , c , c %+-c , c !c, %+,c(c , c !c2+ ;cc , c !'c , 'c !c 2 + 6c !'c2! 'c, c !'c ++'c ' 'c2& , c -+c !c , %+,c 8+,c '&'c 2+$'c %+7!'c (c ,c !'c 2+ 'c , c -!,,c2+c !c2'+ cc&c +c:& c' c'' ! c c 5.2.5 PÉRDIDA DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD & '+c 2! c ' c .+ c c &c ! +,c , '2+c , c '&'c '' 'c(cc!c++ - +'! c20+,,c, c'&c-!'c,- +',,c/+c,- +',,c , 'c !c 2!c -+ ,,c , c ' + 'c --'c K2!'6c ! 'c (c ++%''Kc:& c-- c'+ c!c ++c(c!'c '' 'c c!'c:& c5c !c ' +c 5&6c !c %&!c :& c !c + 'c , c !'c ' + 'c --'6c .+c 2+ c , c ' c Y c

'' c (c 0c , 2 , c , c 0!c , $'6c !c ,- +',,c !%c !&( c !'c ,. + 'c% 0'c, +c, c,c '2 c(c!c-+ ,,c, c '' 'c ,c 'c,- +',,c!%c2+- c!c' +c5&c, c+ &+''c!%'c R''c 5c ' +-,c , c ' c c !'c -!; '6c 2& 'c 2+c ,c , c !'c + &+''c !%'c ' c 5c , '++!!,c !+ 'c c ,- +''c c !c %+&!&+6c !c ,&'+c.+0&6c!c,&'+c, c2&!2c(c22 !6c!c5+&!&+6c!c'+&c c !c + c , c , ' 5'c c 20+,,c , c !c ,- +',,c !%c ;c !'c '&'+'c , c ! '6c !'c 2'!,, 'c , c + + c (c &+'c (c !'c .& 'c , c , +6c , 'c (c +%7c , $'6c +. + c %- c c !'c .& 'c !%'c ' ! 'c

'c + 'c + c!'c,- +''c2 'c, c!c,- +',,c!%c 'c !c :& c 2 + c :& c !c 2! c 2& ,c '+c 5,c 2+c ,'c !'c '2 '6c !&,'c!'c' + 'c5&'6c(c:& c%+'cc !!c' c,c2+ ''c! 'c6c!c 2&+.c , !c + c (c , !c %&c (c !c , '3.c (c , '2'c , c !'c , ' 5'6c!c '!;c(c, +c, !c!c, c!c ++6c!c, +c, c !'c &, '6c ' :&7'6c 2 +&+'c 3+ 'c (c .& +;c , !c - 6c !c % +c (c + -c , c !c . +!,,c , !c '& !6c !&,c !c !c , c !'c &+ '6c!c2!;c, c!'c2!'6c c

c.+c$'c-'! c, c ' c,@c !%c 'c!c 3c, c! 'c! 'c c !'c 2,'6c !'c %+ '6c!'c ! . 'c (c!'c !! '6c , ,c c!c , '+&c , c '&'c 5$'c (c c !c +7c c 2&+c 3 '-c c +%6c +'c '2 'c 'c !!-'c 2 +c %&!c , c 2+ 'c 0c ' c & +c c 2 !%+c c 8 2!6c2, 'c +cc!c2!c%c, c' 'c:& c(&,cc!c 2!;c, c!'c2!'c c c!c20+,,c, c '2 'c!!c& '+c 6c!c ;c$'c%+- c c!c,- +',,c!%c 'c!c.+% 6c, %+,c(c!c20+,,c,+ c, c !'c ':& '6c 5& ,! '6c ++ . 'c , c +!c (c +'c '' 'c ,'c ''c & ' 'c'c%&,;,'c2+c!'c'c'.0+'c(c!$'c:& c&++ c , c +c%!!c(c:& c. c,+ cc!'c5$'c(cc!'c' + 'c:& c!'c 5c ,c !!c , ' '!;c !'c '' 'c (c , !c '&c 2,,c 2+c 5 +c.+ cc!'c''c, ''+ 'c&+! 'c

c +:& ;c (c !c ,- +',,c , c !c .!+6c !c .&c (c !'c '' '6c :& c 'c .& 'c , c -,c 2+c !c ' +c 5&c (c !'c ' 'c , !c , '++!!c '' ! 6c ' c & +c c&c%+- c2 !%+c c+ c, ' +.cc- !c%!!c,& c c !c 20+,,c , c !c ,- +',,c !%c S! c 5c , '2+ ,c &'c 5 'c '2 'c(c c!c '$c ;,'c'c.$!c2+ , +c:& cc 'c 20+,,c ' c , c + &+''c '$c c + '%c !c ' %&+,,c ! +c c 20+,,c , c !c ,- +',,c !%c c .+ & c + ,& c !c 2+,&-,,c , c !'c '' '6c (c , c 'c +c ,'&( c !c 2'!,,c , c +c ,- +''c 'c, c!c&+! ;6c(c, c!c:& c !c' +c5&c' c' c .c

Y c

,c @c , '2+ c ! 'c , c !! 'c , c !,'c , c ++c .0+!c !c 2+ 'c , c, %+,c , c!'c '& !'6c '&c !c &'c (c &!;6c!'c'' ! 'c , !'c, c'&c(c!c'+ 32!c, c!'c+ &+''c&+! '6c8&cc!'c %& ++'c (c!'c, ''+ '6c 'c ! 'c :& c%+-c!c 5+&c , c $'c , c !c !! 'c, c2 +''c c 5.2.6 ESPECIES EXÓTICAS &,c 5!'c , c '2 'c 3'c ' c +c , c '2 'c :& c 2 ' c c +,&,'c 2+c !c 5+ c c !c /%6c ' c 5c ,2,c 3' c c ' 'c ''c '2 '6c !c 2 +c c!'c &'6c ' c 5c +,c c &c'&c.-+! c c' & c.& c&5'c- 'c:& c!c& -c '2 c , '2!;c c !c !!6c &',c c ' 'c ,@'c ++ - +'! 'c c !'c '' 'c 03c 'c &c 27'c +c c + &+''c &+! 'c :& c , 'c 2+c '&c ,- +',,6c 2+c !c :& c '$c ', +,c c &c , c !'c c 27' 'c %,- +''c , !c &,c ! +%c !c 'c 6)c '2 'c , c - '6c c , c 7. +'c ++ '+ '6c)c, c+ 2! 'c(c4*?c 'c ,0'c!c27'c c +%6c 'c ,- +',,c '$c ' ,c ;,c 2+c 9!2! 'c .+ 'c (c !c +c , c 3c , c '2 'c ' c '%& c + ,c +c , c 0''c 2, 'c ,. + +c ,'c 2'c 2+2! 'c ,+ 'c c ,+ 'c c 8 2!c , !c 2+ +c 2, 'c +c !c '+ 32!c , c !'c 2! 'c '!- '+ '6c +'c :& c !c , '+&c (c ,.c , !c 5$c '&( c .+ 'c ,+ 'c c ! 6c c ,+ c c ,+ 6c 'c !c +,&c , c '2 'c 3'=c , .,c 2+c & +''c &+ 'c c &c '2 c 2+ c + !,c c !c 3c , c '2 'c c & +,c c !%&'c +8'6c !c +,&c , c '2 'c 3'c &2c !c ' %&,c !&%+c c 2+c , '2&0'c , c!c , '+&c , !c5$6c !c &+c , c +c '0+%c c!'c+'c ;'c 'c '2 'c 3'cc+,&,'c'c '2 'c:& c' c & +c.& +c, c'&c$+ c, c,'+&c+%!cc-c>5'+cc&!?6cc

Y c

+, c c '&c 2 !c , c ,'2 +'c &+!=c 0+c :& c 0c 2& , c 2!+' cc- ! 'c3'c. ++ '6cc'& '2 c 3c c !&!c :& c 2+3, c !c )Cc , c !'c 3 'c , c '2 'c ! 'c c 2'c 5'+'6c c ,c !c &,6c 2&,c ' +c % +,c 2+c !c +,&c, c '2 'c 3'c c& +,cc!%&'c '2 !''6c$'c, c !c,c, c!'c)1c 3 'c, c- 'c, ', c !c'%!cBc' c5c, ,cc !!c'c 2'! c:& c !c!c2+ 8 c, c- 'c 3'c+ 2+,c c'c2&! '6c c2+cc !c!c, c 3 'c! 'c, +-,'c, c!c+,&c , c '2 '6c '0c+ !,cc!c'%& c *c 'c - 'c 'c &c , c!'c %+&2'c ! 'c $'c '&,,'c (c c !!c $'c.+ & c' c5c2,,c, ++c!'c&''c, c 3c (c%+c2+ c, c!'c 3 'c, c- 'c' c5c,,c c'!'c *c '' 'c &('c '2 'c 5c ',c ', +,'c c $'c -&! +! 'cc-' 'c2+c+%''c 3'c !%&'c ' 'c,c:& c2+3, c !c2+c+ 2+,&+c!c.& +;c, c+8c c, 'c, &,'c!c %+,c, c2+%+ 'c0c!;,?c División de sectores

'c 2 +''c +8'c 2+c +6c +'.++c c ++c !'c + &+''c &+! 'c (c &!;+!'c c & '+c .c /+c !!6c + !;'c -,, 'c 'c :& c 2& , c 2 + +c c !'c ' + 'c 2++6c ' &,+cc ++cc Sector Primario !&( c,'c!'c-,, 'c,, c!'c+ &+''c&+! 'c' c2+- 5c!c c' c c, c!c&+! ;6c(c' c2+c! cc2+c% ++c +'c 2+'c *c *c *c *c *c

%+&!&+c 32!c.+ '!c D, +7c +7c / 'c

Sector Terciario c !c ' +c ++c , c !c 7c c ' c 2+,& c 'c +! '=c ' c + c!'c 2+,&'c !+,'c c !c ' +c ' &,+c 2+c '&c - =c 0c 'c.+ c!c2+&,,c, c2+- 5+c!%9c+ &+'c'c!! %+cc' +c,& @'c, c 0!6c c 'c !c 'c , c !'c ' +-'c ''6c !c ' +c ++c !&( c !'c & 'c(c!'c+'2+ 'c Y c

*c +c *c +-'c

*c +'2+ 'c 5.3.2 MIGRACIÓN HUMANA c , c '7c !'c 'c , c + ', c , c %+&2'c 5&'6c c +$ +c 2 + c c ' 2 + 6c -,'c 2+c +; 'c '6c '! 'cc2!7'c

c%+c 'c +c'c!'c2 +''cc, c +++c c&c'c 27'6c(c 'c 3 +c'c2+- c, !c 3+8 +c P c&- +'!6c!c2+ +c!'c2+ +'c%+ 'c.& +c!'c'$'c :& c' c, '2!;+c2+c !c '+ 5c, c +%c5c !c c +c $'c , +'c 'c !'c %+ 'c :& c ' c '& , +c c 2++c , !c '%!c c , ', c &+2c5c0+c(c 76c(c:& c2+-+c2+ 'c,. 'c c !c + !,,c '!c , c &5'c 27' 'c '2&0'c , c !c Uc D& ++ &,!c ' c 2&' +c+ '+ 'c, c2c.+!cc '! ,'c2+c! (c c !'c 9!'c @'c !c . c ' c 5c - +,c (c 5(c !'c %+ 'c -c , ', c !'c 27' 'c c -7'c , c , '++!!c 5c :& !!'c $'c -;,'c P+ 'c :& c -c!c%+c'c!c 3' c, c- ! 'c$'c!'c, c '+cc 8+ 'c' +-'c'! 'c c!'c27' 'c, c, 'c Tipos de inmigración c + '&!c .$!c '! +c &c !'.c , c !'c %+ 'c 5&'c 2,'c2+c,'c!'c- '%,+ 'c>% %+.'6c'!%'6c !%'6c ?c(c :& c 2+ ' c + +7''c &(c ,- +''c ,c c & c !c ,&+c , !c . c ' c 2& , c 5!+c , c %+ 'c 2+! 'c (c , .-'c +'c :& c ,0,' c !c $c c !c :& c c !&%+c !'c , '2!; 'c 'c 2+ 'c ,'%&+c + c %+ 'c +! 'c > c !&'c + ! '?c c ++ 'c +c , c !'c +! 'c 5(c :& c '! +c !c ,. + c + c %+c c%+6c ,0,' c2+c!c2+ +c!c'!,c, c&c,-,&cc , c &c %+&2c 5&c , c &c ',c 2+c + ',+c c +c , c ,c , .-c c 2+!6c +'c:& c' c, c%+cc!c!! %,cc&c',c, c% c 2+ , c , c +c c 'c 'c =c !%&'c &+ 'c 5c !.,c !'c %+ 'c 2+! 'c, c2 ,&!+ 'c&c'!+'6c(c:& c, c& +,cc&c 2 +,,,c $'c c 'c %+, c ' c -& !- c !c 2&c , c 2+,=c ' %9c ' c !c ,&+c, c!c&' c2& , c5!+' c, c%+ 'c '&! '6c '! 'c(c 2!&! '=c % +! 6c c !'c ,'c 2+ +'c ''c ' c +c , c +8,+ 'c %+7!'6c &(c +'!,c ' c , c c , ,'c '! 'c , c +8c >- ,6c ' %c ?6c 2 +c ' c 2c , c %+c '$c , '2+ ,c c !'c 27' 'c , '++!!,'c +c &(c .+ & c 'c , c !c + -!&c %+7!c (c , c !c ;c , c !'c !+ 'c , !c 26c &,c ' c .+c &,+!!'c , c Y c

' %,+ '6c- ,,+ '6c+ ! + 'c, c+ !56c =c+'c- 'c' c+c , c %+ 'c 2+! 'c , c &5 +'6c .!,+ '6c ++ +'6c ! @,+ '6c c c ' 2+ c ' c +c , c - 'c %++'c . &,'c , +c , c &c 'c ',=c'76c+8,+ 'c+% !'6c '2@! 'c c!'c' c+'!,cc!c& c , c /+'c 2+c . &+c !'c 2+2! 'c !+ 'c , !c &!-c , c !c + !5c ;&+ +=c 'c 3'7c!c!!,c %+c F%!,+G6c c!c :& c %+&2'c , c 2 ''c !'c c '2@! 'c c c !c +% c c &'c , c &2c 2+- 5,c!c,'+,c '!c + c'c5 '. +'6c(c+ %+ 'cc &+2c 2+c !c + ! c , c !c ' 5c c - +c $'c ,.&!,c 2+ ' c !c ,'c + c!'c %+ 'c2!&! 'c(c!'c, .-'=c!c(+c2+ c, c!'c :& c . c c !'c +8,+ 'c '2@! '6c !'6c %+ %'c (c + .+'c :& c -c c &'c , c +8c c 27' 'c , c &+2c , !c c !c +$ +c , c 2!&! 'c!'c + ','c2+ cc !c2+2'c, c.++c&c2 :& @c2!c 2+c '! +' c $'c +, c c '&c 27'c , c +% c , .- c 'c ' 2+ c !'c %+ 'c 2+! 'c '!c . c c !'c 5+ 'c (c c c .!'c +'6c 2 +c!'c$'c2+ 'c'c!'c ++ 'c(c!'c +! 'c Migraciones interiores &:& cc, 8c, c5 +c''c, c%+ 'c ++ 'c+%;,'c2+c !c ',c c 2+c &c 2@7c 2+-,c 2+c + 2!+c , +,'c + % '6c !c (+c 2+ c , c !!'c 'c '2$ '6c % +! 6c , .-'c !c - c $'c726c% +!;,c(c&!' &!+c 'c !c:& c. cc+ % 'c2+ 'cc2c ,$'c c .-+c , c +'c $'c 2+ 'c c 2c ,$'c c .-+c , c +'c $'c 2+'2 +'6c c 8+ 'c 5+; 'c , c -,c '76c !'c @ ' 'c ' 2+ c 5c ' ,c !c +c 2+c !'c -!! 'c (c !!&+'c 2+3'6c '&( ,c &c 8 2!c , c 'c!c %+c, c!'c5 'c, c!'c-!! 'c2+ 'c '2@! 'c5c!c !!&+c, !c+c''6c!'c2!,+ 'c, c!'c!'c+ % 'c%+7!'c2+ 'cc '&2 +2!,'6c c :& c c &c '+&&+c ' c , ' :&!+,c >!.&,'6c&!-?cc5c+!;,c!'c+8'c+&+! '6c,c!'c 2& !'c 2+c +c c +'c !&%+ 'c ,, c & +c &c +8c $'c ' %&+c (c + & +,+6c (+ 'c ,,, 'c (c ,- +' '6c .!,, 'c 2+c !%++c &c ' 'c'!c$'c+$2,6c c c+c, !c!!,c03,c+&+!6c&(c 'c c !'c 27' 'c,&'+! 'c , c &+2c c!c ' %&,c ,c , !c '%!c c (c :& c ' c 5c &,c 3++,+ c c '2@c ,&+ c!'c 9!'c @'=c &! c ' c5!!c c+ c, c+ -!&+c!c '+&&+c, %+$.c(c' c, c !'c27' 'c'&, '++!!,'6c2! c%+- 'c2+! 'c0'c(c'! 'c c!'c &,, 'c (c 2+-c !c , , c , c !c %+&!&+c c !'c ++'c ,,'c !%&'c - 'c !'c 2 ''6c , '++%,'c , c '&c !&%+c , c +% 6c +5c 5c +'c $+ 'c +&+! 'c c &c %+&!&+c 2+'2 +c (c ',c , c c , c +6c 2+c 8 2!6c c !'c + %,7'c , ,,'c c !c 2+,&c , c 5+!;'c , c !,,c c c + % 'c , c & -c !;6c c 'c !c 'c , c !'c $+ 'c +8,'c 2+c !c '&c !c , c !;c c '2@6c , c !'c :& c 32 + +c !'c .'c , c !c 2!7c , c .c c !c c , c !'c !!,'c .+ 'c 2 +'c +&+! 'c c , c !;c '7c '& ,c c !'c 2 ''c+ +'6c,$6c&'+!6c56c +6c c Y c

c +%6c 2+c &c 2 'c ,'2& 'c c ,+c '&c 2& !6c !'c +'c$'c ,+ 'c'c!'c&,, 'c(c!'c9! 'c,&'+! 'cc +'c c &+;c (c !c 2+%+ '-c &&!c , c 5 'c c !'c &,, 'c (c !'c 9! 'c ,&'+! 'c c +'c c &+;c (c !c 2+%+ '-c &&!c , c 5 'c c !'c &,, 'c '&( c &c , c !'c +'%'c $'c 2+ 'c , !c &,c&!c c' c+c, c&c5 5c+ 6c&:& c'!c,:&+c&c+$ +c %+,'c >c - 'c '+7c (c +$%?c c 2++c , c !c +2! c + -!&c ,&'+!6c %+7!c (c , %+$.c , c !'c 9!'c c @'c /+ +c .& +c !'c &,, 'c , c &+2c, !c(c, c','c,'c!'c:& c+ +c+$2, 6c'c+, c !'c, c!cc -0c(c!'c, !c+ 'c, c&+2c(c0+6c'7cc!'c, c'c (c.+c c2& , c+c !c'c, c ,+,6c:& c c c +c9 +c:& c!'c ++ '?c0c+ +c'&c %+c 5c !c '&, ' c '$c (c !'c 27' 'c .+'c @,'c 0c V,6c 3' ,c +'c %+&2'c 'c 2+ 'c c !'c !!'c (c c !'c D&('c / +c !c (+c % c , c %+ 'c 2+ , c , c &+2c + c 4c (c c 2'-?c(c ++c c' %&+,,c2++c 'c!c'' c!c,&+c 2+c -+c 2'! 'c , 'c >2+c 8 2!6c !'c !& 'c , c .+ c (c , c %+?c c' %&+,,c' &,+c&'c;+c!'c' & 'c, c &c, c!c c c0' c:& c&++ c> !c+%6c !c&+c, c Y c

' %&+,,?c /+c 9!6c !c ' %&+,,c ++c c ;+c !'c ' & 'c, '2&0'c, c:& c&++ c !c, c>c !c+ c, !c '&'+c, c&'! c2+c -+c ,'?c + c +'c &,c c !c , .6c c ' %&+,,c 'c &c ',c , c $6c &c ' '6c &c &!,,c %! c c 2& , c , +c c &c 8 -c (c &c .c :& c !c 5+ c 5 !c ' c c &c ',,c 2++c c - ;c (c !,'c !'c ' 'c , c ' %&+,,c 5!+ 'c '+ c & '+c c +!6c'+ c !c+c, c!c- '%c .'c, c!c' %&+,,c *c (+c+:&!,c(c2;cc c!c' ,,c *c '&c, c!c, !& c *c +c, !& c *c 8+c2+- 5 c, c!'c8- 'c2+c, ' 2 @+c&c& c22 !c c !c' ,,cc *c P!'c$'c %+'c *c 'c'c c Inseguridad alimentariac !c5+ c 'c!c$'c +'c, c!'c+ '6c(c2 ' cc,'c!'c- 'c !%'c (c '! 'c + %'+,'c 2+c !c 5&,,c 9c . c c $'c , c 4c !! 'c, c2 +''c c& '+c2! c c .+c &c 2c $'c 0c ' c 5!c , c H' %&+,,c ! +Hc 'c !c :& c &++ c &,c !'c 2 +''c 2'c 5+ c (c c ++c , c 6c , c & +,c c &c , .c 2&!,c c !c 'c I c , c !c +%;c , c 'c,'c2+c!c%+&!&+c(c!c! 6c$'c,ccP c

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c2+ ;c' c & +c+ !,cc!c2,,c2+c% ++c.& 'c , c 2! 6c (c !c 2 !c , c , '++!!c ',c c ,&6c 2+. '! '6c 0'c c - '%c :& c 2+- c , c 2+,&'c (c ' +-'c c .+ '+&&+c :& c 2 +c c !c + %c + !+' c c (c !+! c c +'c ' + 'cc c c 036c!c, '%&!c,'+&c, c!c+:& ;c5c +,c!'c%+ ''c , !c +c !'c :& c ' c , ,c '2 7. c c !c 32+c , c 'c (c ' +-'6c , '&,,c c +'c c !c ' +c %+7!c , !c :& c , 2 , c c %+c ,,c !c, '++!!c, c ''c','c, !c27'cc c

'c;'c,7% 'c'&.+ c, $'c, c+%c c&c!c9 +c, c '& !'c (c !c ,'c + c &c +c ,&-c (c +6c (c :& c , +c , c !'c ;'c+&+! 'c&c '& !c% +! c' c %+c2+c!&'c, c+ % 'c&(c ! 8,'6c (c 'c ' c - c + .! 8,c c !c &' 'c '!+c 3' c '' c +'c, c ,&c ,6c(c&5c 'c +'c, c ,&c0c(c 2+. '!cc c %&!c .+c !'c ' +-'c , c '!&,c + '&!c '''c &!'c c '''c, cc.+ '+&&+c:& c2 +c !c+'2+ c, c2 'cc!'c +'c, c '!&,6c&c5'2! 'c+ %! 'c c &:& c' c5c5 5c '.& +;'c2+c+cc!c2+ ;6c !c2+! c, c+7;c +,c c !c .+c c :& c ' c & +c '+&&+,'c !'c +'c '6c , +c, c!'c;'c&+'c!'c&! 'c c27' 'cc !c& '+c%+c!+ , ,+c , !c ' +c &.&+ +c (c , c +'c 2+'6c (c &:& c !'c ','c , c (+c 2+ ;c c 03c 'c 2+,&+ 'c 2+ 'c , c !!'6c !'c 8'c '!+'c (c !c 2c c &!c- +'c 29!c (c 2+-,c c ''c + % 'c +%c!c %+c , c !'c ,-,&'c c !'c ;'c ,&'+! 'c (c &+'6c ,,c .! c !c 2cc c

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'c c 03c !c 2+! c , c !c !c ,'+&c , !c %+ '6c (c % +! c 'c !c ,8&,'c c !'c 2+ ''6c , ,cc c !'c '!+'c :& c 2%cc2 '+c, c:& c c!'c 2+ ''c' c% +c%+c2+ c, !c%+ 'cc'c !!'c!'c:& c, 'c' @!+c&!2! 'c, c!c!c,'+&c, c!c+:& ;c c 2 'c '!+!c c , 2 , c '!c , c !c 2,,c , c !'c 2+ ''c c , !c 2+ '+c c ×(c &5'c ! 'c :& c .!&( c c &c , '%&!c ,'+&c c , c !!'c 'c!c8c2 -,,c, !c27'6c&c& c c!c2 -,,cc++ %+7c c!%9c,c!c!c,'+&c(c, $'c2&!'+7c !c+ c, !c%+ 'c % +!c, !c27'c(c, c!'c 2+ ''c c + c+'c ! 'c:& c.!&( c c!c,'+&c, c!c+:& ;c, 'c ' @!+c!c++&26c&(c%&,c 'c&(c%+, c c-+'c' + 'c c c2+ , 'c'!&+c0''c(c+'c2+! '6c(c, $'c'c&5'c !'c &''c 2+c !'c :& c ' c - c . ,c !c ,'+&c , !c %+ '6c 2+c 'c .+'c :& c !c 2 'c '!+!c c , 2 , c '!c , c !c 2,,c , c !c 2+ 'cc, !c 2+ '+c c &!:& +c 2+2& 'c :& c 2+ c 8+7c '+ c !c 8&'c ,'+&c , c !c +:& ;c, c +c c & c :& c 'c &5'c !'c .+ 'c:& c +- c c !c 2+! c c / ' '6c2+c 8 2!6c c!c2,,c, c!cc, c+6cc !c8 -c , c 8++c!c&+-c, c,'+&c, c!c2,,c2+,&-c,-,&!c!c+8c c'!c,c ,'c, c'&2 +-- c 6c'c, c'&' !,,c2+c,c !c' ,,c c 'c !%c 2 '+c c 0+'c , c 2c , c !c c , c +6c c !c 8 c, c 8++c!c,'+&c, c!c+:& ;6c2 +c, 'c2 '+c$'c!!$c, c !c +c 2,,c , c + 2+,&c (c +c &c 2+ 'c , c ' c + c2 +'!c(c!+!c(c'7c,+! c!c+ +c&c' ,cc'&c-,6c(c:& c' c c' c2+%'c, c'&c 8+ c2 +'!c7 %+c c ×(c:& c , +c' 2+ c !c, '++!!c, c!c2 +'c(c'7c,+c&c' ,c+ !c !c 2+ c '!c c '!c c &c c !c 2+,&-,,c 0c 'c c &c !c 8+ c , c '&'c -,, 'c 2+c ,2+' c c !'c + 'c , !c .&&+c (c 2, +c .+ +!'c c /+c+ '!- +c!'c2+! 'c, c!c 76c' c, c c,c', ++cc !'c2 +''c. ,'c2+c ''6c(c:& c!c2 +'c 'c!c$'c2+ c c c , c !'c ', + 'c 2+c !c ,'+&c 8&'c , c !c +:& ;c 'c !c c '&',+c , !c ',c !c ',c , c ' +c &c .!,+c , !c , '++!!c 6c ' &,+c !c -,,c , c !'c 2+ ''6c + +c , 'c :& c Y c

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