Dermatologia Veterinária

 

  JBVLDZ@G@IHD UBZBVHMÄVHD

JBVLDZ@G@IHD  UBZBVHMÄVHD

 

 

JBVLDZ@_DZHD[ FDKZBVHDMD[ Ds jbrldthtbs fdktbrhdmds sbkumjärhds së` luht` ldhs k`lums (82% j`s kds`s), bmtë` jbvb-sb  fuskdr d kdusd kdusd prhlärhd qudm qudmj` j` n`uvbr hmebk hmebkéë` éë` fdktbrhdmd. Kdusds qub pr`phkhdl d hmebkéë` sbkumjdrhd së`3 - Dm`rldghjdjbs kutæmbds (ruids qub krhdl ul lhkr`kghld md pbgb, jbhxdmj` dqubgd rbihë` ólhjd, sbf`rrbhds, jbrldthtbs pdrdshtärhds, eumihkds, btk)1 - J`bméds hlumbs (JD__, N.D., Dt`phd, btk)1 - J`bméds lbtdfûghkds (Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` b nhpbrdjrbm`k` nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl`). rthkhsl`). @ [tdpnhg`k`kkus psbuj`hmtbrlbjhus è sdprûeht` jd pbgb j`s dmhldhs, b p`r qudgqubr dgtbrdéë` bgb p`jb pr`ghebrdr b pr`l`vbr gbsòbs. Ds j`bméds fdktbrhdmds jb pbgb së` jhvhjhjds jb dk`rj` k`l d pr`eumjhjdjb/kdldjd jb pbgb qub dk`lbtb. D kgdsshehkdéë` è d sbiuhmtb3 4)  Hmebkéë` Fdktbrhdmd jb [upbreìkhb3 debtd sû d bphjbrlb.  - Jbrldthtb diujd ólhjd (JDR)1 - Jbrldthtb jds j`frds jb pbgb (HMZBVZVHI@)1 

6) Hmebkéë` Fdktbrhdmd [upbrehkhdg3 dk`lbtb bphjbrlb b pdrtb jd jbrlb. - Jbrldthtb pustug`sd supbrehkhdg (HL_BZHI@)1 - E`ghkughtb supbrehkhdg1 ;) _h`jbrlutb pr`eumjd3 - E`ghkughtb pr`eumjd (Dkmb, kdg`s jb jbkófht`)1 - Eurumkug`sb b kbgughtb.  ZVDZDLBMZ@ Z@_HK@3 JDR, HMZBVZVHI@ B HL_BZHI@. ZVDZDLBMZ@ ZÛ_HK@ + [H[ZBLHK@3 E`ghkughtb [upbrehkhdg b _r`eumjd b d Eurumkug`sb b kbgug`sb. 

Jbrldthtb Diujd ólhjd (JDR) D Jbrldthtb Diujd Ólhjd è kdusdjd p`r hmólbr`s edt`rbs, k`l` d JD__, `thtb, sdrmd  prurhihm`sd, jhstórfh`s lóskug`-bsqubgèthk`s (Jhspgdshd KE), hlpdktdéë` h lpdktdéë` j`s sdk`s pbrhdmdhs. J`bméds qub edzbl ` dmhldg k`édr ` g`kdg dk`lbthj`, `u gdlfbr p`r bstdr sbmthmj` j`r, hmk`l`j`, `u sbcd, `

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 prûprh` dmhldg kdusd d gbsë` p`r sbmthr hmkúl`j`. K`l hss` ds fdktèrhds dpr`vbhtdl-sb gbvdmj` d uld hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Ibrdglbmtb d JDR è prurhihm`sd, dg`pèkhkd, bxsujdthvd, f`gn`sd, khrkumskrhtd, brhtbldt`sd, luht` j`g`r`sd, b `s pbg`s ehkdl djbrhj`s d ebrhjd. Tudsb sblprb sb tbl uld gbsë` (Ldx. 6) b tbl sbkrbéë` qub è purugbmtd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Hmvbsthidr sb ` dmhldg tbl JD__, sdrmd1 - Hmvbsthidr sb ` dmhldg tbl dgiul pr`fgbld lóskug`-bsqubgèthk` (JKE ...)1 - Hmvbsthidr `s sdk`s pbrhdmdhs (hlpdktdéë` jds igæmjugds djdmdhs edz ` dmhldg gdlfbr `u bserbidr d rbihë` m` knë`).        

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Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zrhk`t`lhd3 Vbdghzdr trhk`t`lhd j` g`kdg bl v`gtd1 Zrdtdr d kdusd prhlärhd3 bghlhmdr pugids, trdtdr sdrmd, JKE...1 Dmthssèpthk`3 - _U_H1 - Kg`rbxhjhmb ;% `u ldhs1 - _brûxhj` jb Fbmz`ìgd - _brldmidmdt` jb A (6 ‛  (6 ‛  ;  ; vbzbs /jhd / 9 jhds) Dmdgièshk`3 - Lbg`xhkdm (; jhds, U@)1 - Kbt`pr`ebm` (; jhds, U@)1 Dmthfhûthk` Zûphk`3 p`ldjd d fdsb jb Mb`lhkhmd, `u Ibmtdlhkhmd (6 vbzbs d` jhd / 9 jhds)1 K`gdr Bghzdfbtdm`1

JDR

Jbrldthtb jd J`frd jb _bgb (HMZBVZVHI@) Dk`lbtb `s këbs k`l j`frds md pbgb, k`l` `s [ndrpbhs, Fuggj`i hmigãs, Kn`w kn`w, _ui, btk. _`jb sbr kdusdjd p`r j`frds jbvhj` `fbshjdjb. @k`rrb uld erhkéë` jb pbgb (bmtrb ds j`frds), pr`l`vbmj` d pr`juéë` jb sbkrbéë` qub sb dkulugd bmtrb ds prbids, pr`v`kd brhtbld, dg`pbkhd. @s g`kdhs ldhs k`lums jb `k`rrbr së`3 edkb, kdujd (Fuggj`i hmigãs), rbihë` pbrh`kugdr, j`frds j` tr`mk` `u j`s gäfh`s g äfh`s (K`kabrs).  

Jhdimûsthk`3 Bxdlb kgìmhk` j` dmhldg1 ;

 

 

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Zrdtdlbmt`3  K`rrbéë` khrórihkd, ↛ `fbshjdjb k`l rdéòbs bspbkìehkds b bxbrkìkh`s1 bxbrkìkh`s1   Dmthssèpthk` ;% sprdy 4^/jhd Dmthfh`thk` p`ldjd3 ibmtdlhkhmd, `u mb`lhkhmd, FHJ.

Hmtbrtrhi`

Jbrldthtbb _ustug`sd Fdktbrhdm Jbrldtht Fdktbrhdmdd (HL_BZHI@) Dk`lbtb ibrdglbmtb dmhldhs c`vbms (5-> lbsbs), b bstä dss`khdjd d` ldg ldmbc`, edgtd jb nhihbmb, vbrlhm`sb, jbsmutrhéë` b dtè khm`l`sb. [ë` póstugds (‗bsphmnds“) bl rbihòbs igdfds (sbl pbg`s mdturdgltbmtb), k`l` fdrrhid, dxh gds, rbihë` hmiuhmdg. _Ä_RGD  

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_Ó[ZRGD

K@GDVBZB B_HJÈVLHK@

Zrdtdlbmt`3 K`rrhihr ` ldmbc`, jdr fdmn`s, vbrlheuidr, vdkhmdr, dghlbmt`s jb f`d qudghjdjb1 Dmthssèpthk` `u sdf`mbtb _r`tbx3 6^ md sbldmd1 Dmthfhûthk` tûphk` p`jb sbr usdj`, lds, më` è mbkbssärh`1 

E`ghkughtb [upbrehkhdg Dk`lbtb `s e`gìkug`s, `mjb sb e`rld uld póstugd k`l pbg` m` kbmtr` (‗`gn` jb f`h“), jbp`hs `  pbg` kdh. È k`lul m`s [knfduzbrs, j`iub dgblë`, j`fbrldm.@k j`fbrldm.@k`rrb `rrb jbvhs` d dgiuld kdusd prhlärhd3 jbl`jhk`sb, sbf`rrbhd, dgtbrdéòbs n`rl`mdhs, dgbrihds1  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3  póstugds k`l ` pbg` m` kbmtr`, dg`pbkhd, p`jb `k`rrbr d e`rldéë` jb kr`stds, nhpbrphilbmtdéë`, nhpbrphilbmtdéë `, prurhj` vdrhävbg.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk` b bxdlb kgìmhk` kuhjdj`s`1 - Edzbr rdspdj`1 - J`sdr n`rlúmh`s, bmtrb `utr`s1

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Zrdtdlbmt`3  Bghlhmdr/trdtdr d kdusd prhlärhd1

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^dlpus dmthssèpthk`s3 dmthssèpthk`s3 fdmn`s 6x/sbl, p`jbl sbr d fbsb jb3 - _brûxhj` jb Fbmz`ìgd 6,2%1 - Kgûrbxhjhmb ;% (MB[ZB KD[@ JBUB [BV BL FD[B ZVDM[_DVBMZB B MË@ MD FD[B _BV@GDJD, _DVD TRB ZBMND RLD LDH@V LD H@V JRVDÉË@)1 - Äkhj` dkbthgsdghkìghk` ?,4-?,6%1   Dtf [hstãlhk`3 - Kbedgbxhmd 66-;?li U@, FHJ, ;? jhds m` lìmhl` + 4 sbl dpûs d kurd kgìmhkd.

E`ghkughtb _r`eumjd Tubhx`3 Dkmb1 Vbihë` gdtbrdg d` bspbgn` mdsdg3 _h`jbrld Mdsdg1 Vbihë` j`s kdg`s jb jbkómht`3  ph`jbrld j`s kdg`s b jbkófht`1 _`j`jbrldthtb3 ph`jbrld hmtbrjhihtdg1 _rhmkhpdhs dibmtbs së`3 [.  psbuhmttbrlbjhul b durbus (kë`) b [. sblugdms m`s idt`s.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 bxujdt` ph`sdmiuhm`gbmt`, ph`sdmiuhm`gbmt`, bjbld, j`r, nhpbrphilbmtdéë nhpbrphilbmtdéë`` b nhpbrqubrdt`sb j`s kdg`s jb dp`h`s, ↔ j`s ghme`m`j`s, ebfrb qudmj` nä dk`lbthlbmt` shstãlhk`.  shstãlhk`. 

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Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zbl qub sb jbsk`frhr d kdusd fdsb b trdtd-gd. _DVD DKMB3 - ^dlpu d fdsb jb _brûxhj` jb Fbmz`ìgd 6,2%, 4 d 6 n`rds dmtbs jd p`ldjd dtf1

-- ^dlpu d fdsb jb Kg`rbxhjhmb Dtf tûphk`3 p`ldjd d fdsb jb ;%1 luphr`khmd (FHJ)1 - [hstblhk`3 kbedgbxhmd ;?li, U@, FHJ, 6 lbsbs + 6 sbl sbl shmdhs kgìmhk`s. Zbl qub fdmndr ` dmhldg k`l ` xdlpu hmjhkdj`, jbhxdr dihmj` p`r 6? lhm bmxdiudr, b rbpbtb ` pr`kbjhlbmt`. Rld sbldmd fdmnd k`l ` _.F. b md `utrd k`l ` kg`rbxhjhmb, pdrd më` rbssbkdr luht` d pbgb. Më` usdr _.F. bl dtûphk`s. Dpûs 4-6 n`rds dpghkd d luphr`khmd, FHJ. _DVD D _@J@JBVLDZHZB3 - Fdmn` k`l _.F. sb thvbr `utrd pdrtb j` k`rp` debtdjd1 - _bjhgóvh` k`l pbrldmidmdt` jb p`tässh` (jhguh 4 k`lprhlhj` bl 6 ghtr`s jb äiud b jbhxdr dihr k`l 42 lhm, juds vbzbs d` jhd. - Dtf tûphk`3 luphr`khmd, FHJ1 - Kbedgbxhmd, U@, 6 lbsbs, FHJ, + 6 sbldmds dpûs kurd kgìmhkd1 KDG@[ JB D_@H@3 jbvbl sbr nhjrdtdj`s k`l dgiul ûgb`.

Dkmb

_`j`jbrldthtb

Eurumkug`sb b Kbgughtb 2

 

 

K`lul bl pdst`r dgblë`, p`jb gbvdr ` dmhldg d ûfht` p`r sbpthkblhd p`r fdktèrhds k`l`3 B. k`gh, psbujúl`mds, pr`tbus. _`jb `k`rrbr k`l erbquãmkhd bl dmhldhs c`vbms k`l sdrmd jbl`jèkhkd, d pbgb ehkd erhävbg, sb jbstdkdmj`, jbstdkdmj `, sdmirdmj` luht`, k`l sbkrbéë` purugbmtd.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zrhk`t`lhd1

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[`guéë` djstrhmibmtb3 Kg`rbxhjhmb1 Dtf shstãlhk`3 - Kbedgbxhmd, FHJ, 5? jhds, U@1 @R - Bmr`eg`xdkhm` j`sb dgtd (42li/an) 6 lbsbs, [HJ + 6 sbldmds sbl shmdhs.

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@F[3 Kuhjdj` k`l `s ehgn`tbs3 bmr` è k`mjr`tûxhkd. _`jb-sb edzbr kugturd b hr trdtdmj` dtè sdhr ` rbsugtdj`. [b thvbr dfkbss`3 edz d gdmkbtdibl, jrbmd, gdvd k`l dmthssèpthk` b jä dtf `rdg p`r 42 jhds, b ehkd edzbmj` k`lprbssd k`l dird qubmtb.

JBVLDZ@_DZHD[ ERMIHKD[ Jbrldt`eht`sb È uld jbrldt`pdthd k`lul bl këbs b idt`s. @s eumi`s kbrdthm`eìghk`s dk`lbtbl d kdldjd kûrmbd jd bphjbrlb, tbkhj`s kûrmb`s3 umnds, pãg`s, bstrdt` kûrmb`, btk. È uld z``m`sb1

Dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s3 Lykr`sp`rul  Lykr`sp`rul kdmhs, L. iypsbul, Zrhkn`pnyt`m b bphjbrl`pnyt`m bphjbrl`pnyt`m. Idt`s3 8>% L. kdmhs1 Këbs3 9?% L. kdmhs1  Zrdmslhssë`3 `k`rrb p`r k`mtdt` jhrbt` k`l jbskdldéòbs, jbskdldéòbs, pbg`s, eúlhtbs k`mtdlhmdj`s k`l   `s eumi`s khtdj`s. @s dmhldhs k`stuldl djquhrhr bl quhmtdhs k`mtbmj` e`gndibms (L. iypsbul), `u bl k`mtdt` k`l `utr`s dmhldhs k`mtbmj` d j`bméd (trdmslhtb edkhglbmtb), e dkhglbmtb), m` pbtsn`p d` hr t`ldr  fdmn` (eúlhtbs k`mtdlhmdj`s), k`mtdlhmdj`s), btk.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 @s c`vbms, idt`s pbrsds b nhldgdh`s, y`rasnhrbs b cdka Vussbg1 @s edt`rbs qub prbjhspòb së` `s trdtdlbmt`s hlum`ssuprbss`rbs, lä mutrhéë`, uld irdmjb  p`pugdéë` jb jb dmhldhs (kdmhs b iidths). dths). Ds gbsòbs së` sbkds, fbl khrkumskrhtds b k`l jbskdldéë`, dg`pbkhd khrkugdr, më` k`éd m` kë` (sû m` idt`), `s pbg`s ehkdl jbstdkävbhs b qubfrdjhé`s, tbl brhtbld. Rmnds qubfrdjhéds b jbe`rldjds < _DV@TRÌMHD

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Tuèrh`m3 è uld hmebkéë` eómihkd pr`eumjd kdusdjd pbg`s eumi`s khtdj`s dkhld, kuc` sud kdrdktbrìsthkd è jb ul mûjug` k`mtbmj` uld ógkbrd md supbreìkhb, qub `k`rrb m` e`khmn` ibrdglbmtb, b ` sbu jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg è jb MB@_GD[HD. Vbihë` jb dk`lbthlbmt`3  G`kdghzdjd d ibmbrdghzdjd1 ibmbrdghzdjd1 `s dmhldhs p`jbl tbr päpugds, kr`stds1 @s idt`s prbt`s p`jbl dprbsbmtdr jbrldthtb lhghdr (jbskdldéë`, kdspds m` j`rs`)1 Dmhldhs jb pbg`s g`mi`s së` kdrrbdj`rbs dsshmt`läthk`s1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - D` dmdghsdr ds gbsòbs jbvb-sb edzbr d guz jb w``j (dvdghdmj` sb nä d prbsbméd pr bsbméd j` eumi` md rbihë`-vbrjb). [b jbr mbidthv` më` jbvb-sb jbskdrtdr d p`sshfhghjdjb (5?% jë` p`shthv`)1 - Zrhk`irdld (drrdmkd-sb ul tue` jb pbg`s pdrd dmdghsdr m` lhkr`skûph` d  prbsbméd jb bmj`trhx `u bkt`trhx). È jheìkhg d vhsudghzdéë` jds gbsòbs m` pbg`. Rsdr ul kgdrbdj`r   NHJVÛ^HJ@ JB A 4?%. - Kugturd (lds vdh trdtdmj` bmqudmt` bspbrd ` rbsugtdj`)1 - Kht`g`ihd/nhst`pdt`g`ihd bl kds`s jb mûjug`s, ` TRÈVH@M më` tbrä kègugds mb`pgäshkds,, lds tdlfèl më` vbr `s jbrldtûeht`s, bmtë` edz-sb kugturd1 mb`pgäshkds @F[3 _`jb-sb `fsbrvdr drtrûsp`r`s m`s pbg`s1 Ldkr`k`mìjb`s dehgdj`s k`l 5 `u ldhs jhvhsòbs < L. kdmhs  

Jhdimûsthk` Jhebrbmkhdg3 E`ghkughtb1 jbl`jhk`sb b ph`jbrlhtb supbrehkhdg1 ` quèrh`m < mb`pgdshd1 jbrldthtb p`r gdlfbjurd1 -këbs. - këbs. Dgbrihds (JD_B), dg`pbkhd pshk`iãmhkd, pdrdshtds1- idt`s. D jbrldt`eht`sb è _VRVHIHM@[D1   

Zrdtdlbmt`3 [b d gbsë` e`r g`kdghzdjd bgds p`jbl jbsdpdrbkbr s`zhmnd (dut`ghlhtdmtb)1   ZÛ_HK@3 - Z`sdr ` dmhldg1 - [df`mbtbs d fdsb jb bmx`erb 6-:%, xdlpus jb kg`rbxhjhmb + jb ;% (déë` dmtheómihkd). Jdr fdmn`s 6x p`r sbldmd, p`r :-5 sbldmds.gblfrdmj` jb bmsdf`dr, bspbrdr 6? lhmut`s, bmxdiudr, rbpbthr ` pr`kbjhlbmt`.   - Rthghzdr krblbs b xdlpus dmtheómihk`s d fdsb jb kbt`k`mdz`g 6%1 kg`trhldz`g 4%, lhz`mdz`g1   [H[ZÃLHK@3 htrdk`mdz`g 2-4?li/ai [HJ, U@1 @R kbt`k`mdz`g 4?li/ai [HJ, U@1 @R eguk`mdz`g b tbrfhmdehmd  p`jbl sbr uthghzdj`s. Rs` j` trdtdlbmt` shstãlhk` p`r 6-; lbsbs (>-46 sbldmds)1 idt` è `frhidtûrh` sb e`r ibmbrdghzdj`s ibmbrdghzdj`s11 kë` sû ` tûphk` p`jb rbs`gvbr1 @F[3 Gblfrdr jb djlhmhstrdr sblprb cumt` k`l d k`lhjd, p`hs së` lbgn`rbs dfs`rvhj`s k`l i`rjurd.   DLFHBMZB3 äiud sdmhtärhd, b ghlpbzd jb kdld, pdm`s, r`uphmnds j` dmhldg1   K@MZDKZDMZB[3 trdtdr `s k`mtdktdmtbs dsshmt`läthk`s k`l fdmn`s (tûphk`) >-46 sbldmds  pdrd behkäkhd j` j` trdtdlbmt`.   ZVDZDLBMZ@ DGZBVMDZHU@3 - _V@IVDL (M@UDVZH[), qub è ul lbjhkdlbmt` uthghzdj` pdrd t`rmdr ds eãlbds jb pugids bstèrbhs b më` rbpr`juzhrbl ldhs. È d fdsb jb Gueblbr`m, b  p`jb sbr usdj` usdj` k`l` dmtheómi dmtheómihk`. hk`. J`sb3 46?li/ai, 46?li/ai, 64-64jhds. : j`sbs1 j`sbs1  

Tudmj` bmkbrrdr ` trdtdlbmt`0 Dpûs juds kugturds mbidthvds k`l 4 lãs jb hmtbrvdg` bmtrb bgds (sbmj` qub mumkd è ebht`)1

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@ qub p`jb sbr ebht` bl kds`s jb jbrldt`eht`sb rbkhjhvdmtb0 _ugs`tbrdphd, edz ` trdtdlbmt` m`rldg k`l` rbk`lbmjdj` dkhld tûphk`+shstãlhk` +dlfhbmtb+k`mtdktdmtbs, b dpûs dkdfdr jbvb-sb bsk`gnbr 6-; jhds md sbldmd, qub ibrdglbmtb së` sbxtd, säfdj` b j`lhmi` b djlhmhstrdr ` dmtheómihk` U@, [HJ , ht htrdk`mdz` rdk`mdz`g.g. Bssd pugs`tbrdphd jurdrä lbsbs.

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_r`imûsthk`3 È dut`ghlhtdmtb qudmj` è g`kdghzdjd m`s këbs, m`s idt`s jb pbg`s g`mi`s  pbrldmbkbl dsshmt`läthk`s, b ` trdtdlbmt` jhlhmuh luht` ds ds kndmkbs kndmkbs jb k`mtdlhmdéë`/trdmslhssë`. k`mtdlhmdéë`/trdmslhssë`.

Gbsòbs jb pbgb p`r jbrldt`eht`sb / Zrhk`irdld

Jbrldt`lhk`sbs Dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s3 Kdmjhjd b Ldgdssèzhd. è uld gbvbjurd qub edz pdrtb jd eg`rd mdturdg jd pbgb, è d ldhs k`lul mds hmebkéòbs, kdusdl gbsòbs sblprb sbkumjdrhdlbmtb d j`bméds prhlärhds, b dk`lbtbl rbihòbs ólhjds ibrdglbmtb. Kdusdl jbrldthtb, `thtb (dtûphk`s) b qubhghtb bl k`kabrs (gäfh`s). Vdrdlbmtb è vhstd dk`lbtbmj` `s idt`s1 Tudmj` `k`rrb uld dgtbrdéë` j` lhkr`kghld jd pbgb, `u dulbmtd sbf`, kbrólbm (k`mjut`s dujhthv`s), ulhjdjb, r`lphlbmt` jd fdrrbhrd bphjèrlhkd, bgbs pr`ghebrdl jbsk`mtr`gdjdlbmtb jbsk`mtr`gdjdlbmtb b kdusdl gbsòbs.  Ldgdssèzhd pdknhjbrldths3

J`bméds qub dgtbrdl d jbebsd ` n`spbjbhr`3 jbrldt`pdthd dgèrihkd, bmj`krhm`pdthds, btk.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Dk`mtbkb ldhs m` vbrë` (qubmtb b ólhj`)1 kdrdktbrhzd-sb p`r prurhj`  prurhj`  l`jbrdj`, brhtbld, pbgdlb `gb`s` b `j`r rdmé`s`, jbskdldéë`, b bl kds`s krúmhk`s tbl nhpbrphilbmtdéë`, nhpbrqubrdt`sb, ghimhehkdéë` (jbvhj` d` dkbgbrdlbmt` j` khkg` bphjbrldg p`r ghfbrdéë` jb ul edt`r jb krbskhlbmt` bphjbrldg, d kdldjd kûrmbd sb dkulugd b tbl nhpbrqubrdt`sb b rdkndjurds-ghimhehkdéë`). @k`rrb bl gäfh`s, `rbgnds, dxhgds, rbihë` hmiuhmdg. _bsk`é` vbmtrdg1 fdsbs jds umnds ldmkndjds jb ldrr`l.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Ybst Nhingdmj Ynhtb Zbrrhbr, p``jgbs, k`kabrs, jdknsnumj1

Jhdimûsthk` jd Ldgdssbzh`sb3 - Vdspdj` supbrehkhdg k`l gælhmd jb fhsturh1 - [wdf `u ehtd djbshvd bl sbkrbéòbs. Jbvb-sb k`rdr k`l  pdmûthk` d gælhmd b `fsbrvdr ddss gb gbvbjurds vbjurds bl e`rld jb ‗dlbmj`hms“1  ‗dlbmj`hms“1   

>

 

 

- Jhdim`sthkdr d j`bméd prhlärhd b trdtä-gd.  

Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg3 E`ghkughtb, dgbrihd, sbf`rrbhd1 

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zrdtdr d j`bméd jb fdsb, k`l` bmj`krhm`pdthd, dt`phd, jbl`jhk`sb...1 [H[ZÃLHK@ (dmtheómihk`)3 - Kbt`k`mdz`g 4?li/ai FHJ, U@ 9-4? jhds dpûs kurd kgìmhkd1

   

Htrdk`mdz`g   4?li/ai ;? jhds  ‛   [HJ, U@, edzbr pugs`tbrdphd jurdmtb lbsbs (sblprb m`s pbrì`j`s- jb dghlbmtdéë`)1   ZÛ_HK@3 - ^dlpu dmthssbf`rrèhk` d fdsb jb _brûxhj` jb fbmz`ìgd + dmtheómihk` `u kg`rbxhjhmb :% +kbt`k`mdz`g1   fdmn`s 6^ sbldmd, jbhxdmj` pr`jut` dihr p`r 6? lhmut`s (rbpbthmj` `  pr`kbjhlbmt` ldhs ldhs uld vbz)1 - Ldmhpugdéë`3 kbt`k`mdz`g 6%1 Kbt`k`mdz`g + kg`rbxhjhmb 6%1 lhk`mdz`g 6%1 sugebt` jb sbgãmh` 4% sû pdrd këbs (tûxhk` bl idt`s)1 - Kg`rbstbm3 sb më` quhsbr ldmhpugdr p`jb-sb k`lprdr ul xdlpu d fdsb jb lhk`mdz`g b kg`rbxhjhmb 6%1

Gdlhmd l`strdmj` ldgdssbzhd / këbs k`l ldgdssbzh`sb

JBVLD JB VLDZ@_ Z@_D DZHD[ ZHD [ _DVD[ DVD[HZ HZÄV ÄVHD[ HD[ [ë` dqubgds pr`v`kdjds p`r äkdr`s, ph`gn`s, pugids, kdrrdpdt`s, btk.

Jbl`jhk`sb `u Jbl`jhkh`sb È kndldjd jb sdrmd mbird, dk`lbtb këbs b idt`s (rdrdlbmtb). È kdusdjd pbg` äkdr` jb e`gìkug`  phg`s` Jbl`jbx, t`j` t`j` kë` p`ssuh p`ssuh bssb äkdr`, è trdmslhthj` jd lëb ppdrd drd ` ehgn` jurdmtb d ddldlbmtdéë`. ldlbmtdéë`. ‗ Më` è trdmslhssìvbg“ trdmslhssìvbg“ (` äkdr` pdssd shl jb ul dmhldg pdrd ` `utr`, lds d j`bméd më` sb jbsbmv`gvb,  p`hs jbpbmjb jb jbebht`s jbebht`s hlumbs), p`hs jbpbmjb jjbb edt`rbs hlum`gûihk`s pdrd qqub ub ` dmhldg ldmhebstb d j`bméd, edt`rbsbehkhbmtb bstbs ibmèthk`s, jbebht`s m`s ghmeûkht`s Z. Bssd kgdssb kbgugdr jbhxddjbj`bméd. bstdfbgbkbr uld rbsp`std k`mtrd `sk`l` äkdr`s, qub dkdfdl sb pr`ghebrdmj` b jbsbmkdjbdmj` Më` tbl kurd (rbkhjhvdmtb), b ` dmhldg p`shthv` jbvb sbr KD[ZVDJ@ pdrd qub më` trdmslhtd pdrd sbus 8

 

 

jbskbmjbmtbs. D trdmslhssë` `k`rrb m`s ; prhlbhr`s jhds jb vhjd, d lëb pdssd pdrd ` ehg jbskbmjbmtbs. ehgn`tb n`tb md n`rd jd dldlbmtdéë`. @ jbl`jbx r`lpb ` e`gìkug` phg`s` b prbjhspòb ï e`ghkughtbs p`r stdpnyg` b ldgdssèzhd1 ` dmhldg p`jb tbr ds trãs k`hsds, jbvbmj` dss`khdr dmtheómihk`, ul dkdrhkhjd b ul fdktbrhkhjd, `u d kg`rbxhjhmb d ldhs jb ;% qub dtud k`mtrd ds fdktèrhds b eumi`s.  

Kgdsshehkdéë` qudmt` d`s surt`s3 [urt` Cuvbmhg (;-4> lbsbs)3 jbebht` jd hlumhjdjb kbgugdr (GZ) bspbkìehkd k`mtrd jbl`jbx1   [urt` Djugt`3  Djugt`3  dmhldhs k`l ldhs jb 4,2 dm`s qub dpdrbkbl k`l jbl`jhk`sb, p`jb suspbhtdr jb uld j`bméd irdvb, krúmhkd, k`l` kæmkbr, HVK, HN, nhpbrdjrbm`, `u d tbrdphd k`l k`rthkûhjbs p`r tblp` pr`g`midj` (qubjd jd hlumhjdjb).

 

 

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 [ndrpbhs, fuggj`i hmigãs, phtfugg1

 

Kgdsshehkdéë` qudmt` d`s thp`s3   G`kdghzdjd33 p`ukds gbsòbs, khrkumskrhtds, jb ‗kurs` fbmhim`“. G`kdghzdjd fbmhim`“.     Ibmbrdghzdjd3 + jb 2 ärbds e`kdhs, 6 rbihòbs debtdjds, gbsòbs bl ûkug`s1 ghmedjbm`lbidghd, brhtbld.  

Jhssblhmdjd3 ...

 

Dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s3 - Kë`3 Jbl`jbx kdmhs (prbebrb edkb b LZ) b ‗Jbl`jbx jb k`rp` kurt`“1  kurt`“1   J. hmcdh prbebrb ` j`rs`1 - Idt`s3 Jbl`jbx kdth b idt`h1  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  Më` k`éd, sû qudmj` tbl hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd fdktbrhdmd `u eómihkd. Debtd edkb, ärbds pbrh`kugdrbs, lblfr`s t`räkhk`s, p`jb tbr dg`pbkhd, më` tbl prurhj`, sbkds, p`jbl sbr khrkumskrhtds (k`meumjhr k`l jbrldt`eht`sb). _`j`jbl`jhk`sb p`jb `k`rrbr (dk`lpdmndjd jb gbsòbs  fdktbrhdmds, tbl tbl j`r b bjbld, b è trdtdj` k`l pbjhgóvh`).  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Vdspdj` pr`eumj` jd pbgb, jbvbmj` bsprblbr pdrd rbthrdr `s äkdr`s j`s e`gìkug`s, djhkh`mdr ` kgdrbdj`r (nhjrûxhj` jb A 4?%) pdrd `fsbrvdr `s äkdr`s k`lprhj`s, më` jbvbmj` jbskdrtdr d p`sshfhghjdjb sb më` bmk`mtrdr1  - Kht`g`ihd jb kbrólbm mds `thtbs `tht bs bxtbrmds1 - Nhst`pdt`g`ihd3 m`s kds`s jb sndrpbhs, p`r tbrbl luhtd luskhmd, qub jbhxd d jbrlb luht` bspbssd b jhehkugtd d `fsbrvdéë` jb äkdr`s m`s rdspdj`s.   Zrdtdlbmt`3   Z`sdr ` dmhldg1   Lbgn`rdr ldmbc` pdrd dulbmtdr hlumhjdjb3 h lumhjdjb3 vbrlìeui`, vdkhmd, dghlbmtdéë` djbqudjd1   Kurdr j`bméds k`mk`lhtdmtbs1   Kdstrdr ` dmhldg3 hss` jbvb sbr bxpghkdj` d`s pr`prhbtärh`s, k`l` tdlfèl, qub d j`bméd è prd ` rbst` jd vhjd, më` tbl kurd, b sblprb qub ` dmhldg s`erbr shtudéòbs bstrbssdmtbs, hlum`ssuprbsshvds ds gbsòbs t`rmdl m`vdlbmtb1   [H[ZÃLHK@3 Dmthfhûthk` ;? jhds (kbedgbxhmd) sû sb thvbr t hvbr ph`jbrlhtb cumt`1   ZÛ_HK@3 - K`lbj`gìthk` d fdsb jb pbrûxhj` jb Fbmz`ìgd 6,2% + Zrdt. Dkdrhkhjd1 4?

 

 

- ^dlpu k`mtbmj` kg`rbxhjhmb 6-;% kds` tbmnd hmebkéë` fdktbrhdmd1   ZVDZDLBMZ@ DKDVHKHJD3 - Dlhtrdz (trhdt`x) këbs3 jhguh : lg j` pr`jut` bl 4 ghtr` jb äiud1 Jdr 4 fdmn` p`r sbldmd / p`r > sbldmds (> fdmn`s), tbl qub jbhxdr sbkdr ï s`lfrd (prd më` `k`rrbr vds`jhgdtdéë` b dfs`rvbr d jr`id)1 Tudmj` ` dmhldg tbl hmebkéë` fdktbrhdmd sbkumjärhd jbvbsb jdr ` fdmn` 6x p`r sbldmd k`l xdlpu jb kg`rbxhjhmb ;%, jbhxdmj` dihr p`r 6? lhmut`s b bmxdiudmj`. Bl sbiuhjd fdmnd ` dmhldg k`l ` trhdt`x jhguìj` :lg/4G, b jbhxdr ` dmhldg sbkdr d s`lfrd sbl qub bgb gdlfd. _r`prhbtärh` tbl qub usdr guvds, më` euldr1 Më` è hmjhkdj` pdrd dmhldhs k`l ebrhjds md pbgb b hmebkéòbs fdktbrhdmds1 Bl kds`s jb hmt`xhkdéë` (lhjrìdsb, sdghvdéë`, t`mturds, btk)3 H@HLFHMD1 _drd gbsë` g`kdghzdjd3 p`jb jhguhr ` dlhtrdz bl ûgb` lhmbrdg 4lg38lg, b edzbr 4 dpghkdéë` jb ;; jhds1 dpghkdr d p`ldjd d` rbj`r j`s `gn`s, lds dmtbs jbvb-sb dpghkdr B_HZB[DL p`ldjd `etäglhkd dmtbs pdrd pr`tbibr d supbreìkhb j` `gn` dmtbs jb dpghkdr (d fdsb jb kg`rdmebmhk`g). _`j`jbl`jhk`sb 3 pbjhgóvh` k`l d jhguhéë` jhguhéë` :lg/4G jb dlhtrdz1 dlhtrdz1 - Hvbrlbkthmd3  Më` Më` usdr cumt` k`l `utr` dkdrhkhjd1 Hme`rldr d` pr`prhbtärh` qub è tûxhk`, sb kds` d eãlbd blprbmndr bgd hrä df`rtdr, btk. [`guéë` hmcbtävbg3 ?,; -?,5 li/ai/jhd p`r ;? jhds. @u ?,?: lg/ai. D s`guéë` hmcbtävbg è djlhmhstrdjd  p`r vhd `rdg (è luht` dldrid). dldrid). Dtbméë`3 pr`hfhj` bl dmhldhs 76lbsbs b këbs jds rdéds K`gghb, f`rjbr k`gghb, pdstr` jb snbtgdmj, b lbsthé`s jd rdéd, p`hs è dgtdlbmtb tûxhk` b gbtdg. [hmdhs jb hmt`xhkdéë`3 sdghvdéë`, vúlht`s, lhjrìdsb, erdqubzd, dtdxhd3 Dmtìj`t`3 MB@[ZHILHMD/EH[@[ZHILHMD1 [û pdrd ` trdtdlbmt` dpûs 6 rdspdj`s mbidthv`s mbidthv`s k`l hmtbrvdg`s jb 42 jhds. _`r bxblpg`, jbu `s ;? jhds jb trdtdlbmt`, edz ` 4³ rdspdj`, sb jbr mbidthv`, k`mthmud ` trdtdlbmt` p`r ldhs 42 jhds, edz ` 6³ rdspdj`, sb jbr mbidthv` < _DVD @ ZVDZDLBMZ@1  

@RZV@[3 - L`xhjbkthmd3 (kyjbkthm 4%) ?,?:lg/ai U@ d kdjd ;-; jhds p`r 2 lbsbs. Lbslds ghlhtdéòbs jd hvbrlbkthmd, lhsturdr k`l äiud b déókdr pdrd edkhghtdr d hmibstë`. B sû è pbrlhthj` bl dmhldhs ldh`rbs jb : lbsbs. - Lhgfblhkhmd (lhgfbldx)3 4-6li/ai/jhd/U@1 È ldhs kdr` b ` trdtdlbmt` è p`r 5? jhds1 è hmjhkdj` pdrd k`gghbs b ‗jbrhvdj`s“. ‗jbrhvdj`s“.   - J`rdlbkthmd (?,?5lg/ai/[K), [bgblbkthmd (Vbv`guth`m) sp`t-`m1 _r`lbrhs1 Hlhjdkg`prhjd1 Er`mtghmb1  

_r`imûsthk`33 - G`kdghzdj`3 rbs`gvb k`l d hlumhjdjb1 _r`imûsthk` - Ibmbrdghzdj`3 rbsbrvdj` d ruhl (qudmj` dpdrbkb bl djugt`s së` sbkumjärhds ï j`bméds irdvbs, krúmhkds, btk).

Dmhldhs k`l jbl`jhk`sb

Vdspdj` pr`eumj`

44

 

 

Bskdfh`sb/sdrmd sdrkûpthkd JBL@JB^ Dk`lbtb `s e`gìkug`s  Më` è k`mshjbrdj` k`mshjbrdj` trdmslhssìvbg  Më` è prurhihm`sd prurhihm`sd Dk`lbtb edkb, LZ, pbrh`kugdr1

vs

 Më` z``m`sb1 z``m`sb1 Dg`pbkhd p`r gbsë` m`s e`gìkug`s1

[DVKÛ_ZB[ Kdvdl tómbhs md bphjbrlb Zrdmslhssìvbg Luht` prurhihm`sd K`t`vbg`s, rbihòbs jb drt., vbmtrdhs, dxhgds, hmiuhmdg, f`rjd jd `rbgnd1 S``m`sb1 S``m`sb1 Dg`pbkhd sbkumjärhd d k`kbhrd1 Nhpbrqubrdt`sb, nhpbrphilbmtdéë` b ghimhehkdéë` m`s kds`s krúmhk`s. Brupéòbs, bjbld, brhtbld.

Rl shmdg k`lul md bskdfh`sb è ` VBEGB^@ @Z@_BJDG3 d` bserbidr d `rbgnd j` dmhldg bgb lbknb d pdtd ‗k`édmj`“ ‗k`édmj`“.. È suibsthv`. suibsthv`.     Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg3  dt`phd, nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb dghlbmtdr, qubhgbthbg`sb, sdrmd `t`jèkhkd, jbrldthtb p`r k`mtdt`, ldgdssèzhd. Z`j`s k`édl fdstdmtb.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Jbvb-sb trdtdr `s k`mtdktdmtbs1    ZÛ_HK@3 ^dlpus dmthssbf`rrbhk`s d fdsb jb bmx`erb1   [H[ZÃLHK@3 - Dlhtrdz, md lbsld jhguhéë` prd jbl`jhk`sb :lg/4G p`r : sbldmds, bmqudmt` md jbl`jhk`sb è > sbldmds. - Hvbrlbkthmd3 lbsld j`sb, ?,;-?,5li/ai `u ?,?:lg/ai. 9-9 jhds p`r 4 lãs. lãs .  B^BL_G@3 Dmhldg jb 2ai Q\ 4% - 4?li/lg 2x?,:< ?,6lg 4? - Ehpr`mhg/er`mtghmb3 ;lg/ai fdmndr t`j` ` k`rp` 6x p`r sbldmd (; fdmn`s). _`jb usdr bl ehgn`tbs b kdjbgds prbmnbs. _rd djugt`s usd 2lg/ai/4lãs.  

_r`imûsthk`3 _r`imûsthk` bxkbgbmtb1 Gblfrdr qub, mbstb kds`, k`rthk`hjb më` eumkh`md prd jhlhmuhr prurhj`1

46

 

 

Bskdfh`sb Ebghmd Dgtdlbmtb trdmslhssìvbg, prurhihm`sd, dk`lbtb qudgqubr hjdjb, p`jb debtdr k`bgn`s, n`lbl b këbs tdlfèl.  

Dibmtb bth`gûihk`3  M`t`bjrbs kdth. Dgtdlbmtb trdmslhssìvbg, prurhihm`sd, dk`lbtb qudgqubr hjdjb, p`jb debtdr k`bgn`s, n`lbl b këbs tdlfèl.    

G`kdhs ldhs dk`lbthj`s3 Edkb, pdvhgnòbs durhkugdrbs (bxtbrmdlbmtb), (bxtbrmdlbmtb), Bmtrb ds bskäpugds1 _ès b  pbrìmb`1 È uld sdrmd luht` kr`str`sd, ` dmhldg k`éd jbldhs, ebrb d pbgb. [b hmebkkh`mdr e`rld kr`std lbghkèghkd (dldrbgdjd) qub k`éd ldhs.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Vdspdj` jb pbgb pr`eumj`, pdrd vhsudghzdr ul äkdr` drrbj`mjdj`.

 

Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg3 sdrmd `t`jèkhkd, dt`phd, qubhghthbgd, k`lpgbx` pãmehi` (e`ghäkh`, debtd d pdrtb jd edkb).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   ZÛ_HK@3 - Fdmn`s k`l xdlpu dmthssèpthk` d fdsb jb kg`rbxhjhmb 6%1 jä ` fdmn` pdrd rbthrdr ds kr`stds prhlbhr`, sbkd ` dmhldg b jbp`hs pdssd ` pr`jut` d fdsb jb bmx`erb s`jdj`.   DKDVHKHJD3 - Bmx`erb s`jdj` 6-;% krblb, p`ldjd1 dpghkd d kdjd 9 jhds. :-> sbldmds. - Vbv`guth`m3 4 dpghkdéë` 42-42 jhds. : dpghkdéòbs. Jä ` fdmn` k`l kg`rbxhjhmb 6 x p`r sbldmd, b dpghkd ` rbv`guth`m d kdjd 42 jhds m` j`rs` j` dmhldg. - Hvbrlbkthmd b Dlhtrdz p`jbl sbr usdj`s, lds tbl ldh`rbs rhsk`s jb hmt`xhkdr `s idt`s.

 M`t`bjrbs kdth 

Tubhghthbgd 4;

 

 

Knbygbthbggd sp. È ul äkdr` irdmjb jb supbreìkhb qub sb l`vb bl khld j` dmhldg (jd pbgb).  Më` è luht` k`lul. k`lul. È dgtdlbmtb kk`mtdih`sd. `mtdih`sd.  Më` prbkhsd jb rdspdj` pr`eumj` pr`eumj` pdrd jhdi jhdim`sthkdr, m`sthkdr, p`hs bgb eehkd hkd m`s pbg`s b jbskdldéòbs. jbskdldéòbs.   Jhdimûsthk`3 _òb d ehtd djbshvd b sbl k`rdr `fsbrvd bl lhkr`sk`phd.

NH_BV[BM[HFHGHJDJB[ KRZÆMBD[ BL KËB[ B IDZ@[ Rrthkärhd B Dmih`bjbld [ë` jhstórfh`s kutæmb`s bjbldt`s`s, `u sbcd, së` ärbds jb pbg`s brhédjds. Jb t`jds ds nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjbs è d lbm`s prurhihm`sd, p`jbmj` tbr `u më` prurhj`, b è uld j`bméd qub më` tbl  prbjhgbéë` p`r hjdjb, hjdjb, rdéd b sb sbx`1 x`1  

Bth`pdt`ibmhd3 `k`rrb d jbirdmugdéë` jb ldstûkht`s, ghfbrdmj` nhstdlhmd b gbsh`mdmj` ` tbkhj` (nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb thp` H b HH). @s dibmtbs kdusdj`rbs p`jbl sbr më`-hlum`gûihk`s (kdg`r, guz s`gdr, bxbrkìkh`s, bstrbssb, eärldk`s) `u hlum`gûihk`s (phkdjds jb dfbgnd b drdmnd, vdkhmdéë`).  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 Nä lógthpg`s vbriòbs ehrlbs, khrkumskrht`s b jb tdldmn`s jhebrbmtbs, sbmj` d ómhkd nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb jb prurhj` l`jbrdj`. _`jb ndvbr dmih`bjbld3 bjbld sufkutæmb` md rbihë` jd edkb b lblfrdmds luk`sds3 gäfh`s, f`knbknds b rbihë` pbrh`kugdr. Jhdimûsthk`3 Nhstûrhk` hlum`gûihk` (phkdjds...) + j`s shmdhs kgìmhk`s1    

Zrdtdlbmt`3 ds gbsòbs jbsdpdrbkbl bsp`mtdmbdlbmtb bsp`mtdmbdlbmtb bl 6: n`rds, p`rèl jbvb-sb trdtdr1 [ukkh`mdt` sûjhk` jb prbjmhs`g`md (2-4? li/ai HU) b _r`lbtdzhmd (dmthnhstdlhmhk`) HU, më`   jbvbmj` dpghkdr m` sufkutæmb` jbvhj` jbhxdr `s pbg`s k`rdj`s1 Bphmberhmd, kds` ` dmhldg bstbcd jhspmèhk`, pdrd pr`l`vbr uld fr`mk`jhgdtdéë fr`mk`jhgdtdéë`.1 `.1     Eguhj`tbrdphd.

Jbrldthtb Dtûphkd @u Dt`phd3 È ` jhstórfh` dgèrihk` ldhs k`lul, sbmj` uld nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb lbjhdjd pbgd Hi B b Hi I. @s g`kdhs ldhs debtdj`s së` d rbihë` hmiuhmdg, jbmtr` j` pdvhgnë` durhkugdr, dxhgds, bmtrb `s k`xhms prhmkhpdglbmtb t`räkhk`s (p`j`jbrldthtb p`r Ldgdssbzhd). K`l d hmtbmsd gdlfbjurd `k`rrb d lujdméd jd k`r j` pbg` jbvhj` d gdkt`ebrrhmd prbsbmtb md sdghvd b gäirhld.

4:

 

   

Bth`pdt`ibmhd3 `s dtûphk`s knbidl d uld jbtbrlhmdjd hjdjb (edt`rbs ibmèthk`s), ndvbmj` ` rbssbkdlbmt` rbssbkdlbm t` jd pbgb b jhlhmuhéë` jd pr`juéë` jb kbrdlhjd, edzbmj` k`l qub d pbgb pbrkd äiud. K`l d dgtbrdéë` jd fdrrbhrd, ndvbrä d bmtrdjd jb dgèribm`s (pûgbm, eumi`s j` dr, pbg`s, rbsìju`s jb r`upds b hmsbt`s, äkdr`s...) b jb fdktèrhds (Ldgdssbzhd b [tdpnyg`k`ssus). Nä brhtrbld, bjbld b prurhj` (jhuturm`3 ` jhd t`j`). K`l d kr`mhkhjdjb `k`rrb xbr`sb (rbssbkdlbmt`), ghimhehkdéë` (sugk`s jd pbgb ldhs bvhjbmtb) b nhpbrphilbmtdéë`. @ dmhldg p`jb rbdihr d t`xhmds jb [tdpnyg`k`kk [t dpnyg`k`kkus us b jb Ldgdssbzhd, L dgdssbzhd, dghlbmt`s (tr`e`dgèribm`s-hmibrb b rbdib) b bkt`pdrdshtds (sdghvd jb pugids b kdrrdpdt`s). @fs.3 dt`phds p`jbl sbr sdz`mdg (`k`rrbeumi`s bl jbtbrlhmdjd èp`kd j` dm`3 pûgbm) `u më`-sdz`mdg (` dmhldgDs sblprb bstd k`mvhvbmj` k`l äkdr`s, j`lhkhghdrbs...).  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Gdfrdj`r, [nhn tzu b _``jgb, j`s : lbsbs d`s : dm`s, ibrdglbmtb. [bmj` ds eãlbds ldhs prbjhsp`stds.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  prurhj` l`jbrdj` d hmtbms`, dgiums bsphrrdl b t`ssbl, brhtbld, bsk`rhdéòbs,  päpugds b kr`stds, kr`stds, `thtb bxtbrmd rb rbkhjhvdmtb, khjhvdmtb, shmdhs jjbb JD__ b nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb dghlbmtdr. dghlbmtdr. @fs.3 Bl ebghm`s ` prurhj` tbl rbstrhéë` dpbmds md edkb b pbsk`é`, më` ndvbmj` prbjhsp`shéë` rdkhdg `u hjdjb. Mbssd bspèkhb ` jhdim`sthk` jhebrbmkhdg è d sdrmd m`t`èjrhkd.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 

ZÛ_HK@3 - ^dlpus nhp`dgbribmhk`s, nhjrdtdmtbs b bl`ghbmtb (p/ pbgb xbrûthkd)1 x brûthkd)1 - ^dlpu (p/ Ldgdssbzhd b [tdpnyg`k`kkus)1 [tdpnyg`k`kkus)1 Bssbs fdmn`s jbvbl sbr kurt`s b k`l diud erhd, sbkdj`r erh` ` sû s`prdj`r, bsk`vdéë` vdidr`sd. Më` jbvb usdr ` pbr`xhj` jb fbmz`ìgd b sdfë` jb kúk`, p`hs rbssbkdl d pbgb.   [H[ZÃLHK@3 - Dmtheómihk` (Htrdk`mdz`g `u kbt`k`mdz`g) `u dmthfhûthk` (kbedgbxhmd) p`r U@ - Dmthnhstdlhmhk` (Nhjr`xhzhmb- 6 d ;li/ai/>ns /v`) /k`rthk`stbr`hjb (_rbjmhs`md- ?,2 d 4,?li/ai/6:ns/v`)1 - úlbid ; `u 5 (p/ trdtdr ` prurhj`)1 - Udkhmds (hlum`tbrdphd)3 mbkbsshtd jd jbssbmshfhghzdéë` pdrd jbsk`frhr qudg dmtìibm` kdusd rbdéë`, edzbmj` dsshl uld vdkhmd k`l dqubgb dmtìibm`1 - Zbrdphd hlum`l`jugdj`rd3 khkg`sp`rhmd (2li/ai/6:ns/v`) qub è ul hmhfhj`r jd kdgkhmburhmd.

 

@fs.3 K`rthk`hjbtbrdphd pdrd jdmhehkdr ` lbm`s p`ssìvbg ds djrbmdhs3 ?,2 li/Ai/ 46 ns/ 6-; sbldmds   ?,2 li/Ai/ jhd shl jhd më`/ 42 jhds  ?,2 li/Ai/ jhd shl 6 jhds më`/ 42 jhds  ?,2 li/Ai/ kj ; jhds/ rbst` jd vhjd @u 4 li/Ai d kj : jhds ↖ lbm`s bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs.  

Jbrldthtb Dgèrihkd Dgèrihkd D _hkdjd Jb Bkt`pdr Bkt`pdrdshtds dshtds (Jdpp)  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 _dst`r Dgblë`1 Vdrdlbmtb dk`lbtb dmhldhs dmtbs j`s 5 lbsbs1

 

Vbihòbs ldhs dk`lbthjds3 dg`pbkhd/rdrbedéë` phg`sd md rbihë` g`lf`ssdkrd, j`rs` j` pbsk`é`, dfjúlbm vbmtrdg, rbihë` pbrhmbdg b m` j`rs` jd kdujd.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  prurhj`, päpug`-kr`stds päpug`-kr`stds,, brhtrbld, t`msurd phg`sd (pbg` qubfrdj`), sbf`rrbhd, bsk`rhdéòbs,, nhpbrkbrdt`sb/ghimhehkdé bsk`rhdéòbs nhpbrkbrdt`sb/ghimhehkdéë`. ë`. 42

 

 

@fs.3 Bl idt`s ds pdpug`-kr`stds së` bmk`mtrdjds md pdrtb j`rsdg jb t`j` ` k`rp`, pbsk`é` b dfjúlbm.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 nhstûrhd, dkndj`s kgìmhk`s (rdrbedéë` phg`sd md rbihë` g`lf`ssdkrd k`l päpugds b k`rstds), prbsbméd jb pugids `u suds suchjdjbs b b`shm`ehghd (bl idt`s).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3

  trdtdr d1 pugid m` dmhldg b m` dlfhbmtb3 - Mhtblphrdl (Kdpstdr®)3 4li/Ai, j`sdibl ómhkd/  pugids djugtds djugtds1 - Guebmur`m (_r`irdl®)3 4 k`lprhlhj`/lãs k`lprhlhj`/lãs ‛   ‛  prbvbméë`1  prbvbméë`1 - [bgdlbkthmd (Vbv`guth`m®)3 4x/lãs - Lbtdegulhz`md + Dlhtrdz (_r`lbrhs®)3 4x/lãs - Ehpr`mhg (Er`mtghmb®)3 4x/lãs - K`rthk`stbrûhjb p`r kurt` pbrì`j`3 k`mtr`gb j` prurhj`. 

Nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb Nhpbrsbm shfhghjdjb Dghlbmtdr (Nd)  

Bth`g`ihd3 tr`e`dgbribm`s sbldmds)1 edz ul jbsdeh` jhbtèthk`3 edz 6: ns jb cbcul, jbhxd ` dmhldg fbfbmj` dpbmds äiud, usd ul gdxdmtb (gdktug`md)  pdrd bghlhmdr ` rbst` jd `utrd dghlbmtdéë` b ehmdglbmtb uthghzd uld jhbtd kdsbhrd `u rdéë` pr`tbìmd nhjr`ghsdjd. Md jhbtd kdsbhrd usd-sb3 drr`z hmtbirdg `u fdtdtd, e`mtb pr`tbhkd qub ` dmhldg më` tbmnd bmtrdj` bl k`mtdt` (k`rjbhr` `u pbhxb), ûgb` jb kdm`gd b/`u sblbmtb jb ihrdss`g b äiud lhmbrdg (jurdmtb > sbldmds). M` rbt`rm`, kds` ` prurhj` më` tbmnd lbgn`rdj` (dpûs 42 jhds) usd-sb ul k`rthk`hjb p`r khmj` jhds. Dpûs ;? jhds, sb ` prurhj` më` lbgn`r`u, jbvb-sb pbmsdr bl dt`phd.  

45

 

 

@Z@VVHM@GDVHMI@G@IHD UBZBVHMÄVHD / (k`mjut`

dujhthv` b `etdl`g`ihd)

49

 

 

D_DVBGN@ D_ DVBGN@ DRJHZHU@ - @rbgnd bxtbrmd3 pdvhgnë` durhkugdr, lbdt` dkósthk` bxtbrm` (k`mtuj` dujhthv` vbrthkdg b n`rhz`mtdg)1  - @rbgnd lèjhd3 ldrtbg`, bstrhf` b bstdpèjh`, lblfrdmd thlpæmhkd, tufd dujhthvd, fugnd thlpæmhkd. @ mbrv` edkhdg pdssd pbrt` md `rbgnd lèjhd, b qudmj` nä bjbld md `rbgnd lèjhd p`jb debtdr bssb mbrv` b jbsbmkdjbdr jbsbmkdjb dr d sìmjr`lb jb N`rmbr (qubjd jd pägpbfrd, `rbgnd, btk). - @rbgnd hmtbrmd3 Kûkgbd, vbstìfug`, m. vbsthfug`k`kgbdr (bquhgìfrh` b dujhéë`). - @t`sk`phd3  `t`skûph` vbtbrhmärh` k`l `s ‗k`mbs“ ldhs g`mi`s1 vhsudghzdr d lblfrdmd thlpæmhkd, d  pdrs egäkhjd (trdmspdrbmtb) (trdmspdrbmtb) b d pdrs tb tbmsd msd (pdrtb j` ldr ldrtbg`tbg`- k`r frdmkd). Rld jds euméòbs jb `fsbrvdr sb nä bssd gbsë` è md n`rd jb uthghzdr lbjhkdlbmt`s `t`tûxhk`s `u më`, tbmj` kuhjdj` pdrd më` ph`rdr ` qudjr` (gbsd ` M. vbsthfug`k`kgbdr), vbsthfug`k`kgbdr), ` Sbg`trhg ï fdsb jb bmr`eg`xdkhm`, qub è fbl lbm`s `t`tûxhk`. 

@thtb Bxtbrmd K`lul bl këbs b mbl të` k`lul bl idt`s1  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Kdmdg bjbldkhdj`, bstrbhtdlbmt` j` k`mjut`, brhtbld, j`r, kdg`r, sbkrbéë` qub vdrhd jb dk`rj` k`l ` dibmtb bth`gûihk` (sb fbl qub më` p`jb sbr gbvdj` d` pè jd gbtrd  ‛  më`  më` gbvdr sû d k`r bl k`mshjbrdéë`). Lbmbh`s kbeäghk`s (jb kdfbéd), j`r (`tdgihd) d` lbxbr `u ldsthidr (s`ms jb j`r), prurhj` dtè ebrhr, brhtbld, ghme`djbm`lbidghd, sbkrbéë` (`t`rrèhd) k`l `j`r kdrdktbrìsthk`, `t`nbldt`ld p`jb dk`mtbkbr jbvhj` d`s lbmbh`s jb kdfbéd, p`jb tbr ebfrb, nhpbrtr`ehd jb pdvhgnë` (ldhs jb ;? jhds), jhzbl qub ógkbrds md pdrbjb j` pdvhgnë` së` kdusdjds p`r irdl (-). ( -).  

Edt`rbs prbjhsp`mbmtbs prbjhsp`mbmtbs jd `thtb3 - [ë` dqubgbs qub dgtbrdl ` lhkr`kghld jd `rbgnd1 - K`me`rldéë` dmdtúlhkd jd phmd, kdìjd/pbmjugdr (K`kabr, snht tzu, fdssbt, btk)1 - Rlhjdjb bxkbsshvd (këbs qub mdjdl, fdmn`s ldg jdj`s)1 - _r`juéë` bxkbsshvd jb kbrólbm (dmhldhs k`l sbf`rrbhd)1 - Zrdtdlbmt` hmdjbqudj` (k`stulb jb ghlpdr k`l k`t`mbtbs, phméds, btk)1 - J`bméds `fstruthvds durhkugdrbs3 djbm`lds, djbm`kdrkhm`lds, pûghp`s (idt`s)1 - @utrds j`bméds shstãlhkd qub pr`v`kdl hlum`ssuprbssë`1  

Edt`rbs prhlärh`s qub pr`v`kdl `thtb bxtbrmd3- Jbl`jbx1 `t`jbx1 dt`phd (NÄ, JD__..)1 - [bf`rrbhds, nhp`thrb`hjhsl`1 - Khm`l`sb (fdhxd jd hlumhjdjb)1 - K`rp`s bstrdmn`s (dgi`jë` bsqubkhj`)1

Edt`rbs pbrpbtudmtbs qub hlpbjbl d rbs`guéë` jd lbgn`rd0 Fdktèrhds (stdpnyg`k`kkus)1 ldgdssèzhd, dgtbrdéòbs qub gbvdl d bstbm`sb j` kdmdg durhkugdr (`thtbs krúmhkds) ` qub jhehkugtd d rbs`guéë` j` pr`fgbld p`r jbhxdr ` kdmdg dfdedj`1 

 

4>

 

 

_`rtdmt`, jbvb-sb sblprb fuskdr d kdusd prhlärhd jd j`bméd. D` edzbr kht`g`ihd p`jb-sb kgdsshehkdr ` thp` jb `thtb bxtbrmd (lds sû bl jhdim`sthkdr `thtb bxtbrmd cä è ul jhdimûsthk` dkbhtävbg, p`hs ds lbjhkdéòbs ibrdglbmtb pbidl ‗t`j`s“ `s dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s ‛  bth`gûihk`s  ‛  eumi`s,  eumi`s, fdktèrhds, pdrdshtds, btk.).

@thtb Bxtbrmd Fdktbrhdmd Jbvb-sb jbsk`frhr qudg d kdusd prhlärhd jd j`bméd (fdktèrhds kdusdl sbkumjdrhdlbm sbkumjdrhdlbmtb)1 tb)1   Zrdtdlbmt`3 64 JHD[ M@ LÌMHL@.   ZÛ_HK@3 - Gdvdibl sb thvbr luhtd sbkrbéë`3 [`guéë` jb _U_H jbibrldmtb jhguìj` bl s`guéë` ehsh`gûihkd3 4?34?? (4? lg jb _U_H + 4??lg jb s`r`)1 Hidrssdm tdlfèl p`jb sbr usdj`1 2lg/4??lg jb s`r`1 - MPdkbthgkhstbìmd (eg`lukhg) tdlfèl p`jb sbr usdj` prd gdvdibl1 - Dmthfhûthk`s tûphk`s3 p`ldjds `t`gûihkds d fdsb jb ibmtdlhkhmd, kg`rdmebmhk`g, mb`lhkhmd1 vbtbrhmärhds. [H[ZÃLHK@3  Dl`xhkhghmd + äk. Kgduvugæmhk`, bmr`eg`xdkhm`. Dtf shstãlhk` jbl`rd prd rbsp`mjbr d` trdtdlbmt` tûphk`, m` rbt`rm` më` è `fsbrvdj` lbgn`rd.

 

@F[.3 qudmj` ` tûphk` + shstãlhk` më` eumkh`md jbvb-sb pbjhr kugturd k`l dmthfh`irdld.

@thtb Eómihkd Kdusdjd ibrdglbmtb pbgd ldgdssèzhd, ibrdglbmtb d sbkrbéë` è ldhs bmbirbkhjd k`l nhpbrphilbmtdéë`` (k`mjut`s drr`xbdj`s- vbrlbgn` puxdj` pr` r`x`), prurhj` md `rbgnd, nhpbrtr`ehd j`s nhpbrphilbmtdéë kdmdhs dujhthv`s, b ds vbzbs bstä dk`lbtbmj` `utrds rbihòbs j` k`rp`.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 m` lìmhl` 64 jhds   Kbrulhm`gìthk` (kbrulhm, bph`thk, vbtrhjbrl), 4x d` jhd, 4-6 n`rds dmtbs jd p`ldjd k`l   dmtheómihk`, p`r 2-4? jhds jb trdtdlbmt`. t rdtdlbmt`. ZÛ_HK@ (dmtheómihk`)3 `t`iudrj - kbt`k`mdz`g, ghj`kdìmd, t`frdlhkhmd, jbxdlbtdz`md1 usdr 6x    p`r jhd1 [H[ZÃLHK@3 htrdk`mdz`g (2-4?li/ai cumt` ï rbebhéë`) `u kbt`k`mdz`g1   @utr`s bxblpg`s3 `t`ibl, `t`jbm, durht`p1 _RG[@ZBVD_HD K@L HZVDK@MDS@G M@[ KD[@[ VBKHJHUDMZB[ _@JB [BV RLD B[K@GND1

48

 

 

_dvhgnë` Drr`xbdj`1

@thtb _drdshtärhd @t`jbktbs1 `k`rrb ldhs bl idt`s qub bl këbs, sdrmd prurhihm`sd, bxsujdt` kbrulhm`s` bmbirbkhj` k`l dspbkt` ldhs sbk` qub d ldgdssèzhd, rbihë` hmiuhmdg p`jb tbr prurhj` (` idt` pdssd d  pdtd md `rbgnd, gdlfb-d b bl sbiuhjd gdlfb `utrds pdrtbs j` k`rp`, jhssblhmdmj` ` äkdr`). Ïs vbzbs së` `fsbrvdj`s d `gn` mu `u k`l `t`skûph`.  

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Kbrulhm`gìthk` usdr 6 n`rds dmtbs j` dmthpdrdshtärh`, p`r dtè 4? jhds1

 DMZH_DVD[HZÄVH@3 Mdtdgbmb (dkdrhkhjd, dmtheómihk`, mb`lhkhmd, jbxdlbtds`md) jd vhrfdk, 6x  d` jhd1   _@JBL sbr usdj`s pdrd duxhghdr3 - [bgdlbkthmd tûphkd (rbv`guth`m) dpghkdr ulds i`tds jbmtr` j` `uvhj` j` dmhldg, 6 dpghkdéòbs k`l hmtbrvdg`s jb 42 jhds bmtrb bgd, `u dpghkdr m` j`rs` lbsl` (k`l` è jb k`stulb). - Hvbrlbkthmd3 ?,4-?,42 lg, dpghkdr ;x k`l hmtbrvdg`s jb 42 jhds1   [H[ZÃLHK@3  sû sb thvbr debkéë` bl `utr` g`kdg j` k`rp`. Rsd d hvbrlbkthmd cä khtdjd m` rbsul` jds sdrmds1

@thtb Kbrulhm`sd Këbs b idt`s së` dk`lbthj`s, sbl dibmtb bth`gûihk` hmebkkh`s`. _rbkhsd sbr trdtdjd pdrd qub `s dibmtb hmebkkh`s`s më` pr`ghebrbl. @k`rrb jbvhj` d j`bméds n`rl`mdhs, jhstórfh`s jb qubrdthmhzdéë` b igdmjugdrbs.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Gdvdr ` k`mjut` k`l xdlpu dmthssbf`rrèhk`, `u _`vhjhmb jbibrldmtb, `u kbrulhm`gìthk`1

@thtb Bstbm`sdmtb @thtbs krúmhkds qub gbvdl d bstbm`sb j` k`mjut`, mb`pgdshds, btk. Nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjbb dghlbmtdr, dt`phd, sbf`rrbhd, së` kdusds qub pr`phkhdl ï `thtb sbkumjärhd. Nhpbrsbmshfhghjdj sbkumjärhd.

6?

 

   

Zrdtdlbmt`3 è d khrurihd jb dfgdéë` j` k`mjut`1 Idt`s3 pûghp`s [b e`r p`r mb`pgdshds3 fhûpshd1 

@thtb Lèjhd È ldhs jheìkhg (jb dk`mtbkbr, ibrdglbmtb qudmj` sb trdtd jb uld `thtb bxtbrmd p`r ums 6 lbsbs b më` sb tbl lbgn`rds d lèjhd më` jbhxd d bxtbrmd sdrdr).   [ìmjr`lb jb N`rmbr3 - _ht`sb jb `rbgnd - _ht`sb jb gäfh`1 - Më` k`msbiub phskdr, rbegbx` pdgpbfrdg dusbmtb (pht`sb jd pägpbfrd)1 - Lh`sb1 - Hmkghmdéë` jb kdfbéd (nbdj thgt) hmjhkd j`r b jbsk`me`rt`1 - _r`tusë` jb ;ª pägpbfrd1  

Jhdimûsthk`3  - Vdh` ^ r`str`-kdujdg k`l d f`kd dfbrtd ` kë`, b ` idt` p`jb sbr jb f`kd ebkndjd1 [ÌMJV@LB UB[ZHFRGDV _BVHEÈVHKD3 Dk`lbtb `rbgnd lèjhd b/`u `rbgnd hmtbrmd3 hmkghmdéë` jb kdfbéd, qubjd b r`tdéë` pdrd ` gdj` dk`lbthj`1 mhstäil` n`rhz`mtdg `u r`tdtûrh`1 Bstdj` lbmtdg b k`mskhãmkhd bstë` m`rldhs.    

 

[ÌMJV@LB UB[ZHFRGDV KBMZVDG3  sû edz mhstäil` qudmj` sb lbxb m` dmhldg, d` lujdr bgb jb p`shéë` bgb edz mhstäil` ‗p`shkh`mdg“ pdrd ` gdj` k`mträrh`. Dk`lbthlbmt` j` tr`mk` kbrbfrdg (lbsbmkèedg`, p`mtb b fugf`). Udh tbr shmdhs jb qubjd, r`tdéë` hiudg md pbrheèrhkd, `s tbstbs jb rbdéë` p`sturdg vë` bstdr dgtbrdj`s, bmtë` p`jb-sb kndldr jb [ÌMJV@LB UB[ZHFRGDV KBMZVDG. @F[3 DMB[ZB[HDV @ DMHLDG DMZB[ JB _V@KBJHLBMZ@[ J@G@V@[@[3 GDUDIBL @Z@GÛIHKD, FHÛ_[HD, @Z@[K@_HD1

@EZDGL@G@IHD Tudmj` edgdl`s bl `etdgl`, më` gblfrdl`s dpbmds j` ig`f` `kugdr. Bxhstbl `s dmbx`s `kugdrbs qub së` hlp`rtdmtbs pdrd d ldmutbméë` jd sdójb `kugdr, sbmj` bgbs3 ds pägpbfrds, `s kìgh`s, d tbrkbhrd pägpbfrd - `mjb tbl`s uld igæmjugd gdirhldg (tbl fdstdmtb pr`fgbld), k`mcumthvd b ehglb gdirhldg.

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DEBKÉÒB[ JD[ _ÄG_BFVD[  

Tudhs së` ds euméòbs jd pägpbfrd0- _r`tbibl b hlpbjbl gulhm`shjdjb bxkbsshvd1  - Bspdgndl ` ehglb gdkrhldg p`r t`jd d supbreìkhb `kugdr1 - Vbl`vbl suchjdjbs pdrd ` kdmt` lbjhdg - Edkhghtdl d jrbmdibl jd gäirhld pbg` dpdrbgn` gdkrhldg

D prhmkhpdg euméë` è d jb gufrhehkdr ds supbreìkhbs. @s dmhldhs prbkhsdl jb uld kûrmbd trdmspdrbmtb, hrrhidjd b ghlpd, euméë` bxbrkhjd pbgd pägpbfrd. Tudmj` ` dmhldg tbl uld j`bméd jb  pägpbfrd, d kûrmbd kûrmbd ehkd debtdjd debtdjd.. Ds pägpbfrds së` k`msthtuìjds p`r3 _bgb (+ ehmd j` k`rp` b rhkd bl ldstûkht`s), Lóskug` b tbkhj` k`mbkthv` er`ux`, Gælhmd tdrsdg `u tdrs` (k`mtèl ds igs. tdrsdhs) b pbgd k`mcumthvd pdgpbfrdg (k`mtèl ds igs. kdghkhe`rlbs). D igæmjugd tdrsdg è uld igæmjugd irdmjb, qub dprbsbmtd sdìjd bl p`mt`s frdmk`s p`r jbmtr` jd  pägpbfrd. B mbgd mbgd tbl irdmjbs sb sbkrbéòbs krbéòbs sb sbfäkbds, fäkbds, qub vë` dcujdr d e`rldr ` ehglb gdkrhldg. Ds prhmkhpdhs debkéòbs qub dk`lbtbl ds pägpbfrds së` 3 k`g`f`ld pdgpbfrdg, dmquhg`fgèedr`, bmtrûph`, bktrûph`, fgbedrhtb, kdgäzh` b n`rjè`g`. 

K`g`f`ld pdgpbfrdg D pdgdvrd ‗k`g`f`ld“ shimhehkd dusãmkhd. [bmj` dsshl, k`g`f`ld pdgpbfrdg shimhehkd dusãmkhd `u dibmbshd jb pägpbfrd. Dk`mtbkb ldhs bl idt`s. È uld k`mjhéë` ibmèthkd, nbrbjhtärhd. _`jb dk`mtbkbr bl ul j`s `gn`s, `u bl dlf`s. @ idt` mdskb sbl uld pdrtb pdrtb jd pägpbfrd, ibrdglbmtb è d pd pdrtb rtb supbrh`r gdtbrdg, b  prbkhsd-sb edzbr edzbr uld pgästhkd prd k`rrhihr bssb jbebht`. Rld vbz qub sbl d pägpbfrd bxbrkbmj` d sud euméë`, d kûrmbd pdssd d s`erbr k`l ` rbssbkdlbmt`, rbssbkdlbm t`, b ` dmhldg jbhxd jb bmxbridr. D k`msbquãmkhd jbssd bxp`shéë` gbvd d uld kbrdthtb (hmegdldéë` jd kûrmbd). @ tr trdtdlbmt` dtdlbmt` sbrhd uld fgbedr`pgdsthd (pgästhkd pdgpbfrdg), qub p`jb sbr ebhtd bspbrdmj` dtè `s 9-> lbsbs, dpbmds gufrhehkdmj` dtè bmtë`, b jbp`hs edzbr d khrurihd.

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Rld jds tèkmhkds ebhtd jd sbiuhmtb e`rld3 ` jbebht` è k`msbrtdj` dtrdvès jb uld hmkhsë`, rbthrdmj` ` erdilbmt` b edzbmj` uld bspèkhb jb trhdmiug` jb pbgb b cumtdmj` ` `utr` pbjdé` jb pbgb d` bspdé` jb erdilbmt` rbthrdj`. D tèkmhkd è jb jbsghzdlbmt`. D euméë` jbssd pägpbfrd më` sbrä d lbsld, lds pr`tbibrä d kûrmbd jd lbsld e`rld. D suturd jd k`mcumthvd è ebhtd k`l eh` dfs`rvìvbg, b jd k`mcumthvd è ebhtd k`l hmdfs`rvìvbg.

Dmquhg`fgèedr` È uld edgnd md dfbrturd jd ehssurd pdgpbfrdg, qub jbvbrhd `k`rrbr dpûs 4?-4: jhds jb hjdjb. @s ehgn`tbs mdskbl k`l `s `gn`s ebkndj`s, b k`l dpr`xhldjdlbmtb 4: jhds `s `gn`s k`lbédl d dfrhr. Ds vbzbs qudmj` hss` më` `k`rrb, mûs tbl`s ul pr`fgbld3 k`lbéd d tbr hmebkéë` blfdhx` jbssds  pägpbfrds ebkndjds, ebkndjds, b bssd hmebkéë` vd vdhh ehkdr bl khld jd kû kûrmbd. rmbd. È ul pr`fgbld hmk`lul, fhgdtbrdg, b dthmib ebghm`s b këbs. Bl dgiums kds`s, p`jb ndvbr dss`khdéë` k`l k`mcumthvhtb, b mbssb kds` kndld-sb `etdglhd mb`mdtdg. _`rèl ` pr`fgbld prhlärh` e`h ` dmquhg`fgèedr`. _`jb gbvdr dtè d pbrjd jb vhsë`, sb më` e`r trdtdj`.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3

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Ldssdibl `u jhstbmsë`(kg`rdmebmhk`g lbkæmhkd k`l ‛ phméd (l`squht`)1 _`ldjd `ujbghkdjd k`gìrh` dmthfhûthk`   Bphtbzdm®1 t`frdlhkhmd p`ldjd `u k`gìrh`  ‛   Z`frbx®1 tbrrdlhkhmd1 jbmtrb `utr`s, jb ; d : vbzbs d` jhd p`r tblp` jbtbrlhmdj` pbg` vbtbrhmärh` ‛  vbtbrhmärh`  ‛  ds  ds vbzbs dtè 6 `u ; jhds cä rbs`gvb).

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Zul`r pdgpbfrdg Bl këbs ibrdglbmtb è fbmhim`, lds è hlp`rtdmtb qub sbcd ebhtd kht`pdt`g`ihd. Ibrdglbmtb d ldh`rhd è djbm`ld sbfäkb`, ul djbm`ld jd igæmjugd tdrsdg. @ trdtdlbmt` è fdshkdlbmtb d rbthrdjd sb thvbr dtrdpdgndmj` ` dfrhr b ebkndr j`s `gn`s `u t`kdmj` md kûrmbd md n`rd qub ` dmhldg phskd. Tudmj` è ul tul`r pbqubm`, qub më` dprbsbmtd rhsk`, `u qudmj` ` dmhldg cä è hj`s`, è prbebrìvbg qub jbhxb ` tul`r k`l` bstd, jbsjb qub bgb më` krbséd luht` mbl dtrdpdgnb ` dmhldg. D tèkmhkd jb rbthrdjd vdh jbpbmjbr jd g`kdghzdéë` b j` tdldmn` j` tul`r, sblprb rbspbhtdmj` d dmdt`lhd  ‛  gblfrdmj`   gblfrdmj` qub d  pägpbfrd prbkhsd prbkhsd bstä sblprb sb l`vhlbmtdmj` b bxbrkbmj` d euméë` jbgd. jbgd. Bl ebghm`s, ` tul`r ldhs hlp`rtdmtb è ` kdrkhm`ld jb kègugds bskdl`sds. K`lul bl idt`s jb  pbgb kgdrd. Rl tul`r ldghim` qub prbkhsd jb dss`khdéë` jb fgbedr`pgdsthd + krh`khrurihd + quhlh`tbrdphd, umhmj` `etdgl`g`ihd ä `mk`g`ihd. Bl dgiums kds`s më` è p`ssìvbg edzbr fgbedr`pgdsthd.

Bmtrûph`

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Zrdtd-sb jd hmvbrsë` jd ldribl pdgpbfrdg. Nä uld edgnd md luskugdturd jds pägpbfrds b bgd hmvbrtb  pdrd jbmtr` b ehkd t`kdmj` d kûrmbd. @s pbg`s jd edkb b `s kìgh`s ehkdl t`j`s vhrdj`s pdrd jbmtr`, gbvdmj` d ugkbrd jb kûrmbd.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 këbs jd rdéd [ndr pbh cä mdskbl ul bmtrûph`, prbkhsdmj` jb uld hmtbrvbméë` më` khrórihkd (tèkmhkd j` prbiubdlbmt` tblp`rdrh`) dtè qub bgbs dthmcdl 6 d ; lbsbs pdrd qub bmtë`  p`ssd-sb edzbr uld fgbedr`pgdsthd. @utrds rdéds së`3 Fuggj`i hmigãs, [ë` Fbrmdrj`, Fbrmdrj`, K`kabr, V`ttwbhgbr, [VJs. B ds jb idt`s3 _brsd. Ibrdglbmtb së` nbrbjhtärh`s.  

Bth`g`ihd3 Bxhstb uld jhebrbméd/edgnd jb tbmsë` bmtrb `s lóskug`s pdgpbfrdhs. @ luskug` më` tbl uld tbmsë` djbqudjd b ds vbzbs ` ig`f` `kugdr è lbm`r b jdì d pägpbfrd dkdfd sb vhrdmj` p`r bssd jhebrbméd jb tbmsë` luskugdr. @ bmtrûph` p`jb sbr tdlfèl djquhrhj`3 ` dmhldg, qudmj` sbmtb luhtd j`r p`r kdusd jb uld ugkbrd, dkdfd edzbmj` uld tbmsë` k`l `s lóskug`s pdgpbfrdhs. Bxhstb tdlfèl ` khkdtrhkhdg, pr`vbmhbmtb jb dgiuld gdkbrdéë` pdgpbfrdg, dgiuld khkdtrhz jb khrurihd pdgpbfrdg. Bxhstb tdlfèl ` bmtrûph` jb dmhldhs hj`s`s, `mjb bgbs pbrjbl d hmbrvdéë` jd pägpbfrd b bssd pägpbfrd dkdfd hmvbrtbmj` p`r edgtd jb hmbrvdéë`, kndldj` jb bmtrûph` dtúmhk`. [blprb qub ehzbrl`s ul jhdim`sthk` jb bmtrûph`, lbsl` qub ` kdkn`rr` sbcd luht` frdv`, sbrhd hlp`rtdmtb qub më` usdssb sbjdthv`s,  p`rqub ` sbjdthv` vdh rbgdxdr d pägpbfrd b dì dqubgb bmtrûph` sb jbsedz. Mbl sblprb k`msbiub-sb qudmthehkdr b qudghehkdr ` qudmt` qub bstä hmvbrthj`. [b thvbrl`s pbg`s pdgpbfrdhs b edkhdhs t`kdmj` d kûrmbd, vdh gbvdr ï uld hrrhtdéë` jd kûrmbd. @u sbcd, ul dmhldg k`l bmtr`ph` vdh bstä sblprb k`l bpìe`rd  ‛   gdkrhlbcdlbmt` bxkbsshv` b  fgbedr`spdsl` ‛   fgbedr`spdsl`  ‛  ebkndlbmt`   ebkndlbmt` jd pägpbfrd, bm`etdglhd  ‛  rbtrdéë`   rbtrdéë` `kugdr, ugkbrd jb kûrmbd b sbkrbéë` luk`purugbmtd.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3  vdh jbpbmjbr jb qub rdéd b bspèkhb, jd sbvbrhjdjb, jd hjdjb b jd p`shéë` j` bmtrûph`. È hlp`rtdmtb tbr kuhjdj` md n`rd jd rbl`éë` j` bxkbss` jb pbgb qub tä pr`v`kdmj` d hmvbrsë` jd pägpbfrd pdrd më` krhdr ` hmvbrs`, qub è ` bktrûph` ‛  bktrûph`  ‛  bxp`shéë`   bxp`shéë` jb pägpbfrd. È prbebrìvbg qub sb edéd j`hs pr`kbjhlbmt`s pbqubm`s j` qub ul sû bxdibrdj`, p`jbmj` pr`v`kdr `utr`s  pr`fgblds. Dgiulds tèkmhkds uthghzdjds së`3 ` prbiubdlbmt` tblp`rärh` (usdj` bl ehgn`tbs jb sndr pbh), d  fgbedr`pgdsthd k`l trèpdm` (pumsn), d tèkmhkd j` phmédlbmt` b V`tn Kbgshus (rbthrd erdilbmt` qub bstä bl bxkbss`, b suturd). Z`jd k`rrbéë` khrórihkd jb pägpbfrd kndld-sb fgbedr`pgdsthd.

Bktrûph` È ` k`mträrh` jb bmtrûph`. D hmvbrsë` è pdrd e`rd. Zbl bxp`shéë` jb k`mcumthvd b jb kûrmbd. Vdrdlbmtb prbkhsd-sb k`rrhihr ul bktrûph`, ds vbzbs bgb è pdjrë` jb rdéd, k`l` ` Fdssbt, ` K`kabr, ` Ehgd Frdshgbhr`... Bssb pdjrë` jb rdéd sû è rbthrdj` qudmj` d kûrmbd bstä s`erbmj`, qudmj` tbl uld kbrdthtb jb bxp`shéë` b d kûrmbd bstä s`erbmj`. _`jb sbr fhgdtbrdg, k`miãmht` b nbrbjhtärh`, `u Djquhrhj` jb uld khrurihd ldg ebhtd jb bktrûph`. Bmtë`, ds k`lpghkdéòbs jb ul `gn` luht` bxp`st` è uld kûrmbd rbssbkdjd, kbrdthtb jb bxp`shéë`, `gn` vbrlbgn`, k`l sbkrbéë`. B d kûrmbd vdh pdssdr d s`erbr, vds`s vë` k`lbédr d sbr 6:

 

 

e`rldj`s bl khld jbgd (mb`vdskugdrhzdéë`) gbvdmj` philbmt`s b k`lbéd d philbmtdr d kûrmbd (qub jbvb sbr trdmspdrbmtb). D fgbedr`pgdsthd m` bktrûph` më` è hmjhkdjd qudmj` è dpbmds pdjrë` jb rdéd. Tudmj` ` bktrûph` è sbvbr`, gbvdmj` d k`lpghkdéòbs è qub sb edz hmtbrvbméë` khrórihkd  ‛   fgbedr`pgdsthd, thrdmj` erdilbmt`s jb pbgb b suturdmj` vbrthkdglbmtb, pdrd ebkndr d pdrtb qub tä bxp`std. Rld tèkmhkd uthghzdjd è d Fgbedr`pgdsthd jb Aunmt-[zyldm`wsah b d j` U-X (suturd ds f`rjds j` trhdmiug` b d ugthld suturd è qub l`vb pdrd khld).

Fgbedrhtb È uld hmegdldéë` jds pägpbfrds. Bxhstbl värhds kdusds jb hmegdldéë` jb pägpbfrd, jbmtrb bgds ds sdrmds jbl`jbkhkd, rbdéë` jb nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb (këbs dtûphk`s qub k`édl luht`), j`bméd hlum`lbjhdjd, trduld, hmebkéë`. Mbssbs Mbssbs kds`s jbvb-sb trdtdr d kdusd prhlärhd cumt` k`l d fgbedrhtb. Bxhstbl ; thp`s jb fgbedrhtb, qub jbpbmjbmj` j` tdldmn` jbgd, gbvd ul m`lb3

- Lbhf`lhdmhtb  < hmegdldéë` /hmebkéë` jb värhds igs. tdrsdhs. Dk`mtbkb ldhs bl ehgn`tbs b djugt`s hlum`jbprhlhj`s. [tdpnhg`k`kkus sp. - Kdgäzh` < hmegdldéë` bstèrhg (sbl hmebkéë`) jb uld igæmjugd tdrsdg, jb L`gg `u jb Sbhs. @fstruéë` jukt`. Hmj`g`r.

- N`rjè`g` < Dfskbss` jb uld `u + igs sbfäkbds. Zdrsdhs < n`rjè`g` hmtbrm`. L`gg `u Sbhs < n`rjè`g` bxtbrm`. J`g`r`s`. @s shmdhs kgìmhk`s së`3 Brhtbld b bjbld jds ldribms pdgpbfrdhs, prurhj`, dg`pbkhd, qubl`sb b k`mibstë` k`mcumthvdg  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Vbl`éë` jd kdusd1   Ghlpbzd1   D mthhegdldt`rh`s (qub p`jbl sbr k`rthk`stbr`hjbs `u më`), k`gìrh`s qub tbmndl k`rthk`hjb  ‛      p`ldjd `u k`gìrh` (Ldxtr`g®  ‛   jbxdlbtds`md b ibmtdlhkhmd1 Ldxjbx®  ‛   sû jbxdlbtds`md1 _rbj E`rt® ‛  E`rt®  ‛  prbjmhs`g`md),  prbjmhs`g`md), jb trãs d qudtr` vbzbs d` jhd.   Dmthfhûthk`s qudmj` mbkbssärh`, dss`khdj` d` k`gìrh` `u pdl`jd `u `s j`hs cumt`s. _drd ` kdgäzh` `u n`rjè`g` edz jrbmdibl p`r sbrbl ldh`rbs.

DEBKÉÒB[[ J@[ KÌGH@[ DEBKÉÒB  

Jhsthquìdsb3 Kìgh`s blbribl jds igæmjugds tdrsdhs b dthmibl d Kûrmbd, edzbmj` uld ugkbrd jb k`rmbd. _`jb dk`mtbkbr md pägpbfrd supbrh`r `u hmebrh`r. Vdéds ldhs k`lbthjds së`3 pbquhmãs, K`kabr, Fuggj`i, Jdknsnumj, K`gghb. @ trdtdlbmt` è fdsbdj` bl3 lhkr`krh`bphgdéë` (k`mibgdlbmt` p`r ûxhj` mhtr`s`), bgbtr`bphgdéë` (k`rrbmtb bgètrhkd p`r 6?“) `u bphgd bphgdéë` éë` lbkæmhkd k`l phméd.

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Zrhquìdsb3  Kìgh`s g`kdghzdj`s m`rldglbmtb LD[ jhrbkh`mdj`s pdrd d kûrmbd. _`jb `k`rrbr jbvhj`3 prbids mdsdhs, k`g`f`ld pdgpbfrdg, nbrbjhtärhd (K`kabr, [ndr pbh, Kn`w kn`w). Dk`mtbkb bl K`kabr hj`s` jbvhj` d pt`sb jds pägpbfrds p ägpbfrds supbrh`rbs. Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zèkmhkd jb [tdjbs - hmkhsë` pdrdgbgd d ?,2ll jd ldribl pdgpbfrdg, bl sbiuhjd edz ul egdp jb pbgb bl ‗s`frdmkbgnd jb pdgndé`“ (dtrdvès jb uld hmkhsë` m` tdrs`, jbstruhmj` ds igæmjugds tdrsdhs bvhtdmj` qub mdséd m`v`s kìgh`s mbgd), b bmtë` edz d suturd jd f`rjd j`rsdg d 2ll jd ldribl pdgpbfrdg, jbhxdmj` uld p`réë` dfbrtd jd ebrhjd b bspbrdmj` d khkdtrhzdéë` p`r 6ª hmtbméë`.  

Kìgh` bktûphk`3 Kìgh` djhkh`mdg `rhihmdj` jd igæmjugd tdrsdg qub blbrib dtrdvès jd k`mcumthvd  pdgpbfrdg b dthmib dthmib d kûrmbd. B è prbkhs` bvb bvbrtbr rtbr d k`mcumthvd pdrd vã-g`. @s shmdhs kgìmhk`s së` `s lbsl` pdrd t`jds ds debkéòbs j`s kìgh`s3 gdkrhlbcdlbmt`,  fgbedr`spdsl`s,  fgbedr`spdsl` s, kbrdthtb supbrehkhd supbrehkhdg,g, ugkbrd k`rmbdg b ssbkrbéë`. bkrbéë`.

_r`trusë` jb igæmjugd jb tbrkbhrd pägpbfrd (Knbrry byb) È luht` k`lul vbr vbtbrhmärh`s edzbmj` e dzbmj` pr`kbjhlbmt` pr`kbjhlbmt`ss brrdj`s qudmj` nä bssd pr`trusë` jb ;ª _ägpbfrd. D igæmjugd gdkrhldg prbsbmtb md tbrkbhrd pägpbfrd è rbsp`msävbg p`r pr`juzhr :?% jd gäirhld, b ` rbstdmtb r bstdmtb è pr`juzhj` pbgd igæmjugd gdkrhldg prhmkhpdg prbsbmtb md pbrhûrfhtd. @ knbrry byb `k`rrb jbvhj` d uld nhpbrpgdshd b nhpbrtr`ehd jds kègugds jd igæmjugd, jbvhj` d uld rbdéë` jb nhpbrsbmshfhghjdjb. Tudmj` ehgn`tbs rbkbfbl vdkhmd `k`rrb uld rbdéë` pdrd pr`juéë` jb dmthk`rp`s b p`r tbr sìth`s ghme`hjbs md tbrkbhrd pägpbfrd `k`rrb bssd rbdéë` jd igæmjugd qub nhpbrtr`ehd, nhpbrpgdshd b pr`trdh, sdh jd sud p`shéë` mdturdg b dkdfd blbrihmj`, ehkdmj` ï l`strd, t`rmdmj`-sb hmegdldjd b bjbldkhdjd (p`r hss` ` m`lb Knbrry byb). Bmtë` è k`lul bl ehgn`tbs bl hjdjb jb vdkhmdéë` (lds më` è k`lpr`vdj`).  

Kdusds qub gbvdl ï _r`trusë` jb ;ª __3 - Der`uxdlbmt` j` ghidlbmt` bmtrb d igæmjugd b d kdrthgdibl jd pbrhûrfhtd1 K`l` ibrdglbmtb è bl këbs c`vbms bl pbrì`j` jb vdkhmdéë`, dkrbjhtd-sb qub tbl ul bmv`gvhlbmt` jb rbdéë` hlum`gûihkd jbvhj` d bssb bstìlug` vdkhmdg (sìth`s ghmeûhjbs md ;ª pägpbfrd), lds p`jb `k`rrbr bl dmhldhs ldhs vbgn`s sbl bstdrbl bl pbrì`j`s vdkhmdhs1 _`jb sbr Rmhgdtbrdg `u Fhgdtbrdg, qudmj` ` dmhldg tbl umhgdtbrdg b tä m` pbrì`j` jb vdkhmdéë`, bspbrd tbrlhmdr d vdkhmdéë`  pdrd vbr sb ` `utr` `gn` vdh sbr dk`lbthj` b cä `pbrd `pbrd `s j`hs. Rl brr` luht` irdmjb k`lbthj` pbg`s vbtbrhmärh`s è jb rbl`vbr bssd igæmjugd nhpbrtr`ehdjd, b  p`r sbr rbsp`msävbg rbsp`msävbg p`r :?% jd pr`juéë` jb gäirhld, d` g`mi` j` tblp` p`jb tbr uld uld gbsë` jb kûrmbd. kûrmbd.    _rbjhsp`shéë`3 Fbdigb, K`kabr, _``jgb, Fugg J`i, lds tdlfèl [VJºs.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 Hmspbéë` kgìmhkd.

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Zrdtdlbmt`s3  Më` tbl trdtdlbmt` kgìmhk`, b shl khrórihk`. Bxhstbl juds tèkmhkds luht` uthghzdjds së` d Zèkmhkd jd f`gsd k`mcumthvdg ([bpugtdlbmt` dtrdvès jd k`mcumthvd fugfdr `u tèkmhkd jb L`ridm) b Zèkmhkd jb Dmk`rdlbmt` m` pbrhûstb`1   Zèkmhkd jb L`ridm3 Dmbstbshd ` dmhldg, bxpòb d edkb hmtbrmd jd ;ª pägpbfrd, rbdghzdmj` juds hmkhsòbs, uld k`mt`rmdmj` d pägpbfrd prûxhl` d` `gn` (ldhs hmtbrmd) b `utrd ldhs bxtbrmd, jhvugsh`mdmj` b dfrhmj` uld f`gsd. Edz Edz uld suturd bl p`mt` k`mtìmu` md mdss juds f`rjds (: `u 2-?, eh` dfs`rvìvbg), v`gtdmj` edzbmj` ` kusnhmi (hmvdihmdmtb) pdrd ` eh` më` ehkdr hrrhtdmj` d kûrmbd, k`l hss`

sbpugtd d igæmjugd jbmtr` jd f`gsd1   D tèkmhkd jb dmk`rdlbmt` m` pbrhûstb`, k`l` ` m`lb cä jhz, ehxd d igæmjugd m` pbrhûstb` j` drk` zhi`läthk`.  

Kuhjdj`s m` pûs-`pbrdtûrh`3  M` pûs-khrórihk` ` dmhldg p`jb tbr t br uld pr`juéë` jb sbkrbéë` dulbmtdjd. @s kuhjdj`s fäshk`s qub jbvbl sbr t`ldj`s së`3 - K`gdr bghsdfbtdm`1 - _`ldjd dmthfhûthkd (bphtbsdl-kg`rdmebmhk`g, `u t`frdlhkhmd), sb e`r p`ldjd usd 6-;x p`r jhd, b ` k`gìrh` fbl ldhs (2-5 vbzbs). _dssd p`r khld j` `gn` b d` phskdr ` dmthfhûthk` dthmib d ;ª pägpbfrd. - Dmthhmegdldtûrh` [hstãlhk`3 lbg`xhkdm `u kbt`pr`ebm` p`r ; jhds1  Më` edz dmth-hmegdldtûrh` tûphk` p`r rbtdrjdr d khkdtrhzdéë` khrórihkd j` g`kdg, mbl edz dmthfhûthk` shstãlhk`.

Kbrdt`k`mcumthvhtb [bkd (KK[) È uld debkéë` bl qub ds igæmjugds gdkrhldhs vë` jbhxdmj` jb pr`juzhr d kdldjd dqu`sd j` ehglb gdkrhldg.

Ehglb gdkrhldg

Ds kdldjds jd gdirhld së`3 - Ghpìjhkd3 è pr`juzhjd pbgds igæmjugds Zdrsdhs `u jb Lbhf`lhdm, sbrvb pdrd bvhtdr d bvdp`rdéë` jd  p`réë` dqu`sd dqu`sd j` ehglb gdkrhldg. - Dqu`sd3 è pr`juzhjd pbgds igæmjugds gdkrhldhs jd ;ª pägpbfrd b jd pbrhûrfhtd, sbrvb pdrd gufrhehkdéë` jd kûrmbd. - Luk`3 kègugds kdghkhe`rlbs jd k`mcumthvd pdgpbfrdg b fugfdr (qub bstä bl khld jd bskgbrd), sbrvb pdrd jä djbsë` ï supbreìkhb jd kûrmbd. 69

 

 

 Md KK[, jbhxd jb sbr pr`juzhjd pbgds ijgs gdkrhldhs jd ;³ pägpbfrd b jd pbrhûrfhtd d kdldjd dqu`sd, lds ds jbldhs k`mthmudl d sbrbl pr`juzhjds, p`r hss`, ` shmdg kgìmhk` kgässhk` ` dulbmt` jd sbkrbéë` `kugdr (kdldjd ghpìjhkd b jb lukhmd/luk`), b më` è luk`purugbmtd, k`l` luht`s vbtbrhmärh`s k`stuldr ‗jhdim`sthkdr“, knbidmj` d pdssdr dmthfhûthk`s sbl mbkbsshjdjb. @ dmhldg lbgn`rd k`l `  `  k`gìrh` rbkbhtdj` p`r k`mtd qub bstä gufrhehkdmj` ` `gn`, lds më` pbg` DZF, lds qudmj` pdrd ` trdtdlbmt`, v`gtd tuj` m`vdlbmtb.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 K`kabrs hj`s`s, X`ras (dkhld jb :-2 dm`s), frdquhkbeäghk`s (pui, fuggj`i hmigãs, btk).  

_rhmkhpdhs kdusds jb KK[, ` qub gbvd ïs igæmjugds jbhxdrbl jb pr`juzhr d p`réë` dqu`sd j` ehglb gdkrhldg0 - >?% j`s kds`s `k`rrbl jbvhj` d ul jhstórfh` dut`hlumb, ds kègugds jb jbebsd k`lbédl d dtdkdr ds kègugds jd igæmjugd gdkrhldg. @ K`kabr d` dthmihr jbtbrlhmdjd hjdjb hmhkhd bssb pr`kbss` jbibmbrd jbibmbrdthv`, thv`, è nbrbjhtärh`. - D rbl`éë` jd igæmjugd gdkrhldg jd ;ª pägpbfrd qudmj` `k`rrb d pr`trusë` (knbrry byb), hdtr`iãmhkd. - Dpgdshd b nhp`pgdshd jds igæmjugds gdkrhldhs (k`miãmhtd)1 - J`bméds shstãlhkds3 khm`l`sb, ` vìrus tbl prbjhsp`shéë`/tr`phsl` pbgds igæmjugds b dkdfd jbstruhmj`-ds. - Nbrpbsvhrus thp` 4 bl idt`s k`l rhm`trdqubìtb. - Zrdulds jb Mbrv`s qub hmbrvdl bssds igæmjugds1  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 K`l` d kûrmbd jbpbmjb luht` jd gufrhehkdéë` jbssb ehglb gdkrhldg, bgd k`lbéd d s`erbr, ehkd bjbldkhdjd, jbhxdmj` jb sbr trdmspdrbmtb b ehkdmj` `pdkd, d k`mcumthvd vdh ldmjdmj` vds`s pdrd kûrmbd (mb`vdskugdrhzdéë`), (mb`vdskugdrhzdéë`), qub k`l ` tblp` vë` gbvdmj` lbgdmhmd pdrd kûrmbd `k`rrbmj` uld philbmtdéë` k`rmbdg (lbgdm`sb k`rmbdg) b ` dmhldg vdh pbrjbmj` d vhsë` p`r k`mtd jd  prbsbméd jbssb philbmt` md kûrmbd. D kûrmbd rbssbkdjd p`jb tbr uld ógkbrd, b trdzbr k`lpghkdéòbs ldh`rbs.  Kûrmbd b k`mcumthvd sbl frhgn`, bxkbss` jb sbkrbéë` ‗luk`purugbmtd“ (lds më` è pus, b shl d kdldjd ghpìjhkd b luk`), mb`vdskugdrhzdéë`, bjbld jb kûrmbd (`gn` dzugdj`), lbgdm`sb k`rmbdg b ógkbrd jb kûrmbd, qub sb më` e`r trdtdjd p`jb pbreurdr.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Hmspbéë` j`s shmdhs kgìmhk`s1 - Zbstb jd gäirhld b [knhrlbr (dpûs ul lhmut` jd ehtd m` sdk` k`mcumthvdg hmebrh`r, = 42ll hjbdg1 4?-42ll suspbht`s jb KK[1 74?ll è KK[).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   HLRM@L@JRGDJ@V, cä qub >?% j`s kds`s së` hlum`lbjhdj`s3 - Khkg`sp`rhmd D tûphkd1 @pthlumb®< k`mtèl khkg`sp`rhmd ?,6% b è p`ldjd vbtbrhmärhd, è uld lbjhkdéë` prd ` rbst` jd vhjd, b kdjd erdsk` kustd V$ 44?,??. _`jb sbr k`gìrh` jb khkg`sp`rhmd d 4-6% bl ul erdsk` jb 2lg, usdmj` FHJ hmhkhdglbmtb b jbp`hs [HJ dtè qub d pr`juéë` jb gäirhld sb bstdfhghzb, pdrthmj` pdrd jhds dgtbrmdj`s pdrd ` rbst` d vhjd. @R

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- Zdkr`ghlus (ldhs fdrdt` b bebht` të` f`l qudmt` d khkg`sp`rhmd)< ?,?;% k`gìrh` (V$ ;?,??), vbmjhj` md ‗edrläkhd  ‗edrläkhd j`sb kbrtd“ jb ldmhpugdéë`.  ldmhpugdéë`.  Bssbs k`gìrh`s bsthlugdl d pr`juéë` gdkrhldg b jhlhmuh d hmegdldéë` `kugdr, hmhfb kègugds GZ. Ïs vbzbs qudmj` më` sb tbl ógkbrd jb Kûrmbd usd ` k`gìrh` dmthhmegdldtûh` p`r ums 42 jhds, prd rbjuzhr ` bjbld3   Jhkg`ebmdk` k`gìrh`3 ;-:x jhd p`r 42 jhds1 [b thvbr ógkbrd b kûrmbd p`r KK[ uthghzd-sb dmthfhûthk`s (vhjb ógkbrds jb kûrmbd)1   [RF[ZHZRZ@ JB GÄIVHLD3 è usdj` hmhkhdglbmtb dtè d khkg`sp`rhmd `u tdkr`ghlus k`lbédr d edzbr bebht`, qub jurd ums 6? jhds3 - Gdkrhldpgus, vhsk`rtbdrs, vhsk`rtbdrs, tbl värh`s1 @R - [`r` sdmiuìmb` j` prûprh` dmhldg `u jb kdvdg` pdrd nhjrdtdr d kûrmbd1

@ jukt` jd igæmjugd pdrûthjd è trdmsebrhj` pdrd k`mcumthvd hmebrh`r, b d sdghvd dkdfd gufrhehkdmj` d kûrmbd, më` sbmj` luht` behkdz, lds è d ómhkd dgtbrmdthvd (khrurihd jheìkhg).

[b mdjd jbr kbrt`, bxhstb uld khrurihd kndldjd jb ‗Zrdmsp`shéë` j` jukt` pdr`tìjhk`“.

DEBKÉÒB[ JB KÛVMBD

Ds kdldjds së` s`frbp`stds ulds s`frb ds `utrds pdrd k`mebrhr uld trdmspdrãmkhd ï kûrmbd. @ ehglb gdkrhldg sb bmk`mtrd dkhld j` bphtègh` k`rmbdg, ` bstr`ld è k`lp`st` jb dgtd qudmthjdjb jb k`gäibm` jhsp`st` bl ehfrds cumtds b pdrdgbgds. D lblfrdmd jb Jbskblbt è bgästhkd. @ bmj`tègh` k`rmbdg è luht` ehm` b sb e`r gbsdj` më` rbibmbrd ldhs (è rbsp`msävbg pbgd tr`kd bmtrb ` nul`r dqu`s` b d kûrmbd, `u sbcd, ` nul`r dqu`s` ldmjd `s mutrhbmtbs pdrd kûrmbd b d kûrmbd `s lbtdfûght`s).  

@ qub së` ógkbrd jb kûrmbd0 È d pbrjd jds kdldjds jd kûrmbd. Rld ógkbrd supbrehkhdg p`jb bv`guhr rdphjdlbmtb pdrd uld pr`eumjd sb më` trdtdjd, p`hs ds fdktèrhds prbsbmtbs dpr`eumjdl d ógkbrd (jbirdjdl ` k`gäibm` j` bstr`ld) dtè d lblfrdmd jb Jbskblbt, `k`rrb ` vdzdlbmt` jb nul`r dqu`s` (jhlhmuhéë` jb kældrd dmtbrh`r), jbsbmkdjbdmj` ul pr`gdps` jb ìrhs (sb djbrb d kûrmbd prd tbmtdr hlpbjhr bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jb nul`r dqu`s`).   D ógkbrd è kgdsshehkdjd jb dk`rj` d pr`eumjhjdjb, K`l` së` kgdsshehkdjds ds ógkbrds0jhebrbmkhdj`. kdjd kgdsshehkdéë` rbkbfb ul trdtdlbmt` D egu`rbskbìmd tbl k`l dehmhjdjb pbgds ehfrdsb k`gäibmds j` bstr`ld.

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- [upbrehkhdg3 sû ` bphtègh` è pbrjhj` jbhxdmj` ` bstr`ld ï l`strd, k`rdmj` jb vbrjb e`rtb (egu`rbskbìmd)1 - _r`eumjd3 dtè ` bstr`ld pr`eumj` è pbrjhj`, k`rdmj`-sb jb ul vbrjb dldrbgdj`1 - Jbskblbt`kbgb3 qudmj` d ógkbrd è të` pr`eumjd qub d kdldjd jb jbskblbt p`r sbr bgästhkd bg ästhkd sb jbsg`kd dtè d ‗supbreìkhb“ jd ógkbrd pdrd tbmtdr tdpä-gd. tdpä -gd. Tudmj` knbid mbssb bstäih` ` `gn` bstä prbstbs d sbr  pbreurdj` b tbr pbrjd pbrjd jb vhsë`. - _breurdéë` k`rmbdg3 r`lpb d jbskblbt b `k`rrb pr`gdps` jb ìrhs prd tbmtdr tdpdr d gbsë`. - Ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb1 - Ógkbrd jb kûrmbd p`r ghqubedéë` k`rmbdg ( Lbgthmi )3 )3 `k`rrb qudmj` fdktèrhds pdt`iãmhkds dtdkdl d kûrmbd, b dtrdvès jb suds bmzhlds dkdfdl jbirdjdmj`-d, jhibrhmj`-d, jbhxdmj` d kûrmbd ghqubebhtd (jbrrbthlbmt`).  

Tudhs së` ds prhmkhpdhs kdusds jb ógkbrd jb kûrmbd0 - Zrdulds eìshk`s1 dibmtbs quìlhk`s hrrhtdmtbs1 eumi`s fdktèrhds, btk. - Jhstr`ehds3 ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb1 - Dm`rldghjdjbs pdgpbfrdhs3 bmtrûph`, mb`pgdshds, hmegdldéòbs1 - Dm`rldghjdjbs jb kìgh`s b pbg`s3 kìgh` bktûphk`, jhsthquìdsb, b trhquìdsb1 - Dm`rldghjdjbs m` ehglb gdkrhldg3 KK[1

  [hmdhs Kgìmhk`s jb ul dmhldg k`l ókbrd3 - J`r (d kûrmbd è dgtdlbmtb hmbrvdjd), b p`r hss` dprbsbmtd fgbedr`bspdsl` (qubrbmj` ebkndr ` `gn` dk`lbthj`), k`mcumthvd k`mibstd, bpìe`rd, dmhldg lbxbmj` k`l d pdtd (tuj` shmdhs jb j`r). Bm`etdglhd (` lóskug` rbtrdt`r j` fugf` `kugdr jbvhj` ï j`r rbtrdh ` `gn`), lh`sb, ds ehfrds mbrv`sds qub hmbrvdl d kûrmbd së` ds lbslds qub hmbrvdl d ìrhs b k`rp` khghdr, t`jd vbz qub tbl ógkbrd b bstìlug` j`g`r`s` md kûrmbd, vdh `k`rrbr uld uvbìtb rbegbxd (Hrhs edz pdrtb jd óvbd) b d ìrhs dkdfd k`mtrdhmj` ebkndmj` d puphgd. E`t`e`fhd p`r j`r.

Ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb È nbrbjhtärh`, b ` dmhldg tbl uld jbehkhãmkhd md kdldjd fdsdg jb kègugds j` bphtègh` k`rmbdg.  Më` k`msbiub sb djbrhr d` bstr`ld, `k`rrbmj` ` jbsprbmjhlb jbsprbmjhlbmt` mt` j` bphtègh`. Bgd è trdtävbg, lds sblprb tbl rbkhjhvd. K`lbéd d pbmsdr bl hmj`gbmtb qudmj` k`lbéd d sb trdtdr uld ógkbrd supbrehkhdg m`rldg b bl 2 jhds bgd më` khkdtrhzd, bmtë` qudmj` sb trdtd p`r ldhs jb 4? jhds b tbl jbsprbmjhlbmt` j` bphtègh`, ` trdtdlbmt` tr dtdlbmt` lujd k`lpgbtdlbmtb.

4.  Ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb k`l pbrjd j` bphtègh` k`rmbdg b bxp`shéë` j` bstr`ld1 6. @ k`rdmtb sb bspdgnd p`r dgèl jds ldribms jd ógkbrd (p`r fdhx` j` bphtègh`)1

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   

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 f`xbr è d rdéd rdéd ldhs prbjhsp`s prbjhsp`std1 td1

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 D sbvbrhjdjb jd j`r bstä hmthldlbmtb rbgdkh`mdjd k`l ` irdu jb gbsë` ï kûrmbd, ds supbrehkhdhs j`bl ldhs qub ds pr`eumjds. - Hmspbéë` (vhsudg)1  - Zbstb jd egu`rbskbìmd, eg u`rbskbìmd, bl fdstë` `u k`gìrh`1  - K`l ` duxìgh` jb uld gupd b gdmtbrmd1 @fs.3 d jbsvdmtdibl j` k`gìrh` jb egu`rbskbìmd è qub pdrd qubl më` uthghzd luht`, bgb tbmjb d sbr edkhglbmtb lbh` jb kugturd prd fdktèrhds (psbuj`l`mds). Tudmj` d egu`rbskbìmd sdh pbg`s jukt`s mds`gdkrhldhs è tbstb jb C`mbs _`shthv`.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Zbl qub jbsk`frhr d kdusd jd ógkbrd. [b ` pr`prhbtärh` më` edgdr qub vhu sbu dmhldg frhidmj`, qub rbkbfbu dgiul trduld, jbvb-sb pbsquhsdr uld kdusd j` prûprh` dmhldg3 _r`kurdmj` kìgh`s bktûphk`s (bsk`mjhj`s), trhquìdsb, jhsthquìdsb, edz ` tbstb jb [knhrlbr  prd vbr sb tbl KK[, btk. [upbrehkhdg3 sû d supbrehkhdg rbkbfb trdtdlbmt` kgìmhk`, ds jbldhs së` khrórihk`s3   K`gdr bghsdfbtdm`1    K`gìrh` dmthfhûthk` jb dlpg` bspbktr`3 :-2x jhd p`r 2-9 jhds1 khpr`eg`xdkhm` (khpr`vbt), t`frdlhkhmd, kg`rdmebmhk`g, mb`lhkhmd. Ds p`ldjds së` lbgn`rbs p`r pbrlhthr p`ukds dpghkdéòbs p`r jhd, prhmkhpdglbmtb dmtbs jb j`rlhr, p`hs pr`tbib d m`htb hmtbhrd.    Dtr`phmd3 è lhjrhäthk`, b khkg`pgèihk`, `u sbcd, bgd ‗pdrdghsd“ ` k`rp` khghdr qub jbhxd jb k`mtrdhr bl rbegbx` jd j`r md kûrmbd, k`l hss` ` dmhldg pdrd jb sbmthr j`r. Zr`phkdlhjd tdlfèl è khkg`pgèihk`. Rsdr 4x jhd m` läxhl` p`r ;-2 jhds.     MRMKD RZHGHSB K@VZHKÛHJB BL ÓGKBVD JB KÛVMBD3 _rbjhspòb d déë` jds bmzhlds fdktbrhdmds rbjuzhmj` d khkdtrhzdéë`. Më` è rbk`lbmjäv rbk`lbmjävbg bg usdr dmthmegdldtûrh` tûphk`.    [`r` sdmiuìmb`3  K`gnb 6? lg jb sdmiub jb kdvdg`, b sbpdrd ` s`r`. K`lprd ` k`gìrh` jb gäkrhld, jbrrdld b sufsthtuh pbg` s`r` m` erdsk`. @ s`r` p`ssuh ehfr`mbkthmd qub k`lfdtb ï déë` jds bmzhlds fdktbrhdmds (lbtdg`pr`tbhmdsbs), p`ssuh edt`rbs jb krbskhlbmt` qub jurdl jb 2-9 jhds.   Hmsthgd ` s`r` dgtbrmdmj` k`l ` dmthfhûthk`, :-2x p`r jhd, lds p`jb sbr usdj` s`zhmn` tdlfèl.

_r`eumjds b Jbskblbt`kbgb3 k`mthmud usdmj` t`j` ` trdtdlbmt` khtdj` dmtbrh`rlbmtb  cumtdlbmtb k`l ` pr`kbjhlbmt` khrórihk`. khrórihk`.   Jbfrhjdr d ógkbrd k`l swdf1   Egdp jb ;ª pägpbfrd k`l ehxdéë` jupgd3 suturd d ;ª pägpbfrd md __ supbrh`r b md k`mcumthvd  fugfdr, jbhxdmj`-d rbk`frhr ` `gn` p`r ; sbldmds. 6 p`mt`s md k`mcumthvd fugfdr b 6 p`mt`s md k`mcumthvd pdgpbfrdg. pdgpbfrdg. Dmtbs j` pr`kbjhlbmt` gdvd-sb gdvd-sb ` `gn` k`l s`guéë` b t`jd d lbjhkdéë` (dtr`phmd, dmthfhûthk`, s`r` sdmiuìmbd) è ebhtd p`r khld jd ;ª__. Dpûs `s 64 jhds rbthrd `s p`mt`s, b ïs vbzbs d k`mcumthvd pdgpbfrdg djbrb d kûrmbd, jä ul phqub k`l tbs`urd pdrd d ;ª__ rbt`rmdr d` g`kdg.   Bmxbrt`s md kûrmbd3 prbkhsd jb lhkr`skûph`, hmstrulbmtdg bspbkìehk` b trbhmdlbmt` (më` è luht` ebht`). Ógkbrds hmj`gbmtbs3 Edz uld tèkmhkd kndldjd jb ‗kbrdt`t`lhd bl irdjb“, sû md ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb rhskd k`l diugnd nhp`jèrlhkd, sbiuhj` jb t`j` ` trdtdlbmt` t rdtdlbmt` tûphk` cä khtdj`.

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_r`trusë` jb igæmjugd G. jb ;ª pägpbfrd1 Jbskblbt`kbgb1 Ógkbrd hmj`gbmtb1

DEBKÉÒB[ JD GBMZB3 Kdtdrdtd È d pbrjd jd trdmspdrãmkhd jd gbmtb, k`l jhebrbmtbs pdjròbs l`re`gûihk`s, rbgdkh`mdj`s k`l ` edt`r bth`gûihk`. @ lbtdf`ghsl` jd gbmtb `k`rrb dtrdvès jb Ighkûghsb dmdbrûfhd, khkg` jb Arbfs b vhd j` [`rfht`g bl lbm`r irdu. D ldh`r pdrtb j`s dmhldhs djquhrb kdtdrdtd p`r  Jhdfbtbs lbghtus, `mjb d ighkblhd dulbmtd luht` b dkdfd jbsbmkdjbdmj` uld prbvdgãmkhd j` lbtdf`ghsl` jd vhd j` [`rfht`g, qub è ul déókdr irdmjb, qub dkdfd puxdmj` äiud pdrd jbmtr` jd gbmtb, jbhxdmj`-d `pdkd b irdmjb (knbidmj` ïs vbzbs d blpurrdr d ìrhs krdmhdglbmtb/k`mtrd d kûrmbd), p`r hss` qub jhzbl qub d ‗kdtdrdtd p`r jhdfbtbs“ è hmtulbskbmtb. @ dmhldg qub knbid k`l p`ghjhpshd, p`ghórhd, jbvb-sb pbjhr ighkblhd b urhmäghsb1  

K`l` uld kdtdrdtd p`jb `kdsh`mdr bl uld u ld uvbìtb0 @ krhstdghm` p`ssuh dgtd k`mkbmtrdéë` jb  pr`tbìmds qub së` e`rldjds dhmjd qudmj` ebt` dmtbs jd pr`juéë` j` shstbld hlumb, bmtë` bgds më` së` dprbsbmtdjds d` shstbld hlum`gûihk`, së` bstrdmnds. Tudmj` ` krhstdghm` p`r dgiul l`thv` r`lpb, `u  p`r kdtdrdtd luht` dmthid k`lbéd d ghfbrdr bssds pr`tbìmds m` nul`r dqu`s`, dkdfd pr`v`kdmj` ul  pr`kbss` hmegdldtûrh` hmegdldtûrh` < uvbìtb p`r kk`msbquãmkhd `msbquãmkhd jd jd prbsbméd jd kdtdrdtd.  Kgdsshehkdéë` ibrdg3 Nbrbjhtärhd3 dpdrbkb luht` bl k`kabr, gdfrdj`r, i`gjbm, pdst`r dgblë`, p``jgb. Dpdrbkbl dtè   6 dm`s jb hjdjb, së` ds kdtdrdtds cuvbmhs.

Djquhrhjd/sbkumjärhd (uvbìtb dmtbs jd kdtdrdtd, guxdéë` jb gbmtb, j`bméd jb rbthmd, t`xhmds, trdulds, j`bméds shstãlhkds ‛  shstãlhkds ‛  Jhdfbtbs).  Jhdfbtbs).  

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D uvbìtb p`jb kdusdr uld kdtdrdtd jbvhj` ï prbsbméd jb sufstæmkhds tûxhkds m` nul`r dqu`s` qub sb jbp`shtdl md gbmtb (brghquh`sb), `u d kdtdrdtd p`jb kdusdr uvbìtb jbvhj` ï ghfbrdéë` jds  pr`tbìmds bstrdmnds bstrdmnds pdrd ` [. hlumb hlumb..  

Tudmt` ï hjdjb jb `k`rrãmkhd3 - Dmhldg mdskb k`l bgd, b tbl `utr`s pr`fgblds (k`miãmhtd)1 - Cuvbmhg3 dpdrbkb bl dtè 6 dm`s jb hjdjb, p`jbmj` tbr qudsb kbrtbzd qub è nbrbjhtärhd1 - [bmhg3 _dkhbmtbs hj`s`s1  

Tudmt` ï g`kdghzdéë`3 È prbkhs` edzbr d jhgdtdéë` jd puphgd/lhjrìdsb pdrd kgdsshehkdr ` thp` jb kdtdrdtd. - Kdpsugdr dmtbrh`r3 Zbl ul ‗X“ jb kdfbéd prd fdhx` md kûrmbd1  kûrmbd1  - Kdpsugdr p`stbrh`r3 ibrdglbmtb tbl ul ‗X“ md kûrmbd1  kûrmbd1  - Mukgbdr3 kbmtrdg1 - K`rthkdg3 kûrtbx j` krhstdghm`1  

Bstäih` jb jbsbmv`gvhlbmt`3 - Hmkhphbmtb3 pbqubmd `pdkhjdjb sbl jèehkht vhsudg1 - Hldturd3 rbegbx` jb eumj` jb `gn` prbsbmtb, k`msbiub-sb vbr ` frhgn` j` tdpbtb gókhj` dhmjd k`l d kûrmbd `pdkd1 - Ldjurd3 sbl rbegbx` jb eumj` jb `gn`, k`l pbrjd jd vhsë`1 - Nhpbrldjurd3 t`jds ds bstruturds jd gbmtb bstë` k`lpr`lbthjds. Lds `k`rrb ul jbrrbthlbmt` jd kdtdrdtd b jbp`hs rbdfs`réë`, b ` dmhldg v`gtd d bmxbridr lbsl` sbl ` trdtdlbmt`, è fbl rdrd jb `k`rrbr, lds tbl dmhldhs qub knbidl d bssd edsb. Kndldjd jb kdtdrdtd L`ridmhdmd. @F[.3 më` `frhidt`rhdlbmtb ` dmhldg tbl qub p`ssuhr d kdtdrdtd mbssd sbquãmkhd, ul dmhldg p`jb tbr uld hmkhphbmtb b më` bv`guhr, `u tbr jhrbt` uld ldjurd. Zdlfèl më` p`ssuh tblp` jb bv`guéë` jbehmhj`. - Rvbìtb edk`iãmhkd3 vds`s bphskgbrdhs hmiurihtdj`s, sbkumjärhd ï kdtdrdtd. D prbssë` j` `gn` è ldhs  fdhxd. - Kdtdrdtd hmtulbskbmtb3 è dqubgd qub ` krhstdghm` ehkd hmkndjd, sbkumjärhd ï Jhdfbtbs lbghtus, è räphjd b fhgdtbrdg. >?% j`s dmhldhs jhdfèthk`s jbsbmv`gvbl jbsbmv`gvbl kdtdrdtd, bl dtè 45 j` jhdimûsthk`.   Jhdimûsthk`3 Jbvb-sb pr`l`vbr d lhjrìdsb3

- Zr`phkdlhjd 4%, uld i`td bl kdjd `gn`, dpûs 6? lhmut`s edz d hmspbéë` k`l d gupd b gdmtbrmd3 ‗X“ jb pè hmjhkd qub è kdtdrdtd kdpsugdr p`stbrh`r1 p`stbrh`r1   ‗X“ jb kdfbéd prd fdhx` è kdpsugdr dmtbrh`r1  dmtbrh`r1   @ kbmtr` j` krhstdghm` è ldhs `pdk`3 è mukgbdr1 Eumj` dzug prbsbmtb (rbegbx` jb eumj` +)3 hldturd1 Vbegbx` jb eumj` dusbmtb3 ldjurd1 Ds kdusds ldhs k`lums jb kdtdrdtd bl idt`s së` ds qub kdusdl uvbìtb (vhr`sbs). @utr`s bxdlbs3 - Rrhmäghsb b Ighkblhd1   Zrdtdlbmt`3 Më`

tbl trdtdlbmt` kgìmhk`.

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Zrdtdlbmt` khrórihk`3 edk`blugshehkdéë`3 ` dmhldg tbl qub sbr jûkhg, è mbkbssärh` ul lhkr`skûph` khrórihk`, ` edk`blugshehkdj`r, hmstrulbmt`s khrórihk`s `etäglhk`s1   Bxtrdéë` bxtrdkdpsugdr3 bxtrdkdpsugdr3 më` è uthghzdjd n`cb bl jhd, p`r sbr luht` dirbsshvd ïs bstruturds1 Dgiulds hme`rldéòbs jbvbl sbr pdssdjds d`s pr`prhbtärh`s s`frb `s rhsk`s jd khrurihd jb edk`blugshehkdéë`, qub è ` prbé`, qub tbl qub sb jhsp`mhfhghzdr ulds 2-5 vbzbs p`r jhd pdrd dpghkdr lbjhkdéë`. Dvhsdr qub bxhstbl rhsk`s jb më` jä kbrt`3 [b më` thvbr k`l lhjrìdsb fbl ebhtd d` t`kdr md ìrhs bgd k`mtrdh b dkdfd suidmj` ul pbjdé` jd ìrhs1 Zbl ` rhsk` jb rbl`vbr d `pdkhjdjb jd kdpsugd dmtbrh`r b tbr md kdpsugd p`stbrh`r b ` dmhldg k`mthmudr sbl bmxbridr1 B hmólbr`s `utr`s brr`s khrórihk`s1 Bmtrb d kûrmbd b d bskgbrd edz uld pbqubmd hmkhsë` jb ldhs `u lbm`s ;ll, `mjb hmtr`juz d kdmbtd jb edk`blugshehkdj`r, b m` pbjdg edz blhthr ugtrdss`m pdrd jbstruhr d `pdkhjdjb, jbrrbtbr. Jbp`hs dfs`rvb ` qub e`h jbrrbthj` b dsshl d kûrmbd ehkd trdmspdrbmtb. _rè-`pbrdtûrh`3 _rè-`pbrdtûr h`3 - Dmtbs tbl qub edzbr dtr`phmd tûphkd ulds 6 nrs dmtbs jd khrurihd1 - _rbjmhs`g`md tûphkd k`gìrh`3 THJ ; jhds dmtbs1 - _rbjmhs`g`md `rdg3 6li/ai [HJ, ; jhds dmtbs1

_ûs-`pbrdtûrh`3 _ûs-`pbrdtûr h`3 - Dmhldg më` p`jb ehkdr pugdmj`1 - Dmthfhûthk` tûphk`1 - Dtr`phmd1

[ufguxdéë` b Guxdéë` jb Gbmtb Vupturd t`tdg j`s ghidlbmt`s z`mugdrbs qub ehxdl ` krhstdghm` d` k`rp` khghdr (guxdéë`), `u  pdrkhdg (sufguxdéë`). @ krhstdghm` p`jb hr prd erbmtb, ugtrdpdssdr d ìrhs b hr prd kældrd dmtbrh`r (guxdéë` dmtbrh`r), `u p`jb hr prd träs m` k`rp` vìtrb`. _`jb sbr sbkumjärhd ï kdtdrdtd, igduk`ld, uvbìtbs, btk.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Dmtbrh`r3 Jèehkht vhsudg, igduk`ld p`r `fstruéë` j`s æmiug`s hrhj`k`rmbdhs qub jbhxdl jb dfs`rvbr ` nul`r dqu`s`1 edk`jdmbsb (`gn` lbknb b d gbmtb fdgdméd tdlfèl). Zrdvbs vìtrbds.

_`stbrh`r3 Lbhd gud deäkhkd (vã dpbmds uld pdrtb j` krhstdghm`), shmèrbsb j` k`rp` vìtrb` (ghqubedéë` j` vìtrb`)1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Edkbkt`lhd jb blbriãmkhd qudmj` è guxdéë` dmtbrh`r, rbthrd ` krhstdghm` jd kældrd dmtbrh`r.

Rvbìtb D óvbd è d pdrtb vdskugdrhzdjd b philbmtdjd hmtbrmd j` `gn`, è e`rldjd pbgd3 ìrhs, k`rp` khghdr (së` kndldj`s jb óvbd dmtbrh`r), k`rûhjb (kndldj` jb óvbd p`stbrh`r).

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Bth`g`ihd3 Z`jd j`bméd shstãlhkd p`jb kdusdr uld dgtbrdéë` md óvbd. Brghquh`sb è k`lul jb  pr`v`kdr uvbìtb. uvbìtb. Tudgqubr j`bmé j`bmédd shstãlhkd jb kdrätbr hmebkkh`s` p`jb jbsbmk jbsbmkdjbdr djbdr uvbìtb. D ldh`r pdrtb jds uvbìtbs së` dmtbrh`rbs, qudmj` bstä dss`khdj` ï p`stbrh`r è kndldj` jb _dmuvbìtb. - Mb`pgdshds3 lbgdm`lds1 ghme`lds1 - Kdusds bmjûibmds3 pr`kbss`s hmebkkh`s`s, t`xhmds, pr`kbss`s lbtdfûghk`s, hlum`lbjhdjds, mb`pgdshd1 - Kdusds bxûibmds3 trdulds (è umhgdtbrdg), kbrdthtb ugkbrdthvd (uvbìtb rbegbxd), khrurihd hmtrd`kugdr. - Fdktèrhds3 Bnrghknhd kdmhs b Gbpt`sphrd1  - Eumi`s3 Krhpt`k`kkus b Nhst`pgdsld - Uìrus3 Nbpdthtb, khm`l`sb, rdhvd, ebgv, ehv b _he. - _r`t`z`ärh`s3 t`x`pgdsld b Gbhsnldmhd1 - _drdshtds3 Ehgärhds (jhr`ehgdrh`sb), Z`x`kdrd (khkg` brräthk`)1 - Lbtdfûghkds3 Jhdfbtbs lbghtus1 - Hlum`lbjhdjds3 uvbìtb edk`iãmhkd (dmhldg k`l kdtdrdtd, d gbmtb ghfbrd t`xhmds b pr`tbìmds bstrdmnds d` `ridmhsl` qub pr`v`kdl hmegdldéë` jd óvbd)1 tr`lf`kht`pbmhd hlum`lbjhdjds (vìrus, brghquh`sb, së` kdusds)1 vdskughtbs1 sìmjr`lb uvb`jbrldt`gûihkd (k`lul bl dahtds). Bxhstbl tdlfèl ds uvbìtbs hjh`päthkds, qudmj` ` dmhldg më` tbl mbmnul shmdg shstãlhk`, `u jb dirbssë` ï kûrmbd, btk.  

@ qub è d uvbìtb rbegbxd0 Ds tbrlhmdéòbs mbrv`sds jd kûrmbd së` ds lbslds qub hmbrvdl d óvbd (k`rp` khghdr, ìrhs b k`r`hjb), bmtë` qudmj` nä uld dirbssë` ï kûrmbd, d óvbd ‗sbmtb“ b d kdfd hmegdldmj`, uvbìtb. _`r qub ul dmhldg k`l uvbìtb tbl jhlhmuhéë` jd prbssë` hmtrd`kugdr0 @ k`rp` khghdr p`r ugtrdehgtrdéë` j` sdmiub e`rld ` nul`r dqu`s`, lds qudmj` sb tbl hmegdldéë` md óvbd jhlhmuh d  pr`juéë` j` NÄ b ` `gn` ehkd nhp`tbms`. @ m`rldg è bmtrb 42-62 llNi _H@ lbjhjd k`l t`m`pbm, lds qudmj` bstä 742llNi è k`mshjbrdj` uvbìtb.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 - @s dmhldhs dprbsbmtdl shmdhs jb j`r, k`l fgbedr`bspdsl`, e`t`e`fhd, bpìe`rd, nhpbrblhd jd k`mcumthvd1 - Egdrb dqu`s`3 nul`r dqu`s` ehkd `pdk` (ul irdu gbvb jb nhpûph`)1 - Nhpûph`3 dulbmt` jb gbukûkht`s pdrd óvbd, jbhxd d kældrd frdmkd, k`l` pus. - Nhebld3 bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jb sdmiub/nbläkhds sdmiub/nbläkhds,, ehkd dvbrlbgndjd1 - Bjbld jb kûrmbd, qudmj` nä dgtd k`mkbmtrdéë` jb gbukûkht`s, bstds kègugds jhehkugtdl ds tr`kds jb lbtdfûght`s jd kûrmbd k`l ` nul`r dqu`s` b vhkb-vbrsd ebhtd pbgd kdldjd bmj`tbghdg jd kûrmbd, k`l hss` dkulugd t`xhmds b ` bstr`ld k`lbéd d ehkdr bjbldkhdj`. - Bjbld jb Hrhs b dgtbrdéë` md k`g`rdéë` jb Hrhs (ldmknds jb k`g`rdéë` jhebrbmtbs md ìrhs)1 - Lh`sb `u rbtdrj` bl jhgdtdr d puphgd dpûs ` us` jb lhjrhäthk`s (tr`phkdlhjd)1 - Vufb`shs hrhjhs è qudmj` `k`rrb rupturd jb pbqubm`s vds`s jd ìrhs, dpdrbkbmj` k`l` pbqubm`s rhsk`s dvbrlbgndj`s1 - Nhp`t`mhd1

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[ìmjr`lb Rvb`jbrldt`gûihkd0 Rvb`jbrldt`gûihkd0 J`bméd qub dk`lbtb dpbmds Dahtds, dut`hlumb b nbrbjhtärhd. Debtd tdmt` d pbgb k`l` d óvbd. @ shstbld hlum`gûihk` dkdfd rbk`mnbkbmj` rbk`mnbkbmj` k`l` bxûibmd/bstrdmnd ds kègugds qub tbl ldhs lbgdmhmd m` k`rp`, k`l` e`khmn`, sdk` bskr`tdg, óvbd, btk. _`r sbr uld rbsp`std bxdkbrfdj bxdkbrfdjd, d, dkdfd pr`v`kdmj` uld uvbìtb hmtbmsd, b qudmj` ` pr`prhbtärh` vbl m`tdr ` dmhldg cä bstä ehkdmj` kbi`, b bv`guh prd ul igduk`ld (Ds kègugds hmegdldtûrhds `fstrubl `s æmiug`s hrhj`k`rmbdhs qub jbhxdl jb jrbmdr ` nul`r dqu`s`, ` k`rp` khghdr k`mthmud pr`juzhmj` nul`r bl pbqubmd qudmthjdjb, lds qub bv`guh rdphjdlbmtb prd igduk`ld b bl : nrs d pbrjd jd vhsë`).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   [. RUB@JBVLDZ@GÛIHKD3 - prbjmhs`g`md 6-:li/ai (j`sb hlum`ssuprbss`rd) [HJ sb e`r :li b FHJ sb e`r 6li, bxhstbl Dahtds qub më` rbsp`mjbl d bssb trdtdlbmt`, jbvbmj` e`rmbkbr3 Dzdth`prhmd (Hlurdm®)1 @ dmhldg jbvb pdssdr p`r bxdlbs fh`quìlhk`s erbqubmtbs, p`hs bssds lbjhkdéòbs trdzbl bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs hmjbsbcävbhs qub pr`vdvbglbmtb gbvdrë` ï l`rtb ` dmhldg. @ trdtdlbmt` è prd ` rbst` jd vhjd, b ` dmhldg djquhrhrä uld sìmjr`lb jb kusnhmi, uld hlum`ssuprbssë`, p`jbmj` `k`rrbr hmebkéòbs ldhs edkhglbmtb, btk (vbl d ûfht` jb k`lpghkdéòbs m` trdtdlbmt`).   

ZVDZDLBMZ@ _DVD D[ RUBÌZB[3 - Dmthhmegdldtûrh`s tûphk`s më` bstbrûhjbs, k`rthk`hjb sb më` thvbr ógkbrd jb kûrmbd. Më` è mbkbssärh` ul dmth-hmegdldtûrh` shstãlhk`, mbl k`rthk`hjb (sû md sìmjr`lb uvb`jbrldt`gûihkd). uvb`jbrldt`gûihkd). - Jbxdlbtdz`md `u jhkg`ebmdk`1 - _rbjmhs`g`md1 Erbquãmkhd jb djlhmhstrdéë`3 ;-:-2x p`r jhd, jbpbmjbmj` j` irdu jd uvbìtb. Jbvbl-sb edzbr bxdlbs3 nbl`irdld b fh`quìlhk` (Krbdthmhmd b DGZ, ED), sb thvbr dgiuld dgtbrdéë` jbvb-sb pbsquhsdr d` läxhl` pdrd jbsk`frhr d kdusd prhlärhd, lds sb më` thvbr mbmnuld dgtbrdéë` sdmiuìmbd, fh`quìlhkd, mbl nbl`pdrdshtds `u j`bméds vhrdhs b lbtdfûghkds, è kgdsshehkdjd k`l` hjh`päthkd.

Igduk`ld È ` k`mträrh` jd uvbìtb, `u sbcd, bmqudmt` d hmegdldéë` jd óvbd jhlhmuh d pr`juéë` j` nul`r dqu`s` (nhp`tbmsë` `kugdr), m` igduk`ld è d më` jrbmdibl j` nul`r dqu`s`, dulbmtdmj` d _H@, dgtbrdmj` t`jds ds euméòbs jd bstruturd `kugdr, dprbsbmtdmj` shmdhs md kûrmbd, rbthmd, btk. Ds juds vhds jb jrbmdibl j` nul`r dqu`s` së` d vhd j` æmiug` hrhj`k`rmbdg3 rbsp`msävbg p`r >2% jd jrbmdibl m` kë` b 89% m`s idt`s b d vhd Óvb`-bskgbrdg3 42 %, vds`s sdmiuìmb`s jd óvbd b bskgbrd1 èhlp`rtdmtb sdfbr bssds vhds jbvhj` ïs jr`ids usdjds m` trdtdlbmt`, qub dtudl bl jhebrbmtbs vhds.  

Kgdsshehkdéë` igduk`lds3 - _rhlärh`s3   Dmhldg j`s mdskb k`l ul jbebht` m` æmiug` hrhj`k`rmbdg (rbihë` jds trdfèkugds), mdskbl bstrbhtdj`s, ul p`uk` `fstruìj`s. K`kabr, nusay, kn`w, kn`w së` rdéds prbjhsp`stds. ;5

 

 

- Jb æmiug` dfbrt`3 ds trdfèkugds mdskbl m`rldhs, lds më` jrbmd, më` eumkh`md (rdr` jb jjhdim`sthkdr)1 hdim`sthkdr)1 - Jb æmiug` bstrbht`3 mdskb k`l jbebht`, bstrbhtdlbmt` jds trdfèkug`s (i`mh`jhsibmbs (i`mh`jhsibmbshd)1 hd)1 - [bkumjärh`s3 së` luht` ldhs k`lums md vbtbrhmärhd, së` sbkumjärh`s d uld k`lpghkdéë` jb uld j`bméd `kugdr, prhmkhpdglbmtb ds uvbìtbs (` pr`kbss` hmegdldtûrh` gbsd ds bstruturds `kugdrbs, rbjuzhmj` d ehgtrdibl `u jrbmdibl j` nul`r dqu`s` pbg`s æmiug`s hrhj`k`rmbdhs, jbsbmkdjbdmj` ` igduk`ld), bmtë` qudgqubr pr`kbss` qub gbvb d uld uvbìtb p`jb kdusdr ` igduk`ld. _`jb sbr uld mb`pgdshd.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 - Bjbld jb kûrmbd3 ds kègugds bmj`tbghdhs jd kûrmbd dkdfdl r`lpbmj` b `k`rrbmj` d bmtrdjd jb nul`r dqu`s` prd ` bstr`ld1 - Lhjrìdsb (jbvhj` ï gbsë` m` mbrv` ûpthk` ` shstbld mbrv`s` edz uld lhjrìdsb k`l hmtuht` jb lbgn`rdr vhsë`, sbmj` qub è uld lhjrìdsb pdrdgìthkd, më` rbt`rmd mbl d` hmkhjhr ul e`k` jb guz)1 - Fuetdglhd- dulbmt` j` ig`f` `kugdr1 - Jbsk`gdlbmt` jb rbthmd, p`hs k`l d fuetdglhd ` k`rp` vìtrb` jbhxd jb edzbr prbssë` s`frb d rbthmd, më` d ldmtbmj` k`gdjd md pdrbjb `kugdr, b k`l hss` bgd sb jbsprbmjb. - Bstrhds jb Nddf3 së` e`rldjds qudmj` nä rupturd jd lblfrdmd jb jbskblbt, jbvhj` ï fuetdglhd. @mjb d lblfrdmd sb r`lpb e`rld-sb bstrhds jhskrbtds md kûrmbd. - Kbiubhrd3 k`l ` dulbmt` jd prbssë` hmtrd`kugdr (_H@) së` mbkbssärhds dpbmds jb :-:> nrs pdrd ` dmhldg tbr pbrjd jd vhsë`, p`r dulbmt` jb prbssë` s`frb d rbthmd. - J`r3 `kugdr b pbrh`kugdr1 - Hmiurihtdlbmt` bphskgbrdg1 - _`jb tbr KK[ b ógkbrd jb kûrmbd (qudmj` ` `gn` dulbmtd ds pägpbfrds më` k`msbiubl ebkndr, ehkdmj` ul bspdé` jd kûrmbd rbssbkdj` sbl sbr gufrhehkdj`, p`r hss` sb e`rld uld ógkbrd). - _`jb tbr Guxdéë` `u sufguxdéë` jb krhstdghm`1 - Dtr`ehd jb ìrhs, kdtdrdtd b gbsòbs g bsòbs md rbthmd < kr`mhkhjdjb1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 @ sbkumjärh` tbl ul nhstûrhk` jb j`bméds shstãlhkds, uvbìtbs uvbìtbs,, btk. @ prhlärh`3 tbl ul bxdlb prd vbr bssbs æmiug`s jb jrbmdibl3 I`mh`sk`phd (è uld gbmtb  pbqubmd qub qub è k`gdjd mmdd kûrmbd)1 @ prhlärh`3 tbl ul hmhkh` luht` diuj`, `mjb dulbmtd rdphjdlbmtb d prbssë`, hmj` prd ldhs jb 5?llNi, dk`lbtbmj` prhlbhr` ul `gn` b bl sbiuhjd ` k`mtrdgdtbrdg, bmtë` jä tblp` jb edzbr ul trdtdlbmt` prbvbmthv`. @ sbkumjärh`3 D uvbìtb bv`guhmj` prd ul igduk`ld è ` ldhs k`lul, d guxdéë` dmtbrh`r (d vhmjd j` krhstdghm` prd kældrd dmtbrh`r tbl ul fg`qubh m`s æmiug`s jb jrbmdibl), d kdtdrdtd hmtulbskbmtb (dmhldg jhdfèthk`-gbmtb dulbmtd b dkdfd `fstruhmj`), trduld, mb`pgdshd, jbsk`gdlbmt` jb rbthmd, btk.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3  @ `fcbthv` md vbtbrhmärhd è k`mtr`gdr d _H@ b rbjuzhr d j`r, p`hs d kbiubhrd cä `k`rrbu md ldh`rhd jds vbzbs qudmj` ` dmhldg knbid ï kgìmhkd. Bvhtdr ógkbrds kbmtrdhs, ds bstrhds jb Nddf, btk.  

TRB DHMJD MË@ _BVJBVDLM@ Z@ZDGLBMZB D UH[Ë@, @R TRDMJ@ [B TRBV DMHLDH[ EDSBV @ ZVDZDLBMZ@ _VBUBMZHU@ @GN@ K@MZVDGDZBVDG3 - Vbjuzhr d pr`juéë` j` N.D (hmhfhj`rbs jd vhd jd dmhjrdsb kdrfúmhkd) ;9

 

 

- Bsthlugdr d jrbmdibl pbgd vhd Óvb`-bskgbrdg (vds`s jd bskgbrd)1 - Jbshjrdtdéë` j` k`rp` vìtrb` (sû è ebht` m` dmhldg k`l igduk`ld prhlärh`, diuj`, mdskb k`l æmiug`s bstrbht`s). @fs.3 Uhd jd dmhjrdsb kdrfúmhk kdrfúmhkd3 d3 è d vhd bl qub `k`rrb d pr`juéë` j` nul`r dqu`s`*  

IGDRK@LD DIRJ@ K@L DR[ÃMKHD JB FREZDGLHD3  - Ldmht`g 6?% (jhurèthk`jbshjrdtd) 4-6i/ai gbmtdlbmtb (42-6? lhmut`s), d _H@ vdh rbjuzhr dpûs 4 n`rd ldhs `u lbm`s jd dpghkdéë`1 hmjhkdj` bl _H@ dkhld jb =:?llNi1  

TRDMJ@ @ DMHLDG ZÄ K@L @ @GN@ NH_BVZBM[@, UBVLBGN@, B_ÌE@VD, [BL FREZDGLHD DHMJD3 [b ` pr`prhbtärh` k`lbédr d pbrkbfbr qub ` `utr` `gn` bstä k`lbédmj` d qubrbr dulbmtdr, ehkdmj` vbrlbgn`, k`l bpìe`rd, jbvb-sb pdssdr3 Ighkbr`g 2?% [`guéë` @rdg, qub vdh jbshjrdtdr ` k`rp` vìtrb` dtè qub ` pr`prhbtärh` p`ssd gbvdr ` dmhldg dtè ` vbtbrhmärh`. Edz bl kds` jb blbriãmkhd. Fdssbt n`umj, nusay, kn`w kn`w, btk.  

DMHLDG K@L UH[Ë@ _BVJHJD3 Rthghzd lbjhkdlbmt`s qub edédl juds déòbs bspbkìehkds3 bspbkìehkds3 Jr`ids qub vë` rbjuzhr d pr`juéë` jb N.D.3 - Hmhfhj`rbs jd dmhjrdsb kdrfúmhkd (rbjuzhr d  pr`juéë` jb NÄ) tûphk`s3 J`rs`gdlhjd 6% (trus`pt k`gìrh`) 4 i`td FHJ-ZHJ1 - Fg`qubh` jb rbkbpt`rbs FBZD3 Ldgbdt` jb thl`g`g ?,62%-?,2% më` sbgbthv`, p`jb debtdr d erbquãmkhd kdrjìdkd j` kë` sb e`r usdj` ldhs jb 6 vbzbs p`r jhd1 Zbl d J`rs`gdlhjd+Zhl`g`g (K`rs`pt®) Jr`ids qub dulbmtdl d jrbmdibl3 - Jr`ids dmäg`ids ï pr`stdigdmjhmds3 pr`v`kdl vds`jhgdtdéë` jd óvbd b dulbmtd d jrbmdibl pbgd vhd Óvb`-bskgbrdg3 Gdtdm`pr`st (^dgdtdm®) [HJFHJ1 kdusdl bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs jb jbsphilbmtdéë` jb pägpbfrds, jb ìrhs1 @ trdtdlbmt` jb igduk`ld è kdr`, prd ` rbst` jd vhjd jbvb sbr ldmthj` pdrd sblprb rbjuzhr d _H@, b jhlhmuhr d j`r j`s dmhldhs, dgèl jb mbkbsshtdr jd jhsp`mhfhghjdjb j` pr`prhbtärh` värhds vbzbs d` jhd pdrd hmsthgdr ds lbjhkdéòbs `kugdrbs. Ds lbjhkdéòbs jbvbl sbr hmsthgdjds k`l pbg` lbm`s ;? lhmut`s jb hmtbrvdg`s bmtrb bgds, 2-9 vbzbs p`r jhd1 J`rs`gdlhjd FHJ-ZHJ + Zhl`g`g ?,2% FHJ + ^dgdtdm [HJ-FHJ. @u, sb më` thvbr k`mjhéòbs, `utrds dgtbrmdthvds3 dgtbrmdthvds3 - Bmukgbdéë` Bmukgbdéë`33 - Khkg`jbstruhéë` edrldk`gûihkd3 Ibmtdlhkhmd hmtrdvìtrbd, pdrd jbstruhr ` bphtègh` j` k`rp` khghdr b jbhxdr jb pr`juzhr N.D. jbvb-sb dmbstbshdr ` dmhldg, rbthrdr ul p`uk` jb vìtrb` b hmcbtdr d ibmtdlhkhmd. Dpghkd tdlfèl jbxdlbtds`md cumt`, prd jhlhmuhr ` irdu jb hmegdldéë` luht` dkbmtudj` mds juds  prhlbhrds sbldmds sbldmds jd dpghkdéë dpghkdéë`` jd ibmtbdlhk ibmtbdlhkhmd. hmd. (pntnhshs fugfh- dtr`ehd `ku `kugdr) gdr) *Dmthhmegdldtûrh` kdrpr`ebm` 4?-42 jhds U@, k`l Zrdldj`g U@1 Kuhjdj`s3 Dvhsdr d` pr`prhbtärh` qub jûh b p`jb sbr mbkbssärhd `utrd dpghkdéë`1 _r`hfhj` bl idt`, p`r tbr rhsk` jb tbr sdrk`ld, bmtë` edz g`i` d bmukgbdéë`1 

Vbsulhmj`3 J`rs`gdlhjd + thl`g`g3 sb jhlhmuhr d _H@, k`mthmud k`l bgbs prd ` rbst` jd vhjd. Kds` më` rbjuzhr3 djhkh`md ` ^dgdtdm1 [b ` pr`prhbtärh` kdmsdr jb rbdghzdr bssds dpghkdéòbs, `u më` thvbr jhmnbhr` pdrdhmtrdvìtrbd ` trdtdlbmt`, edz-sb3 - Dpghkdéë` jb Ibmtdlhkhmd + jbxdlbtds`md1 Kdrpr`ebm` + trdldj`g 4?-42 4? -42 jhds1 - Bmukgbdéë` (idt`s è `frhidtûrhd)1 ;>

 

 

[hstbld Vbsphrdtûrh`

;8

 

 

HMZV@JRÉË@3 ZVDZ@ VB[_HVDZÛVH@ - Uhds dèrbds [upbrh`rbs3 mdrhmds, sbh`s mdsdhs, mds`edrhmib, gdrhmib1 - Uhds Hmebrh`rbs3 Zrdquèhd kbrvhkdg b t`räkhkd, frúmquh`s b fr`mquì`g`s, dgvè`g`s (pdrãmquhld)1  

@gedt`, tdt`,jhiht`-jhihtdg egux` bxphrdj`, pdgpdr trdqubhd, dvdghdr rbegbx` jb t`ssb, pdgpdr tûrdx s`l (erdturds). _brkussë` jb kdvhjdjb t`räkhkd3 s`l kgdr` (rbihë` kbmtrdg j` `tûrdx), ldkhé` (prûxhl` d` eìidj`), s`l sufldkhé` (prûxhl` d` k`rdéë`)1 Duskugtdéë`3 gdrhmi`trdqubdg, trdqub-frúmquhk`, fr`mk`-fr`mquh`gdr (` s`l vdh jhlhmuhmj` ï   lbjhjd qub vdh pdssdmj` p`r bssds rbihòbs)1 @s s`ms pdt`gûihk`s së`3 krbphtdéë` ir`ssd b krbphtdéë` ehmd.

 

- Krbphtdéë` ir`ssd3 bstruturd k`mtbmj` gìquhj` dqu`s` (s`l lbm`s irdvb) qub è ldhs eäkhg jb sdhr (bxpugsdr). - Krbphtdéë` ehmd3 qudmj` ` gìquhj` è vhsk`s`, qub p`jb rbjuzhr d pdssdibl j` dr b dprbsbmtdr shfhg`.

Hmebkéë` j` Zrdt` Vbsphrdtûrh` [upbrh`r j`s Ebghm`s  

_rhmkhpdhs dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s qub dk`lbtbl ` ZV[ j`s ebghm`s3 Nbpbsvhrus ebghm` (NUE) qub è ` kdusdj`r jd rhm`trdqubìtb vhrdg ebghmd, b ` Kdghkhvìrus ebghm` (KUE). Bssbs j`hs vìrus së` rbsp`msävbhs p`r kbrkd jb 8?% jds hmebkéòbs. Jbmtrb ds fdktèrhds d  F`rjbtbgd fr`mknhsbpthkd b Kngdlyj`pnhgd tdlfèl dk`lbtbl, p`rèl d hmkhjãmkhd è luht` lbm`r.

 

Zrdmslhssë`3 @s idt`s sb hmebktdl p`r bmtrdr bl k`mtdt` jhrbt` k`l `utr`s dmhldhs k`mtbmj` d hmebkéë` dthvd, p`rtdj`rbs `u eúlhtbs. @s c`vbms, bstrbssdj`s `u hlum`ssuprhlhj`s së` `s ldhs suskbptìvbhs d jbsbmv`gvbr d j`bméd b shmdhs kgìmhk`s. Dpûs bmtrdrbl bl k`mtdt` k`l ` nbpbsvìrus `u kdghkhvhrus, `s idt`s t`rmdl-sb p`rtdj`rbs, b bl l`lbmt`s jb hlum`ssuprbssë` d j`bméd p`jb rbkhjhvdr.

 

Ldmhebstdéë` kgìmhkd jd j`bméd3 - Diujd (ldhs k`lul)3 ` dmhldg dprbsbmtd ebfrb m`s kds`s jb pmbul`mhd sbkumjärhd (F`rjbtbgd), bsphrr`s, sbkrbéë` mdsdg luk`purugbmtd fhgdtbrdg b `kugdr (k`mcumthvhtb- kgdlyjhd), nhpbrsdghvdéë`, f`kd dfbrtd, dm`rbxhd b jbshjrdtdéë`. - NUE3 _`jb kdusdr dhmjd ógkbrd jb kûrmbd, df`rt` b l`rtb mb`mdtdg1 - KUE3 Ógkbrds md f`kd, pmbul`mhd hmtbrsthkhdg b dtè p`ghdrtrhtbs. - Krúmhkd3 hlum`ssuprhlhj`s qub më` k`msbiubl sb rbkupbrdr1 - Hmtbrlhtbmtb3 dmhldg tbl uld rbkdìjd b lbgn`rd, rbkdìjd b lbgn`rd... sblprb qub d hlumhjdjb fdhxd. - Ds hmebkéòbs m` ZV supbrh`r së` jhdim`sthkdjds dtrdvès jd nhstûrhd kgìmhkd b dkndjdsJhdimûsthk`3 m` bxdlb kgìmhk`1

 

:?

 

 

- K`gbtd jb dl`strd jd edrhmib k`l swdf pdrd rbdghzdr d pbsquhsd s`frb ` dibmtb (NUE, KUE, F`rjbtbgd, Kgdlyjhd), sbmj` `s tbstbs3 _KV, hlum`egu`rbskãmkhd, hlum`egu`rbskãmkhd, kugturd fdktbrhdmd, btk.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 D ldh`rhd j`s idt`s tbl uld lbgn`rd sbl prbkhsdr trdtdr, dut`ghlhtdmtb. Z`jd vbz qub tbl sbkrbéë` m` shstbld rbsphrdtûrh`, jbvb-sb rbl`vã-gd. Tudmj` thvbr sbkrbéë` më` p`jb e`rmbkbr lbjhkdéë` pdrd k`lfdtbr d t`ssb, p`hs d sbkrbéë` ehkd prbsd b `fstruh d pdssdibl dèrbd. D sbkrbéë` ehkd vhsk`sd qudmj` ` dmhldg ehkd jbshjrdtdj`, bmtë` jbvb-sb p`r m` s`r` b ulbjbkbr ds

sbkrbéòbs. Udp`rhzdj`r3 pdrtìkugds jb äiud së` ldh`rbs (knbid md pdrtb dmtbrh`r j` dpdrbgn` rbsphrdtûrh`). Mbfughzdéë`3 pdrtìkugds lbm`rbs (knbid ldhs pr`eumj`-fr`mquì`g`s). @s ebghm`s k`l `s shmdhs diuj`s jbvb-sb e`rmbkbr uld tbrdphd sup`rtb3   NHJVDZDÉË@3 [`guéë` ehsh`gûihkd (t`jd vbz qub thvbr jbshjrdtdj` d sbkrbéë` ehkd ldhs vhsk`sd)1    MRZVHÉË@3 @ebrbkbr dghlbmt`s ldhs pdgdtävbhs, p`hs idt`s edzbl ghphj`sb nbpäthkd qudmj` ehkdl bl cbcul p`r tblp` pr`g`midj`1   GHL_BSD/ JB[@F[ZVRÉË@ JD[ MDVHMD[ (VBL@UBV B^[RJDZ@[)3 - _hmidr i`tds jb s`guéë` ehsh`gûihkd mds mdrhmds b usdr ul dsphrdj`r, k`l hss` d sbkrbéë` è dl`gbkhjd, edkhghtdmj` sud rbl`éë`1 - _`jb-sb tdlfèl prbmjbr ` dmhldg bl ul g`kdg k`l vdp`rhzdj`r 42 lhmut`s, 6-;x jhd (d` t`ldr  fdmn` p`r ` dmhldg dmhldg m` fdmnb fdmnbhr`, hr`, b ` knuvbhr` qubmtb ghfbrd ` vdp`r vdp`r jºdiud qub ` dmhldg vdh hmdgdr)1 hmdgdr)1 - Mbfughzdéë` p`jb sbr ebhtd, lds jhehkhglbmtb `s ebghm`s jbhxdl1   JB[K@MIB[ZH@MDLBMZ@3  ebmhgberhmd ?,62%  (jbsk`mibsth`mdmtb tûphk` pbjhätrhk`) jbvbmj` hmsthgdr uld i`td bl kdjd mdrhmd j` dmhldg uld vbz p`r jhd p`r ; jhds. [b e`r mbkbssärh` usdr ldhs qub bssb pbrì`j` jbvb-sb dpghkdr kdjd jhd bl uld mdrhmd (t`tdg jb 5 jhds jh ds jb trdtdlbmt`), dpûs hss` jbvb-sb jdr ul hmtbrvdg` jb ; jhds, dmtbs jb hmhkhdr m`vdlbmtb ` us` j` jbsk`mibsth`mdmtb (kds`  prbkhsb).   EH[H@ZBVD_HD (ZD_@ZDIBL)3  pbqubmds fdthjds m` tûrdx jd rbihë` ldhs kdujdg pdrd krdmhdg, d ehl jb rbthrdr `s gìquhj`s b sbkrbéòbs j`s dgvè`g`s pdrd `s frúmquh`s (dpûs duskugtdr ` g`f`  pugl`mdr ldhs knbh` knbh` jb gìquhj`s), dmhldg dmhldg bl jbkófht` gdtb gdtbrdg rdg `u bstbrmdg.   DMZHFH@ZHK@ZBVD_HD3 pdrd  pdrd dmhldhs bl bl kds`s ldhs iirdvbs1 rdvbs1 - Dlphkhghmd 66li/ai ZHJ1 `u - Dl`xhkhghmd + äkhj` kgduvugæmhk` 66li/ai ZHJ1 p`jbl sbr usdjds dtè bl ehgn`tbs1 eh gn`tbs1 - J`xhkhkghmd 2-4?li/ai FHJ è ` dmthfhûthk` jb bsk`gnd, sb e`r p`r F`rjbtbgd `u Kgdlyjhd1 - Dzhtr`lhkhmd 2-4?li/ai 4 vbz d` jhd, qudmj` ` idt` è jheìkhg jb t`ldr rblèjh`, p`r ; jhds1 - Ghshmd vdh hmtbrebrhr md rbpghkdéë` j` nbrpbsvhrus (2??li/idt`/46 nrs)1 hmtbrebr`m úlbid rbk`lfhmdmtb ebghm` p`jb dcujdr md hmebkéë` vhrdg.   _@LDJD[ @EZÄGLHKD[3 kg`rdmebmhk`g `u tbtrdkhkghmds ;x jhd1   DZV@_HMD ZÛ_HKD3 è usdjd pdrd pr`v`kdr lhjrìdsb b k`mtr`gdr d j`r1

@fs.3  K@VZHK@[ZBVÛHJB3 è k`mtrd hmjhkdj` bl dmhldhs k`l hmebkéë` m` tr supbrh`r, p`r dulbmtdr/ph`rdr `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s, jbl`rdr d khkdtrhzdéë` jb ógkbrds.

 

_rbvbméë`3 - Udkhmdéë`3 vdkhmdr ` ehgn`tb k`l >-4? sbldmds, rbpbthr k`l ;? jhds (; j`sbs), b dpghkdr ` rbe`ré` dmudg. (k`mtrd NUE, KUN b pdmgbuk`pbm pdmgbuk`pbmhd). hd).

:4

 

 

- Bvhtdr dig`lbrdéë` jb dmhldhs, rbdghzdr d gghlpbzd hlpbzd jds hmstdgdéòbs/dlfhbmtb, vdkhmdr, qudrbmtbmd qudrbmtbmd pdrd `s m`vdt`s, sbpdrdr p`r edhxd btärhd, bvhtdr shtudéòbs jb bstrbssb, e`rmbkbr uld f`d e`mtb mutrhthvd, btk.  

_r`imûsthk`3 Edv`rävbg, jhehkhglbmtb ul dmhldg jbsbmv`gvb ul qudjr` krúmhk`. 

Idt` k`l rhm`trdqubìtb ( Nbrpbsvhrus  Nbrpbsvhrus). 

Zul`rbs mdsdhs D ldh`rhd j`s tul`rbs mdsdhs së` ldghim`s3 djbm`kdrkhm`lds, kdrkhm`lds jb kègugds bskdl`sds (idt`s- mdrhmd b p`mtd jb `rbgnd) b kdrkhm`ld hmjhebrbmkhdj` (këbs).  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Dk`lbtbl `s dmhldhs ldhs vbgn`s ibrdglbmtb. sbl prbjhsp`shéë` jb rdéd b sbx`. [ë` tul`rbs qub pr`v`kdl bsphrr`s, bphstdxb, jbskdrid mdsdg umhgdtbrdg (prbstdr fbl dtbméë`) `u  fhgdtbrdg (ibrdglbmtb è pr`kbss` hmebkkh`s`) k`l sbkrbéë` luk`purugbmtd, sbr`sd `u nbl`rräihkd. Jbstruhéë` j` sbpt` mdsdg, jbe`rlhjdjb edkhdg, b shmdhs mbur`gûihk`s, p`hs ` tul`r bgb p`jb krbskbr prd `rfhtd b pr`v`kdr hmkdpdkhjdjb jb rbtrdhr ` `gn`, `u bx`etdglhd, debtdr ` shstbld mbrv`s`, btk. ZUZ  è  fbl k`lul bstdr bstdr prbsbmtb md kkdvhjdjb dvhjdjb mdsd mdsdgg b pägpbfrds1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - [hmdhs kgìmhk`s1 - Jhdimûsthk` p`r hldibl3 V^ jd kdvhjdjb mdsdg, rhm`sk`phd, t`l`irdehd. - Fhûpshd (nhst`pdt`gûihk`), _DDE j`s ghme`m`j`s ldmjhfugdrbs pdrd dvdghdr lbtästdsbs.  

Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg3 - bsp`r`trhk`sb (eumi`)1 - Idt`s3 ghme`ld b djbm`kdrkhm`ld1 djbm`kdrkhm`ld1 - Këbs3 ZUZ, djbm`lds, pdphg`lds tdlfèl p`jbl dpdrbkbr (së`  fbmhim`s).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   @ trdtdlbmt` jb bsk`gnd è d rbssbkéë` khrórihkd pdrd `s fbmhim`s b rdjh`tbrdphd b/`u quhlh`tbrdphd pdrd `s ldghim`s.   Krh`tbrdphd pdrd `s KKBºs è ul trdtdlbmt` fbl behkdz b qub më` jbhxd d jbe`rlhjdjb edkhdg.   DMZH-HMEGDLDZÛVH@3 _hr`xhkdl è ul qub duxhghd m` trdtdlbmt` jb dmhldhs k`l kæmkbr.  

_r`imûsthk`33 - Ldghim`s b më` trdtdj`s3 jbsedv`rävbg1 _r`imûsthk`

:6

 

 

Bphstdxb è ul hmjhkdj`r jb ul ldu pr`imûsthk`, sbmj` luhtds vbzbs hmjhkdj` d butdmäshd. Vdjh`tbrdphd pr`l`vb uld s`frbvhjd ldh`r pdrd `s dmhldhs.

_drdghshd jb Gdrhmib È d hmkdpdkhjdjb j`s lóskug`s dfjut`rbs jds drhtbmûhjbs jb dfjuzì-gds jurdmtb d hmsphrdéë`,  pr`v`kdmj` uld `fstruéë` jd jdss vhds dèrbds supbrh`rbs  

Bth`g`ihd3 K`miãmhtd, hjh`päthkd, sbkumjärhds d p`ghmbur`pdthds/lh`pdthds, gbsë` kbrvhkdg vbmtrdg `u krdmhdg.  Zrdulds `u mb`pgdshds ibrdglbmtb bmv`gvbmj` d rbihë` vbmtrdg j` pbsk`é` p`jbl kdusdr gbsòbs jhrbtds `u hmegdldéë` qub tdlfèl debtd d hmbrvdéë` j`s lóskug`s dfjut`rbs jds drhtbmûhjbs. È HMK@LRL M@[ IDZ@[. FVHID[ JB KËB[1 F@ZRGH[L@3 p`jb kdusdr pdrdghshd jb gdrhmib, dmhldhs djquhrbl d` hmibrhr dmhldhs l`rt`s bl jbk`lp`shéë` qudmj` së` hmibrhj`s (trdtd jdmj` sup`rtb pdrd bghlhmdr d t`xhmd, hmtufdr, ldmtbr `gn`s gufrhehkdj`s, trdtdr tuj` qub bstä pdrdghsdj`, e`rmbkbr dmthfhûthk` sb mbkbssärh`).  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 _`jb dk`lbtbr këbs jb qudgqubr hjdjb b rdéd, lds d e`rld hjh`päthkd qub è d ldhs k`lul debtd dmhldhs vbgn`s b jb irdmjb p`rtb. @ pr`prhbtärh` m`td uld lujdméd md v`z j` kë` (gdthj`), dmiósthd rbsphrdtûrhd diujd, dpbsdr jd bv`guéë` krúmhkd, jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd,  khdm`sb, sìmk`pb, t`ssb b bmidsi`s. _`jbl dprbsbmtdr dtr`ehd j`s lóskug`s jd kdfbéd/jhse`mhd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk` - trdulds1 - _òb ` dmhldg mul pgdm` dmbstèshk` gbvb, b `fsbrvd k`l ul gdrhmi`skûph` `s l`vhlbmt`s jd gdrhmib, qub sb ldmtèl ebkndjds jurdmtb d hmsphrdéë` b dfrb gbvblbmtb jurdmtb d bxphrdéë`. @ dmhldg k`l jhspmbhd jbvb sbr trdmquhghzdj`, p`hs d dmiósthd sû ph`rd ` qudjr` j` dmhldg, bl kds`s ldhs irdvbs hmtufdéë` b dtè trdqub`st`lhd. tr dqub`st`lhd. - Jbsk`frhr d kdusd prhlärhd.

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Gdrhmi`pgdsthd1   DGHUHDV D DMIR[ZHD VB[_HVDZÛVHD3 - Jhdzbpdl J hdzbpdl HU1 - Zrdqub`st`lhd1 - K`rthk`stbrûhjb3 prbjmhs`g`md ?,2li/ai (jhlhmuhr d hmegdldéë` m` trdt` rbsphrdtûrh` b dkrbjhtdl qub pr`tbib ds kègugds mbrv`sds k`mtrd d nhpûxhd). *j`sb jb k`rthkûhjb hlum`ssuprbss`rd3 6li/ai

K`gdps` jb trdquèhd

:;

 

 

J`bméd k`lul jb pbqubm`s dmhldhs. _bqubmds rdéds së` ldhs prbjhsp`stds, `k`rrb p`r jbebht` m`s dmèhs trdqubdhs jb värh`s irdus. @ gólbm ehkd rbjuzhj`, b dk`lbtb pdrtb jd trdquèhd `u t`jd d trdquèhd. Vuìj` md hmsphrdéë`, jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd sb e`r md trdquèhd kbrvhkdg, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd sb e`r md t`räkhkd, t`ssb, `fbshjdjb (ibrdglbmtb së` `fbs`s)1 Luhtds vbzbs ` dmhldg k`mvhvb k`l bssd j`bméd b tbl ums bphsûjh`s jb jhspmèhd qub lbgn`rdl.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - V^ dcujd m` jhdimûsthk`, lds luhtds vbzbs më` è pbi` m` V^.   -  Jbvb-sb hjbmthehkdr j`bméd k`mk`lhtdmtb3 dulbmt` jb ätrh` bsqubrj` qub jbsg`kd d trdquèhd, hmebkéòbs, fr`mquhtb dgèrihkd, rbkbmtb hmtufdéë`, frdquhkbeäghk`s k`l pdgdt` l`gb dg`midj`, bstbm`sb jb gdrhmib b pdrdghshd, `fbshjdjb b nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl`.   

Zrdtdlbmt`3   K`rrbéë` khrórihkd1   K`mtr`gdr `fbshjdjb1   Tudmj` knbid k`l jhspmbhd p`jb-sb `ebrbkbr ul fr`mk`jhgdtdj`r, k`rthk`stbr`hjbs b `xhibm`tbrdphd.

[ìmjr`lb jds Uhds Dèrbds j`s Frdquhkbeäghk`s Lógthpgds dm`rldghjdjbs dmdtúlhkds bmk`mtrdjds bl këbs frdquhkbeäghk`s, k`l` mdrhmds bstbmûthkds, pr`g`midlbmt` pr`g`midlbmt` j` pdgdt` l`gb b k`gdps` jb gdrhmib.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 Bse`ré`s rbsphrdtûrh`s, bstbrt`rbs, s`ms rbsphrdtûrh`s dgt`s, khdm`sb b sìmk`pb.

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Dtrdvès jd rdéd (fuggj`i hmigãs, b erdmkãs, puis, idt`s pbrsds, btk)1 - Dpdrãmkhd jds mdrhmds bxtbrmds (bstbmûthkds), ds prbids dgdrbs (ehkdl mds gdtbrdhs jds mdrhmds) së` suidjds pdrd jbmtr` jds mdrhmds m` l`lbmt` jd hmsphrdéë` ph`rdmj` d pdssdibl j` dr1 - Gdrhmi`sk`phd b dvdghdéë` rdjh`iräehkd jd trdqubhd pdrd jbskdrtdr `utrds j`bméds1

D3 mdrhmds m`rldhs1 F3 prbids dgdrbs suidjds m` l`lbmt` jd hmsphrdéë`1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3

::

 

   

K`rrbéòbs khrórihkds pdrd edkhghtdr d pdssdibl j` dr, rbjuzhmj` `s bse`ré`s. K`rrbéòbs jb mdrhmds bstbmûthkds lbgn`rdl luht` `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s j` dmhldg1   Rsdr ighk`k`rthk`hjbs  (prbjmhs`md ?,2 li/ai 46-46nrs) pdrd rbjuzhr hmegdldéòbs b bjbld sbkumjärh`s b lbgn`rdr `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s1   Edgdr pdrd ` pr`prhbtärh` rbjuzhr r bjuzhr bse`ré`s, më` jbhxdr ` dmhldg `fbs`.

Zrdqub`fr`mquhtb Hmebkkh`sd K Kdmhmd dmhmd ‗Z`ssb j`s Kdmhs“. Kdmhs“. È uld j`bméd diujd b dgtdlbmtb k`mtdih`sd. Kdusdjd pbg`s Djbm`vhrus `rjbtb tbggd ggd f`mknh `mknhsb sbp pthkd th kd.. Dss`khdj` d `utr`s kdmhm` 6, ` vìrus jd pdrdhmegubmzd kdmhmd b F `rjb lhkr`ridmhsl`s pdtûibm`s sbkumjärh`s.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Hmhkhd k`l uld t`ssb rdphjdlbmtb, pr`juthvd `u më`, qub ph`rd qudmj` ` dmhldg edz bxbrkìkh`, `u dpbmds qudmj` d k`gbhrd prbssh`md d trdqubhd. D` pdgpdr d trdquèhd ` dmhldg tbl ul rbegbx` jb t`ssb edkhglbmtb. @ dmhldg dprbsbmtd bmidsi`s (t`ssb dtè v`lhtdr), æmshd jb vúlht` `u k`rrhlbmt` mdsdg1 md nhstûrhd kgìmhkd j` dmhldg, ` pr`prhbtärh` sblprb rbgdtd qub k`lbé`u d 4-6 sbldmds, qub ` dmhldg tbvb k`mtdt` k`l `utr` qub tdlfèl dprbsbmtdvd `s shmt`lds, `u qub sbu dmhldg e`h k`lprdj` jb pbtsn`p, dfrhi` `u kdmhg, qub t`ssb dtè bskdrrdr uld sbkrbéë`. Lds më` tbl ebfrb, mbl dm`rbxhd, mbl jbshjrdtdéë`, sû sb thvbr uld hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd. @ dmhldg lbgn`rd, è dut`ghlhtdmtb, sbl dprbsbmtdr k`lpghkdéòbs, lds bl ehgn`tbs `u këbs hlum`ssuprhlhj`s p`jb `k`rrbr uld pmbul`mhd sbkumjärhd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhd j` dmhldg b ldmhebstdéòb ldmhebstdéòbss kgìmhkds1 - [`ghkhtdr V^, nbl`irdld, gdvdj` trdqubdg   pdrd pdrd edzbr uld dmäghsb k`l kugturd (pdrd jhdim`sthkdr hmebkéòbs fdktbrhdmds sbkumjärhds), qudmj` nä dk`lbthlbmt` shstãlhk`, `u j`bméd qub më` lbgn`rd jbvb1 - Nbl`irdld vdh l`strdr sb tbl hmebkéë` shstãlhkd1 - V^ sb tbl pmbul`mhd1   Zrdtdlbmt`3   È uld j`bméd dut`ghlhtdmtb, lds jbvb-sb bvhtdr bxbrkìkh` eìshk` (rbp`us` p`r 9 jhds, prd bvhtdr ds t`ssbs b hrrhtdéë` jds UD[upbrh`rbs).   [uprbss`rbs jd t`ssb3  më`  p`jbl sbr usdj`s bl kds`s jb t`ssbs pr`juthvds `u qub ndcd sbkrbéë` pugl`mdr. jbxtr`lbt`redm` 4-6li/ai 5->n`rds, U@1 fut`redm`g ?,2li/ai/ 5-46nrs U@1  fhtdrtdrdt` jb nhjr`k`j`md nhjr`k`j`md ?,62li ?,62li/ai /ai >-46nrs, U@.   Dmthfh`thk`tbrdphd3 è usdjd qudmj` nä pmbul`mhd jbvhj` ï prbsbméd jd F`rjbtbggd md hmebkéë`, sbmj` `s jb bsk`gnd3 J`xhkhkghmd 2-4?li/ai 46-46nrs, `u dl`xhkhghmd +kgduvugdmdt` (6?-62li/ai/>-> nrs) jbvb-sb usdr d j`sb läxhld j` dmthfhûthk` bsk`gnhj` p`r dtè 2 jhds dpûs d lbgn`rd j` qudjr` kgìmhk`.    MË@ R[DV K@VZHKÛHJB1 K@VZHKÛHJB1  

K`l` prbvbmhr d ‗t`ssb j`s kdmhs“0  

:2

 

 

Udkhmdmj` `s ehgn`tbs, ldmtbmj` nhihbmb (jbshmebtdr idh`gds, k`lbj`ur`s, btk) jds hmstdgdéòbs, më` dig`lbrdr dmhldhs, bvhtdr hlum`ssuprbssë` (mutrhéë` djbqudjd, djbqudjd, vbrlheuidéë` b vhjd sbl bstrbssb). Ldmtbr ` dmhldg p`shthv` p`r pbg` lbm`s ; lbsbs dpûs d kurd kgìmhkd sbpdrdj` j`s `utr`s dmhldhs.  

_r`imûsthk`3 Dmhldhs hlum`ssuprhlhj`s p`jbl hr ï l`rtb, lds ibrdglbmtb è dut`ghlhtdmtb.

Fr`mquhtb Ebghmd ‗D[LD EBGHMD“ EBGHMD“ è j`bméd jb idt` djugt`.  Ds vhds dèrbds j`s idt`s së` luht` ldhs rbdthvds, prbjhsp`stds ï fr`mk`k`mstrhéë`, qub d j`s këbs. Ds ldmhebstdéòbs k`lums jb fr`mquhtb (shfhg`, t`ssb, dmiusthd rbsphrdtûrhd) p`jbl `k`rrbr bl dmhldhs k`l värhds j`bméds3 jhr`ehgdrh`sb, fr`mquhtb dgèrihkd, fr`mquhtb fdktbrhdmd `u vhrdg, t`x`pgdsl`sb, ehfr`sb pugl`mdr hjh`päthkd, pdrdshtds pugl`mdrbs, btk.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 D fr`mquhtb hjh`päthkd debtd idt`s djugt`s c`vbms  c`vbms   `u jb lbhd hjdjb, dpdrbkbl `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s gbmt`s b pr`irbsshv`s, k`l t`ssb, dmiósthd rbsphrdtûrhd, knhdj`s rbsphrdtûrh`s, shfhg`s, [BL pbrjd jb pbs`, dpbthtb, jbprbssë` `u ldmhebstdéë` shstãlhkd. - _V@_VHBZÄVH@[3 pbriumtdr sb bstë` usdmj` dgiul m`v` pr`jut` jb ghlpbzd, drbhd nhihãmhkd, khidrr`, gdrbhrd, pbreulbs, jbs`j`rdmtbs, gdquã jb kdfbg`, xdlpus, p`bhrd, l`e`. - @F[ZVRÉË@ JD[ UHD[ DÈVBD[ [R_BVH@VB[3 tdquhpmèhd, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd, shfhg`s ï duskugtdéë` (k`mstrhéë` jb gólbm tbl qub tbr shfhg`), p`jb `k`rrbr krbphtdéë` (sû sb thvbr sbkrbéë`), gbtdrihd (pdrdj`), btk. - Idt` ehkd bl p`shéë` `rt`pmèhkd3 p`shéë` jb bsehmib, pbsk`é` bsthkdj` b f`kd dfbrtd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Dmdlmbsb, nhstûrhd, bxdlb kgìmhk`1 - V^ (nhpbrhmsuegdéë` pugl`mdr, pdjrë` hmtbrsthkhdg b fr`mquhdg)1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Bstdfhghzdr ` idt` k`l jhspmbhd. _`jb trdmquhghzdr `u sbjdr ` dmhldg, hmtufdr1   Fr`mk`jhgdtdj`r3 Fr`mk`jhgdtdj` r3 tbrfutdghmd ?,?4 li/ai [K1   K`rthk`stbrûhjb3 sukkhmdt` jb prbjhmhs`g`md 4?-6? li/ai HU `u HL1   B dhmjd p`jb-sb hmjhkdr d f`lfhmnd jb dsläthk`s3 Dgfutbr`g. _`jb usdr k`l läskdrds, `u p`r ` dmhldg md idh`gd b edzbr uld kældrd jb `xhiãmh`. MË@ p`jb bstrbssdr prd më` ph`rdr. Zbmtdr pr`kurdr d kdusd, b sb thvbr hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd p`r F`rjbtbgd e`rmbkbr J`xhkhkghmd1 - Jbsldlb j` k`rthkûhjb3 ?,2 li/ai jb 46-46 p`r trãs jhds1 Lbtdjb jd j`sb jb 46- 46 ldhs trãs jhds1 Lbtdjb jd j`sb 4 vbz p`r jhd p`r ; jhds1 Jhds dgtbrmdj`s1

:5

 

 

JH[ZÓVFH@[ J@ _DVÃMTRHLD _RGL@MDV _mbul`mhds _`jb sbr kdusdjd p`r värh`s edt`rbs bth`gûihk`s3 - Fdktbrhdmd3 F. fr`knhsbpthkd, [trbpt`k`kkus spp., B. k`gh, _dstburbgd, stdpnyg` b psbuj`l`mds. - Uhrdg3 khm`l`sb1 - Eumi`s3 nhst`pgdsld, krhpt`k`kkus, dspbrihgus. - _drdshtds3 t`x`pgdsld1 - _`r dsphrdéë`3 ebmjd pdgdthmd, dsphrdéë` jurdmtb dmbstbshd, btk.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 - È p`ssìvbg duskugtdr krbphtdéòbs ir`ssds `u ehmds, p`jbmj` tbr shfhg` (sbkrbéë` ldhs bspbssd), sbkrbéë` mdsdg luk`purugbmtd fhgdtbrdg1 - Z`ssb pr`juthvd (rdrd bl ebghm`s)1 - Dmhldg jbhxd jb sb dghlbmtdr b hmibrhr äiud, jbshjrdtd b d sbkrbéë` ehkd ldhs vhsk`sd, jdmj` jdmj` prd duskugtdr krbphtdéòbs ehmd ehmds1 s1 - Jbehkhãmkhd bl `xhiãmh`, jhspmbhd B^_HVDZÛVHD @R LH[ZD, khdm`sb, sìmk`pb. - Bm`etdglhd + luhtd sbkrbéë` < pmbul`mhd sbvbrd/irdv sbvbrd/irdvb1 b1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhd b shmdhs kgìmhk`s j` dmhldg (bxdlb eìshk`) + NBL@IVDLD (Fdktbrhdmd3 mbutr`ehghd1 Uhrdg3 ghme`pbmhd)1 - Vdh` ^ pdrd vbr d irdvhjdjb jd pmbul`mhd (dk`lpdmnd (dk`lpdmndrr ` qudjr`). - [dfbr qudg ` dibmtb3 kugturd. _`jb-sb edzbr ul gdvdj` g dvdj` trdqubdg, hmtufdmj hmtufdmj`` ` dmhldg b hmsbrhmj` uld s`mjd urbtrdg jb irdmjb kdghfrb pbg` trdqub`tuf`, hmcbtd b puxd rdphjdlbmtb ` gìquhj` (s`r`), kugturd `k`rrbmj` b kht`g`ihd.` rbt`rm` jb pbqubmd pdrtb j` gìquhj` qub e`h hmcbtdj`, lds è ` mbkbssärh` pdrd edzbr  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Eguhj`tbrdphd pdrd trdtdr d jbshjrdtdéë` b lbgn`rdr d k`mshstãmkhd j` gìquhj` m`s dgvè`g`s1   E`rmbkbr dghlbmt` e`rédj`, pdgdtävbg, `u p`r s`mjd mds`iästrhkd1   Jbs`fstruhr vhds dèrbds3 - Zdp`tdibl1 - ghlpdr mdrhmds k`l s`guéë` ehsh`gûihkd (phmid bl kdjd mdrhmd)1    Mbfughzdéë`11 fr`mk`jhgdtdj`rbs  Mbfughzdéë` fr`mk`jhgdtdj`rbs (DLHM@EHGHMD HU),`xhibm HU),`xhibm`tbrdphd1 `tbrdphd1   [b thvbr bl dmiusthd rbsphrdtûrhd p`jb-sb trdmquhghzdr `u sbjdr ` dmhldg pdrd qub më` ph`rb ` qudjr`.   Luk`gìthk`s (MPdkbthgkhstbìmd `u luk`lhkhg)1   DMZHFHÛZHK@[3 - Kë`3 Irdl (-) tbl = hlp`rtæmkhd< -dl`xhkhghmd k`l äkhj` kgduvugæmhk`1 kbedz`ghmd `u dlphkhghmd + bmr`eg`xdkhm`1

:9

 

 

- Idt`3 Kbedz`ghmd1 dlphkhghmd + bmr`eg`xdkhm`1 [b e`r  F`rjbtbggd fr`knhsbpthkd ` trdtdlbmt` è k`l J@^HKHKGHMD. @R   DMZHEÓMIHK@[3 - htrdk`mdz`g, kbt`k`mdz`g, eguk`mdz`g1   DMZH_DVD[HZÄVH@[3 prdhmqudmtbg, eblfbmjdz`g, gbvdl gbvdlhz`g. hz`g.   Ldmtbr dmthfhûthk` p`r dtè 9 jhds jd lbgn`rd kgìmhkd1  

_r`imûsthk`3 Vbsbrvdj`, p`hs jbpbmjb j` qudjr` j` dmhldg, b d kdusd prhlärhd.

Bjbld _ugl`mdr Ds prhmkhpdhs kdusds qub gbvdl d` bjbld pugl`mdr së`3 `fstruéòbs irdvbs jds vhds dèrbds supbrh`rbs, nhp`dgfulhmblhd (gbvd d dskhtb tdlfèl), sufstæmkhds tûxhkds, hmsuehkhãmkhd kdrjìdkd, de`idlbmt`, eguhj`tbrdphd bl bxkbss`, kn`qub bgètrhk`, kn`qub dmdehgäthk`, btk.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 @ dmhldg ehkd jhspmbhk`, p`jbmj` tbr tdquhpmèhd, `rt`pmèhd, hmt`gbræmkhd d` bxbrkìkh`, t`ssb, khdm`sb, md duskugtdéë` p`jb-sb m`tdr krbphtdéòbs ir`ssds (eguhj` bspul`s` m`s dgvè`g`s, frúmquh`s b trdquèhd).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Dmhldg knbid jbsk`lpbmsdj`, jhspmbhk`, jbvb-sb trdmquhghzd-g` `u sbjä-g`, e`rmbkbr `xhiãmh` (hmtufdr)1   Eur`sblhjd (jhurèthk`) HU1   JB[K@FVHV @ TRB B[ZÄ _V@U@KDMJ@3 - Nhp`dgfulhmblhd (gbsë` nbpäthkd, qubhldjurd bxtbmsd) e`rmbkbr (trdmseusë`) pgdsld, k`gûhjbs (bxpdms`rbs pgdsläthk`s) ... Ighk`k`rthk`hjbs3 p`jb sbr uthghzdj` `u më`, tbl euméë` jb ldmtbr d hmtbirhjdjb kbgugdr, trdtdr `   bjbld kbgugdr, b pr`tbibr kègugds mbrv`sds jd nhpûxhd pr`v`kdjd pbg` bjbld. 

Mb`pgdshds _ugl`mdrbs Ibrdglbmtb ds mb`pgdshds prhlärhds pugl`mdrbs së` ldghimds, k`l` sdrk`lds, kdrkhm`lds, djbm`kdrkhm`lds, djbm`kdrk hm`lds, btk. Lds `s puglòbs së` ldhs dk`lbthj`s pbgds mb`pgdshds lbtdstäthkds (lbtästdsbs jb ul tul`r prhlärh`). Dmhldg k`l fr`mk`pmbul`mhd rbk`rrbmtb, nbl`pthsb (sdmiub pbgds vhds rbsphrdtûrhds), pmbul`tûrdx, ebfrb, gbtdrihd, kdqubxhd. Dk`lbtb ibrdglbmtb dmhldhs vbgn`s, `utr`s tul`rbs, k`l` ` tul`r jb ldld1   

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 - Ärbd surjd md duskugtd1  

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 V^, gdvdj` fr`mk`dgvb`gdr pdrd dmdghsdr ds kègugds (kht`g`ihd)1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 g`fbkt`lhd, quhlh`tbrdphd p`jb sbr tbmtdjd (jhehkhglbmtb tbl sukbss`).

:>

 

 

JH[ZÓVFH@[ JD KDUHJDJB _GBRVDG - _mbul`tûrdx3  `k`rrb p`r trdulds (l`rjhjds b dtr`pbgdlbmt`s, `u rupturd j` pdrãmquhld  pugl`mdr)1 - Beusë` _gburdg3 më` sdfb d kdusd dtè dsphrdr b edzbr d dmäghsb j` gìquhj`, p`jb sbr nbl`tûrdx (p`r trduld md ldh`rhd jds vbzbs), beusë` mb`pgäshkd (ghme`ld jb lbjhdsthm` è k`lul bl idt`s- jä ul gìquhj` mb`pgäshk` qub è jhdim`sthkdj` d` edzbr kht`g`ihd bl gdf`rdtûrh`).   - _h`tûrdx3 sû sdfb d` pbjhr dmäghsb (pdrbkhj` k`l pus pus ‛   ‛  dldrbgdj`),  dldrbgdj`), `k`rrb jbvhj` d k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, gdkbrdéòbs bs`eäihkds, bs`eäihkds, b _HE. - Tuhg`tûrdx3 è jb k`r frdmkd b ldhs gìquhjd qub ` ph`tûrdx, `k`rrb p`r rupturd j`s jukt`s t`räkhk`s b mb`pgdshds1 Gìquhj`s  `u nèrmhd  `kupdmj` d kdvhjdjb pgburdg ` dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr uld jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd (p`r bxhsthr uld prbssë` qub më` jbhxd `s puglòbs bxpdmjhrbl), d duskugtd vdh bstä dfdedj` (më` duskugtd jhrbht` mbl puglë` mbl k`rdéë`), pbrkussë` k`l s`l ldkhé` `u sufldkhé`. [b ` dmhldg k`l jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd b s`l dfdedj` p`jb-sb jbsk`mehdr jb beusòbs `u nèrmhd (dusãmkhd jb krbphtdéë`). _mbul`tûrdx3  duskugtd ldhs dgtd (dr pr`pdid ` s`l), pbrkussë` jb s`l lbtäghk`, b m` rdh`^ ` k`rdéë` dprbsbmtd-sb dprbsbmtd-sb dedstdj` j` bstbrm` ‗v`dmj`“1 ‗v`dmj`“1    

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Vdjh`g`ihd3 d beusë` dprbsbmtd-sb k`l dspbkt` jb e`gnds md rdjh`irdehd, k`l ds  f`rjds pugl`mdrbs pugl`mdrbs fbl jbghlhtdjds1 jbghlhtdjds1 - @ jhdimûsthk` jbehmhthv` j` qub è, sû pumkh`mdmj` b edzbmj` dmäghsb j` gìquhj`3 Dsphrdr 9-8 BHK, bmtrd md pbgb jb ul bspdé` hmtbrk`stdg, kdlhmnd pbg` sufkutæmb` b bmtrd md luskugdturd hmtbrk`stdg jb ul `utr` bspdé`, pdrd qub `s eur`s më` k`hmkhjdl b dkdfb bmtrdmj` dr m` tûrdx < pmbul`tûrdx. M` kds` jb gìquhj`s jbvb-sb pumkh`mdr bl fdhx` (vbmtrdg), b pdrd rbl`vbr dr bl khld (j`rsdg). _drd rbl`vbr tdmt` `s gìquhj`s qudmt` ` dr, jbvb-sb usdr uld t`rmbhrhmnd jb trãs vhds pdrd qub md n`rd jb jbsdk`pgdr më` t`rmdr d bmknbr ` tûrdx jb dr. @ dr jbvb sbr rbl`vhj` dtè jbhxdr d prbssë` mbidthvd. @F[3 Jbp`hs jb dsphrdr, edzbr ul rdh` ^ pûs t`rdk`kbmtbsb prd vbr sb e`h bebthv`1 Idt`s tbl tûrdx/lbjhdsthm` jhvhjhj`, bmtë` jbvb-sb pumkh`mdr j`s j`hs gdj`s1  

Jhspmbhd Bxphrdtûrhd3   @F[ZVRZHUD HMZVDZ@VÄKHKD3 k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, pdrdshtds, dslds, mb`pgdshds < `fstruéë` jb irup`s jb dgvè`g`s qub jhehkugtd d sdìjd j` dr.   VB[ZVHZHUD [@M@VD[3 bjbld pugl`mdr, pmbul`mhds b ehfr`sbs.    

Jhspmbhd Hmsphrdtûrhd3 @F[ZVRZHUD (bxtrdt`räkhkd) vhds dèrbds supbrh`rbs1 Kdusds3 `fstruéë` mdsdg, kdghkhvhrus (hme.

J` trdt` rbsp. supbrh`r j`s ebghm`s) k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, pr`g`midlbmt` jb pdgdt` l`gb, mb`pgdshds jb edkb, ldssds, dgtbrdéòbs jb edrhmib1

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   

VB[ZVHZHUD [HGBMKH@[D (pmbul`tûrdx- duskugtd dgtd1 `u beusë` beusë` ‛   ‛  qudmj`  qudmj` tbl ul shgãmkh` d duskugtd1 Nèrmhd jhderdiläthkd).

KD[@[ KGÌMHK@[ D_VB[BMZDJ@[ BL DRGD

Gdrd, eãlbd, 6 dm`s jb hjdjb, dulbmt` jb v`gulb md kdvhjdjb mdsdg, jhspmbhd 4³ Dmhldg3 `fstruthvd. hmsphrdtûrhd _`jbebghmd, tbr mb`pgdshd, krhpt`k`k`sb.  Md puméë` jbu krhpt`k`k`sb.

6³ Dmhldg3  fdfh, eãlbd, ebghmd, 6 lbsbs jb hjdjb, sbkrbéë` `kugdr, mdsdg, jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd `fstruthvd. Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg3 hmebkéë` j` trdt` rbsphrdtûrh` supbrh`r j`s ebghm`s p`r nbrpbsvhrus, kdghkhvhrus, f`rjbtbggd.  ;³ Dmhldg3  lhlh, eãlbd, 6 dm`s, e`h dtbmjhjd m` NU k`l nhstûrhk` jb pr`fgblds urhmärh`s, b suspbhtdrdl jb JZRHE, ehzbrdl ` bxdlb k`lpgbt` b m` bxdlb eìshk` k`mstdt`u ul s`pr` shstûthk` irdu 5, lds bstdvd dsshmt`läthkd j` k`rdéë`, dpûs dgiums lbsbs (trdtdj` ` pr`fgbld rbmdg) v`gtd lhlh k`l kdmsdé` b jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd, b tdquhpmèhd, md duskugtdéë` jbsdpdrbkbu `s s`ms kdrjìdk`s b rbsphrdtûrh`s.  Ebz t`rdk`kbmtbsb, t`rdk`kbmtbsb, jrbm`u ` ggìquhj` ìquhj` (9 -> BHK) dvdghdéë` j` gìquhj` brd quhg`tûrdx sbkumjärh` d kdrjh`lh`pdthd nhpbrtrûehkd p`r dulbmt` jd prbssë` j`s vds`s ghmeäthk`s.  Jhdimûsthk`3 beusë` pgburdg (quhg`tûrdx) jbvhj` ï gbsë` kdrjìdkd1 Lbsl` edzbmj` puméë` b rbjuzhmj` `s gìquhj`s, ` pr`fgbld kdrjìdk` ebz k`l qub v`gtdssb d tbr  pr`fgblds m`vdlbmtb, m`vdlbmtb, b e`h jbhxdj jbhxdj`` ul jrbm`. 

:³ Dmhldg3  tbj, ebghm` jb 6 lbsbs jb hjdjb, k`lbé`u d dprbsbmtdr jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd rbstrhthvd shgbmkh`sd d 6 sbldmds lds tbl f`l bstdj` kgìmhk`, k`mvhvb k`l këbs. D duskugtd è jb s`ms dfdedj`s. Jhdimûsthk`3 Nèrmhd jhderdiläthkd, `s këbs pr`vdvbglbmtb pr`v`kdrdl pr`v`kdrdl bssd rupturd jb jhderdild. 2³ Dmhldg3 Lhab, f`xbr, ldkn`, > dm`s jb hjdjb, më` thmnd s`ms dujìvbhs ï duskugtdéë`, thmnd jhspmbhd hmsphrdtûrhd k`l s`l thlpæmhk` ï pbrkussë`. _mbul`tûrdx1

5³ Dmhldg3 mhmd, qudjr`s diuj`s jb jhspmbhd, kdmsdé` eäkhg, duskugtdéë` k`l dfdedlbmt` dpbmds jb s`ms kdrjìdk`s. E`h ebht` bk`kdrjh`irdld b thmnd uld bstruturd pdrbmquhldt`sd m` sdk` pbrhkärjhk`, md khrurihd ` dmhldg l`rrbu b d` edzbr mbkrûpshd brd uld pdrtb j` eìidj` (nèrmhd pbrhtúmh` pbrhkärjh`).  9³ Dmhldg3 C`nm, ldkn`, 2 lbsbs jb hjdjb. Zhmnd t`ssb, sbkrbéë` mdsdg, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd (rbstrhthvd s`m`rd), krbphtdéë`, pdjrë` hmtbrsthkhdg. _mbul`mhd1 >³ Dmhldg3 ldkn`, f`xbr, 44 dm`s, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd, bldirbkhlbmt` pr`irbsshv`, t`ssb, dulbmt` j`s ghme`m`j`s.  Ghme`ld lbjhdstìmhk`1

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8³ Dmhldg3  Gdmd, eãlbd, 4? dm`s jb hjdjb, luk`sd khdmûthkd, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd , sbl dgtbrdéòbs kärjh` pugl`mdrbs md duskugtdéë`, duskugtdéë`, t`ssb, tul`r jb ldld. K`l` jdvd prd duskugtdr fbl d jhspmbhd më` brd VB[ZVHZHUD [@M@VD (pmbul`tûrdx, beusë` b nèrmhd) b shl jb kdusd `fstruthvd, sbmj` bmtë`3 Zul`r pugl`mdr, lbtästdsb, jhdim`sthkdj` m` V^.   4?³ Dmhldg3 Idt`, ldkn`, ; dm`s jb hjdjb, jhspmbhd bxphrdtûrhd, shfhg`s md duskugtdéë`. Dsld ebghmd.

Z`x`pgdsl`sb b _he D pbrht`mhtb hmebkkh`sd ebghmd, ldhs k`mnbkhjd pbgd shigd _HE, è uld j`bméd kdusdjd pbg` k`r`mdvìrus bmtèrhk` ebghm`. È uld j`bméd k`mtdih`sd, idt`s jb t`jds ds hjdjbs p`jbl sb hmebktdr pbg` vìrus jd _HE, lds d ldh`r hmkhjãmkhd `k`rrb m`s dmhldhs k`l lbm`s jb j`hs dm`s. Më` nä  prbjhsp`shéë` sbxudg, `u sbcd, ldkn`s b eãlbds së` dk`lbthj`s hiudglbmtb. Idt`s k`l ` shstbld hlum`gûihk` jbfhghtdj` p`r kdusd jb `utrds j`bméds, k`l` d gbukblhd vhrdg ebghmd (EbGU) b d hlum`jbehkhãmkhd vhrdg ebghmd (EHU) së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s d jbsbmv`gvbr _HE. Bxhstbl juds e`rlds jb _HE, d e`rld beushvd b d më` beushvd,   b së` jbtbrlhmdjds pbg` thp` jb rbsp`std hlum`gûihkd qub kdjd idt` hrä jbsbmv`gvbr. Dgiums idt`s p`jbl jbsbmv`gvbr ds juds e`rlds. @s shmdhs kgìmhk`s jb dlfds ds e`rlds p`jbl gbvdr jb jhds d sbldmds pdrd dpdrbkbr b së` k`mshjbrdj`s më` bspbkìehk`s, sbmj` bgbs3 ebfrb, dm`rbxhd, pbrjd jb pbs`, jhdrrbhd b jbshjrdtdéë`.  Md _HE beushvd (ólhjd) `k`rrb ul pr`kbss` hmegdldtûrh` m`s vds`s b k`msbqubmtblbmtb k`msbqubmtblbmtb ul dkólug` jb gìquhj` md rbihë` j` dfjúlbm b/`u j` tûrdx. @s idt`s k`l bssd e`rld dprbsbmtdl ebfrb më` rbsp`mshvd d`s trdtdlbmt`s k`l dmthfhûthk`s b ul dulbmt` j` v`gulb dfj`lhmdg jbk`rrbmtb j` dkólug` jb gìquhj` mbstd rbihë`. D _HE më` beushvd (sbkd) è kdrdktbrhzdjd pbgd e`rldéë` jb irdmug`lds b mbkr`sb bl jhvbrs`s ûrië`s dfj`lhmdhs, t`räkhk`s, shstbld mbrv`s` kbmtrdg ([MK) b `gn`s. @s shmt`lds `k`rrbl jb dk`rj` k`l ` g`kdg dk`lbthj`, p`rtdmt` p`jbl vdrhdr jbsjb luk`sds dldrbgdjds, qudmj` ` eìidj` è dk`lbthj`, dtè lbsl` kbiubhrd, qudmj` `s irdmug`lds sb jbsbmv`gvbl m`s `gn`s. Z`ssb p`jb `k`rrbr sb ` idthmn` jbsbmv`gvbr pmbul`mhd. Tudmj` ` [MK è dk`lbthj` ` idt` dprbsbmtd dgtbrdéòbs mbur`gûihkds, k`l` jhehkugjdjb jb g`k`l`éë`, trbl`rbs, hmk`mthmãmkhd ebkdg b urhmärhd, lujdméd jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` b dtè lbsl` k`mvugsòbs. Mbstbs kds`s ` pr`imûsthk` è ruhl.

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KDVJH@G@IHD UBZBVHMÄVHD

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VB[RL@ KÄVJH@G@IHD  

K`mshjbrdéòbs K`mshjbrdéò bs Ibrdhs3

- Erbquãmkhd Kdrjìdkd3 - Këbs ‛  Këbs ‛  9? d 4>? fpl, Vdéds pbqubmds3 9?-4>?, Vdéds lèjhds3 9?-45? b Vdéds irdmjbs3 9?-4:?. - Idt`s ‛  Idt`s ‛  46?  46? d 6:? fpl.  

Khkg` kdrjìdk`3

 

[`ms m`rldhs jurdmtb ` khkg` kdrjìdk`3 -[43 Ebkndlbmt` jds vägvugds dtrh`vbmtrhkugdrbs (lhtrdg b trhkósphjb)1 - [63 Ebkndlbmt` jds vägvugds sblhgumdrbs (dûrthkd b pugl`mdr)1 - Bmtrb [4 b [63 _brì`j` jb shgãmkh` (sìst`gb)1 - Bmtrb [6b [43 _brì`j` jb shgãmkh` ldh`r (jhäst`gb).

- _VHLBHVD FRGND ([4)3 Ebkndlbmt` pdsshv` jds vdgvds lhtrdg b trhkósphjb, d` turfhgn`mdlbmt` j` sdmiub pbgds drtèrhds b d k`mtrdéë` jds pdrbjbs vbmtrhkugdrbs. @ [4 è irdvb b pr`g`midj`, sbmj` ldhs dujìvbg m` e`k` lhtrdg ‛  lhtrdg ‛  ‗ZRL“ `u ‗GRFF“.  ‗GRFF“.  - [BIRMJD FRGND ([6)3 [6 è pr`juzhjd pbg` ebkndlbmt` pdsshvd jds vdgvds dûrthkd b pugl`mdr. È ul s`l frbvb, dgt` b mìthj` ‛  mìthj` ‛  ‗ZÄ“ `u ‗JR__“. È lbgn`r `uvhj` m` e`k` dûrthk`.  dûrthk`. 

 

[`ms Kdrjìdk`s Dm`rldhs3

- ZBVKBHVD FRGND ([;)3  Jbvhj` d` räphj` bmknhlbmt` vbmtrhkugdr. @ sdmiub fdtb k`mtrd ` äphkb j` vbmtrìkug` b vhfrd ds pdrbjbs. [; tbl s`l ldhs fdhx` qub [6. È lbgn`r `uvhjd m` e`k` lhtrdg b `k`rrb bl vbmtrìkug`s jhgdtdj`s. - TRDVZD FRGND ([:)3 Jbvhj` ï sìst`gb dtrhdg. [: p`jb sbr `uvhjd m`s e`k`s dûrthk`, pugl`mdr b ïs vbzbs m` e`k` lhtrdg. Dprbsbmtd-sb m`s kds`s jb jhgdtdéë` jhg dtdéë` dtrhdg jbvhj` ï nhpbrtr`ehd vbmtrhkugdr.

 

Vhtl` jb idg`pb3 Jbvhj` ï prbsbméd jb [; b/`u [:. Jb fdhxd erbq÷ãmkhd b jheìkhg duskugtdéë`. _`jb sbr shmdg hmhkhdg jb HKK. 

2;

 

 

Bxdlb ` Kdrjh`vdskugdr 4.  Vbsbmnd3 Hjdjb3 kdrjh`pdthds k`miãmhtds `u djquhrhjds. [bx`3 Ldkn`s. Jbibmbrdéë` lhx`ldt`sd jb vägvugd lhtrdg b Lh`kdrjh`pdthd jhgdtdjd (Vdéd). @rhibl3 bmjãlhkd pdrd jhr`ehgdrh`sb.   

b äiud0 Dthvhjdjb0 Kdmsdé` eäkhg0 Z`ssb0 6. Dmdlmbsb3 Vbsphrdéë` `ebidmtb,Dghlbmtdéë` jheìkhg0 Näfht`s urhmärh`s0 Uúlht`0 Jhdrrèhd0 Jbsldh` `u Tudmj`0 erdqubzd0Jbskrbvbr0 K`g`rdéë` luk`sds ‛  rbp`us`  rbp`us` b bxbrkìkh`0 Lbjhkdlbmt`s0 

;.  Bxdlb eìshk`3 - Hmspbéë`3 Dthtujb, p`sturd, mìvbg jb dmshbjdjb, Zhp` jb rbsphrdéë`, Kn`qub prbk`rjhdg, Dkólug` jb gìquhj`s, Bjbld jb sufkutæmb`, Bldkhdéë`, @fbshjdjb1 - _dgpdéë`1 - _brkussë`1 - Duskugtdéë`1 :. 

Bxdlb Eìshk`3 _`sturd b Dthtujb3 Dpdthd b jbshmtbrbssdj` `u dgbrtd b frhmkdgnë`0 Kdmsdé` dpûs

bxbrkìkh`0 

2.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 Vbsphrdéë` - Jhspmèhd3 dmsh`s`s, tdquhpmèhk`s, mdrhmds jhgdtdjds, - ↔ EV m` rbp`us` < pr`fgbld  pr`fgbld  - Edsb3 hmsphrdtûrhd `u bxphrd bxphrdtûrhd tûrhd - _`shéë` `rt`pmèhkd3 Idt`s3 jbkófht` bstbrmdg b f`kd dfbrtd. 5.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 Dkólug` jb gìquhj` - HKKJ3 jbmtr` jds kdvhjdjbs k`rpûrbds k`rpûrbds b sufkutæmb` jb ärbds pbmjbmtbs1  - _dgpdéë` dfj`lb1  - _brkussë` tûrdx.  9.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 Luk`sds b Z_K - _äghjds, K`mibstds, Khdmûthkds `u Hktèrhkds. >.  _dgpdéë`3 Erdturds, Krbphtdéòbs/ bmehsbld, Ldssds, Bjbld sufkutæmb`, Kn`qub prbk`rjhdg b Erãlht`.  8.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 Cuiugdrbs - Jhstbmsë`, _ugs` cuiugdr3 hmsuehkhãmkhd jb trhkósphjb trh kósphjb `u HKKJ.  4?.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 _ugs` drtbrhdg (d. ebl`rdg) - Hmtbmshjdjb b erbquãmkhd j` pugs`, Jèehkht jb pugs`3 drrhtlhds kdrjìdkds.  - Idt`s3 jheìkhg pdgpdéë`, - _ugs` erdk`3 lh`kdrjh`pdthd jhgdtdjd, bstbm`sb sufdûrthkd, bstbm`sb pugl`mdr, kn`qub.

2:

 

 

- _ugs` e`rtb3  lh`kdrjh`pdthd nhpbrtrûehkd (idt`s), pbrshstãmkhd kdmdg drtbrhdg, rbiurihtdéë` dûrthkd irdvb.   44.  Bxdlb Eìshk`3 _rbkûrjh` - [ìst`gb3 äphkb bsqubrj` - Jbsvh`3 kdrjh`lbidghd b ldssds hmtrdt`räkhkds1 - Erdk`3 beusë` pbrhkärjhkd, pgburdg `u pmbul`tûrdx1 - E`rtb3 s`pr` kdrjìdk` jb dgtd hmtbmshjdjb hmtbmshjdjb ‛   ‛  erãlht`  erãlht` prbk`rjhdg. 

46.  _brkussë`3 - [bqubmkhdg, Ldkhé`s, [ufldkhé`s, Kgdr`s, Jbtbrlhmdéë` jb ldssds `u eguhj`s m` tûrdx [`l kgdr`s s`frb `s puglòbs b [`l ldkhé` s`frb bstruturds sûghjds.  4;.  Duskugtdéë`3 [bqubmkhdg-Dvdghdéë` jb s`ms kdrjìdk`s b rbsphrdtûrh`s.Lèt`j` ldhs hlp`rtdmtb dlfhbmtb trdmquhg`/ dmhldg bl bstdéë`1 @fcbthv`s3 Jbtbrlhmdr _LH kdrjìdkd, Dvdghdr EK, ` rhtl`, ds  fugnds b `s e`k`s kdrjìdk`s. E`k`s jb duskugtdéë`3 - Z`j` ` k`rdéë` jbvb sbr duskugtdj`, @ _DL-: e`k`s trdjhkh`mdhs (vägvugds), G`kdghzdj`s p`r pdgpdéë` sbiuhjd jb duskugtdéë`.    _3 e`k` pugl`mdr (krdmhdg 4 BHK) b vbmtrdg d` e`k` e `k` dûrthk`1   D3 e`k` dûrthk` (krdmhdg 4 d 6 BHK) b j`rsdg d` e`k` lhtrdg1   L3 e`k` lhtrdg (kn`qub jb p`mtd)1    Z3 e`k` trhkósphjb (`mjb sb `uvb lbgn`r ` k`rdéë` j` gdj` jhrbht`). 

[`pr`s Kdrjìdk`s [ë` s`ms `rhumj`s jb vhfrdéòbs duskugtdjds jurdmtb ul pbrì`j` bl qub jbvbrhd ndvbr shgãmkh` m` khkg` kdrjìdk` (bmtrb [4 b [6 `u bmtrb [6 b [4). Hmjhkdl d bxhstãmkhd jb turfugãmkhd m` egux` sdmiuìmb` m` hmtbrh`r j` k`rdéë` `u irdmjbs vds`s.  

Kgdsshehkdéë` j`s s`pr`s3

- Tudmt` d` Zblp` Jb @k`rrãmkhd1 - Tudmt` ï Dujhfhghjdjb (Irdu)1 - Tudmt` d` _`mt` Jb Läxhld Hmtbmshjdjb (_lh)1 - Tudmt` ï Hrrdjhdéë`1

ZBL_@ JB @K@VVÃMKHD3 4.  [hstûghk`s3 `k`rrbl bmtrb [4 b [61 _`jbl sbr3 - Jb rbiurihtdéë`3 dujhfhghjdjb më` lujd jurdmtb d sìst`gb (pgdtbdu) b tbmjb d jurdr dgèl jb [6. Kdusds3 Hmsuehkhãmkhd jb lhtrdg, hmsuehkhãmkhd jb trhkósphjb b jbebht` j` sbpt` vbmtrhkugdr. - Jb bcbéë`3 dujhfhghjdjb dulbmtd m` lbh` jd sìst`gb b jhlhmuh prûxhl` ï jhäst`gb (krbskbmj`jbkrbskbmj`). [blprb tbrlhmd dmtbs jb [6. Kdusds3 Bstbm`sb jb vägvugd pugl`mdr b bstbm`sb jb vägvugd dûrthkd.

22

 

 

6.  ;. 

Jhdstûghk`s3 `k`rrbl bmtrb [6 b [4 K`mtìmu`s3 `k`rrbl jurdmtb t`j` ` khkg` kdrjìdk`, sbmj` lbgn`r duskugtdj`s md edsb k`rrbsp`mjbmtb ï [6. K`lumhkdéë` bmtrb drtèrhd b vbhd. [`pr` k`mtìmu` md fdsb j` k`rdéë` n`rds. Vbhmhkhdr k`l 2? % jd

j`sb hmhkhdg. Knbkdr mìvbhs jb A+. - Bl kds` jb Drrhtlhds vbmtrhkugdrbs3 GHJ@KDÌMD - Drrhtlhds suprdvbmtrhkugdrbs suprdvbmtrhkugdrbs33 _V@_VDM@G@G

5;

 

 

- Frdjhdrrhtlhds3 DZV@_HMD  

KDZBK@GDLHMD[3 (J`futdlhmd b J`pdlhmd) Dibmtbs hm`trûphk`s pdrd d hmsuehkhãmkhd kdrjìdkd diujd. diujd. Lbhd-vhjd3 4 - 6 lhm. Hmdpr`prhdj` vhd

`rdg. - J`pdlhmd3 _rbkurs`r jd m`rdjrbmdghmd. Bebht` hm`trûphk`  k`l dulbmt` j` JK. J@[B3  4,? - 4? ²i /ai/lhm

- J`futdlhmd (J`futrbx®)3 Kdtbk`gdlhmd shmtèthkd. Bebht` hm`trûphk` p`shthv` k`l dulbmt` j` JK. Lbm`s drrhtl`iãmhkd. Dulbmt` jb s`frbvhjd. J`sbs3 KËB[3 2,? - 6? ²i / ai / lhm (HMER[Ë@) b IDZ@[3 IDZ@[3 4?,? ²i / ai / lhm (HMER[Ë@).  

_HL@FBMJDM3 Hm`trûphk` + vbm` b drtbrh`jhgdtdj`r. Vbjuz k`msul` jb @6 pbg` lh`kärjh`. _r`g`mid k`mtrdéë` k`l lbm`r idst` jb bmbrihd. F`l bebht` hm`trûphk`  (f`d rbsp`std kgìmhkd). Lbjhkdéë` hlp`rtdjd (Bur`pd, Kdmdjä b Lèxhk`). Kust` dpr`xhldj` (dgt`) - 4?? kdps. 6,2li  + `u `u ‛   ‛   442 R$ + sbjbx. J`sb3 KË@3 ?,6 d ?,2 li/ai /[HJ d FHJ/U@ M`lb k`lbrkhdg3 UBZLBJHM

Jbrhvdj`s Jds ^dmthmds (Dlhm`ehghmd b Zb`ehghmd) Dibmtb fr`mk`jhgdtdj`r, kdrjh`túmhk` erdk` b jhurèthk`1 Hmjhkdj` m` bjbld pugl`mdr, HKKB, fr`mquhtb dsläthkd b bmehsbld pugl`mdr BL NRLDM@[.

J`sbs3 KË@3 5 -44 li/ai , ZHJ , HU / HL / U@ b IDZ@3 : li/ai, FHJ , HU / HL / U@ M`lbs k`lbrkhdhs3 DLHM@EHGHMD, ZDG@EHGHMD

Hm`trûphk`s Mbidthv`s - ζ-fg`qubdj`rbs3 Bspbkìehk`s (ζ4) b më` bspbkìehk`s (ζ4b ζ6)-_V@_VDM@G@G, ζ6) -_V@_VDM@G@G, DZBM@G@G - Fg`qubdj`rbs jb kdmdhs jb kägkh`3 JHGZHDSBL, DLG@JH_HMD.

 

ζ-Fg`qubdj`rbs3 Déë` hm`trûphkd mbidthvd, dmthdrrìtlhkd (dtrhdhs b vbmtrhkugdrbs), ↛k`msul` jb

@6 pbg` lh`kärjh`. Hmjhkdéòbs3   Kdrjh`lh`pdthd Nhpbrtrûehkd Ebghmd, J`bméds k`miãmhtds `fstruthvds (bstbm`sbs...), Nhpbrtbmsë` drtbrhdg, Lbgn`rdl dthvhjdjb eìshkd, euméë` lh`kärjhkd b d s`frbvhjd bl nuldm`s k`l hmsuehkhãmkhd kdrjìdkd. - KDVUBJHG@G (déë` δ b ζ)1 ζ)1 - _V@_VDM@G@G3 Këbs3 ?,6-4,? li/ai/ZHJ/U@ b Idt`s3 6,2 li/idt`/ZHJ/ U@1

5:

 

 

- DZBM@G@G 2-5 li/idt`/ZHJ/ U@1

 

Fg`qubdj`rbs jb kdmdhs jb kägkh`3 Fg`qubhdl bmtrdjd jb kägkh` m`s kdmdhs gbmt`s. Déë` hm`trûphkd mbidthvd, dmthdrrìtlhkd (ehfrhgdéë` dtrhdg), ↛k`msul` jb @6 pbg` lh`kärjh`. Jhlhmubl d k`mjuéë` DU. Hmjhkdj`s md KLN p`hs lbgn`rdl ` rbgdxdlbmt` vbmtrhkugdr, rbjuzbl d k`mtrdthfhghjdjb lh`kärjhkd b rbjuzbl d erbquãmkhd kdrjìdkd bl ebghm`s. - JHGZHDSBL (Kë` ?,2 d 4,2li/ai1 Idt` 5 d 9 li/idt`). Ehfrhgdéë` dtrhdg md KLJ1 - DLG@JH_HMD (Kë` ?,?2 d ?,4 li/ai1 Idt` ?,562/idt`). Nhpbrtbmsë` - dtudl m` lóskug` ghs` vdskugdr hmtbrebrhmj` m` pr`kbss` jb k`mtrdéë` (qub è kägkh` jbpbmjbmtb)1

K`mkgusòbs Zbrdphd jd HK vhsd3 Jhlhmuhr ` v`gulb khrkugdmtb, K`rrhihr d vds`k`mstrhéë`, K`rrhihr ` jèehkht jb k`mtrdthghjdjb (sb n`uvbr), K`rrhihr k`lpghkdéòbs, Dulbmtdr s`frbvhvãmkhd. Hmhfhj`rbs jd BKD 3 k`lpr`vdjdlbmtb dulbmtd d s`frbvhjd. D ldh`rhd j`s pdkhbmtbs rbkbfb `s 2 J‘s (kuhjdj` k`l d jhi`xhmd). jhi`xhmd).

_DZ@G@IHD[ J@ [H[ZBLD KDVJH@UD[KRGDV

Kdrjh`lh`pdthd Jhgdtdjd j` Kë` È uld jhseuméë` lh`kärjhkd kdrdktbrhzdjd p`r k`mtrdthghjdjb rbjuzhjd (jhseuméë` shstûghkd). @ luskug` vdh ehkdr ehmhmn` b vdh pbrjbmj` e`réd jb k`mtrdéë`.  

Hmkhjãmkhd3 Vdéds jb p`rtb irdmjb3 F`xbr, j`fbrldm, j`iub dgblë` ... Lds tbl uld bxkbéë` qub ` K`kabr qub è ul kë` jb p`rtb lèjh`. È uld j`bméd jb kë` djugt`, b qudmj` ` dmhldg tbl bmtrb : d 5 dm`s è qub d j`bméd k`lbéd d sb ldmhebstdr. @k`rrb ldhs bl ldkn`s qub eãlbds. @ k`rdéë` vdh sb t`rmdr ig`f`s`, pbrjbmj` sud e`rld kúmhkd.  

Bth`g`ihd3 _`jb sbr3

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- _rhlärhd `u hjh`päthkd (ldh`rhd)1 - [bkumjärhd d dgiulds j`bméds shstãlhkds, tdhs k`l`3 Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` (↛ ` lbtdf`ghsl` b ` eumkh`mdlbmt` j` luskug` kd kdrjìdk` rjìdk` tdlfèl b vdh dtr`ehdmj`)1 J`x`rrufhkhmd (d (dmthmb`pgäshk` mthmb`pgäshk` k`l bebht` kdrjh`tûxhk` luht` dgt`, bgd jbstrûh `s lhûkht`s, b t`j` dmhldg qub vdh rbkbfbr bssb lbjhkdlbmt` jbvb pdssdr p`r p`r dvdghdéë` kdrjìdk kdrjìdkd)1 d)1 Jbe. kdrmhthmd m` J`fbrldm b Jbe. kdrmhthmd b tdurhmd m` K`k K`kabr abr [p Dlbrhkdm` (bssbs dlhm`äkhj`s së` bssbmkhdhs pdrd ` eumkh`mdlbmt` kdrjìdk`, bssd jbehkhãmkhd jbssbs dlhm`äkhj`s dlhm`äkhj`s è ldhs nbrbjhtä nbrbjhtärhd) rhd) 1 Tudgqubr mb`pgdshd kd kdrjìdkd1 rjìdkd1 Lh`kdrjhtb trduläthkd (luht` rdr`)1 Gbsë` kbrbfrdg kbrbfrdg (dthvdéë` shlpäthkd bxk bxkbsshvd)1 bsshvd)1 Hsqublhd j` lh`k lh`kärjh`1 ärjh`1 B j`bméds hm hmebkkh`sd ebkkh`sd (d qub ldhs `k`rrb b d j`bméd jb Kndids).  Md jbehkhãmkhd j`s dlhm`äkhj`s, `k`rrb ul jbebht` j` lbtdf`ghsl` jbstbs dd. D kdrmhthmd bl shtudéòbs m`rldhs bmk`mtrd-sb bmk`mtrd-sb prbsbmtb bl ↔ k`mkbmtrdéòbs m` lh`kärjh` b md luskugdturd bsqubgèthkd b tbl euméë` jb rbthrdr sufstdmkhds t`xhkds j` luskug` kdrjìdk` dihmj` d mìvbg jb lht`kúmjrhd b d Zdurhmd ibrd bmbrihd pdrd ` lh`kärjh`.  

Ehsh`pdt`g`ihd3 @ k`rdéë` bstä jhgdtdj` b pbrjb d e`réd jb k`mtrdéë` ` qub jhlhmuh ` jbfht` kdrjìdk` b hss` gbvd d dthvdéë` j`s lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s. @ 4³ lbkdmhsl`s d sbr dthvdj` è ` [M shlpäthk`, ` 6³ ` shstbld rbmhmd dmih`tbmshmd dgj`stbr`md b ` ;³ `k`rrb ` rbl`jbgdlbmt` j` luskug`  pdrd nhpbrtr`ehd `u jhgdtdéë`, qub è ` kds`. @s lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s jb uld ldmbhrd ibrdg vdh edzbr k`l qub `k`rrd ` ↔ jd EK, vdk`mstrhéë` b rbtbméë` jb ggìquhj`s. ìquhj`s.   [b ` dmhldg thvbr luhtd vds`k`mstrhéë` bgb vdh k`lbédr d dprbsbmtdr shmdhs jb fdhx` jbfht` (shmk`pb, luk`sds päghjds `u khdmûthkds). [b k`lbédr d rbtbr luht` ghquhj` ` dmhldg vdh tbr shmdhs jb k`mibstë`3 bjbld pugl`mdr sb ` pr`fgbld e`r j` gdj` bsqubrj` b dskhtb, nbpdt`/bspgbm`lbidghd nbpdt`/bspgbm`lbidghd sb e`r j` gdj` jhrbht`.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Erdqubzd, sìmk`pb, hmt`gbræmkhd d` bxbrkìkh`, t`ssb b jhspmèhd (sb thvbr Bjbld  p. b ` dulbmt` jb DB bgbvd ` fr`mquh` prhmkhpdg bsqubrj` b ` dmhldg t`ssb tfl), luk`sds päghjds,  pbrjd jb pbs` (ghfbrdéë` jb ZME pbg` lh`kärjh`), dm`rbxhd, drrhtlhd (rhtl` jb idg`pb  ‛   [;, tdquhkdrjhd), shmdhs jb HKB3 bjbld pugl`mdr, shmdhs jb HKJ3 dskhtb, pugs` cuiugdr, beusë` pgburdg, s`pr` shstûghk` jb rbiurihtdéë` p`rqub d vägvugd DU më` ebknd t`tdglbmtb b tbl ` rbt`rm` j` sdmiub md edsb jd k`mtrdéë` vbmtrhkugdr.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Rs` jb V^ md p`shéë` gdtbrdg `u UJ3 vã ` k`rdéë` drrbmj`mjdj`/ig`f`s`1 bjbld pugl`mdr sb cä thvbr HKKB b nbpdt`lbidghd b dskhtb sb cä thvbr HKKJ1 - BKI3 sb ` dmhldg cä thvbr th vbr drrhtlhd b sbrvb pdrd dvdghdr ` irdu jbstd drrhtlhd. - _dt`g`ihd kgìmhkd3 dz`tblhd prè-rbmdg prè-rbmdg pbgd ↛ j` JK, vdh tbr ↔ DGZ b ED pbgd k`mibstë` nbpäthkd pbgd HKKJ1 - Bk`kdrih`irdld3 sb vã jhgdtdéë` jds kældrds, rbjuéë` k`mtrdthghjdjb, nhpbrtr`ehd bxkãmtrhkd, rbiurihtdéë` rbiurihtdéë` shstûghkd jb lhtrdg b trhkósphjb kds` cä ` pr`fgbld bstbcd m` gdj` jhrbht` tfl.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 R[@ J@[ 2 J‘s + dmthdrrìtlhk`s, kds` e`r mbkbssärh`. _drd edzbr `s kägkug`s j`s lbjhkdlbmt`s pdrd ul pdkhbmtb k`l dskhtb k`mshjbrävbg, `u dskhtb krúmhkd (HKK), tbl qub jbsk`mtdr bssd dskhtb j` pbs` qub è kbrkd jb ;?% j` pbs` t`tdg j` dmhldg, prhmkhpdglbmtb d` usdr d jhi`xhmd.  

JHIHZÄGHK@[3 Hm`trûphk` + pdrd dulbmtdr d k`mtrdthghjdjb p`rqub d kældrd td jhgdtdjd3

55

 

 

- Jhi`xhmd (?,??2-?,?4 li/Ai U@ [HJ/FHJ) - _hl`fbmjdm (?,6-?,2 li/Ai U@ FHJ)1   JHRVÈZHK@3  pdrd ↛ v`gulb sdmiuìmb` b k`mibstë`3 - Eur`sblhjd (4-6 li/Ai U@ [HJ/FHJ/ZHJ)1 - Bsphr`m`gdkt`md (6-: li/Ai U@ ZHJ) qub è ul p`updj`r jb p`tässh`. Rsd d eur`sblhjd dss`khdjd d bsphr` m` kds` bl qub ` dmhldg bstbcd pbrjbmj` luht` p`tässh`, lds mumkd thrd d eur`sblhjd.   JHGDZDJ@V (Hmhfhj`r jd BKD pdrd ↛ v`gulb sdmiuìmb` b hlpbjb vds`k`mstrhéë`)3 - Bmdgdprhg (?,62-?,2 li/Ai U@ [HJ/FHJ) `u - Fbmdzbprhg (?,2 li/Ai U@ [HJ)1  

JHBZD3 qub tbmnd rbstrhéë` jb Md pdrd ↛ v`gulb sdmiuìmb`3 sdmiuìmb`3   - Ghmnd tbrdpãuthkd kdrjìdkd `u ibrhätrhkd1 - V`ydg Kdmhm Bdrgy Kdrjhdk Kdmhmb (sbkd) `u - Nhgg‘s _rbskrhpth`m Jhbt n/j Kdmhmb (sbkd)1  (sbkd)1  - B kds` e`r J`fbrldm supgblbmtd d dghlbmtdéë` k`l G-kdrmhthmd (2?-4?? li/Ai, U@ ZHJ) b sb e`r K`kabr supgblbmtd k`l G-kdrmhthmd + tdurhmd (?,2-6 i/kë` U@ FHJ).  

JB[KDM[@/VB[ZVHÉË@ JB[KDM[@/VB[ZVH ÉË@ B^BVKÌKH@[1

 

DMZHDVVÌZLHK@[3 jbpbmjb jd edsb bl qub ` dmhldg bstä, ds vbzbs më` prbkhsd usdr.

- Fbtd fg`qubdj`r (pr`pdm`g`g, dtbm`g`g)1 - Fg`qubdj`r kdmdhs jb Kd (jhgthdzbl)1  

_r`imûsthk`3 D ldh`rhd j`s dmhldhs më` s`frbvhvb ldhs qub ; lbsbs dpûs jhdimûsthk`1 62 d ;2% vhvbl ldhs jb 5 lbsbs b Vdrdlbmtb ugtrdpdssdl 6 dm`s.

Lh`kdrjh`pdthd Nhpbrtrûehkd j` Kë` D lh`kdrjh`pdthd nhpbrtrûehkd è ldhs k`lul bl idt`s. Mbssd j`bméd `k`rrb uld nhpbrtr`ehd k`mkãmtrhkd b d kældrd ehkd k`l bspdé` lbm`r, b bgd më` bmknb md jhäst`gb b më` k`msbiub rbkbfbr t`j` ` sdmiub qub bstd knbidmj`. Bmtë`, p`r jbehmhéë`, è uld jhseuméë` lh`kärjhkd rdrd qub  pr`p`rkh`md rhihjbz jds pdrbjbs vbmtrhkugdrbs dkdrrbtdmj` jhseuméë` jhdstûghkd pbgd ↛ jd jhstbmshfhghjdjb. [b më` k`msbiub rbkbfbr t`j` ` sdmiub qub bstä knbidmj`, bstb sdmiub bstä ehkdmj` rbthj` bl ul guidr dmtbrh`r. D nhpbrtr`ehd kdrjìdkd `k`rrb prhlbhr` m` gdj` bsqubrj` (dghäs, qudsb sblprb `s  pr`fgblds k`lbédl m` gdj` bsqubrj`), bmtë` tbl shmdhs jb HK bsqubrjd, shmdhs jb bjbld pugl`mdr, vdh tbr bphsûjh`s jb shmk`pb shmk`pb pbg` ↛ j` jbfht` kdrjìdk kdrjìdk`. `. Udh tbr fg`qubh` dtrh`vbmtrhku dtrh`vbmtrhkugdr gdr irdu HHH b tdquhkdrjhd jbvhj` d ↛ JK.  JK.    

Bth`g`ihd3 jbsk`mnbkhjd.

59

 

   

Hmkhjãmkhd3 I`gjbm rbtrhbvbr b _dst`r Dgblë` së` `s ldhs dk`lbthj`s. @k`rrb ldhs bl ldkn`s.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - _dt`g`ihd kgìmhkd3 dz`tblhd prè-rbmdg prè-rbmdg (↛ JK)1 JK)1 - Bk`kdrjh`irdld3 bspbssdlbmt` bspbssdlbmt` j` lh`rkärhjh` j` j ` gdj` bsqubrj` j` k`rdéë`1 Tudmj` k`mehrld bstd j`bméd, jbvb-sb gblfrdr jb uld j`bméd k`miãmhtd qub è d bstbm`sb sufdûrthkd, qub p`jb gbvdr d nhpbrtr`ehd j` lh`kärjh` jbvhj` d mbkbsshjdjb j` dulbmt` jd e`réd pdrd bcbtdr ` sdmiub j` vbmtrìkug`, cä qub d pdssdibl bstä bstrbhtd, b kghmhkdlbmtb sb tbl s`pr` shstûghk` jb bcbéë`. Mbstb kds` ` dmhldg mdskb k`l d bstbm`sb b p`jb vhvbr sbl shmdhs jb HKK, dpbmds dprbsbmtdmj` ` s`pr`, b qudmj` djugt` k`lbéd d dprbsbmtdr `s shmdhs.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Më` usd, jb e`rld dgiuld, hm`trûphk` p`shthv`!

 

JB[KDM[@, p`hs bstbs pdkhbmtbs p`jbl l`rrbr bl uld dthvhjdjb eìshkd1   JHBZD nhp`ssûjhkd1   DMZHDVVÌZLHK@[3 lbgn`rdr rbgdxdlbmt` j` lh`kärjh`, lbgn`rdr bmknhlbmt` vbmtrhkugdr, jhlhmuhr k`msul` jb @6 pbg` k`rdéë`3 - Fbtd fg`qubdj` fg`qubdj`rr (pr`pdm`g`g, dtbm`g`g) `u fg`qubd fg`qubdj`r j`r kdmdhs jb Kd (jhgthdzbl)1   UD[@JHGDZDJ@V B RL JHRVÈZHK@3 sb   D k`rrbéë` jd bstbm`sb è khrórihkd1 

thvbr shmdhs jb HKK usd ul1 

Lh`kdrjh`pdthd Jhgdtdjd j` Idt`  Më` dk`mtbkb luht`. Dk`mtbkhd ldhs dmtbs jb 48>9 p`hs dmtbs jbstd èp`kd ds rdéòbs më` brdl ehskdghzdjds b më` thmndl d qudmthjdjb bxdtd jb tdurhmd, qub è bssbmkhdg pdrd ` lbtdf`ghsl` j`s lhûkht`s. B d pdrthr jbssd jdtd, k`l d ehskdghzdéë` d tdurhmd e`h djbqudjd b `s idt`s qub brdl dghlbmtdj`s k`l rdéë` më` thmnd bssb pr`fgbld.  

Bth`g`ihd/Ehsh`pdt`ibmhd3 - Jbehkhãmkhd jb tdurhmd md jhbtd, p`hs d tdurhmd hmtbrebrb md bmtrdjd b sdìjd jb Kd m`s lhûkht`s b sbl bgd më` tbl ibrdéë` jb bmbrihd b vdh tbr jhstórfh`s jb k`mtrdthghjdjb1 - Hjh`päthkd1 Dk`mtbkb jd lbsld e`rld qub md kdrjh`lh`pdthd kdrjh`lh`pdthd jhgdtdjd j` kë`, ` qub lujd è d bth`g`ihd. Udh tbr prdthkdlbmtb `s lbsl`s shmdhs, k`l ` s`pr` shstûghk` jb rbiurihtdéë`, bjbld pugl`mdr, beusë`  pgburdg (HKKJ m`s idt`s `k`rrb ldhs beusë`, m`s këbs `k`rrb ldhs dskhtb), pugs` vbhd cuiugdr, dskhtb, shmdhs jb tr`lf`blf`ghsl` jbmtr` jd kældrd kdrjìdkd p`rqub ` sdmiub ehkd rbthj` b qudmj` bgbs k`msbiubl sdhr j` k`rdéë` bgbs pdrdl m`s kdphgdrbs pbqubm`s, k`stuld pdrdr m`s lblfr`s pègvhk`s (lblfr` k`l bxtrblhjdjb päghjd, erhd, j`r b pdrdghshd umhgdtbrdg, b ph`rd dtè ` dmhldg tbr t br uld idmirbmd sbkd) ... K`l d ↛ jd k`mtrdthghjdjb kdrjìdkd tbl ↛ j` JK b `k` `k`rrb rrb d dthvdéë` j`s lbkdmhsl`s lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s.  M` idt` tbl tr`lf`blf`ghsl` b sb thvbr HKKJ tbl beusë` pgburdg, b m` kë` më` tbl tr`lf`blf`ghsl` b tbl dskhtb md HKKJ.  

Hmkhjãmkhd3 - Idt`s c`vbms b jb lbhd hjdjb b më` nä prbjhgbéë`.

5>

 

   

Jhdimûsthk`3 -V^3 sb vã kdrjh`lbidghd, bjbld pugl`mdr, beusë` pgburdg (HKKJ) - Bk`kdrjh`irdld3 jhgdtdéë` jds kdldrds b rbjuéë` jd k`mtrdthghjdjb1 - J`sdr tdurhmd3 m` pgdsld ` m`rldg è tbr 6? ml`g/lg `u ≪ 4?? ml`g/lg (si t`tdg)

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3   JHIHZÄGHK@[3 Hm`trûphk` + pdrd dulbmtdr d k`mtrdthghjdjb 3 - Jhi`xhmd3 · k`lpr. ?,462li d kj :> ns   JHGDZDJ@V (Hmhfhj`r jd BKD pdrd ↛ v`gulb sdmiuìmb` b hlpbjb vds`k`mstrhéë`)3 - Bmdgdprhg ?,62 d ?,2li/Ai d kj 6:-96 ns  

JHRVÈZHK@ pdrd JHRVÈZHK@  pdrd ↛ v`gulb sdmiuìmb` sdmiuìmb` b kk`mibstë`3 `mibstë`3  

- Eur`sblhjd3 4 d 6 li/Ai, U@, FHJ    

JHBZD3 - Zdurhmd3 62?li, U@, ZHJ - Jhbtd nhp`sûjhkd. JB[KDM[@.

Lh`kdrjh`pdthd Nhpbrtrûehkd j` Idt` D ldhs k`lul j`bméd j`bméd kdrjh`v kdrjh`vdskugdr dskugdr bl iidt`s dt`s è d lh`kdrjh`pdthd nhpbrtrûehkd. nhpbrtrûehkd. È uld jhseuméë` jhdstûghkd, p`rqub tbl uld nhpbrtr`ehd k`mkãmtrhkd j` UB b jhgdtdéë` DB, `u sbcd, pbrjbu bspdé` md kældrd kdrjìdkd, d lbsld k`hsd k`l` m` kë`.  

Hmkhjãmkhd3 @k`rrb ldhs bl djugt`s c`vbms b ldhs bl ldkn`s j` qub bl eãlbds. - Vdéds3 Ldhmb K``m, Vdi J`gg b _brsd (rdéd jb irdmjb p`rtb).  

Bth`g`ihd3 - prhldrhd3 ibmèthkd, j`bméd nbrbjhtä nbrbjhtärhd, rhd, hjh`päthkd. - [bkumjärhd3 Nhpbrthrbh`jhsl` (bxkbss` jb Z: b hss` dulbmtd ` lbtdf`ghsl`, b ` k`rdéë` tbl qub dulbmtdr ` JK b gbvd d nhpbrtr`ehd)1 Dkr`lbidghd3 bxkbss` jb n`rlúmh` jb krbskhlbmt`, b debtd idt`s c`vbms. c `vbms.

 

Ehsh`pdt`ibmhd3 tbl jhehkugjdjb md jhäst`gb, p`hs më` tbl bspdé` m` vbmtrìkug` pdrd dfdrkdr ` sdmiub qub td knbidmj` b ` sdmiub ehkd `u rbt`rmd m` ätrh` bsqubrj`, b jdh tbl ↛ j` JK b dthvdéë` j`s lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s. k`lpbmsdtûrh`s. Zbl tdlfèl ee`rldéë` `rldéë` jb tr`lf`s m` k`rdéë`. [b ph`rdr k`lbéd d edzbr j` gdj` jhrbht` (tuj` k`lbéd m` bsqubrj` b sb dirdvdr vdh pdrd ` jhrbht` tfl). @s shmdhs së` dqubgbs dprbsbmtdj`s md Hmsuehkhãmkhd kdrjìdkd, drrhtlhds bl rhtl` jb idg`pb (vdh tbr [: p`rqub dulbmtd ` dtrh`), pdrbshd b pdrdghshd j`s lblfr`s p`stbrh`rbs.  

Jhdimûsthk`3  - V^3 Uã ` k`rdéë` jb [ë` Udgbmthm` (ätrh` bsqubrj` dulbmtdj`), bjbld  pugl`mdr (HKKB), beusë` beusë` pgburdg (HKKJ)1 - Bk`kdrih`irdld3 nhpbrtr`ehd j` UB, rbjuéë` k`mtrdthghjdjb, jhgdtdéë` j` DB1 - Jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg pdrd bstd j`bméd è d bstbm`sb sufdûrthkd sufdûrthkd..

58

 

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Zrdtdlbmt`3 Më` p`jb usdr jhihtäghk`s/hm`trûphk`s + jb e`rld dgiuld. Zbl qub jhlhmuhr EK, lbgn`rdr rbgdxdlbmt` vbmtrhkugdr, jhlhmuhr k`msul` jb @6 pbg` k`rdéë`3  

HM@ZVÛ_HK@ MBIDZHU@3 Fbtd fg`qubdj`rbs b Fg`qubdj`rbs kdmdhs jb Kd, sbmj` bstbs dfdhx` rbspbkthvdlbmtb3 rbspbkthvdlbmtb3 - Dtbm`g`g3 2-5 li/idt` U@ Z ZHJ HJ - Jhgthdzbl3 5-9 li/idt` U@ ZHJ `u Dlg`jhphmd3 ?,2-4 li/Ai U@ [HJ/FHJ  

DMZHZV@LFÛZHK@3 luht`[b tr`lf`, bvhtdr hss`pdrbshd usd3 Ydredrhmd `u usd Äk. dkbthgsdghkìghk` (>? li/idt` U@idt`s d kjedzbl 96 n`rds). ` idt`bcäpdrd knbidr k`l jb lblfr`, Nbpdrhmd pdrd jbsedzbr ` tr`lf`.   JHBZD1   JB[KDM[@1

Lh`kdrjh`pdthd Vbstrhthvd j`s Idt`s _drbkb luht` k`l d nhpbrtrûehkd. @k`rrb uld ehfr`sb jbmtr` j` lh`kärjh` (vb m` bk`kdrjh`irdld). Udh tbr ul dulbmt` jb kældrd dtrhdg cumt` k`l ul dulbmt` gbvb j` UB. _`r k`msbquãmkhd sb tbl fdhxd j` JK b dthvdéë` lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s. Zbl bth`g`ihd jbsk`mnbkhjd k`msbquãmkhd b `k`rrb ldhs bl idt`s hj`s`s. È fbl jheìkhg jhzbr sb è ul hmhkh` jb uld nhpbrtrûehkd `u sb è uld rbstrhthvd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - V^3 [b vb ↔ jb UB b jb DB (K`rdéë` jb [ë` Udgbmthm), bjbld pugl`mdr (sb thvbr HKKB) b beusë` pgburdg (HKKJ)1 - Bk`kdrih`ird Bk`kdrih`irdld3 ld3 [b vb nhpbrtr`ehd j` UB, rbjuéë` jd k`mtrdthghjdjb b ↔ jb DB. DB.    

Zrdtdlbmt`3 `s 2J‘s p`rqub më` tbl tdmtd nhpbrtr`ehd, p`jb usdr `s jhihtäghk`s.  jhihtäghk`s. 

Bmj`kdrjh`sb È d j`bméd ldhs k`lul jb vägvugd. D pdrthr jb uld jbtbrlhmdjd hjdjb d vägvugd k`lbéd d jbibmbrdr, d ehfr`sdr, d e`rldr mûjug`s, ehkdr bmruidjds, jurds, pbrjbmj` d ldgbdfhghjdjb b d egbxhfhghjdjb. Bmtë` bmj`kdrjh`sb bmj`kdrjh`sb è shmúmhl` jb j`bméd vdgvugdr jbibmbrdthvd jbibmbrdthvd krúmhkd. 56% j`s kds`s è bmj`kdrjh`sb jb lhtrdg, ;;%lhtrdg b trhkósphjb b dpbmds 4% è md trhkósphjb. Md dûrthkd b pugl`mdr è luht` rdr`. È luht` rdr` tdlfèl bl idt`, è ldhs uld j`bméd jb kë`, b tbl ` jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` irdjudg b tbl bth`g`ihd jbsk`mnbkhjd.  

Ehsh`pdt`ibmhd3 D irdvhjdjb vdh vdrhdr jb pbqubm`s mûjug`s d pgdkds qub jbstr`bl d vägvugd b d vägvugd vdh k`lbédr d ehkdr hmsuehkhbmtb, b sbu ebkndlbmt` më` è ldhs djbqudj` b `k`rrb rbegux` sdmiuìmb` m` l`lbmt` jd sìst`gb b m` ätrh` vdh tbr gbsòbs jb cdt` p`rqub ` sdmiub vdh fdtbr sblprb mdqubgb g`kdg j` dtrh`. Md e`rld dvdmédjd d vägvugd dprbsbmtd3 dspbkt` bmruidj`, f`rjds bspbssdjds b bmtë` d vägvugd t`rmd-sb t`rmd-sb hmsuehkhbmtb. Hss` vdh gbvdr d uld ↛ j` JK b dthvdéë` j`s lbkdmhsl`s k`lpbmsdtûrh`s. @ dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr s`pr` shstûghk` jb rbiurihtdéë`, t`ssb jbvhj` d bjbld

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 pugl`mdr `u k`lprbssë` j` frúmquh` prhmkhpdg bsqubrj` b `utr`s shmdhs jb shmdhs jb HKB. [b e`r md vägvugd trhkósphjb vdh tbr bjbld m`s lblfr`s, nbpdt`/bspbm`lbidghd, nbpdt`/bspbm`lbidghd, dskhtb. @ JHDIMÛ[ZHK@ MRMKD _@JBVÄ [BV HKK, _@VTRB H[[@ È K@M[BTRBMKHD JB RL _V@FGBLD _VHLDVH@. BMZË@ @ JHDIMÛ[ZHK@ È D _VHLBHVD J@BMÉD TRB B[ZD KDR[DMJ@ @ HKK.

Kdusds Jb Z`ssb Bl Rl Kdrjh`pdtd3 Bjbld pugl`mdr (HKKB), K`lprbssë` j` frúmquh`  prhmkhpdg bsqubrj`(dulb bsqubrj`(dulbmt` mt` jb ätrh` bsqubrj`, ibrdglbmtb mds nhpbrtr`ehkds b bmj`kdrjh`sb), jhr`ehgdrh`sb (j`bméd j` k`rdéë` jhrbht`) b beusë` pgburdg (HKKJ).  

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 - V^3 ↔ jb DB (pr`p`rkh`mdg (pr`p`rkh`mdg ï sbvbrhjdjb jd j`bméd), K`lprbssë` frúmquh`  prhmkhpdg bsqubrj`, bsqubrj`, Bjbld pugl`md pugl`mdr. r. - Bk`kdrjh`irdld3 jhgdtdéë` DB b bspbssdlbmt` bspbssdlbmt` vdgvugdr.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3    D[[HMZ@LÄZHK@ (s`lbmtb (s`lbmtb s`pr`)3 Bxbrkìkh`s l`jbrd l`jbrdj`s j`s b `rhbmtdr ` pr`prhbtärh`. N`cb cä sb edgd bl jdr ul jhgdtdj`r/hmhfhj`r jd bkd prd dulbmtdr d s`frbvhjd jbstb dmhldg, dmtbs jbgb dprbsbmtdr `s shmdhs jb HKK.  

[HMZ@LÄZHK@3 - 2 J‘s1  J‘s1 

- [b d tbrdphd k`l `s 2 J‘s më` e`r suehkhbmtb, djhkh`mdr ul sbiumj` vds`jhgdtdj`r b ul p`updj`r jb p`tässh`.

Bmj`kdrjhtb Fdktbrhdmd Hmebkéë` p`r fdktèrhd jd vägvugd. Ds ldhs dk`lbthjds së` ds vägvugds j` gdj` bsqubrj`. @s ldkn`s së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s, pdst`rbs dgblëbs së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s tfl. Z`jd vbz qub ` dmhldg tbl ul e`k` jb hmebkéë`, k`l` uld j`bméd pbrh`j`mtdg, uld e`ghkughtb pr`eumjd b bstds fdktèrhds  p`jbl idmndr d k`rrbmtb sdmiuìmbd, sdmiuìmbd, bgds p`jbl pdrdr b sb hmstdgdr mds vdgvugds, prhmkhpdglbmtb sb bstd vägvugd cä thvbr jbibmbrdmj`.  

Bth`g`ihd3 ds fdktèrhds ldhs k`lums së` ` [trbpt`k`kkus spp. b [tdpnyg`k`kkus spp

 

Ehsh`pdt`g`ihd3 `k`rrb d k`g`mhzdéë` fdktbrhdmd md vägvugd b bstds edzbl uld ógkbrd m` bmj`tègh` vdgvugdr b k`l hss` sb tbl d bxp`shéë` j` k`gäibm` sufbmj`tbghdg ` qub gbvd d dirbidéë`  pgdqubtärhd b sb tbl d e`rldéë` jb vbibtdéòbs (pgdq + ehfrhmd + fdktèrhds). K`l tuj`, sb tbl uld hmsuehkhãmkhd Udgvugdr ` qub gbvd d uld HKK.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 tbl s`pr`, e`rldéë` jb tr`lf`s, ebfrb jbvhj` d fdktbrblhd, dm`rbxhd, dpdthd, shmdhs jb HK, sbpthkblhd3 `utr`s shmdhs. è d fdktbrblhd. bspèkhb qubBl ldhskëbs, edz tbl bmj`kdrjhtb, jbvhj` d rulhmhtb, p`j`jbrldthtb, ds ldsthtbs hss` edzF`vhm`s edkhglbmtb qub sb edzbr d pr`ehgdxhd jbstd j`bméd (ghlpbzd jb jbmtbb

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...). Vdéds t`y b jb pbqubm` p`rtb cä tbl luht` pr`fgbld jb jbmtb, b bstds rdéds së` ds lbslds  prbjhsp`stds d tbrbl bmj`kdrjh` bmj`kdrjh`sb sb b p`rtdmt` p` p`jbl jbl jbsbmv`gv jbsbmv`gvbr br bstd j`bméd ldhs edkhglbmtb.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - @ dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr m` gbuk`irdld3 gbuk`kht`sb hmtbmsd1 - Kugturd sdmiub + 1

- Rrhmäghsb3 pr`tbhmórhd, phórhd, gbuk`khtórhd, nbldtórhd (sb ` pr`fgbld hmhkhdg e`r uld hmebkéë` urhmdrhd)1 - Bk`kdrjh`irdld3 gbsòbs vbibtdthvds1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3

 

Dtf è fdsbdj` bl kugturd b dmthfh`irdld3

- Dlphkhghmd (6?-:? li/Ai, HU, THJ)1 - Kbedg`thmd (6?-:? li/Ai, HU, THJ) dss`khdj` d Ibmtdlhkhmd (5 li/Ai, HU, THJ)1 @F[3 Zbl qub edzbr dtf p`r : sbldmds, sbmj` qub 6 sbldmds k`l lbjhkdéë` HU b sb n`uvbr shmdhs jb HK tbl qub k`rrhih-g`s, k`rrhih-g`s, usdmj` `s J‘s.

DM@LDGHD[ K@MIÃMHZD[ < _DKHBMZB[ EHGN@ZB[!

_brshstãmkhd j` Jukt` Drtbrh`s` È d ldhs k`lul jds dm`ldghds k`miãmhtds kdrjìdkd m`s këbs b ds eblbds së` ldhs dk`lbthjds.. Bgd è ` më` ebkndlbmt` j` kdmdg drtbrh`s` `k`rrbmj` jbsvh` jb sdmiub jd d`rtd jbskbmjbmtb pdrd d drtèrhd pugl`mdr, hss` p`rqub ` ebt` më` rbsphrd b ` e`rmbkhlbmt` jb `6 j` ebt` è dtrdvès j` sdmiub jd lëb. Mds 46 n`rds dpûs ` mdskhlbmt` bssd k`lumhkdéë` tbl qub ebkndr, b sb më` ebkndr vdh tbr jbsvh` jb sdmiub jd d`rtd pdrd drtèrhd pugl`mdr, p`rqub d d`rtd tbl ldhs egux` qub d pugl`mdr, sû qub d  pugl`mdr ehkd rbkbfbmj` sdmiub j` vbmtrìkug` jhrbht` b ul p`uk` jb sdmiub jd d`rtd b ` puglë` ehkd k`mibst`. Bxhstbl dgiulds rdéds ldhs prbjhsp`stds3 p``jgb, pdst`r dgblë`,  

Ehsh`pdt`g`ihd3 - @ jbsvh` kdusd s`frbkdrid jb v`gulb md khrkugdéë` pugl`mdr, b ` sdmiub knbid d ldhs m` DB b UB ` qub gbvd d dulbmt` jb kældrd. - Jhgdtdéë` UB, qubjd jd k`mtrdthghjdjb, jdm`s d lhtrdg b hss` vdh jdr dspbkt` jb k`rdéë` ig`f`s`1 - HKK.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 @ dmhldg vdh tbr shmk`pb, kdmsdé`, pugs` erdk`, bjbld pugl`mdr, s`pr` k`mtìmu` qub è qudmj` tbl ul kndmt qub è uld k`lumhkdéë` jb irdmjbs vds`s `u jb kældrds. Mbstb kds` è jb irdmjbs vds`s.   Jhdimûsthk`3 - V^3 dulbmt` j` DB b UB1 bjbld pugl`mdr (lbsl`s shmdhs jds j`bméds dmtbrh`rbs, lds mbstb kds` ` pdkhbmtb vdh sbr EHGN@ZB)1 - Dmih`kdrjh`irdehd3 k`lumhkdéë`1

96

 

 

- Bk`kdrjh`irdld3 J`ppgbr3 jbl`mstrd jbsvh`1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Z`rdk`t`lhd b ghid ` jukt`.   Khrurihd3 ghidjurd b sb bstd e`r ebhtd dmtbs jd `k`rrãmkhd jb k`lpghkdéòbs, vhvbrä ` tblp` m`rldg pdrd d bspèkhb.  

[bl khrurihd3 :?-2?% l`rrbl jurdmtb ` 4 dm` jb vhjd

 

[b cä n`uvbr k`lpghkdéòbs HKK < 2J‘s

Bstbm`sb _ugl`mdr [b tbl ul s`pr` shstûghk` jb bcbéë` b ` vbmtrìkug` vdh tbr qub edzbr ldhs e`réd pdrd bmvhdr ` sdmiub pdrd d D. pugl`mdr. È uld jds p`ukds j`bméds qub hmhkhd m` gdj` jh jhrbht`. rbht`.  

Ehsh`pdt`g`ihd3 - [b tbl ` dkólug` jb sdmiub m` UJ + e`réd ldh`r qub ` UJ tbrä jb bxbkutdr jurdmtb d sìst`gb pdrd k`msbiuhr bcbtdr sdmiub pdrd d drtèrhd pugl`mdr - Nhpbrtr`ehd + Jhgdtdéë` j` UJ - Vhihjbz m` UJ3 bmtrd p`uk` sdmiub jurdmtb d jhäst`gb p`r kdusd jd nhpbrtr`ehd. - Jdm`s ï trhkósphjb1 - Dkólug` jb sdmiub m` DJ1 - HKKJ1  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 @ pdkhbmtb vdh tbr shmdhs kgìmhk`s jb HKK, s`pr` shstûghk` jb bcbéë` md vägvugd  pugl`mdr, b s`pr` s`pr` shstûghk` jb rbi rbiurihtdéë` urihtdéë` md trhkósphjb trhkósphjb sb cä n`uvbr n`uvbr HKJ.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - V^3 dulbmt` j` UJ b DJ. Udh vhsudghzdr ` k`rdéë` bl „J‘ hmvbrthj`. B vdh tbr ul dfdugdlbmt` jd d. pugl`mdr pûs-bstbm`sb (pr`cbéë` j`rs`vbmtrdg m` sbmthj` 4 n`rd) - Bk`kdrjh`irdehd3 nhpbrtr`ehd b jhgdtdéë` j` UJ, dulbmt` j` DJ, vägvugd dm`rldg, jhgdtdéë` pûs-bstbm`sb. pûs-bstbm`sb.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Khrurihd3 vdgvug`pgdsthd k`l fdgë`   [b

cä bsthvbr dprbsbmtdmj` HKJ usdr `s 2 J‘s pdrd k`rrhihr.  k`rrhihr.    @ dmhldg p`jb vhvbr m`rldglbmtb sb d bstbm`sb e`r gbvb. [b e`r irdvb, ibrdglbmtb ` dmhldg vhvb kbrkd jb ; dm`s.

Bstbm`sb [ufdûrthkd Zuj` qub sb `k`rrb md bstbm`sb pugl`mdr `k`rrb md sufdûrthkd, sbmj` qub j` gdj` bsqubrj`. Bmtë` ` sdmiub më` bstä pdssdmj` t`tdglbmtb j` vbmtrhkug`B pdrd ` k`rp` dtrdvès j` drk` dûrthk`, bmtë` bstd tbmj` uld nhpbrtr`ehd md pdrbjb j` UB, vdh tbr uld jhgdtdéë` jbssb vbmtrìkug` tdlfèl, ds vägvugds më` vë` ebkndr b vdh v`gtdr sdmiub pdrd ` DB, vdh ↛ ` JK b vdh tbr shmdhs jb HKKB, shmk`pb,

9;

 

 

hmt`gbræmkhd d bxbrkìkh`. Udh tbr ul s`pr` shstûghk` jb rbiurihtdéë` m` e`k` lhtrdg b ul s`pr` shstûghk` jb bcbéë` m` e`k` dûrthk`.  

Ehsh`pdt`g`ihd3 - D irdvhjdjb jd bstbm`sb jbtbrlhmd d s`frbkdrid jb prbssë` s`frb ` UB - Nhpbrtr`ehd + Jhgdtdéë` j` UB + Jdm` vdgvugdr1 - HKB.

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3   _r`ehgdxhd jb bmj`kdrjhtb fdktbrhdmd3 p`rqub dqubgb dmhldg qub tbl ul e`k` fdktbrhdm`, bx3 uld f`kd k`l jbmtbs k`l luht` tärtdr`, p`jb `k`rrbr uld pdrdjd jb fdktèrhd mdqubgd vägvugd bstbm`thkd. Ds vägvugds qub ldhs dgfbridl ds fdktèrhds së` ds j` gdj` bsqubrj`, `u sbcd, d lhtrdg b d dûrthkd.1  

2 J‘s, m` kds` j`s dmhldhs cä k`l HKK.  HKK. 

 

@RZV@[ JBEBHZ@[ K@MIBMHZ@[3 - Jbebht` [bptdg Hmtbr-Dtrhdg1 - Jbebht` [bptdg Hmtbr-Ubmtrhkugdr1 - Zbtrdg`ihd jb Edgg`t1 - _brshstãmkhd j` Drk` Dûrthk` Jhrbht` È # jd pbrshstãmkhd j` jukt` drtbrh`s`. D pbrshstãmkhd j` jukt` drtbrh`s` ghid d drtèrhd pugl`mdr d d`rtd, b d pbrshstãmkhd j` drk` dûrthk` jhrbht` (_DDJ) è uld dm`ldghd `mjb më` vdh `k`rrbr dgtbrdéë` vdskugdr, b shl dpbmds ul ghidlbmt` qub jbvbrhd tbr rbirbjhj`, më` tbl egux` sdmiub k`l` md pbrshstãmkhd j` jukt` drtbrh`s`. Bssb ghidlbmt`, vdh pdssdr md  fdsb j` k`rdéë`, b d trdqubhd b ` bsúedi` vdh pdssdr bmtrb d fdsb j` k`rdéë` b ` ghidlbmt`, b qudmj` bssb ghidlbmt` më` rbirhjb ` ehgn`tb vdh tbr t br lbidbsúedi`, lbidbsúedi`, p`jb tbr t`ssb pbg` dpbrt` jd trdqubhd. Bmtë`, d _DDJ è uld dm`ldghd kdrjìdkd0 è, lds më` träs k`msbquãmkhds kdrjh`vdskugdrbs, bgb träs shmdhs jhibstûrh`s pbg` lbidbsúedi`. K`rrbéë` è khrórihkd dtrdvès jb t`rdk`t`lhd. Jhdimûsthk`3 Vdjh`irdehd k`mtrdstdjd k`l sugedt` jb färh`, b md dmdlmbsb d qubhxd è rbiurihtdéë` jbsjb qudmj` mdskbu. D  pbrshstãmkhd j` jukt` drtbrh`s` kd kdusd usd k`msbquãmkhds k`msbquãmkhds kdrjh`vd kdrjh`vdskugdrbs, skugdrbs, bjbld pugl`mdr.

9:

 

 

[hstbld Jhibstûrh`

92

 

 

KDUHJDJB KD UHJDJB @VDG B @V@E @V@EDVHMIB DVHMIB [hdg`kbgb b luk`kbgb - [hdg`kbgb3 è ` bxtrdvdsdlbmt` b dkólug` jb sdghvd m` sufkutæmb`, è ldkhd, egutudmtb, k`l dulbmt` jb v`gulb md rbihë` j` rdl` r dl` jd ldmjìfugd. - Luk`kbgb3 è ` dkólug` jb luk`. - Væmugd3 è uld ‗luk`kbgb“ qub dk`lbtb d igæmjugd sufghmiudg1 sufghmiudg1 Zbl  Zbl ul dulbmt` jb v`gulb hmj`g`r, dtrdpdgnd d hmibstë` jb dghlbmt`s.  

Bth`g`ihd3 trduld m`s jukt`s jds igæmjugds sdghvdrbs (l`rjhjd, hdtr`iãmhk`- jurdmtb dgiuld khrurihd), shdgûght`s (kägkug`s qub sb e`rldl md igæmjugd), hjh`päthkd1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 nhstûrhk`, shmdhs kgìmhk`s (dulbmt` jb v`gulb hmj`g`r, pdrd jb k`lbr, mäusbds, jhspmbhd p`jb `k`rrbr), dsphrdéë` k`l diugnd (jhebrbmkhdr jb dfskbss`), shdg`irdehd (kdmugd ` jukt` b hmcbtd k`mtrdstb pdrd `fsbrvdr sb tbvb rupturd j` jukt` `u igæmjugd).

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Jrbmdibl1 rbl`éë` jd igæmjugd1

[hdg`jbmhtb _r`v`kd ul bjbld `u dfskbss`, k`l j`r, ebfrb, ` dmhldg vdh jbhxdmj` jb sb dghlbmtdr, b p`jb dprbsbmtdr vúlht`s.

 

Bth`g`ihd3 trduläthkd, hmebkéë`1

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 dtrdvès j` bxdlb eìshk`, dsphrdmj` (prbsbméd jb pós), nhst`pdt`g`ihd1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 jrbmdibl j` dfskbss`, dmthfhûthk`, e`rmbkbr ul dmthblèthk`.

Irdmug`ld B`shm`eìghk` Ebghm` Ebghm` ≯ K`lpgbx`, ibmihvhtb, bst`ldthtb, edrhmihtb ebghmd  

95

 

 

Bth`g`ihd3 jbsk`mnb jbsk`mnbkhjd1 khjd1 Dgbrihd1 j`bméd hlum`lbjhdjds1 jbpûsht` jb b`shmûehg`s m` g`kdg1 Dpdrbkb k`l` ógkbrds gdfhdhs b bl luk`sds,  pgdkds b`shm`eìghkds b`shm`eìghkds lbjhdg ïs kk`xds. `xds. Jhdimûsthk`3 fhûpshd b nhst`pdt`gûihk` (hmehgtrdj` b`shm`eìghk`)1 Nbl`irdld3 b`shm`ehghd Fh`quìlhk`3 jbskdrtdr gbsë` rbmdg, p`hs d urblhd tdlfèl kdusd ógkbrds bl luk`sds. Zrdtdlbmt`3  pdrd idt`s ` hjbdg è k`rthk`hjb jb jbpûsht`, Dkbtdt` jb Lbthgprbjmhs`g`md 6?li d kdjd 6-; sbldmds. [b thvbr pus, p`jb-sb e`rmbkbr ul dmthfhûthk`3 -kghmjdlhkhmd1 -bphrdlhkhmd + lbtr`mhjdz`g 

Dkrbjhtd-sb qub tbl rbgdéë` k`l j`bméd  pbrh`j`mtdg1  Më` tbl kurd1 dprbsbmtd-sb k`l` gbsòbs nhpbrãlhkds prûxhl`s d`s jbmtbs, hmegdldjds, qub j`bl.

Jhdimûsthk`3  fh`pshd b nhst`pdt`g`ihd pdrd vbr hmehgtrdj` ghme`pgdsl`khtärh`. Zrdtdlbmt`3  tbmtd prhlbhr` k`l hlum`ssuprbss`r (Dzdth`prhmd `u prbjmhs`md), edz d ghlpbzd pbrh`j`mtdg Zbl rbgdéë` k`l d j`bméd  pbrh`j`mtdg1 [b më` lbgn`rdr jbvb-sb pbmsdr bl bxtrdhr t`j`s `s jbmtbs.

_`jb tbr rbgdéë` k`l EHU, EbgU (rbdghzdr tbstbs).

Bst`ldthtb Hmegdldéë` jd f`kd kdusdjd p`r trdulds (diugnds, dmzûhs, btk), dfskbss`s jbmtärh`s, hrrhtdéë` quìlhkd, j`bméd hlum`lbjhdjds, hlum`lbjhdjds, mb`pgdshds jb f`kd, j`bméds vhrdhs (kdghkhvhrus b nbrpbsvìrus-këbs1 ehv b ebgv m`s idt`s). J`bméds lbtdfûghkds (HV ‛  (HV  ‛  urblhd  urblhd pr`v`kd ógkbrds), khm`l`sb.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 shdg`rrèhd1 j`r md f`kd (`jhm`edihd), ndght`sb, jhsedihd, b `s jbldhs shmdhs vë` jbpbmjbr jd kdusd, sb e`r uld HV, p`jb dpdrbkbr k`l p`ghórhd, `ghiórhd, kdquèthk`, btk. Tudmj` thvbr uld ógkbrd md f`kd, prbstdr fbl dtbméë` sb më` tbl mbmnul jbmtb pr`v`kdmj` bssd gbsë` qudmj` ` dmhldg ebknd d f`kd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 nhstûrhk`, bxdlb eìshk`, dgiul tbstb k`lpgblbmtdr (tbstb räphj`), fhûpshd, rdh` ^1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3  kg`rbxhjhmb ?,46%, ghlpbzd b bxtrdéë` jbmtärhd, dmthfhûthk`s, trdtdr d kdusd jb

 fdsb.

Mb`pgdshds @rdhs  

Ldgìim`s - Këbs3 lbgdm`ld (hmehgtrdthv` b lbtdstäthk`-`ss`s, puglòbs, btk) b kdrkhm`ld bphjbrlûhjb1 bphjbrlûhjb1 - Idt`s3 kdrkhm`ld bphjbrlûhjb b ehfr`ssdrk`ld së` `s ldhs k`lums. Këbs qub p`ssubl ldmknds bmbirbkhjds md luk`sd `rdg b gdfhdg së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s d` lbgdm`ld.  

Fbmhim`s3 _dphg`ld `rdg kdmhm`3 _dphg`ldvhrus.

99

 

 

È dut`ghlhtdmtb, lds dmhldhs k`l hlum`ssuprbssë` `u bl g`kdhs dgtdlbmtb k`mtdlhmdj`s më` k`msbiubl sb rbkupbrdr s`zhmn`s, jhssblhmdmj` p`r t`jd d luk`sd `rdg b jb edrhmib, jbvbmj` rbkbfbr trdtdlbmt`3 -Udkhmds dutûibmds1 rbl`éë` khrórihkd, n`lb`pdthd, dut`-nbl`tbrdphd1 - ZUZ3 ldssd erhävbg, sb jbsedz edkhglbmtb, sdmird eäkhg. - Bpóghjbs3 Rld ldssd ehrlb, ghsd, rûsbd, fbmhimd, qub ehkd prûxhld d`s hmkhshv`s, jbvbmj` rbdghzdr  fhûpshd pdrd ebkndr ebkndr ` jhdimûs jhdimûsthk`. thk`.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 kht`g`ihd, fhûpshd1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 khrurihd1 quìlh`, räjh`1

B[ÚEDI@ - Uúlht`3 ` dmhldg edz d lìlhkd jb vúlht`1 - Vbiurihtdéë`3 sdh jb e`rld pdsshvd1

Bs`edihtb _`r më` uthghzdr d bmj`sk`phd k`l erbquãmkhd, më` è k`lul ` jhdimûsthk` jb bs`edihtb. Ds kdusds ldhs k`lums së` k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, vúlht`s erbqubmtbs, rbegux` idstr`bs`eäihk`, dibmtbs hrrhtdmtbs ï luk`sd (s`jd käusthkd).  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  rbiurihtdéë`, shdg`rrèhd, dm`rbxhd, t`ssb b ebfrb (edgsd vhd  ‛   pmbul`mhd dsphrdthvd).  

Jhdimûsthk`3  d lbgn`r e`rld è p`r bmj`sk`phd (luk`sd nhpbrãlhkd, k`l ógkbrds, btk), pbg` nhstûrhk` jb dmhldhs qub hmibrhrdl sufstæmkhds hrrhtdmtbs, `u jb lbjhkdéòbs, vúlht`s pbrshstbmtbs. Zrdtdlbmt`3 Tudmj` d kdusd è p`r vúlht`s `u rbegux`, jbvb-sb rbjuzhr d pr`juéë` jb NKG pbg` bstúldi`, k`l Vdmhthjhmd, khlbthjhmd, @lbprdz`g1   Zrdtdr kdusd jb fdsb < rbl`éë` j` k`rp` bstrdmn`1   Ldmbc` jhbtèthk` < dghlbmt` ldhs gbvb (fdtdtd k`l pbht` jb erdmi`)1   Zbmtdr dulbmtdr ` træmsht` j` bstúldi`< lbt`kg`prdlhjd (dgèl jb sbr dmthblèthk`, dkbgbrd ` bsvdzhdlbmt` bst`ldkdg).   [b thvbr ógkbrds < sukrdgedt`1   Dmthfhûthk` < sû sb suspbhtdr jb uld hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd1    

K`rp` Bstrdmn` _`jbl bstdkh`mdr m` bsúedi` kbrvhkdg t`räkhk`, md trdmshéë` bmtrb `s j`hs, md fdsb j` tûrdx, `u dhmjd md rbihë` j` nhdt`.

9>

 

 

 

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 shdg`rrèhd, ndght`sb, dm`rbxhd `u jhsedihd, rbiurihtdéë`, hiudhs d` jd bs`edihtb1

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk` jb tbr hmibrhj` h mibrhj` dgiul `ss`, frhmqubj`1 - Bxdlb eìshk` (pdgpdmj` ` bsúedi`, sbmthmj` ndght`sb, btk)1 - V^ k`mtrdstdj` k`l sugedt` jb färh` b bmj`sk`phd së` `s lbgn`rbs1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 rbl`éë` khrórihkd `u k`l ` prûprh` bmj`skûph`, bmj`skûph`, trdtdr d bs`edihtb sbkumjärhd1

Lbidbsúedi`  

Bth`g`ihd3 - K`miãmhtd3 hjh`päthkd md ldh`rhd j`s kds`s1 - _`jb sbr p`r jhseuméë` mbur`gûihkd (j`bméds qub kdusdl pdrdghshd md pgdkd mbur`luskugdr)1 - Dfbrturd dm`rldg j` bseìmktbr jd bmtrdjd bst`ldkdg1 - Djquhrhjds3 tètdm`1 trdulds1 khm`l`sb1 f`tughsl`1 - @utrds kdusds3 gópus1 nhp`djrbm`1 bs`edihtb1 nhp`thrb`hjhsl`1

 

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 sndrpbh, sknmduzbr, sbttbr, pdst`r dgblë`, btk.

 

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  rbiurihtdéë`, qub p`jb sbr dpûs k`lbr, `u jbl`rdr ul p`uk`1 ndght`sb (putrbedéë` j` dghlbmt` m` bsúedi`)1 shdg`rrèhd1 pmbul`mhd dsphrdthvd (t`ssb, ebfrb)1 pbrjd jb pbs`1

 

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Vbiurihtdéë` `k`rrbmj` edz tblp` (krúmhk`)1 - Vdh`^ shlpgbs (trdqubhd jbsg`kdjd vbmtrdglbmtb)1 - Vdh`^ k`mtrdstdj` (dgdridlbmt` j` bsúedi`)1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 d kdusd jb fdsb (tètdm`, nhp`thrb`hjhsl`, nhp`djrbm`, f`tughsl`) jbvb sbr trdtdjd, sbmj` qub md ldh`rhd jds vbzbs më` sb jbsk`frb d kdusd.   Jhbtd pdst`sd e`rmbkhjd bl g`kdhs ldhs dgt`s (bskdjds) pdrd ` dghlbmt` k`msbiuhr ugtrdpdssdr ` bsúedi`.   K`g`kdr ul frhmqubj` jbmtr` j` rbkhphbmtb jb k`lhjd pdrd ` dmhldg jbl`rdr ldhs pdrd k`lbr jbsvhdmj` j` `fcbt` (mdqubgbs qub hmibrbl luht` rdphjdlbmtb). Lbjhkdlbmt`s qub lbgn`rdl ` pbrhstdgthsl` - fbtdmbk`g, lbt`kg`prdlhjd1     [`mjd jb idstr`st`lhd (s`mjd jhrbt` m` bstúldi`)1 Zrdtdr pmbul`mhd dsphrdthvd kds` tbmnd1     Khrurihd1  

_r`imûsthk`33 - K`miãmht` hjh`päthk`3 rbsbrvdj`1 _r`imûsthk` - Djquhrhj` hjh`päthk`3 jbsedv`rävbg1

_brshstãmkhd j` Drk` dûrthk` jhrbht` @s pdkhbmtbs dprbsbmtdl shmdhs jb lbidbsúedi` dhmjd ehgn`tbs, qudmj` jbhxdl jb sbrbl dldlbmtdj`s b pdssdl d hmibrhr rdéë`. @ dmhldg bldirbkb, ehkd erdk`, rbiurihtdl.

98

 

   

Jhdimûsthk`3  Vdh`^ k`mtrdstdj` pdrd vbr lbidbsúedi` dtè d fdsb j` k`rdéë`1 nbl`irdld3 mbutr`ehghd (pmbul`mhd dsphrdthvd)1 fh`quìlhk`3 nhp`pr`tbhmblhd sbkumjärhd ï jbsmutrhéë`1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 khrórihk`1

Nèrmhd jb Nhdt` È uld shtudéë` bl qub ` bstúldi` rbt`rmd p`r jbmtr` jd dfbrturd j` nhdt`.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  rbiurihtdéë`, vúlht`, dsshmt`läthk`, shdg`rrèhd, btk1 p`jb tbr uld bs`edihtb sbkumjärhd d` rbegux`, pmbul`mhd dsphrdthvd1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 bmj`sk`phd è d lbgn`r ldmbhrd, `u k`l ul rdh` ^ k`mtrdstdj`1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3  Khrórihk`1 Zrdtdr ` rbegux` idstr`bs`eäihk`3 `lbprdz`g, rdmhthjhmd, khlbthjhmd1 + sukrdgedt`1

   

  Dulbmtdr ` túmus j` bseìmktbr bs`eäihk` b dkbgbrdmj` ` bsvdzhdlbmt` j` bstúldi`3 lbt`kg`prdlhjd1

B[ZÚLDI@ Idstrhtb Diujd Ds fdrrbhrds jb pr`tbéë` j` bstúldi` së`3 - _r`juéë` jb luk` b fhkdrf`mdt`1 - Vbm`vdéë` k`mstdmtb j` bphtègh`1 - Egux` sdmiuìmb` jd luk`sd1 - Tudmj` `k`rrb ul jbsbquhgìfrh` bl uld jbssds fdrrbhrds jbsbmkdjbhd jbsbmkdjbhd d idstrhtb. _`jbl sbr3 - _rhlärhds3  hmibstë` jb ldtbrhdhs hrrhtdmtbs1 K`rp`s bstrdmn`s1 jr`ids3 DHMB[, k`rthkûhjbs, j`xhkhkghmd1 Dgiulds j`bméds fdktbrhdmds (nbghk`fdktbr)1 vhrdhs (pdrv`vhr`sb)1 pdrdshtärhds1 - [bkumjärhds [bkumjärhds33 HV bgbvd ` tb`r jb urèhd m` sdmiub, qub dkdfd gbsdmj` luk`sd `rdg b iästrhkd (këbs jb lbhd è lbm`s k`lul1 Kbt`dkhj`sb _dmkrbdthtb1 Nhp`djrbm`k`rthkhsl` (fbl hjdjb lbm`sd hj`s`s)1 k`lul)1HN3 bstrbssb1 ldst`kht`ld qudmj` è jhdfèthkd1 luht` ldmhpugdj` (`k`rrb jbirdmugdéë` b d nhstdlhmd ghfbrdjd gbsh`md ` bstúldi`)1

>?

 

   

[hmdhs jb idstrhtb3  vúlht` diuj`, nbldtãlbsb (jhebrbmkhd jd nbl`pthsb), nhp`rbxhd, jbshjrdtdéë` (pbrjb p`tässh` b kg`r`), ebfrb b j`r dfj`lhmdg.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 nhstûrhk` b shmdhs kgìmhk`s1 bxdlb eìshk` (j`r dfj`lhmdg)1 nhpbrpr`tbhmblhd pbgd jbshjrdtdéë` (pbrjb A+, Md+ b Kg) p`jb tbr uld dkhj`sb `u dgkdg`sb1 b m`s kds`s jb idstrhtb p`r  Nbghk`fdktbr pyg`rh sû è ebkndj` k`l fhûpshd jb bstúldi` (dtrdvès jd prûprhd bmj`sk`phd)1 Bmj`sk`phd3 ebknd ` jhdimûsthk` jb idstrhtb (luk`sd nhpbrãlhkd, br`sòbs iästrhkds)1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 tbmtdr bghlhmdr d kdusd1   LDMBC@ JHBZÈZHK@3 e`rmbkbr k`lhjds gbvbs, bl pbqubmds qudmthjdjbs, värhds vbzbs d` jhd1   EGRHJ@ZBVD_HD3 rhmibr gdktdt` + A < sb ` dmhldg dprbsbmtdr vúlht`s qub pbrshstdl p`r ldhs jb 6: nrs1   DMZHBLÈZHK@[3 lbt`kg`prdlhjd, kbrbmhd `u `mjdsbmtr`md `mjdsbmtr`md11   HMHFHJ@VB[ JD [BKVBÉË@ ÄKHJD3 rdmhthjhmd `u khlbthjhmd (6-; sbldmds)1   _V@ZBZ@V JB LRK@[D3 sukrdgedt` (6-; sbldmds)1

Idstrhtb Krúmhkd  

Kdusds3 ds hrrhtdéòbs lbkæmhkds `u quìlhkds k`mthmudl dk`mtbkbmj`1 dulbmt` jd sbkrbéë` jb N+1 hmtbrrupéë` j` suprhlbmt` sdmiuìmb`1 edgnd md rbibmbrdéë` bphtbghdg jd luk`sd1  

Bth`g`ihds3 ghme`lds, hjh`päthkds (b`shm`eìghkd, irdmug`ldt`sd, hmbspbkìehkd), nbghk`fdktbr, jr`ids, k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, HV, HN1  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 dm`rbxhd `u hmdpbtãmkhd1 vúlht`s, pbrjd jb pbs`, jbshjrdtdéë`, dpdthd, hiudg md diujd. @ dmhldg vdh jbehmndmj` dtè ` ûfht`.   

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Më` sb jbsk`frb d bth`g`ihd luhtds vbzbs. [b fdsbhd m` nhstûrhk`, shmdhs kgìmhk`s1 - Nbl`irdld3 b`shm`ehghd (md idstrhtb b`shm`eìghkd)1

Fh`pshd sb trdtd tblp` rbthrdr ul erdilbmt` -pdrd tbmtdr(qudmj` jbsk`frhr ` qubp`r bstäluht` kdusdmj kdusdmj`). `). uld idstrhtb qub më` lbgn`rd, jbvb-sb - Bmj`sk`phd (sû vã luk`sd, bmtë` sb ` bspbssdlbmt` e`r jb sbr`sd `u luskugdr më` jä prd vbr, sbmj` lbgn`r ` Vdh` ^ b R[). - Vdh` x k`mtrdstdj` p`jb dcujdr d vbr k`rp` bstrdmn`1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 ` lbsl` jd idstrhtb diujd1 eguhj`tbrdphd, ldmbc` jhbtèthk`, hmhfhj`rbs jd dkhjbz bst`ldkdg, pr`tbt`rbs jb luk`sd, dmthblèthk`, pr`khmèthk` (lbt`kg`prdlhjd)1 [b thvbr Nbghk`fdktbr3 dmthfhûthk` (dl`xhkhghmd `u tbtrdkhkghmd + lbtr`mhjdz`g)1 [b e`r d idstrhtb b`shm`eìghkd3 prbjmhs`md1

Ógkbrd Idstr`hmtbsthmdg

>4

 

 

Tudmj` d idstrhtb krúmhkd më` è trdtdjd, d dkhjbz dkdfd gbsh`mdmj` luht` d luk`sd iästrhkd, `k`rrbmj` d e`rldéë` jb jbprbssòbs ‛  jbprbssòbs ‛  ógkbrds.  ógkbrds. @utrds kdusds së` p`r3  dibmtbs quìlhk`s (kdusdl uld idstrhtb ugkbrdthvd), mb`pgdshds, vûgvug`, `fstruéë` phgûrhkd, ldst`kht`ld, jr`ids (DHMB[), HV, trduld p`r k`rp`s bstrdmn`s, bstrbssb, kn`qub, btk.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 së` `s lbsl`s jd idstrhtb + shmdhs jb dfj`lb diuj` (è uld j`r diujd luht` e`rtb), lbgbmd, nbldtblbsb, luk`sds päghjds, jhspmbhd, tuj` qub bstbcd rbgdkh`mdj` k`l sdmirdlbmt`s krúmhk`s.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk` + bxdlb eìshk`1 - Nbl`irdld3 gbuk`kht`sb p`r mbutr`ehghd1 - V^ b R[3 jheìkhg jb vbr dgtbrdéòbs1 - Bmj`sk`phd (è ` lbgn`r lèt`j`)1 - Fhûpshd (pdrd knbidr d kdusd jb fdsb)1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Uhjb idstrhtb1 

HMZB[ZHM@[ G`kdghzdéë` jd jhdrrbhd [hmdhs Uúlht`s _brjd jb pbs` Bruktdéë` Egdtugãmkhd Dfj`lb dulbmtdj` Zbmbsl` (p`shéë` p jbebkdr) [dmiub I`rjurd (bstbdt`rrèhd) Dghlbmt` më` jhibrhj` Ndght`sb Jhsqubshd (jhehkugjdjb p jbebkdr) _rurhj` dmdg F`rf`rhil`s Luk`

Hmtbsthm` Jbgidj` + Ldh`r

Hmtbsthm` ir`ss` Lbm`r

+ + + Lbgbmd ++ + -

+ Nbldt`qubshd +-

+ -

++

>6

 

 

@fstruéë` hmtbsthmdg b @utr`s Bxhstbl värhds kdusds, jbsjb ul k`rp` bstrdmn`, uld nèrmhd (`mjb d dgéd hmtbsthmdg vdh pdssdr b ehkdr bmkdrkbhrdjd gbvdmj` ï `fstruéë`) t`réòbs jb hmtbsthm` (vûgvug`), k`rp` bstrdmn` ghmbdr (m` idt`) b ds hmtussuskbpéòbs. (M` kds` jb diugnds m` hmtbsthm`, mbl sblprb è prbkhs` dfrhr ` dmhldg, sb ehzbr rdh`s-^ sbrhdj` è p`ssìvbg dk`lpdmndr ` dmjdlbmt` jd diugnd dtè sud sdìjd. D hmtussuskbpéë` è fbl dvdghdjd pbg` kgìmhk` dtrdvès jd pdgpdéë`.)  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s jd `fstruéë`3 p`jb tbr v`lht`, p`jb dgtbrdr ` dpbthtb (jbpbmjbmj` j` irdu jd `fstruéë`), j`r (jbpbmjbmj` j` bmkdrkbhrdlbmt` jb dgéd), p`jb bv`guhr pdrd uld pbrht`mhtb b dtè kn`qub sèpthk` (bl kds`s jb hmtussuskbpéë` hmtussuskbpéë` mbkr`sdjd).   Jhdim`sthk` jd `fstruéë`3  pdgpdéë`, rdh` ^ k`mtrdstdj` (pdrd k`rp` bstrdmn`), ugtrdss`l, bmj`sk`phd (sû dtè ju`jbm`), gdpdr`t`lhd (bl kds`s jb kds`s më` rbs`gvhj`s).  

K@M[ZH_DÉË@3   dqubgb dmhldg qub më` k`msbiub jbebkdr. Kdusds3 jhbtd p`frb bl ehfrds1 dmhldhs n`sphtdghzdj`s (prbs`s bl idh`gd)1 `fbs`s1 `u dmhldhs k`l j`r pdrd jbebkdr, p`r bxblpg` gbsòbs jb k`gumd b erdturd jb pbgvb, b gbsòbs pbrhdmdhs (nèrmhds pbrhmbdhs)1 pr`stdt`lbidghd1 mb`pgdshds1 j`bméds mbur`gûihkds1 mbur`gûihkds1 pdrdpgbihds (m (më` ë` k`msbiub ehkdr md pp`sturd `sturd b më` jbebkd - sû ` edt` jb pdssdr ul gbmé`g pbg` dfj`lb j` dmhldg cä dcujd)1 j`bméds jb k`gumd1 dgtbrdéòbs md lbjugd sdkrdg (pdkhbmtb dmjd, lds më` jbebkd)1 lbmhmi`bmkbedg`lhbghtb1 dmhldhs jbfhghtdj`s b sbkumjärh`s d dgiulds bmj`krhm`pdthds, dmhldhs jbshjrdtdj`s (rbssbkd ds ebzbs) `u dmhldhs bstrbssdj`. [hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 tbmbsl`, v`lht`, jbprbssë`, dm`rbxhd, jbsk`me`rt` dfj`lhmdg, b ds vbzbs sdh pbqubmds qudmthjdjbs jb ebzbs `u ehkd ` dmhldg k`l hmk`mthmãmkhd ebkdg. Jhdim`sthk`3 nhstûrhk` b bxdlb eìshk`, pr`kurdmj` d kdusd jb fdsb. Bmtë`, sb v`kã suspbhtd jb nhp`thrb`hjhsl`, j`sb Z:1 sb v`kã suspbhtd jb uld erdturd jb  pbgvb `u lbidkûg`m, vä edzbr ul rdh` ^1 è pr`kurdmj` d kdusd jb fdsb qub sb k`msbiub qub sb k`msbiub ebkndr ` jhdim`sthk`. Mbssbs dmhldhs jbvb-sb sblprb edzbr pdgpdéë` rbtdg d pr`kurd jb dulbmt` jb prûstdtd, ldssds, jhvbrtìkug`s, pûghp`s b dvdghdr d pbgvb. Zrdtd d kdusd jb fdsb b edz bmbld k`l ighkbrhmd b äiud l`rmd `u dhmjd p`jb-sb usdr gdxdmtbs k`l` gdktug`md. _`rèl ebkdg`ld më` sb trdtd k`l gdxdmtb, b shl k`l bmbld. @ gdxdmtb usd-sb bl dmhldhs qub v`kã qubr jbhxdr ds ebzbs bl tbxturd m`rldg.  

_BVHZ@MHZB3  kdusds fdktbrhdmds, qub bl dgiums kds`s pbreurdl ` trdt` idstr`hmtbsthmdg, tdmt` qudmt` ugkbrds b k`rp`s bstrdmn`s pbreurdmtbs, pdmkrbdthtb. [hmdhs kghmhk`s1 j`r dfj`lhmdg, ghquhj` dfj`lhmdg, dm`rbxhd b ebfrb. Jhdim`sthk`3 nbl`irdld k`l gbuk`kht`sb, ugtrdss`l (jbtbktd ghquhj` d  pdrthr jb 6lg), puméë` j` ghquhj` b gdpdr`t`lhd. Zrdtdlbmt`3 khrurihk` dss`khdj` d dmthfhûthk` (dlphkhghmd + lbtr`mhjdz`g) b k`mtr`gb j` pdkhbmtb.  

@RZVD[ JBEHMHÉÒB[3 @fsthpdéë`3 qudmj` ` dmhldg më` jbebkd jb cbht` mbmnul, sbmj` mbkbssärh` hmtbrvbméë` khrurihkd pdrd rbthrdr ` ebkdg`ld. Lbidk`g`m3 jhgdtdéë` j` kûg`m, qub mbssb kds` p`jb-sb tbr ` ebkdg`ld sbkumjdrh`. Zbmbsl`3 p`shéë` jb jhehkujdjb jb jbebkdr. Jhsqubshd3 jhehkugjdjb jb jbebkdr. 

Bmtbrhtbs Bmtbrht bs b K`ghtbs (JHDVVBHD[)

>;

 

 

- Hmjuzhjds pbgd dghlbmtdéë`3 - Ehgn`tbs qub sû p`r tr`kdr d rdéë`, `k`rrb uld dgtbrdéë` md eg`rd  fdktbrhdmd pr`v`kdmj` pr`v`kdmj` uld jhd jhdrrbhd1 rrbhd1 - Lujdméds fruskds md dghlbmtdéë` (djugt`s qub k`lbl ghx`, dgiuèl jbu kdrmb, k`lhjd kdsbhrd, qub ` dmhldg mumkd k`lbu).  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 è dpbmds k`l ldmbc` jhbtèthk`, v`gtdmj` d e`rmbkbr d rdéë` (dpbmds) b rbp`sht`rbs jb eg`rd vbtbrhmärhd.

- Uhrdhs3 Khm`l`sb, pdrv`vhr`sb, pdmgbuk`pbmhd ebghmd, ehv, ebgv, k`r`mdvhr`sb, pr`v`kdl uld idstr`bmtbrhtb, qub p`jb sbr nbl`rräihkd. - Fdktbrhdmds3 Luht` lbm`s k`lums qub ds vhrdhs. Kdlphg`fdktbrh`sb (jhdrrbhd luk`hjb, k`l `u sbl sdmiub, ebfrb, dm`rbxhd, btk.), [dgl`mbg`sb, kg`strhjh`sb (jhdrrbhd sdmiuhm`gbmtd)1 - Lhkûthkd3 rdrd1 - _drdshtärhds3 Zrhknurhs (k`gûm b kbk`), Z`x`kdrd (HJ), dmkhg`st`ld (HJ), Jhpyghjhul (HJ)1 Hs`sp`rd (suged+trhlbt`prhl)1 Ihärjhd (lbtr`mhjdz`g)1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk`3 dvdghdr sb n`uvb lujdméd jb dghlbmtdéë`, sb hmibrhu `utr` dghlbmt` m`v`1 sb ` dmhldg è vdkhmdj` - Bxdlb eìshk`3 pdssdr uld s`mjd rbtdg pdrd vbr ` dspbkt` jds ebzbs, sb è sdmiuhm`gbmtd sdmiuhm`gbm td (vhrdhs), k`l rdcds jb sdmiub (pdrdshtärhds)1 - Nbl`irdld3 mbutr`ehghd (fdktbrhdmd)1 b`shm`ehghd (pdrdshtärhds)1 ghme`pbmhd (vhrdhs)1 - Zbstbs räphj`s pdrd ds vhr`sbs1 v hr`sbs1 - Bmj`sk`phd dtè ju`jbm`, k`g`m`sk`phd pdrd hmtbsthm` ir`ss`1 - K`pr`pdrdsht`gûihk`3 pbsquhsdr `s pdrdshtds1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Zrdtdr d kdusd jb fdsb3 dmthfhûthk`, dmthpdrdshtärh`, btk1   Ldmbc` dghlbmtdr3 sb ` dmhldg bsthvbr v`lhtdmj` luht`, kbssdr d dghlbmtdéë`1 sb më`, k`mthmudr, e`rmbkbr luht` gìquhj`1   Eguhj`tbrdphd3 rhmibr gdktdt` (pbrjd jb A+)1 k`lpgbx` F, ighk`sb, vhtdlhmd K pdrd dmhldhs k`l vhr`sbs1   Dmthblèthk`1   Hmtbrmdlbmt` 6: n`rds1 rbkdgkugdr `s eguhj`s jhdrhdlbmtb1

Idstr`bmtbrhtb Nbl`rräihkd Bxhstbl kdusds jb idstr`bmtbrhtb nbl`rräihkd sbl sbr pdrv` b k`r`md. _`jbmj` sbr jb `rhibl hlum`lbjhdjds,, jbsk`mnbkhjd, Kg`strìjh`s `u Bsknbrhknhd. hlum`lbjhdjds Gbvdmj` ` dmhldg rdphjdlbmtb d ul qudjr` jb jbshjrdtdéë`, jbvhj` d` bxkbss` jb vúlht`s b jhdrrbhd sdmiuhm`gbmtd, k`l dgt` rhsk` jb pr`v`kdr ul kn`qub sèpthk` b nhp`v`gãlhk`.  

Jhdimûsthk`3  nhstûrhk`, bxdlb eìshk`, nbl`irdld3 nbl`k`mkbmtrdéë` (Nbldtûkrht` dulbmtdj`)1

>:

 

 

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3  ` jds jhdrrbhds khtdj` dmtbrh`rlbmtb + Dlphkhghmd + quhm`g`md pdrd `s p`r kg`strìjh`s b bsknbrhknhd (uthghzdj` qudmj` `s tbstbs pdrd ds vhr`sbs jë` mbidthv`s, `s pdrdshtds më` së` bmk`mtrdj`s m` bxdlb jb ebzbs). Dmth-nbl`rräihk` p`jb sbr tbmtdj` (äkhj` trdmbxælhk` trdmbxælhk` ‛   ‛  trdmsdlhm)1  trdmsdlhm)1

J`bméd jd Lä dfs`réë`  ‛ J`bméd hmegdldtûrhd Hmtbsthmdg È uld hmegdldéë` hmtbsthmdg hjh`päthkd d dmtìibm`s fdktbrhdm`s b/`u dghlbmtdrbs1 @ pdkhbmtb tbl uld jhdrrbhd krúmhkd qub më` k`msbiub-sb rbs`gvbr k`l ` trdtdlbmt`, p`jb sbr Hmsuehkhãmkhd pdmkrbäthkd bxûkrhmd (H_B) `u bssd j`bméd jd lä dfs`réë`.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3  vúlht`s b jhdrrbhd, shmdhs jb jhdrrbhd jb HJ, nbldt`qubshd, tbmbsl`, j`r dfj`lhmdg, dm`rbxhd `u p`ghedihd (k`meumjhmj` dhmjd ldhs k`l H_B), btk.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Jbvb-sb jbskdrtdr ds `utrds kdusds jb jhdrrbhds1 - Fhûpshd (hmehgtrdj` ghme`kìthk`, ghme`pgdsl`kìthk`, `u b`shm`eìghk`)1

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 - _rbjmhs`md bl j`sb hlum`ssuprbss`rd `u d dzdth`prhmd, kds` më` eumkh`mb. - Ldmbc` jhbtèthk`1 - Eguhj`tbrdphd1 Dmthblèthk`1

_ÆMKVBD[ Bxhstb d pdrtb bmjûkrhmd b d pdrtb bxûkrhmd. D pdrtb bxûkrhmd dcujd md jhibstë` j`s dghlbmt`s3 Bgb ghfbrd bmzhlds jhibsthvds qub ehkdl jbmtr` jb zhl`iãmh`s qub sdbl pbg` jukt` pdmkrbäthk` b sû së` dthvdj`s jbmtr` j` hmtbsthm`. @u sbcd, m`rldglbmtb ds bmzhlds jhibsthvds jbmtr` j` pæmkrbds, bstë` hmdthvds, qudmj` bgds sdbl pdrd ` gólbm hmstbsthmdg è qub bgds sb t`rmdl dthvds. Md pdmkrbdthtb ds bmzhlds pdmkrbäthkds sb t`rmdl dthvds jbmtr` j` pæmkrbds, gbvdmj` d uld ‗dut`‗dut`-jhibstë` pdmkrbäthkd“, b p`jb sbr diujd `u krúmhkd. [dfbl`s qub ds bmzhlds pdmkrbäthkds më` së` bspbkhehkds, bmtë` edgdr jb dulbmt` jb dlhgdsb b jb ghpdsb g hpdsb më` è të` rbgbvdmtb jbvhj` d sud hmbspbkhehkhjdjb kghmhkd.  

Kdusds3 `fstruéë` j` jukt` pdmkrbäthk` (` suk` pdmkrbäthk` ehkd rbthj` m` pæmkrbds hmhkhdmj` `  pr`kbss` jb dut`-jhibstë`), rbegux` fhghdr `u ju`jbmdg (jbvhj` d pr`xhlhjdjb j`s jukt`s, p`jbmj` gbvdr d ul rbt`rm` jb fhgb pdrd jbmtr` j` jukt` fhghdr), ldmhpugdéë` khrórihkd, hsqublhd p`r jhgdtdéë` vûgvug`-iästrhkd, dibmtbs hmebkkh`s`s (t`x`pgdsld) b _HE.  Md pdmkrbdthtb, qudmj` nä ghfbrdéë` jbssds bmzhlds pdmkrbäthkds, ghfbrd tdlfèl vdrhds dlhmds vds`dthvds qub sdh debtdmj` vdrh`s guidrbs, më` sû ` pæmkrbds. Bmtë`, ` dmhldg p`jb tbr mbkr`sb nbpdt`kbgugdr, bjbld pugl`mdr, jbibmbrdéë` tufugdr rbmdg, kdrjh`lh`pdthd, nhp`tbmsë` b KHJ. @s

>2

 

 

shmdhs jd pdmkrbdthtb diujd3 jbprbssë`, dm`rbxhd, v`lht`, nhpbrtbrlhd b jbshjrdtdéë` së` shmdhs hmbspbkìehk`s. D j`r dfj`lhmdg è ` p`mt` kndvb, sbmj` jbtbktdjd md pdgpdéë` (pbmsdmj` md p`shéë` j` bst`ldi`, bmehdmj` d lë` jbfdhx` jds k`stbgds prûxhl` d` pr`kbss` xhe`hjb, ` dmhldg më` diubmtd jb j`r ‛  j`r  ‛  dj`td   dj`td p`shéë` jb prbkb). D krúmhkd më` tbl j`r b ` dmhldg lbgn`rd b ph`rd. Nbl`irdld k`l nbl`k`mkbmtrdéë` p`r kdusd jd jbshjrdtdéë` b gbuk`kht`sb p`r hmebkéë` rbgdkh`mdjd, dz`tblhd (p`r j`hs l`thv`s3 prè-rbmdg p`r jbshjrdtdéë`, `u rbmdg p`r mbkr`sb tufugdr). K`l` ` pæmkrbds më` è k`lp`st` dpbmds jd sud pdrtb bxûkrhmd, d pdrtb bmjûkrhmd tdlfèl vdh bstdr sbmj` jhibrhjd, gbvdmj` d nhpbrighkblhd (debtdmj` d pr`juéë` jd hmsughmd), nhp`kdgkblhd, nhpbrfhghrrufhmblhd, dulbmt` jds bmzhlds nbpäthkds p`r kdusd jd mbkr`sb j` eìidj` (nbpdt`kbgugdr). Ds dlhgdsbs p`jbl sbr j`sdjds,  p`rèl bgds dulbmtdl dulbmtdl bl pr`kb pr`kbss`s ss`s ju`jbmdhs ju`jbmdhs b iästrhk`s tdlfè tdlfèl, l, më` sbmj` t` t`tdglbmtb tdglbmtb bspbkìehk`. bspbkìehk`.  

Jhdim`sthk`3 jbpbmjb luht` jd sud sbmshfhghjdjb kgìmhkd. Md e`rld diujd, tbl hmhkh` sófht`, b ` dmhldg sbmtb uld j`r të` e`rtb qub tbl qub sbr trdtdjd k`l `phûhjb. Cä md e`rld krúmhkd, ` dmhldg ehkd tbmj` ulds hmegdldéòbs k`mthmuds, jhibrhmj` ul p`uk` gbvdmj` ` dmhldg d ehkdr ldg, jdì jbp`hs lbgn`rd, b dsshl ` pæmkrbds vdh sb dkdfdmj`, dtrdvès jb pr`kbss`s k`mtìmu`s b hrrbvbrsìvbhs qub mhmiuèl k`msbiub jhdim`sthkdr. Zbl uld rbgdéë` luht` irdmjb k`l d mutrhéë`. Dghlbmt` luht` rhk`s bl i`rjurds, dmhldhs k`l nhstûrhk` `fbs`s, dgiulds jr`ids k`l` `s jhurèthk`s, d dzdthprhmd, sugeds b k`rthk`hjb, b dgiulds t`xhmds k`l` d j` bsk`rphë` b hmsbthkhjds së` dgiulds jds kdusds jb pdmkrbdthtb. @ rdh` ^ b ugtrdss`l dcujdl bl kds`s jb irdmjbs dgtbrdéòbs.  

jh ibrhj`, sb e`r djlhmhstrdj` dghlbmt` d` dmhldg, vvdh dh Zrdtdlbmt`3 k`l` ` pæmkrbds bstä sbmj` jhibrhj`, Zrdtdlbmt`3 dulbmtdr dhmjd ldhs bssd sbkrbéë` jb bmzhlds jbmtr` j` pæmkrbds, ph`rdmj` d shtudéë`. [bmj` dsshl, ` trdtdlbmt` è ‗M_U@“ ‛  mdjd   mdjd p`r vhd `rdg, p`r dtè 96 n`rds (rbp`us` j` pæmkrbds). @u dhmjd, p`jb-sb  pdssdr uld s`mjd b c`idr bssb dghlbmt` jbp`hs j` pæmkrbds, jhrbt` m` hmtbsthm` `u edzbr d mutrhéë`  pdrbmtbrdg, sb thvbr k`l` edzbr. K`l` bssd j`bméd j`bméd tbl rbgdéë` k`l d i`rjurd, `s `fbs` `fbs`ss jbvbl pbrjbr  pbs` b d jhbtd hmjhkdjd jbvb sbr p`frb bl i`rjurd, rhkd bl kdrf`hjrdt` b k`l uld qudmthjdjb jb  pr`tbìmd l`jbrdjd. Mbkbssärh` edzbr eguhj`tbrdphd pdrd k`rrhihr `s jhsturfh`s nhjr`-bgbtr`ghthk`, dmthfh`thk`tbrdphd k`l suged + trhlbtr`phl, dmthblbthk`s b k`l` dmdgièshk`, sû ul `phûhjb (fut`redm`g `u l`rehmd).

Hmsuehkhbmkhd _dmkrbdthkd Bx`krhmd  M`s kds`s jb pdmkrbdthtb, ` pdmkrbds bstä sbmj` jbstruhj`. Tudmj` sb tbl ldhs jb 8?% j`  pdmkrbds jbstruhj` bv`guh pdrd uld hmsuehkhbmkhd pdmkrbdthkd bx`krhmd, k`l` dk`mtbkb m`s kds`s jb  pdmkrbdthtb kr`mhkd. [hmdhs kghmhk`s3 lä dfs`réë` j`s mutrhbmtbs, vdh edgtdr bmzhlds jb pr`prhbjdjbs lhkr`fhdmds gbvdmj` d uld pr`ghebrdéë` fdktbrhdmd hlp`rtdmtb m` hmtbsthm` qub vdh ph`rdr d jhdrrbhd. Bmtë` d kdusd è d pdmkrbdthtb qub bv`guhu pdrd uld hmsuehkhãmkhd `u d kdusd jbskrhtd m` _dst`r Dgblë`  ‛   dtr`ehd dtr`ehd dkhmdr pdmkrbäthkd hjh`päthkd j` _dst`r Dgblë`. Mbssb kds` tbrbl`s mutrhbmtbs qub më` së` trdmse`rldj`s b dgtbrdéòbs md luk`sd hmtbsthmdg (dtr`ehd jds vhg`shjdjbs, hmehgtrdj` jb kègugds hmegdldtûrhds, pr`ghebrdéë` fdktbrhdmd b lä-dfs`réë` jb vhtdlhmd F46, D b B.  

@ ldhs è d pbrjd jbf`rf`rhil`s, pbs` krúmhkd egdtugãmkhds, b p`ghedihd, kdrdktbrìsthk` cumt` k`l ebzbs [hmdhs kgìmhk`3 v`gul`sds k`l dghlbmt` më` hlp`rtdmtb jhibrhj`, bstbdt`rrèhd, jb jhdrrbhd jb hmtbsthm` jbgidj`, dgèl j` pbg` ebh`, shtudéë` mutrhkh`mdg ebhd. @s tbstbs jb jhibstë` dcujdl m` jhdim`sthk`.

>5

 

 

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 bmzhlds pdmkrbäthkds qub bxhstbl m` lbrkdj`, `u ul pæmkrbds f`vhm` erbsk`. Bmtë`, k`mtr`gd-sb `s shmt`lds (vúlht`, gbsë` jb luk`sd) k`l rdmhthjhmd, jhbtds k`l fdhxd i`rjurd b dgtd jhibsthfhghjdjb, vdh bmtrdr k`l dmthfhûthk` p`r kdusd jd pr`ghebrdéë` fdktbrhdmd m` hmtbsthm` b supgblbmtdr vhtdlhmd F46.

EÌIDJ@ @ eìidj` è rbsp`msävbg3 pbgd pdrtb jb jhibstë`, lbtdf`ghsl` b bst`qub jb värhds sufstæmkhds, bxkrbéë` jb jr`ids b t`xhmds b qudgqubr lbkdmhsl` dirbss`r qub p`ssdl gbvdr ul pr`fgbld pdrd ` eìidj`. Bmtë` ds j`bméds qub kdusdl nhpûxhd j` eìidj`, tûxhk`s (dibmtbs quìlhk`s), dibmtbs hmebkkh`s`s (vhrdhs b fdktbrhdmds), hjh`päthk`s k`miãmht` (` ldhs hlp`rtdmtb è ` snumt p`rtd shstãlhk`). @ Eìidj` tbl kdpdkhjdjb jb rbibmbrdéë`.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s jb t`jds ds j`bméds nbpäthkds së` t`tdglbmtb hmbspbkìehk`s3 dm`rbxhd, gbtdrihd,  pbrjd jb pbs`, vúlht`/mäusbd, vúlht`/mäusbd, jhdrrbhd, jbshjrd jbshjrdtdéë`, tdéë`, dskhtb, hktbrìkhd. [ë` shmd shmdhs hs qub p`jbl `k`rrbr bl qudgqubr j`bméd. M` eìidj` `k`rrb dskhtb p`rqub tbl nhp`pr`tbhmblhd. @ eìidj` è rbsp`msävbg pbgd sìmtbsb jds pr`tbìmds b k`l gbsë` më` vdh ehkdr k`l d sìmtbsb pr`tbhkd m`rldg, bmtë` qudmj` pbmsd m` bxtrdvdsdlbmt` b prbssë` `mkûthkd tbl dskhtb. [b e`r bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jb ghquhj` prd v`kã sdfbr sb vdh  pbmsdr bl eìidj` `u më` v`kã tbl qub pumkh`mdr ` ghquhj` prd sdfbr ` dspbkt` b vã sb bgb sb bmqudjrd mul ghquhj` dskhthk`. [b k`lbédr d tbr jhlhmuhéë` jd sìmtbsb pr`tbhkd v`kã p`jb k`lbéd d tbr dskhtb b jbvb jhebrbmkhdr jds `utrds kdusds jb nhp`pr`tbhmblhd, p`r bxblpg`, j`bméd rbmdg, p`rqub pbrjb pr`tbìmd  pbg` rhl, mutrhkh`mdg (së` ds prhmkhpdhs). Bmtë` qudmj` pbidr ul bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jb gìquhj` pdrd kdvhjdjb dfj`lhmdg prhlbhrd k`hsd è j`sdr d pr`tbìmd p`rqub v`kã prbkhsd sdfbr ` p`rqub qub më` tbl `u p`r qub edgtd sìmtbsb `u sb è mutrhkh`mdg `u p`rqub bstä pbrjbmj`. Hktbrìkhd, qudmj` pbid uld dfsurjd tbl qub jhebrbmkhdr prè-nbpäthkd (bx3 j`bméds nbl`gìthkds, fdfbshd, gbpt`sphr`sb s`r`vdr hktbr`nbl`rrdihk`, dut`hlumbs qub së` ds dmblhds nbl`gìthkds (nbrghquh`sb)), nbpäthkd b pûs-nbpäthkd. (d pr`e më` bmtr`u bl jbtdgnbs p`rqub cä vhl`s) Zbl k`l` jhebrbmkhdr hktbrìkhd prb-nbpäthkd, nbpäthkds b p`s-nbpdthkd pbgd nhst`rhd sb bgd bstä k`mcuidjd `u më` b jdì k`msbiub pbmsdr sb bgd pdss`u pbg` eìidj` b e`h k`mcuidjd shimhehkd qub bstä tuj` fbl m` eìidj`, sb thvbr luhtd fhghrrufhmd gh ghp`ss`góvbg p`ss`góvbg shimhehkd qub è pr`fgbld prè-nbpdthk`.

@utr`s shmdhs bspbkìehk`s3 së` ds ebzbs dkûghkds qub së` sbl philbmt` (` philbmt` vbl jd  fhghvbrjhmd, b ds ebzbs ehkdl päghjds shmdg jb j`bméd nbpäthkd). K`l` ` eìidj` è rbsp`msävbg pbgd sìmtbsb jb ul l`mtb jb edt`r jb k`diugdéë` m`s tdlfèl vdl`s tbr k`diug`pdthds), ugkbrds IH, p`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd. Rld jds shtudéòbs qub tbl`s së` `s qudjr`s mbur`gûihk`s dss`khdj`s k`l ds j`bméds nbpäthkds. Mbl sblprb ` dmhldg vdh tbr hktbrìkhd p`rqub bgd s`lb k`l ul tblp`. Tudmj` d ibmtb vdh ebkndr ul jhdim`sthk` jb j`bméd nbpäthkd (nbpdt`pdthds), pbgd dmdlmbsb, bxdlb eìshk`, tbl qub thrdr fdstdmtbs bxdlbs pdrd jbskdrtdr ds `utrds kdusds jb bmkbedghtb.

>9

 

 

@ nbl`irdld dcujd d vbr sb tbl nblûghsb, sb thvbr d pdrtb vbrlbgnd vdh bstd jhlhmuhjd pdrd sdfbr sb bssd hktbrìkhd è prè-nbpäthkd, dcujd d pbmsdr bl kdusds hmebkkh`sds bx3 gbpt`sphr`sb qub bmtrdl md ghstd jb hmebkkh`sds më` sû ` s`r`vdr md hktbr`nbl`rrhi`.  Md urhmäghsb p`jb pbidr fhghrrufhmd jhlhmuhjd, hmkgushvb krhstdhs jb fhghrrufhmd, sb thvbr nblûghsb dk`mtbkbmj` mbssb pdkhbmtb vdh tbr nbl`ig`fhmórhd (urhmd k`r jb k`kd-k`gd). _bjhr dmdghsb j` ghquhj` dskìthk` qub vdh tbr ul trdmsujdt` shlpgbs `u l`jhehkdj` qub è ` ghquhj` kgdr`, tbl qub jhebrbmkhdr tdlfèl jds kdrjh`pdthd. K`l` jhebrbmkhdr sb è ul ghquhj` jbk`rrbmtb jb ul pr`fgbld nbpäthk` `u kdrjh`pdtd, vdh jhebrbmkhdr pbgd qudmthjdjb jb dgfulhmd, sb thvbr pbrjd jb pr`tbìmd, sb d  pr`tbìmd bsthvbr m`rldg v`kã vdh pbmsdr qub d prbssë` nhjr`stäthkd bstd dulbmtdjd, qub `s ghquhj` vdzdl `u pbgd prbssë` nhjr`stäthkd `u pbgd prbssë` dmk`thkd `u pbgd erdihghjdjb kdphgdr b prbstdr dtbméë` m` pbrehg jb k`diugdéë`. @ pbrehg jb k`diugdéë`. _brehg nbpäthk`, vdl`s j`sdr DGZ, ED, IIZ. @ pr`fgbld jd DGZ b ED pdrd d IIZ è qub bgds bxtrdvdsdl k`me`rlb d gbsë` j` nbpdtûkht`, lds jbp`hs qub bgds bxtrdvdsdl v`kã p`jb pbidr ` dmhldg qub më` vdh vbr ds bmzhlds të` dgtd b tbl`s qub bmtbmjbr k`l` qub bgds eumkh`mdl. Bmtë` k`lbéd d gbsë` j` nbpdtûkht` b dh tbl bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jd DGZ, sb v`kã thvbr dgiuld k`hsd bl jukt` fhghdr, bssb jukt` fhghdr k`lprhlb ds kègugds qub ehkdl d` rbj`r jbgb b dh tbl bxtrdvdsdlbmt` bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jd ED, sb thvbr gbsë` g bsë` j` nbpdtûkht` luht` irdvb vdh k`lbr t`j` ` kht`pgdsld j` nbpdtûkht` dtè bgb knbidr m` mókgb` b dh dpdrbkb d IIZ, bmtë` d IIZ tb hmjhkd qub ` pr`fgbld bstd luht` ph`r. @ pr`fgbld qub dk`mtbkb è qub bgd è hmbspbkìehkd bmtë` sb v`kã thvbr gbsë` j` nbpdtûkht` d ul tblp` dträs b ` pdkhbmtb sû dpdrbkbu di`rd, bssd bmzhld cä jbrrdl`u b më` vdh pdrbkbr m` bxdlb pdrd v`kã. Ds bmzhlds më` shimhehkdl edgdr qub ` eìidj` bstä ldg. _drd knbidr d` jhdim`sthk` tbl qub jbskdrtdr ds `utrds j`bméds qub p`jbl kdusdr d Nbpdt`pdthd, bmtë` jbvbl`s pbmsdr, md dgfulhmd k`l` bstd ibrdglbmtb, jhlhmuhjd, ` k`gbstbr`g vdh bstd dulbmtdjd, d fhghrrufhmd p`jb bstd dulbmtdjd, dulbmtdjd, d urbhd vdh bstd jhlhmuhjd p`rqub më` vdh td tbmj` k`mvbrsë` jb dlúmhd bl urbhd, d dlúmhd vdh bstd dulbmtdjd b `s äkhj`s fhghdrbs dulbmtdj`s. Bmtë` tuj` hss` jbpbmjb j` irdu jb gbsë` nbpäthk`, sb vk thvbr ul pbjdé` j` eìidj` eumkh`mdmj` më` mbkbssdrhdlbmtb hss` vdh bstd dk`mtbkbmj`. _`jb edzbr Vdh` ^ pdrd eìidj` p`rèl sû jhz sb ` eìidj` bstd dulbmtdj`, bmtë` rdh` x më` è ul bxdlb f`l pdrd eìidj`. @ bxdlb gbidg pdrd eìidj` eì idj` è ` R[ qub dì v`kã k`msbiub dvdghdr pdrãmquhld nbpäthk`, k`msbiub dvdghdr sb ` eìidj` bstd dulbmtdj` `u jhlhmuìj`, sb d supbreìkhb jbgb bstd rbiugdr `u hrrbiugdr knbh`s jb mûjug`s, sb bssbs mûjug`s së` jb lbtästdsbs dk`mtbkbmj` `u mûjug`s hmjhkdmj` ehfr`sb p`rqub ` eìidj` bstd rbk`gnbmj`. @ R[ jä hme`rldéòbs luht` lbgn`rbs j` qub ` Vx, d më` sbr pdrd snumt p`rtb shstãlhk` (qub è ul kdlhmn` dgtbrmdthv` b ` sdmiub më` pdssd pbg` eìidj`), tbl qub dvdghdr `s vds`s qub pdssdl p`r dgh k`l `s jukt`s fhghdrbs b btk, b hss` pbg` R[ tdlfèl sb edz lds è jheìkhg, bmtë` dì dss`khd d jhehkugjdjb j` R[ k`l ` bxdlb k`mtrdstdj` j` trdt` fhghdr pdrd jd ` jhdim`sthk` jb snumt  p`rtb shstãlhk`. K`l` b ul jhstórfh` k`mi k`miãmht` ãmht` v`kã sû gblfrd qub bxhstb bbl l ehgn`tbs.  M` trdtdlbmt` tbmtd k`mtr`gdr k`mtr`gdr ` qub bstd dk`mtbkbmj`, dk`mtbkbmj`, p`r bxbl bxblpg`, pg`, k`l` d gbsë` gbsë` nbpäthkd p`jb sbr qub ndcd ul dkulug` jb tbkhj` ehfr`s` jbvhj` d` pr`kbss` pr`kbss` hmegdldtûrh` b m`s vdl`s tbmtdr tbr ul eìidj` k`l uld khrr`sb. Zbl qub tbmtdr sbiurdr d hmegdldéë` j` eìidj` pdrd sbiurdr ehfrhm`ibmb b mbkr`sb. @s l`jugdj`rbs jd hmegdldéë` qub p`jbl sbr usdj`s è d prbjmhs`md (k`rthk`hjb) b dzdth`phmd.

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_bmsdmj` bl l`jugdj`rbs jb ehfr`sb pdrd tbmtdr sbiurdr ` pr`fgbld jd bv`guéë` prd khrr`sb. Rl lbjhkdlbmt` pdrd sbiurdr d ehfr`sb è d K`gnhkhmd (è nuldm`) è ` qub tbmtdl`s usdr prd l`jugdr d ehfr`sb. @ gbidrug`m è ul lbjhkdlbmt` qub p`jb sbr usdj` bl luht`s qudjr`s nbpäthk`s, `mjb bstb lbjhkdlbmt` dulbmtd sìmtbsb jb pr`tbìmds bstruturdhs b eumkh`mdhs, bstdfhghzd lblfrdmds, dgèl jb sbr dmth`xhjdmtb, dmthegdldtûrh`, dmthfhûthk`, fg`qubhd k`dptdéë` jb t`xhmds. @ Rrsdk`g è `utr` lbjhkdlbmt` fdstdmtb usdj`, p`rbl sud hmjhkdéë` è bl kds`s jb k`gbstdsb. @utrd k`hsd fdstdmtb hlp`rtdmtb qub tbl qub pbmsdr è d jhbtd, `mjb bstd tbl qub ldmtbr ` dp`rtb kdgûrhk` b pr`tbhk`, k`rrhihr ds jbehkhãmkhds mutrhkh`mdhs, jhlhmuhr d e`rldéë` jd dlúmhd, p`r hss` tbl qub tbr kuhjdj` k`l d qudmthjdjb jb pr`tbìmd. B jhlhmuh d `k`rrãmkhd jb bmkbedg`pdthds nbpäthkds. Bmtë` tbl qub sbr uld pr`tbìmd qub më` vdh jbhxdr tbr d e`rldéë` jd dlúmhd, së` pr`tbìmds jb dgtd qudghjdjb, jhibsthfhghjdjb b dh vdh hmtbrebrhr k`l d dlúmhd md pdrtb jd luskugdturd, md hlum`ssuprbssë`. @s pr`tbt`rbs nbpäthk`s së` k`lpgbx`s knbh` jb vhtdlhmd dlh`dkhj`s b btk, sb thvbr pdkhbmtb k`l bv`guéë` k`l bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd, `s pr`tbt`rbs nbpäthk`s së` rhk`s bl lbth`mhmd qub è ul dlhm`äkhj` qub vdh ph`rdr ` qudjr` jb bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd. Bx`rmhthg, nbpdt`vbt. Zbl qub tbr kuhjdj` k`l d lbth`mhmd. D jhbtd è ebhtd k`l dgt`s mìvbhs jb kdrf`hjrdt`s, vdh jhlhmuhr d qudghjdjb jd pr`tbìmd, d i`rjurd ldhs `u lbm`s p`rqub ` k`gbstbr`g vdh bstd bgbvdj`, ehfrds b supgblbmtdr vhtdlhmd K b vhtdlhmd B. Rsdr rdéòbs tbrdpãuthkds. Jbvbl`s tbr kuhjdj` k`l ds lbth`mhmds k`l bssbs lbjhkdlbmt`s kndldj`s jb pr`tbt`rbs nbpäthk`s b qub tbl lbth`mhmds.

Tudjr` Mbur`gûihk` VB[RL@3 Bmkbedg`pdthd Nbpäthkd -= ` eìidj` hmsuehkhbmtb më` k`mvbrtb dlúmhd bl urèhd, qub dkdfd sb dkulugdmj` b dtrdvbssdmj` d fdrrbhrd nbldt`bmkbeäghkd b gbsdmj` ` [MK. @ dmhldg dprbsbmtd k`mvugsòbs, k`lprbssë` jb kdfbéd, b jhseuméòbs vdrhdjds (bmkbedghtb jbpbmjb j` g`kdg ldhs debtdj`  ‛  ärbds j` kèrbfr`, kbrbfbg`, btk). @ eìidj` è rbsp`msävbg pbgd k`mvbrsë` jd dlúmhd bl urbhd, bstdmj` ` eìidj` gbsdj` më` bxhstb bssd k`mvbrsë` b s`frd dlúmhd qub vbl jd sìmtbsb jd jhibstë` jds pr`tbìmds gä j` hmtbsthm`, s`frdmj` dlúmhd md [K bgd vdh pdrdr m` bmkbedg` b kdusd uld bmkbedghtb lbtdfûghkd. Jbpbmjbmj` jd qudmthjdjb jb dlúmhd, qub jbpbmjb luht` jd dghlbmtdéë` tbl-sb ` qudjr` jb bmkbedghtb. @s shmdhs së` jb dk`rj` k`l ds sìmjr`lbs b jbpbmjb j` g`kdg `mjb vdh bstd debtdj`. D bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd è ul shmdg kghmhk` qub tbl`s qub k`rrbgdkh`mdr k`l ` eìidj` b tbl k`l` d ibmtb k`mtr`gdr bssd pr`juéë` jd dlúmhd. [ë` jhseuméòbs mbur`gûihkds vdrhdjds p`rqub vdh jbpbmjbr j` g`kdg `mjb bssd dl`mhd td bl ldh`r k`mkbmtrdéë`. _`jbl`s tbr k`mvugsë`, dm`rldghjdjb j` bstdj` lbmtdg k`lprbssë` jd kdfbéd, btk.  

d prhlbhrd d ibmtb jb qubd djhibstë` dlúmhdjb bgdpr`tbìmd, vbl jd pr`tbìmd b bssd  pr`tbìmdZrdtdlbmt`3 vbl jd jhibstë`, bmtë`k`hsd k`l`qub edzbr pdrd trdtd p`jbrè pdrdr ldmjd blf`rd k`l gdxdmtb b bmbld. [b knbid ul pdkhbmtb k`l bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd, mds prhlbhrds n`rds v`kb usd gdkt`md (gdxdmtb) b edzbr bmbld pdrd gdvdr ` hmtbsthm` qub bstd knbh` jb pr`tbìmd qub è jb `mjb vbl `

>8

 

 

 pr`fgbld, jdh v`kb dkdfd k`l ds pr`tbìmds b k`l d e`mtb j` pr`fgbld. @utrd k`hsd d sbr ebhtd è jbprhlhr d eg`rd hmtbsthmdg p`rqub bgd ehkd pdrthkhpdmtb jbssb lbtdf`ghsl` jd pr`tbìmd, ul cbht` jb edzbr hss` è dss`khdmj` lbtr`mhjdz`g k`l dlphkhghmd. B `s shmdhs jb k`mvugsë` v`kã trdtd k`l ebm`fdrfhtdg. Ds ugkbrds trdtd k`l rdmhthjhmds b sukrdgedt`.

NB_DZ@_ NB_D Z@_D DZHD[ ZHD [ BL IBV IBVDG DG Bl luht`s kds`s, jbvb-sb trdtdr ds nbpd nbpdt`pdthds t`pdthds sbl jhdim` jhdim`sthkdr sthkdr d kdusd, dtè p`rqu p`rqubb luhtds vbzbs ` jhdimûsthk` sû è k`msbiuhj` dtrdvès jb fhûpshd nbpäthkd). @ eìidj` è rbsp`msävbg pbgd jhibstë`, lbtdf`ghsl` b bst`qub, bxkrbéë` jb jr`ids b t`xhmds1 Dirbss`rbs d` eìidj`3  nhpûxhd, t`xhmds, hmebkéë`, hjh`päthk`, k`miãmht` (snumt  p`rt`sshstãlhk`).  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s qub p`jbl `k`rrbr bl qudgqubr j`bméd nbpäthkd3 dm`rbxhd, gbtdrihd, pbrjd jb  pbs`, jbshjrdtdéë` jbshjrdtdéë`,, Dskhtb (nhp`pr`tbhmblhd mds hmsuehkhãmkhds- j`bméd rbmdg, jbsmutrhéë` tdlfèl  p`jbl kdusdr), kdusdr), hktbrìkhd (prè, nbp nbpäthkd, äthkd, pûs). Ebzb Ebzbss dkûghkds (sbl philbmt`s, päghjds). K`diug`pdthds (edzbr `s tbstbs jb k`diugdéë`)1 _`ghórhd, p`ghjhpshd, ógkbrds idstr`hmtbsthmdhs1 Kdusd jb hktbrìkhd prè-nbpäthkd3 fdfbshd, gbpt`sphrd, dmblhds nbl`gìthkds (brghquhd, hlum`k`lpgbx`s, pdrdkbtdl`g), pdrdkbtdl`g), phkdjd jb k`frd1 J`sdr fhghrrufhmd jhrbtd b t`tdg, suftrdh FJ ‛  FJ  ‛  FZ<   FZ< `ftèl d hmjhrbtd. [b tbl dulbmt` jb FJ è shmdg jb qub ` eìidj` lbtdf`ghzd lds më` bxkrbtd (K`gbstdsb, pr`fgbld fhghdr). [b tbl dgtd jb FH è p`rqub bstä ndvbmj` nblûghsb.  

Jhdimûsthk` jb nbpdt`pdthds jb e`rld ibrdg (sbl jbsk`frhr d kdusd)3 - Dmdlmbsb, bxdlb eìshk` (shmdhs kgìmhk`s)1 - Nbl`irdld3 nblûghsb (pgdsld dvbrlbgndj`)1 hmebkéë` (gbpt`sphr`sb)1 - Rrhmäghsb3 fhghrrufhmórhd1 - Dmdghsb j` gìquhj` dskìthk`3 Zrdmsujdt` shlpgbs `u l`jhehkdj`, sb pr`tbìmd bsthvbr jhlhmuìjd p`jb sbr p`r uld hmsuehkhãmkhd nbpäthkd, g`i`, sb bsthvbr m`rldg p`jb sbr p`r dulbmt` jd prbssë` nhjr`stäthkd k`l bxtrdvdsdlbmt` jb pgdsld pdrd kdvhjdjb. - _brehg jb k`diugdéë` k`diugdéë`11 - Fh`quìlhk`s3 DGZ b ED pdrd këbs1 IIZ b ED pdrd idt`s1 DGZ3 gbsë` d`s nbpdtûkht`s1 ED3 `fstruéë` jb kdmdgìkug`s fhghdrbs1 -Euméë` nbpäthkd3 J`sdr dgfulhmd (jhlhmuìjd)1 K`gbstbr`g (dulbmtdjd)1 Fhghrrufhmd (dulbmtdjd)1 Rrbhd (jhlhmuìjd)1 Dlúmhd (dulbmtdjd)1 Äkhj`s fhghdrbs (p`jbl bstdr dulbmtdj`s)1 - Rgtrdss`m3 dvdghdr pdrãmquhld nbpäthk`, sdfbr sb bstä dulbmtdj` `u më`, sb d supbreìkhb tbl mûjug`s1      

Zrdtdlbmt` [hmt`läthk`3 Eguhj`tbrdphd3 më` usdr ` rhmibr gdktdt` (` gdktdt` më` sbrä k`mvbrthj` bl fh fhkdrf`mdt`). kdrf`mdt`). Rthghzdr rhmibr shlpgbs1

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   

Nhp`pr`tbhmblhd3 usdr ul k`gûhjb1   Jbehkhãmkhd j`s edt`rbs jb k`diugdéë`3 trdmseusë` jb pgdsld `u sdmiub t`tdg1 Nhp`kdgblhd3 (erdqubzd luskugdr, vbmtr`egbxë` m`s idt`s) Vhmibr shlpgbs + p`tässh` (kägkug`)1     Dkhj`sb3 fhkdrf`mdt`1 Dskhtb3 pdrdkbmtbsb pdrd dghvhdr ul p`uk`, më` jbvbmj` jrbmdr tuj`, dtè p`rqub bgb vdh v`gtdr.     K`mtr`gdr qudmthjdjb jb sûjh`1   Jhurèthk` (eur`sblhjd)1   BMKBEDG@_DZHD NB_ÄZHKD3 e`rmbkbr gdktug`md b bmblds pdrd ‗gdvdr“ ` hmtbsthm`, jhlhmuhmj` d dfs`réë` jds pr`tbìmds b e`rldéë` jb dlúmhd. Jbprhlhr d eg`rd hmtbsthmdg (lbtr`mhjdz`g + dlphkhghmd)1   K`mvugsòbs k`l ` ebm`fdrfhtdg, jhdzbpdl, pr`p`e`g, btk. ÓGKBVD[ ID[ZV@HMZB[ZHMDH[3 hmhfhj`rbs jd dkhjbz bst`ldkdg (rdmhthjhmd, `lbprdz`g) b    pr`tbt`r iästrhk` (sukrdgedt`)1 (sukrdgedt`)1 EHFV@[B3 k`l d gbsë` b pbrjd j`s nbpdtûkht`s, `k`rrb uld sufsthtuhéë` p`r tbkhj` ehfr`s`,   jhlhmuhmj` d euméë` j` ûrië`. Zrdtd-sb k`l K`gknhkhmd (tbmtd lhmhlhzdr, l`jugdr d ehfr`sb)1 K@GB[ZD[B3 jhlhmuhéë` jd bxkrbéë` jb sdhs fhghdrbs prd ` ju`jbm`, dkdfd sb dkulugdmj`,   dulbmtdmj` d prbssë` jbmtr` j`s kdmdgìkug`s b k`l ` tblp` bxtrdvdsd gbsdmj` ` eìidj`. @ dulbmt` jd E`sedtdsb Dgkdghmd (ED) hmjhkd hss`. Zrdtd-sb k`l Rrsdk`g (äkhj` urs`jbs`xhkûghk`)1 usdj` tdlfèl bl kds`s jb k`gbghtìdsb. [hghldrhmd (Gbidg`m)3 usdj` qudmj` më` tbl K`gbstdsb. Bssb lbjhkdlbmt` dulbmtd d sìmtbsb jb pr`tbìmds, è dmth`xhjdmtb, dmth-hmegdldtûrh`, dmthehfrûthk`, fg`qubhd d kdptdéë` jb t`xhmds, bstdfhghzdl d lblfrdmd j`s nbpdtûkht`s. JHBZD3 pr`tbìmds jb dgtd jhibsthfhghjdjb pdrdUhtK jhlhmuhr d e`rldéë` jb dlúmhd1 Jdr dgt` ìmjhkb jb kdrf`hjrdt`s1 supgblbmtdr b UhtB1 Vdéë` më` tbrdpãuthkd (rbkbhtd kdsbhrd pdrd pr`prhbtärh`s qub më` tbl k`mjhéòbs jb pdidr p`r rdéòbs jb trdtdlbmt`).   @s ‗pr`tbt`rbs nbpäthk`s“ (@rmhthg, nbpdt`vbt), së` k`lp`st`s rhk`s bl vhtdlhmds, lbth`mhmd, `mjb bstd ph`rd ` qudjr` jb dmhldhs k`l bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd.      

NB_DZ@_DZHD[ B[_BKÌEHKD[ Ghphj`sb Nbpäthk Nbpäthkdd È ` dkulug` jb ghpìjb`s m`s nbpdtûkht`s, `k`rrb prhmkhpdglbmtb m`s ebghm`s `fbs`s k`l dm`rbxhd pr`g`midjd (bstrbssb `u rbstrhéë` jb jhbtd `u pr`fgblds nbpäthk`). @s ebghm`s së` ldhs dk`lbthj`s1 idt`s `fbs`s qub ehkdl sbl k`lbr p`r tblp` pr`g`midj` (dm`rbxhd p`r bstrbssb, jhbtd, btk).  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Dm`rbxhd, gbtdrihd, pbrjd jb pbs`, hktbrìkhd, jbshjrdtdéë`, btk1 Idt`- @fbs` `u më`- ï jhds sbl k`lbr1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Fh`quìlhk`3 dulbmt` jb DGZ, ED, IIZ, fhghrrufhmd t`tdg, nhp`dgfulhmblhd1 - Nhst`pdt`gûihk`3 i`tìkugds jb i`rjurd m` hmtbrh`r j`s nbpdtûkht`s1 - R[ p`jb dcujdr1

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Zrdtdlbmt`3  Mutrhkh`mdg3 ;-5 sbldmds (dtè ; lbsbs) e`rmbkbmj` : d 5 rbebhéòbs p`r jhd, bl lèjhd ;? lg p`r rbebhéë`1   [`mjd mds`iästrhkd1 Jhstórfh`s shmt`läthk`s3 eguhj`tbrdphd, dmthfhûthk`s, dmthblèthk`, bsthlugdmtb jb dpbthtb   (jhdzbpdl bl sufj`sb jhzbl qub sbrvb pdrd bsthlugdr), btk. *qudmt` dmtbs hmhkhdr ` trdtdlbmt` lbgn`r, 52% lbgn`rdl m` tblp` jbskrht`.

K`gæmih`-Nbpdthtb Ebghmd Hmegdldéë` j`s nbpdtûkht`s pbrhfhghdrbs, kdmdgìkug`s fhghdrbs, jukt`s k`gbt`rbs b vbsìkugd fhghdr. D Bth`g`ihd è k`mtr`vbrsd, suspbhtdl jb hmebkéë` fdktbrhdmd md e`rld supurdthvd (diujd), `u hlum`lbjhdjds md e`rld ghme`pgdsl`khtärhd (Krúmhkd), `u dhmjd jb pgdtym`ss`l`ul. D pdmkrbdthtb b ju`jbmhtb p`jbl bstdr bmv`gvhjds.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3  më` dcujdl d jhebrbmkhdr jds `utrds j`bméds nbpäthkds3 nhp`rbxhd, gbtdrihd, nbpdt`lbidghd, nbpdt`lbid ghd, hktbrìkhd, dskhtb, ebfrb (md e`rld diujd)1 Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nbl`irdld3 sb e`r d e`rld supurdthvd dprbsbmtd gbuk`kht`sb k`l mbutr`ehghd b JMMB1 - Fh`quìlhk`3 dulbmt` jb DGZ, ED b IIZ1 - Rrhmäghsb3 fhghrrufhmórhd1 - R[3 jukt`s fhghdrbs fhgh drbs jhgdtdj`s, dulbmt` nbpäthk`1 - Kht`g`ihd b fhûpshd ebknd ` jhdimûsthk`1 - _drd jhdimûsthk` j` pgdtym`ss`lul jbvb-sb rbdghzdr pbsquhsdr bl ebzbs k`msbkuthvds1  

   

Zrdtdlbmt`3 E`rld supurdthvd (qudmj` d kdusd è fdktbrhdmd)3 dmthfhûthk`3 dl`xhkhghmd  ‛  äkhj`  äkhj` kgduvugæmhk` + lbtr`mhjdz`g1   E`rld më`-supurdthvd (dut`hlumb)3 prbjmhs`md bl j`sb hlum`ssuprbss`rd p`r ; sbldmds, b

jbp`hs k`lbédr d rbjuzhr. @u dkbtdt` jb lbthgprbjmhs`g`md (k`rthk`hjb jb jbpûsht`)1 _gdtym`ss`lul3 _gdtym`ss`lu l3 prdzhqudmtbg     _drd ds juds e`rlds3 - Nhjrdtdéë`3 rhmibr1 - Uhtdlhmds3 B, F, A1 - K`gbrèthk`s3 Rrsdk`g1 - [hghldrhmd1 - Dmthblèthk`s3 lbt`kg`prdlhjd1 - Idrdmthr qub ` idt` sb dghlbmtb, mbl qub sbcd p`r s`mjd1

Khrr`sb Nbpäthkd D khrr`sb nbpäthkd è ` rbsugtdj` ehmdg jd j`bméd kr`mhkd, è hrrbvbshvbg, `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s së` `s shmdhs jb hmsuehkhãmkhd nbpäthkd, vdh tbr qub ehkdr k`mtr`gdmj` d hmsuehkhãmkhd. @k`rrb qudmj` d j`bméd

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jbstrûh ` eìidj`, t`rmdmj` hrrbvbrsìvbg sbu k`mtr`gb. @ dmhldg dprbsbmtd t`jd d shmt`ldt`g`ihd jb ul hmsuehkhbmtb nbpäthk`1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 è ebkndj` k`l fhûpshd b R[1

[numt _`rt`sshstãlhk` @k`rrb ul jbsvh` j` egux` sdmiuìmb` qub jbvbrhd pdssdr pbg` eìidj` hmj` jhrbt` prd kdvd, kdhmj` md khrkugdéë` shstãlhkd.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Dmhldhs jb rdéds pbqubmds së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s (p``jgb, ldgtãs, tbkabg) 6 lbsbs d > dm`s - këbs1 b lbm`s jb ; dm`s  ‛  idt`s  idt`s  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 [hmdhs mbur`gûihk`s, shdg`rrbhd, vúlht` pbrshstbmtb, p`ghedihd, jhdrrbhd, ur`ghtìdsb, nbldtórhd, p`ghurhd b p`ghjhpshd.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nbl`irdld3 dmblhd lhkr`kìthkd m`rl`krúlhkd1 gbukûkht`s m`rldhs, `u ul gbvb dulbmt` jb mbutrûehg`s. - Fh`quìlhk`3 DGZ b ED m`rldhs1 Nhp`dgfulhmblhd, k`gbstbr`g fdhx`, urbhd b krbdthmhmd jhlhmuìj`s, nhp`ighkblhd1 - Ebknd k`l rdjh`irdehd k`mtrdstdjd j` shstbld vbm`s` p`rtdg1 - R[ dfj`lhmdg1 - Nhst`pdt`g`ihd1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 Hiudg d` jds `utrds nbpdt`pdthds + k`rrbéë` khrórihkd j`s vds`s1

NB_DZ@_DZHD HMJRSHJD _@V JV@ID[ B Z@^HMD[ - Jr`ids3 ebm`fdrfhtdg, kbt`k`mdz`g `rdg p`r g`mi`s g `mi`s pbrì`j`s1 tbtrdkhkghmds1 - Lbtdhs pbsdj`s1 Jbvbl-sb edzbr bxdlbs pbrhûjhk`s mbssbs dmhldhs qub uthghzdl bssds jr`ids, b sb ` pr`fgbld  pbrshsthr, e`rmbkbr shghldrhmd, `u dgtbrdr ` trdtdlbmt` (jr`ids). Bx.3 jhlhmuhr ebm`fdrfhtdg b djhkh`mdr  fr`lbt` jb p`tässh`, p`tässh`, btk.

NB_D NB_ DZ@_D Z@_DZHD _@V DIBMZB[ HMEBK HMEBKKH@[ KH@[@[ @[ Gbpt`sphr`sb1 NHK ‛  NHK  ‛  ds  ds vdkhmds k`msbiuhrdl rbjuzhr bssd j`bméd1 Z`x`pgdsld, _HE, Brghquh`sb1

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KD[@[ KGÌMHK@[ D_VB[BMZDJ@[ BL DRGD Jã `s p`ssìvbhs jhdimûsthk`s pdrd `s sbiuhmtbs kds`s3 4³ Dmhldg3 Zbj, ; lbsbs jb hjdjb, ldkn` tbl v`lht` p`ghedihd b bldirbkhlbmt`3 - Lbidbsúedi`, hmsuehkhãmkhd pdmkrbäthkd (më` p`r kdusd jd jhdrrbhd), k`rp` bstrdmn`, dm`ldghd j` dmbg vdskugdr b nèrmhd jb nhdt`. - Jhdim`sthk`3 lbidbsúedi`. lbidbsúedi`. - Ztl3 dghlbmtdéë` pdst`sd m` dgt`. (Ldmbc` dghlbmtdr)

6³ Dmhldg3 Fdruqub, `ht` dm`s, ldkn`, jhdrrèhd krúmhkd, p`ghedihd, pbrjd jb pbs`, egdutugbmkhds b  f`rf`rhil`s. - H_B, j`bméd hmtbsthmdg hmegdldtûrhd, sìmjr`lb jd lä dfs`réë`, JL, dgiulds sìmjr`lbs  pdrdmb`pgäshkds,  pdrdmb`pgäshk ds, bmtbrhtb pdrds pdrdshtdrhds. htdrhds. - Jhdim`sthk`3 j`bméd hmtbsthmdg hmegdldtûrhd (Fh`pshd jb hmtbsthm`) - Ztl3 k`rthkûhjb

;³ Dmhldg3 Fdfh, 44 dm`s, eãlbd, vúlht` d ; sbldmd, k`lbmj` ldg, p`ghurhd b p`ghjhpshd, bldirbkhlbmt` b dpdthd - Jhdfbtbs, idstrhtb, HV, HN, sufstæmkhds tûxhkds, nhp`djrbm`k`rthkhsl`. nhp`djrbm`k`rthkhsl`. - Jhdim`sthk`3 HV.

:³ Dmhldg3 Idt` 2 dm`s, tbl t bl dm`rbxhd, , hktbrìkhd jbshjrdtdéë` b pbrjd jb pbs`. - Ghphj`sb, pgdtym`ss`l`, _HE, k`gdmih`-nbpdthtb, nbl`fdrt`mbgd (lyk`pgdsld ndbl`ebghs), gbpt`sphr`sb, mb`pgdshd nbpäthkd, nbpäthkd, jr`ids. Zbl qub sdfbr sb d hktbrìkhd è prèprè-nbpäthkd nbpäthkd `u pûs. - Jhdim`sthk`3 ghphj`sb nbpäthkd

2³ Dmhldg3 Kdmhmd, Fdfuskd, eãlbd, 5 dm`s, nhp`rbxhd, v`lht`, hktbrìkhd b dpdthd. - J`bméds D-H, fdfbshd, khrr`sb, gbpt`, mb`pgdshds, jr`ids, k`gæmih`-nbpdthtb, `fstruéòbs jb jukt`s  fhghdrbs, pdmkrbdthtb. pdmkrbdthtb. - Jhdim`sthk`3 khrr`sb.

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MBRV@G@IHD

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MBRV@G@IHD Jbvb sdfbr sb bxhstb ` k`lpr`lbthlbmt`/bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [MK, g`kdghzdr d gbsë` b sdfbr jhebrbmkhdr j` shstbld luskugdr, b `rt`pèjhk`, p`hs hss` dcujd d pbmsdr qudhs ds p`sshfhghjdjbs jb jhdim`sthk` pdrd p`jbr pbmsdr bl pr`im`sthk` b pbmsdr bl ghstd jb jhdim`sthk` jhebrbmkhdg. Jbp`hs jb sdfbr qudhs `s jhdimûsthk`s jhebrbmkhdhs p`jb pbsquhsdr bl ghvr` b knbidr bl uld k`mkgusë` jb jhdim`sthk`. _drd hss` jbvb edzbr ul f`l bxdlb kgìmhk`.

VBUH[Ë@ JD [BLH@G@IHD D[[@KHDJD D EH[H@G@IHD J@ [H[ZBLD MBVU@[@ B DMDZ@LHD @ shstbld mbrv`s` è k`lp`st` p`r3 @s mburúmh`s, bgbs trdmslhtbl ds hme`rldéòbs/hlpugs`s mbrv`s`s dtrdvès jb jbsp`gdrhzdéë` jbssbs mburúmh`s. Dgiums mburúmh`s së` k`lp`st`s p`r fdhmnds jb lhbghmd (MLH) b bssbs mburúmh`s qub k`mtèl fdhmnd jb lhbghmd d jbsp`gdrhzdéë` è ldhs räphjd, k`mnbkhjd k`l` k`mjuéë` sdgtdtûrhd,  p`rqub d jbsp`gdrhzdéë` sdgtd sdgtd m`s g`kdhs lhbghmhzdj`s ‗mû jb Vdmvhbr“ pdrd `utr` ‗mû jb Vdmvhbr“ p`r hss` è ldhs räphjd. Tudmj` `k`rrb d jbsp`gdrhzdéë` m` mburúmh` k`l ds tr`kds jb ì`ms p`r t`j` sbu k`lprhlbmt` d` knbidr m` ehmdg m` dxúmh`, qub jbpbmjbmj` jd euméë` j` mburúmh` së` ghfbrdj` `s mbur`trdmslhss`rbss qub dth mbur`trdmslhss`rb dthvdl vdl ` prûxhl` mburúmh`.

MLH3 Dxúmh`3 [ë` dqubgbs qub sdbl j` [M_ pdrd edzbr shmdpsb k`l igæmjugds b lóskug`s. Jbssb l`j` `s 46 pdrbs jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s së` MLH, dgèl jhss` tbl`s ` pgbx` frdquhdg b ` pgbx`  pègvhk` qub tdlfèl tdlfèl sdbl j` [M_ b vvë` ë` edzbr shmdpsb k`l ` luskug`. @ k`rp` kbgugdr bstd g`kdghzdj` m`s mókgb`s kbrbfrdhs `u md ldssd khmzbmtd jd lbjugd bsphmndg. dqubgbj` qub[MK. l`jugd m` sbmthj` jb hmhfhr `u bxkhtdrkbgug ` MLH m` drk` rbegbx`. @ ML[ML[3 vhdcd Èdtrdvès K`l` MLH, hss` tbl`s `s Jbmjrht`s b k`rp` dr mdhss` ldssd khmzbmtd j` kûrtbx kbrbfrdg `u m`s mókgb`s j` tr`mk` kbrbfrdg . @s Dxúmh`s3 vhdcdl dtrdvès j` tr`mk` kbrbfrdg b lbjugd bsphmndg bl ebhxbs kndldj`s trdt`s, e`rldmj` pdrtb jb suds sufstdmkhds frdmkds. Bxhstbl värh`s trdt`s, qub vë` tbr m`lbs jb `mjb bgbs sb `rhihmdl b pdrd `mjb bgbs vë`.

Drk` Vbegbx`3 uld pbss`d bmk`std d lë` bl dgi` qubmtb, bl sbiuhjd dthvd ` mburúmh` sbmshthv` (rbkbpt`r jb j`r) bstb knbid m` k`rm` j`rsdg md lbjugd bmk`mtrd ` MLH (qub edz d euméë` l`t`rd) hss` `k`rrb qudmj` tbl uld shmdpsb. Tudmj` tbl `utr` mburúmh` pbrk`rrbmj` t`jd d lbjugd b knbidmj` mbssd shmdpsb tbl-sb uld p`ghshmdpsb k`l ` `utr` ML[ l`jugdmj` bssd dthvhjdjb jb thrdr d lë` `u më`.

Jhdim`sthk` Dmdtúlhk`

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_drd knbidr md g`kdghzdéë` jd j`bméd, jbvbl`s gblfrdr ds jhvhsòbs j` shstbld mbrv`s`. Vbihë` jb kèrbfr`, tr`mk` kbrbfrdg, kbrbfbg` b lbjugd bsphmndg. Kbrbfr` k`rrbsp`mjb d` tbgbmkbedg`. @ kbrbfbg`, p`mtb b fugf` (vã hldibl). _drd sdfbr `mjb bstä d gbsë` jbvbl`s k`mnbkbr d ehsh`g`ihd jb kdjd pdrtb, p`hs sb bsthvbr dgtbrd sdfb-sb qub è dqubgd d g`kdghzdéë` jd gbsë`. Tudmj` edgdl`s bl tbgbmkbedg` qub sbrhd d rbihë` jb kèrbfr`, ` tbgbmkbedg` bstd jhvhjhj` bl er`mtdg, pdrhbtdg, `kkhphtdg b tblp`rdg, së` jb dk`rj` k`l `s `ss`s. @ g`f` er`mtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` hmtbgbkt`, k`lp`rtdlbmt` b dthvhjdjb l`t`rd ehmd (l`vhlbmt` jd lë` dtè jbtbrlhmdjd bstruturd, dcustb ehm`). Hmtbgbkt` bl vbtbrhmärhd p`jb sbr bl j`bméds k`miãmhtds bx3 nhjr`kbedghd, tbl dgtbrdéë` j` hmtbgbkt`, `s dmhldhs më` jbsbmv`gvbl/rbtdrjd ` hmtbgbkt` k`l` `s ehgn`tbs jd lbsld mhmndjd. @ g`f` pdrhbtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` t`qub, j`r, pr`prh`kbpéë` hmv`gumtärhd (p`sturd k`rrbtd j` k`rp`). @ g`f` `kkhphtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbgd vhsë`. @ g`f` tblp`rdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` k`lp`rtdlbmt` ldtbrm` b dujhéë`. Mókgb`s jd fdsb së` rbsp`msävbhs pbg` t`m` luskugdr, hmhkh` b k`mtr`gb jd dthvhjdjb l`t`rd. Ïs vbzbs ` dmhldg më` tbl mbmnul k`lpr`lbthlbmt` jb [M_, mbl `stb`luskugdr lds më` k`msbiub sdhr j` guidr è ` pdkhbmtb qub ehkd pdrdj` m` guidr p`rqub tbl uld gbsë` qub bstä md rbihë` j` [ZDVZ j` l`vhlbmt`, bssb pdkhbmtb sb e`r puxdj` pbgd k`gbhrd bgb dmjd, p`rèl s`zhmn` ehkd  pdrdj` bmk`stdj`, bmk`stdj`, hss` è gbsë` jjbb tbgbmkbedg` p`r kdu kdusd sd j`s mókgb`s jd fd fdsb sb qub tbl euméë` euméë` jb hmhkhdr ` l`vhlbmt`.

Jhbmkèedg` dirupd dgiulds euméòbs kdrdktbrìsthkds. Zbl`s ` nhp`tägdl`, nhpûehsb, tägdl` b suf-tdg`. _`r kdusd j` nhp`tägdl`  ` jhbmkèedg` tbl k`mtr`gb dutúm`l`, dpbthtb, sbjb, k`mtr`gb jb tblpbrdturd (ds vbzbs ul dmhldg s`erb trduldthsl` b knbid k`l nhp`tbrlhd, v`kã k`msbiub dqubkbr `  pdkhbmtb b bgb knbid d ZK m`rldg, lds qudmj` v`kã jbsghid tuj` b v`gtd k`l 4 n`rd ` pdkhbmtb bstd m`vdlbmtb k`l nhp`tbrlhd, hss` è p`rqub më` tbl k`mtr`gb jb nhp`tägdl`), fdgdmé` nìjrhk`bgbtr`gìthk`, s`m` b k`lp`rtdlbmt`. Md nhpûehsb së` euméòbs bmjûkrhmds, dgiuld gbsë` md nhpûehsb vdh tbr jhsturfh`s bmjûkrhmd bl t`j` ` `ridmhsl` è eäkhg jb hjbmthehkdr. M` Zägdl`  tbl`s t`qub, j`r b  pr`prh`kbpéë`.. [uf-Zägdl`3 tbl ` [DVD (shstbld dthvdj`r rbthkugdr dskbmjbmtb) qub pdrthkhpd jd  pr`prh`kbpéë` k`mskhãmkhd b j` khkg` s`m`-vhiìghd (m` kds` sb uld pbss`d bstd j`rlhmj` b dgiuèl jd ul bstdg`, t`qub, pdgld, kndldr, j`g`r`s`, bssb pdkhbmtb jbvb dk`rjdr. [b thvbr gbsë` m` [DVD t`j`s bssbs bstìlug`s p`jbl dk`mtbkbr b ` pdkhbmtb më` dk`rjdr. Dquh bstë` g`kdghzdj`s ` 4 b 6 pdr jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s. Lbsbmkèedg` tdlfèl tbl bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [DVD, bstd g`kdghzdj` ` ; b : pdr jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s b k`lbéd d dpdrbkbr `s trdt`s. @s trdt`s bstë` d pdrthr j` lbsbmkèedg` b së` dskbmjbmtbs (v`gtd) b jbskbmjbmtbs (pbrk`rrb t`jd d lbjugd), qudgqubr gbsë` jb ML[ p`jb bstdr d pdrthr jb lbsbmkèedg`. Zbl ` mókgb` rufr`3 tbl dthvhjdjb l`t`rd b `rhibl j` trdt` rufr`bsphmnd rufr`bsphmndg.g.

Lbtbmkèedg`3 _`mtb tbl`s ` 2 pdr jb mbrv` krdmhdm` b kbmtr`s vhtdhs jd rbsphrdéë` p`r kdusd jd e`rldéë` rbthkugdr b trdt`s dskbmjbmtbs b jbskbmjbmtbs. Kbrbfbg`3 tbl uld kdrdktbrìsthkd pdrthkugdr  p`hs è rbsp`msävbg pbgd k``rjbmdéë` k``rjbmdéë` j` l`vhlbmt` b túmus luskugdr. B tbl ` G`f` eg`kug`m`jugdr qub è rbsp`msävbg pbg` bquhgìfrh`. Lhbgbmkèedg`3 Fugf`-Lbjugd `fg`mid è `mjb bstë` prbsbmtbs d ldh`rhd j`s pdrbs krdmhdm`s, bmtë` sb ehzbr bxdlbs eìshk` b pbrkb pbrkbfb fb dgtbrdéë` bl ul irdmjb mulbr` jb mbrv`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s, p`jb sbr gbsë` jb fugf`. K`mtèl `s pdrbs 5,9,>,8,4?,44,46.

89

 

 

Lbjugd bsphmndg3 tbl uld e`rld jb X. Md ldssd khmzbmtd3 M` k`rm` j`rsdg tbl `s mburúmh`s sbmshthv`s b rbegbx`s, m` k`rm` vbmtrdg tbl`s MLH b rbegbx`s, m` hmtbrlèjh` gdtbrdg tbl `s dutúm`l`s. Md ldssd frdmkd  tbl`s `s trdt`s dsk. b jbsk. [bilbmt`s jd lbj. bsphmndg më` dk`lpdmnd `s sbilbmt`s jd k`gumd, jb K5 d Z6 è `mjb sdbl `s rbegbx`s frdquhdg b G: d [6 sdbl ` pgbx` pègvhk`. Bxhstb tdlfèl ` [M_ dutúm`l`, lbmhmibs, lbmhmibs, ghquhj` kbedg`rrdquhjhdm`, vbmtrìkug`s, [MK, [M_.  

_dss`s j` bxdlb kgìmhk`3 - Hjbmthehkdéë`1 - Dmdlmbsb3 fbl ebhtd, jbtdgndjd1 - [hmdhs kgìmhk`s (è mbkbssärh` ul f`l bxdlb prd hjbmthehkdr uld gbsë`)1 - Bxdlbs k`lpgblbmtdrbs1 - Zbrdpãuthkd (ds vbzbs ebknd jhdim`sthk` tbrdpãuthk`, trdtd b vb sb lbgn`rd)1 - _r`imûsthk`, trdtdlbmt` b pr`ehgdxhd1 @F[3 dmdlmbsb b shmdhs kgìmhk`s së` `s ldhs hlp`rtdmtbs pdrd d mbur`. @ qub dcujd d pbmsdr mds p`sshfhghjdjbs jb jhdim`sthk` è ` JDLMHUHZ `u JHMDLHZ U. t`jd vbz qub pbid ul kds` jb mbur`, prhlbhr` pbgd dmdlmbsb jbvb sdfbr sb è diuj` `u krúmhk`, pr`irbsshv` `u bstävbg, e`kdg `u jheusd j` [MK `u [M_ b tbmtd g`kdghzdr g `kdghzdr d gbsë`3

J3 jhstórfh`s jbibmbrdthv`s3 së` qudjr`s krúmhk`s, pr`irbsshv`s, gbmt`. @ shmdg kghmhk` ph`rd k`l ` tblp` b jb e`rld gbmtd, bx3 nèrmhd jb jhsk` jb k`gumd, ` jhsk` sb jbibmbrd, krhd uld pr`tusë` qub dulbmtd b k`lprhlb d lbjugd bsphmnd, k`lbéd d tbr j`rbs b ` dmhldg bvhtd sufhr m` s`eä, dtè qub ` jhsk` r`lpb b surib d j`bméd. D3 dm`ldghd k`miãmhtds3 ` shmdg kghmhk` è bstävbg, mdskb k`l ` jhstórfh` b më` ph`rd mbl lbgn`rd, bx1 idt` k`l jbsvh` jb kdfbéd tbl p`uk`s shmdhs irdvbs, ghsbmkbedghd, nhjr`kbedghd tbl luht`s shmdhs irdvbs. @ uld j`bméd bstävbg, b d irdvhjdjb jbpbmjb jd dm`ldghd. L3 jhstórfh`s lbtdfûghkd3 tbl j`hs irdmjbs qub dpdrbkbl k`l erbquãmkhds, së` `s qudjr`s urãlhk`s b nbpäthk`s, bmkbedg`pdthds nbpäthkds b bmkbedg`pdthds Tudmj` ulDjhstórfh` b`  pdkhbmtb ehkdbx3 k`l urbhd b krbdthmd dgtd, sb e`r nbpäthk` durãlhkds. dlúmhd ehkd luht`tbl dgtd. dlúmhd rbmdg `u urbhd luht` dgtd gbsd ` [MK. [b lbgn`rds kghmhkdlbmtb `s shmdhs, ` qudjr` jb urbhd b dlúmhd kdbl b `s shmdhs mbur`gûihk`s lbgn`rdl. [hmdg kghmhk` mbur`gûihk` jb jhstórfh` lbtdfûghk` è egutudmtb, hmtbrlhtbmtb  p`rqub sb ` rhl b eìidj` bstë` ruhms ` dulbmt` jb urbhd b dlúmhd kdbl md K[ b hmt`xhkdl ` [MK b tbl luht`s shmdhs kgìmhk`s j` [K, p`rbl sb lbgn`rd d qudghjdjb `u bxkrbéë` vdh jhlhmuhr d hmt`xhkdéë` b lbgn`rd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s, lds më` tbl kurd.

M3 mb`pgdshd3 më` knbid m` [M jb uld vbz, d mb`pgdshd vdh krbskbmj` b jbstrûh uld jbtbrlhmd pdrtb j` [MK b k`l hss` ph`rd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s, è fbl gbmt` b pr`irbsshv` p`hs jbpbmjb j` krbskhlbmt` jd  pdssd k`rp`rdg. k`rp`rdg. H3 hmegdldtûrh`s b hmebkkh`s`s3 è p`uk` lbm`s gbmt` p`rbl tdlfèl è pr`irbsshv`, bx3 khm`l`sb, bgd  ph`rd b dulbmtd dulbmtd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s kgìmhk`s.. U3 vdskugdr3 ãlf`g`s, dvk `u nbl`rrdihds, ds nbl`rrdihds prhmkhpdglbmtb sbkumjdrhd d trduld. B

luht` diuj`, b luht` irdvb qub p`jb l`rrbr `u sb thvbr nbl`rrdihd b e`rld ãlf`g` lbgn`rd. 8>

 

 

H3 hmebkéë`3 diujd k`l irdvhjdjbs jb shmdhs kgìmhk`s lbm`r qub ` j` trduld. Z3 trduld3 kdusd nbl`rrdihds.  

Hjbmthehkdéë`3 J`bméd J`bméd j` jhsk` hmtbrvbrtbfrdg Bphgbpshd Nhjr`kbedghd Zul`rbs _drdghshd jb Y`ffgbr [ufguxdéë` dtgdmt` dxhdg _drdghshd jb gdrhmib

Vdéd Zbkabg, pbquhmãs _``jgb, _D Knhnudnud, y`rasnhrb, p``jgb t`y F`xbr J`iub Dgblë`, j`fbrldm _``jgb, phmsknbr Nusay shfbrhdm`

- Hjdjb3    

C`vbms3 j`bméds nbrbjhtärhds b hmegdldtûrhds/hmebkkh`sds1 Ubgn`s3 j`bméds jbibmbrdthvds, mb`pgdshds1

- _rbjhsp`jhéë` sbxudg3    

Eãlbds3 lbtästdsb bl [MK jb djbm`kdrkhm`lds ldlärh`s1 Ldkn`s3 lbtästdsbs lbtästdsbs jb djb djbm`kdrkhm`lds m`kdrkhm`lds pr`stäthk`s1p

- K`r jb pbgdibl3 surjbz1                    

Dmdlmbsb3 Jbvb sbr ebhtd sbiuhmj` d sbqubmkhd jb r`thmd3 Hmhkh` b bv`guéë` jd j`bméd (diuj` `u krúmhk`, pr`irbsshv` `u më`)  Mìvbg jb k`mskhãmkhd k`mskhãmkhd (dgbrtd `u k`ld) Lujdméd jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` (dirbsshv`, (dirbsshv`, sb dut` luthgdr) luth gdr) K`mvugsòbs (jhebrbmkhdr jb sìmk`pb) Dvdghdéë` j`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s (`gedt`, ldsthidéë`, gìmiud, gì miud, jbiguthéë`, bmxbridmj`...) bmxbridmj`...) G`k`l`éë`` (bstä dmjdmj` m`rldg0) G`k`l`éë Dmtbkbjbmtbss lûrfhj`s Dmtbkbjbmtb Zrdtdlbmt`s rbdghzdj`s Hmhkh` jd j`bméd3

- J`bméd sófhtd3 hmtbmshjdjb läx jb 6: ns, bx3 trduldthsl`s, dvk, hmt`xhkdéòbs1 - J`bméds sufdiujds3 jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` pr`irbsshv`  ‛   jhds d sbldmds, bx3 j`bméds hmegdldtûrhds, hmebkkh`sds, dgiulds mb`pgdshds1 - J`bméds krúmhkds3 jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` p`r lbsbs d dm`s, bx jhstórfh`s mutrhkh`mdhs, j`bméds jbibmbrdthvds b dgiulds mb`pgdshds1  

Lujdméds jb K`lp`rtdlbmt`3   Dirbsshvhjdjb (g`f` phrhe`rlb) tbl qub jhebrbmkhdr ` jhstórfh` jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` j` bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [MK1    Më` rbk`mnbkb rbk`mnbkb ` j`m` (k`mvugsë` (k`mvugsë` e`kdg)1

88

 

   

Hmkdpdkhjdjb jb dprbmjhzdj` (j`bméds k`miãmhtds)1 Hmkdpdkhjdjb   Dgtbrdéë` j` k`lp`rtdlbmt` dmtbs b dpûs uld krhsb k`mvugshvd (d pbss`d qub tbl bphgbpshd sbmtb qudmj` vdh tbr, bgbs ehkdl pbrt` j` j`m`)1  

K`mvugsòbs3 è uld jbskdrid bgètrhkd dm`rldg b bxkbsshvd. Zbl qub edzbr pbriumtds.   TRB[ZH@MDLBMZ@[3 - È e`kdg `u ibmbrdghzdj`0 (ibmbrdghzdjd tbl pbrjd `u më` jd k`mskhãmkhd k`mskhãmk hd m` l`lbmt` jd k`mvugsë` b jbp`hs, ds e`kdhs è bl jbtbrlhmdjd rbihë` b `s shmdhs jbpbmjb jd rbihë`, bx3 sb e`r bl drb d jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` bgb vdh tbr dgtbrdéòbs)1 - _brjd jd k`mskhãmkhd0 - Dthvhjdjb l`t`rd0 túmhkd3 ehkd bsthkdjd k`l k`l `s lblfr` lblfr` rìihj`s, túmhk` ‛  túmhk`  ‛  krúmhk`3 ehkd bsthkdj` b egäkhj`, ‗pbjdgdibl“1 ‗pbjdgdibl“1 - Tubjds, v`kdghzdéë`, urhmd, jbebkd, sdghvdéë`0 (kdh egäkhj`, urhmd b jbebkd jbp`hs0)1 - Jurdéë`0 (Bl lhmut`s)1 - Hjdjb j` dmhldg md 4 vbz qub dprbsbmt`u0 dprbsbmt`u0 - Hmtbrvdg` bmtrb ds krhsbs0 - Edt`rbs jbsbmkdjbdmtbs0(d vdss`urd bstrbssd, k`l lbj` jb gbvdr  pdugdjd ` dmhldg dmhldg tbl k`mvugsë k`mvugsë`), `), sufstdmkhd sufstdmkhdss quìlhkds (p`sshfhghjd (p`sshfhghjdjbs jbs jb hmt`xhkdé hmt`xhkdéë`)1 ë`)1  

                 

 

           

Dvdghdéë` j`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s3 è sû pbmsdr d euméë` jb kdjd ul3 Jhehkugjdjb jb bmk`mtrdr dghlbmt`s dtrdvès j` `gedt`0 Fdtb bl `fcbt`s qudmj` kdlhmnd0 Dgtbrdéòbs md edkb0 Jhehkugjdjb pdrd dfrhr b ebkndr d f`kd `u bl dprbbmjbr dghlbmt`s0 Hmkghmdéë` jd kdfbéd pdrd ul j`s gdj`s0 Bskutd m`rldglbmtb0 Gìmiud kdìjd pdrd ul gdj` jd f`kd0 Lujdméd m` gdthj`0

Dvdghdéë` jd G`k`l`éë`3 Hmk``rjbmdéë` Hmk``rjbmdé ë` l`t`rd1 Tubjds1 Dmjdr bl kìrkug`s1 Dmjd dp`hdmj` mds pdrbjbs1 _`sturd jd kdfbéd dm`rldg1 _drbshd `u pdrdghshd1 Vbgutæmkhd bl sufhr `u jbskbr bl l`vbhs `u bskdjds (prhmkhpdg)1

4??

 

 

G@KDGHSDÉË@ JD GB[Ë@  ‛  JHDIM@[ZHK@   JHDIM@[ZHK@ DMDZ@LHK@ ‛  ERMKH@MDG  ERMKH@MDG  

Bxdlb jb kdfbéd3   Bstdj` lbmtdg3 bxkhtdj`/ldmhd (k`rrbr dträs j` rdf`), jbgìrh`s, dpäthk`/jbprhlhj`, `fmufhgdéë`, bsturp`r, sblh-k`ldt`s` (lbxb sû `s `gn`s qudmj` tbl bstìlug`s), k`ldt`s` (më` rbsp`mjb d bstìlug`s)1   Gbsë` kûrtbx, suf-k`rthkdg, jhbmkèedg`, [DVD1   Jhebrbmkhdr3 nhp`ighkblhd, dmblhd, j`r, nhpbrtblhd, jhstórfh` nìjrhk`-bgbtr`gìthk` b äkhj`-fäshk`,  p`hs dgtbrdl ` bstdj` bstdj` lbmtdg sbl gbsë` gbsë` m` [MK1   K`lp`rtdlbmt`3 dmjdr bl kìrkug`s, prbssh`mdr d kdfbéd, fdgdmédr d kdfbéd, dirbsshvhjdjb, gdlfbr `u blhthr s`ms k`lpugshv`s1   Gbsë` jb kûrtbx er`mtdg, kûrtbx tblp`rdg, shstbld gìlfhk` (tägdl`, nhp`tägdl`, nhp`kdlp`)   _`sturd b k``rjbmdéë`3 - Jbsvh` gdtbrdg jb kdfbéd kdfbéd ‛   ‛  gbsë`  gbsë` vbstìfug`1 - Ihr` `rt`túmhk`  ‛   gbsë` tr`mk` bmkbeäghk` (lbsbmkèedg`, p`mtb,  fugf`), dmhldg qub ehkd k`l pbsk`é` pbsk`é` vhrdj` pdrd träs b pdrd ` gdj` b më` k`msbiub k`msbiub k`rrhihr d p`sturd1 s` md kdfbéd1

- Zrbl`rbs hmtbmkh`mdhs ‛  hmtbmkh`mdhs  ‛  gbsë`  gbsë` kbrbfbg`, pdrbkb sìmjr`lb jb pdras`m

- @phstût`m` ‛  @phstût`m` ‛  tr`mk`  tr`mk` bmkbeäghk` `u kèrbfr`1 - [nhetsnbrht`m3  `s lblfr`s t`räkhk`s rìihj`s b pègvhk`s egäkhj`s, kdfbéd m`rldg, d gbsë` è t`rdk`g`lfdr Z4;-G4, jhdim`sthk` p`rtbhr`1 - Jbskbrbfrdjd3 ds qudtr` pdtds ehkdl jurd1 - Jbskbrbfbgdjd3 juds pdtds jurds, juds l`gbs b pbsk`é` t`rt`1  

Bxdlb j`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s3

 

@gedtûrh` (H pdr ‛  fugf`  fugf` `gedtûrh`)3 - Ubjdr ` dmhldg, p`hs më` p`jb tbr hmtbrebrãmkhd h mtbrebrãmkhd jd vhsë`, më` edzbr fdrugn`, `ebrbkbr dghlbmt`, pdssdr

 prûxhl` d mdrhmd J b B, tbstd ` pd pdrr jb mbrv`s, tbr kuhjd kuhjdj` j` k`l ds ffdrfds1 drfds1 - Më` è k`lul pbrjbr ` `gedt` ‛  `gedt`  ‛  irdmjb  irdmjb mulbr` jb mburúmh`s1 - Kuhjdj` dmhldg jbprhlhj`1  

@pthk` (HH pdr ‛  jhbmkèedg`)3  jhbmkèedg`)3 - K`g`kd ` dmhldg bl uld sdgd b vã sb bgb knbid dtè ` j`m` sbl fdtbr bl mdjd1 - Vbegbx` jb dlbdéd ‛  dlbdéd  ‛   k`l k`l d lë` ebkndjd p`rqub k`l d lë` dfbrtd jbsg`kd ` dr b bvhtdr t`kdr m`s kìgh`s1 - Vbegbx` k`rmbdg, t`kd d kûrmbd b ` dmhldg phskd b rbthrd d kdfbéd1 - @fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg fdtb bl `fstäkug`s1 - Zbstb j` dgi`jë`1 - Zdldmn` jd puphgd (lhjrìdsb)1  

@kug`l`t`r (HHH pdr ‛  lbsbmkèedg`)3  lbsbmkèedg`)3 - Gdmtbrmd1

4?4

 

 

- K`mtrdéë` puphgd jhrbtd b k`msbmsudg, hmkhjb d guz md puphgd jhrbhtd, vã sb bgd k`mtrd b sbiumj`s jbp`hs d bsqubrjd k`mtrdh (k`msbmsudg), jbp`hs vhrd d guz pdrd d bsqubrjd b edz m`vdlbmtb (jhrbtd)1 - Bstrdfhsl` gdtbrdg (irdmjbs dmhldhs3 vdkds) vbmtr`-gdtbrdg (pbqubm`s dmhldhs)1 - Vbegbx`s `kug`vbsthfugdr1  

Zr`kgbdr (HU pdr ‛  lbsbmkèedg`)3  lbsbmkèedg`)3 - _`shéë` j` ig`f` `kugdr1 L`vhlbmtdr d kdfbéd pdrd pdrd `fsbrvdr sb `k`rrb bbstrdfhsl`1 strdfhsl`1 - Bstrdfhsl` j`rs`-lbjhdg1 - Vbegbx` `kug`vbsthfugdr1  

Zrhiãlb` (U pdr ‛  p`mtb)3  p`mtb)3 - [bmshthv` (phméd ds pdtds k`l phméd nbl`stäthkd b vã sb ` dmhldg rbsp`mjb, `s 6 gdj`s) b l`t` [bmshfhghjdjb edkb b luk`sd mdsdg1 - L`t`r3 L. ldsthidéë` < dtr`ehd b hmkdpdkhjdjb jb ldsthidr (`ebrbkb dghlbmt`)1 - Vbegbx` pdgpbfrdg b k`rmbdg1  

Dfjukbmtb (UH ‛  lbjugd  lbjugd `fg`mid)3 - _`shéë` j` ig`f` `kugdr ‛  `kugdr ‛  bstrdfhsl`  bstrdfhsl` lbjhdg1 -- Vbegbx` Vbtrdéë``kug`vbsthfugdr1 igæmjugd `kugdr1  

Edkhdg (UHH pdr ‛  lbjugd  lbjugd `fg`mid)3 - L`vhlbmt` jd kdfbéd1 - Bstìlug` j` trhiãlh`1 - [bmshthv` < tbré` r`strdg jd gìmiud < jbiustdéë`1 - L`t`r < `rbgnd, pägpbfrd, gäfh` < pt`sb1 - Vbegbx` pdgpbfrdg b k`rmbdg1 - Dlbdéd vhsudg1 - Z`kdr ds `rbgnds1 - [hlbtrhd edkhdg1 - Hmbrvdéë` jds igæmjugds gdkrhldhs (tbstb jb [knhrlbr) b sdghvdrbs1 - _dssdr prûxhl` d` `uvhj` < p`jb bstdr rbgdkh`mdj` bl `thtbs1  

Ubsthfug`k`kgbdrr (UHHH pdr ‛  lbjugd Ubsthfug`k`kgbd  lbjugd `fg`mid)3

- _`sturd, g`k`l`éë`, mhstdil`, dujhéë`1 [hstbld vbsthfugdr pbrheèrhk` < `uvhj` hmtbrm`1 _dssdr pbrt` j` `uvhj`1 - Kbrbfbg`1 - Gbsë` jb ul gdj` < gdj` k`mtrd ‛  k`mtrd ‛  gdtbrdg  gdtbrdg tbl bxtbmsë`1 - Zbmjãmkhd d dmjdr bl kìrkug`s pdrd ` gdj` jd gbsë`1 - Jhebrbmkhdr gbsë` vbsthfugdr pbrheèrhkd b kbmtrdg1

- Vbegbx` `kug`vbsthfugdr1 4?6

 

 

- Zbstb dujhéë`1 - Vbegbx` jb bmjhrbhtdlbmt`1

[HMDH[ KGHMHK@[ Mhstdil` bsp`mtæmb` Mhstdil` p`shkh`mdg Jèehkht jb mbrv`s

UB[ZHFRGDV KBMZVDG N`rhz`mtdg, r`tdtûrh`, vbrthkdg L`jhehkd (sb lujdr d  p`shéë` jd kdfbéd) U, UH, UHH, H^

UB[ZHFRGDV _BVHEBVHK@ N`rhz`mtdg, r`tdtûrh` K`mstdmtb UHH

[ìmjr`lb jb N`rmbr

-

+

_drbshd p`sturdhs

+

-

Dgtbrdj`

M`rldg

b

jèehkhts

Bstdj` lbmtdg

Ig`ss`edrìmib` (H^ pdr)3 - Vbgdkh`mdj` k`l d jbiguthéë`1  

- Vbegbx` jb jbiguthéë` (jdr äiud pdrd fbfbr)1 - Ig`ss`edrìmib` sbmshthv` ‛  sbmshthv` ‛  jbiustdéë`1  jbiustdéë`1  

Udi` (^ pdr)

- Vbegbx` jb `kug`kdrjìdk` (duskugtd d EK b sb dpbrtdr ` ig`f` `kugdr d EK jhlhmuh)1 - Vbegbx` jd jbiguthéë`1 - Vbegbx` jb t`ssb1  

Dkbssûrh` (^H pdr)

- Dtr`ehd j` pbsk`é`1  

Nhp`ig`ss` (^HH pdr)

- L`trhkhjdjb jd gìmiud ‛  gìmiud ‛  trdkh`mdr  trdkh`mdr b `fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg rbk`gnb d gìmiud1 - Z`kdr b l`gndr mdrhmd1 - _`jb sbr umh `u fhgdtbrdg1 - @fsbrvdr túmus b egdkhjbz jd gìmiud1 @fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg fbfb äiud1  

Bxdlb jd lbjugd bsphmndg3

 

Ldrknd3

- K`g`kdr ` dmhldg pdrd dmjdr, m` k`rrbr, jb phs` djbqudj`1

4?;

 

 

- _r`prh`kbpéë`, kruzd `s lblfr`s è p`rqub ldmtbl bquhgìfrh`1 - [b k`msbiub dmjdr bl ghmnd rbtd, sb drrdstd dgiul lblfr` md n`rd jb dmjdr1 - Vbkudr < pr`prh`kbpéë`, e`réd ` dmhldg d sup`rtdr pbs`, b dvdghd lblfr`s pègvhk`s1 - Jbskbr/sufhr rdlpd < bxhih luht` j`s L_ md jbskhjd b bxdkbrfd pdrdpdrbshd1 - Kìrkug`s dfbrt`s b ebkndj`s pdrd `s j`hs gdj`s, bxhib `s lblfr`s qub bstë` jbmtr` j` khrkug` sb bgb thvbr jèehkht pr`prh`kbpthv` bgb vdh kdhr1 - [dgtdr k`l ul lblfr` < jèehkht l`t`r < p`jb sdgtdr b kdhr, k`g`kd ul frdé` blfdhx` jd fdrrhid j`  fhkn` pdrd gbvdmtdr b bgbvd `s j`hs pègvhk`s, k`l d `utrd lë` thrd ul dp`h` jds lë`, jdì ` dmhldg ehkd k`l ul ómhk` dp`h`, v`kã c`id ` pbs` pdrd ` gdj` jd lë` qub bstd bl dp`h` b bgb tdmtd k`rrhihr, dh bgb bstä fbl, edz hss` m`s : lblfr`s1 - Jbsg`kdr gdtbrdg3 Nblh-bstdéë` b nblh-g`k`l`éë`, j` gdj` j` dmhldg thrd j` dp`h` j`hs lblfr`s b vã sb bgb ehkd pdrdj` bl nblh-bstdéë`, jbp`hs c`id ` pbs` pdrd ` gdj` qub bstd dp`hdmj` b bgb tbmjb d k`rrhihr d p`sturd pdrd ehkd bl pè, nblh-g`k`l`éë`.

 

Vbdéòbs _`sturdhs3

- Bxhihr pr`prh`kbpéë`, k`g`kd e`gnd jb pdpbg blfdhx` jb kdjd pdtd b puxd pdrd vã sb bgb k`rrhib1 - Dedstdr lblfr`s b `fsbrvd ` tblp` qub bgb gbvd pdrd k`rrhihr1 - K`g`kdr ` lblfr` md edkb j`rsdg b `fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg k`rrhib1 - K`rrbéë` täthg k`l b sbl vhsë` < lë` s`frb d lãs1 - Kdrrhmn` jb lë` b bgbvd d kdfbéd < dvdghd sb sup`rtd ` pbs` m`s lblfr`s t`rdkhk`s < jèehkht l`t`r1 - [dgt` < thrd ` dmhldg j` knë`, k`g`kd m`vdlbmtb b `fsbrvd sb sup` sup`rtd rtd ` pbs` m`s lblfr`s pègvhk`s1 - Rgtrdpdssdr `fstäkug`s1

 

Dvdghdéë` j` túmus3

- K`g`kd d lë` s`frd d edkb pgdmtdr `u pdgldr j` lblfr` b edz uld e`réd m` sbmthj` jb bmk`gnbr ` lblfr` b vã sb bstd egäkhj` `u rìihj`, ` m`rldg è mbl luht` egäkhj` mbl luht` jur`1

 

[bilbmt` lbjugdrbs3 lbjugdrbs3 MLH b ML[3

- _bsk`é`3 K4-K21 - Lblfr` t`räkhk`3 K5-Z61

- Zr`mk`3 Z;-G;1 4?:

 

 

- Lblfr`s _ègvhk`s3 G:-[61 - [dkrdg3 [;-[21 - Kdujdg3 K`4-K`21 @F[3 prbkhsdl`s sdfbr jb `mjb sdh ` pgbx` frdquhdg(K5-Z6) b ` pgbx` pègvhk` (G:-[6). Tudmj` e`r dvdghdr t`j`s `s sbilbmt`s jd lbjugd, jbvb pdgpdr t`jd d lbjugd m` sbmthj` kduj`-krdmhdg k`l` sb e`ssb ldssdibl, k`l ` jbj` j` gdj` j` pr`kbss` bsphmn`s` b vdh pdgpdmj`, dsshl v`kã pr`kurd dgiul jbsmìvbg jb uld vbrtbfrd pdrd `utrd, erdturd, guxdéë`, nèrmhd jb jhsk` qub jûh md pdgpdéë`. Knbidmj` bl k`gumd kbrvhkdg edz t`j`s `s l`vhlbmt`s m`rldhs jd k`gumd kbrvhkdg3 egbxë`, bxtbmsë`, gdtbrdggdtbrdg b r`jd, vã sb tbl j`r. M` lblfr` t`räkhk` pdrd dvdghdr pgbx` frdquhdg jbvbl`s dvdghdr `s rbegbx`s3 túmus j` lblfr`, dvdghdr bl jbkófht` gdtbrdg k`l `s lblfr`s pdrd khld sb bgb më` k`msbiuhr ehkdr bl pè, jbhxd ` lblfr` bl rbp`us` md sud lë` b vdh dvdghdmj`, dvdghd rbegbx` fhkhptdg dträs, krdmhdg d` `gbkrdm` k`g`kd ` jbj` `u fdtb ` ldrtbg` jhrbt` m` tbmjë` j` luskug` dvdghd ` fìkbps, kdujdg v`kã dvdghd ` trìkbps. Gdtbrdg d` lblfr` dvdghd ` kdrp` rdjhdg, è fbl suthg b ruhl jb dvdghdr ` lblfr` t`räkhk`. Dvdghd j`r pr`eumjd b supbrehkhdg k`l ` rbegbx` j` egbx`r qub è ul fbghskë` hmtbrjhihtdg qub tbl qub edzbr b ` dmhldg jbvb rbthrdr. _drd k`gumd t`räkhkd p`jb phméd d rbihë` gdtbrdg j` tûrdx, prhmkhpdglbmtb ds rbihòbs kdujdg ds k`stbgds qub è `mjb pdssd mbrv`s b vds`s, k`l hss` qudmj` phméd m`rldg b ` dmhldg edzbr kduj` k`mtrdéë` luskugdr, jbvb edzbr fh-gdtbrdg. fh-g dtbrdg. pdmìkug` djhp`s` phméd `t`jd d k`gumd m` sbmthj` krdmhdg pdrd pr`kurdr dtb d`mjb tbl Vbegbx` pdrdghshdj`b dtb `mjb v`gtd d sbmshfhghjdjb. _drd lblfr` pègvhk` edz rbegbx` pdtbgdr, k`g`kd d lë` blfdhx` j` tdrs` bl rbp`us` b dvdghd ` pdtbgdr, fdtbmj` gdtbrdg d tìfhd tì fhd dvdghd ` thfhdg, ` idstr`kmãlh` m` rdl` thfhdg ttdlfèl dlfèl dvdghd ` egbx`r tdlfèl pdrd ` lblfr` pègvhk`. M` sbilbmt` sdkrdg phméd ` pbrhmbdg pdrd vã sb tbl hmbrvdéë` `fsbrvdr sb ` bseìmktbr bstd m`rldg. @ rbegbx` fugf` urbtrdg b kght`rhdm` md eãlbd, v`kã dpbrtd d igdmjb j` pãmh/kght`rhs b vã sb ` dmu k`mtrdh. Zúmus b l`vhlbmtdéë` jd kdujd rbegbx` pbrhmbdg.

MBRV@G@IHD MBRV@G @IHD (Vbpbt ( Vbpbthj` hj` dgiulds k`hsds) Jbvb sdfbr sb bxhstb ` k`lpr`lbthlbmt`/bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [MK, g`kdghzdr d gbsë` b sdfbr jhebrbmkhdr j` shstbld luskugdr, b `rt`pèjhk`, p`hs hss` dcujd d pbmsdr qudhs ds p`sshfhghjdjbs jb jhdim`sthk` pdrd p`jbr pbmsdr bl pr`im`sthk` b pbmsdr bl ghstd jb jhdim`sthk` jhebrbmkhdg. Jbp`hs jb sdfbr qudhs `s jhdimûsthk`s jhebrbmkhdhs p`jb pbsquhsdr bl ghvr` b knbidr bl uld k`mkgusë` jb jhdim`sthk`. _drd hss` jbvb edzbr ul f`l bxdlb kgìmhk`!!!

VBUH[Ë@ JD [BLH@G@IHD D[[@KHDJD D EH[H@G@IHD J@ [H[ZBLD MBVU@[@ B DMDZ@LHD K`lp`shéë` j` [hstbld Mbrv`s`3 Mburúmh`s, bgbs trdmslhtbl ds hme`rldéòbs/hlpugs`s mbrv`s`s dtrdvès jb Jbsp`gdrhzdéë` jbssbs mburúmh`s. Dgiums mburúmh`s së` k`lp`st`s p`r fdhmnds jb lhbghmd (MLH) b bssbs mburúmh`s

   

4?2

 

 

qub k`mtèl fdhmnd jb lhbghmd d jbsp`gdrhzdéë jbsp`gdrhzdéë`` è ldhs räphjd, k`mnbkhjd k`l` K`mjuéë` [dgtdtûrhd,  p`rqub d jbsp`gdrhzdéë` jbsp`gdrhzdéë` sdgtd m`s g`kdhs lhbghmhzdj`s lhbghmhzdj`s ‗Mû jb Vdmvhbr“ Vdmvhbr“ pdrd `utr` ‗Mû jb Vdmvhbr“ p`r p`r hss` è ldhs räphjd. Tudmj` `k`rrb d jbsp`gdrhzdéë` m` mburúmh` k`l ds tr`kds jb ì`ms p`r t`j` sbu k`lprhlbmt` d` knbidr m` ehmdg m` dxúmh`, qub jbpbmjbmj` jd euméë` j` mburúmh` së` ghfbrdj` `s  Mbur`trdmslhss`rbs  Mbur`trdmslhss` rbs qub dthvdl ` prû prûxhl` xhl` mburúmh`1   MLH3 Dxúmh`3 [ë` dqubgbs qub sdbl j` [M_ pdrd edzbr shmdpsb k`l igæmjugds b lóskug`s. Jbssb l`j` `s 46 pdrbs jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s së` MLH, dgèl jhss` tbl`s ` pgbx` frdquhdg b ` pgbx`  pègvhk` qub tdlfèl tdlfèl sdbl j` [M_ b vvë` ë` edzbr shmdpsb k`l ` luskug`. @ k`rp` kbgugdr bstd g`kdghzdj` m`s mókgb`s kbrbfrdhs `u md ldssd khmzbmtd jd lbjugd bsphmndg.1   ML[3 È dqubgb qub l`jugd ` MLH, m` sbmthj` jb hmhfhr `u bxkhtdr ` MLH hss` m` drk` rbegbx`. @ ML[ vhdcd dtrdvès j` [MK. K`l hss` tbl`s `s Jbmjrht`s b k`rp` kbgugdr  md ldssd khmzbmtd j` kûrtbx kbrbfrdg `u m`s mókgb`s j` tr`mk` kbrbfrdg . @s Dxúmh`s3 vhdcdl dtrdvès j` tr`mk` kbrbfrdg b lbjugd bsphmndg bl ebhxbs kndldj`s trdt`s, e`rldmj` pdrtb jb suds sufstæmkhds frdmkds. Bxhstbl värh`s trdt`s, qub vë` tbr m`lbs jb `mjb bgbs sb `rhihmdl b pdrd `mjb bgbs vë`1   Drk` Vbegbx`3 uld pbss`d bmk`std d lë` bl dgi` qubmtb, bl sbiuhjd dthvd ` mburúmh` sbmshthv` (rbkbpt`r jb j`r) bstb knbid m` k`rm` j`rsdg md lbjugd bmk`mtrd ` MLH (qub edz d euméë` l`t`rd) hss` `k`rrb qudmj` tbl uld shmdpsb. Tudmj` tbl `utr` mburúmh` pbrk`rrbmj` t`jd d lbjugd b knbidmj` mbssd shmdpsb tbl-sb uld p`ghshmdpsb k`l ` `utr` ML[ l`jugdmj` bssd dthvhjdjb jb tthrdr hrdr d lë` `u më`1  

Jhdim`sthk` dmdtúlhk`3

_drd knbidr md g`kdghzdéë` jd j`bméd, jbvbl`s gblfrdr ds jhvhsòbs j` shstbld mbrv`s`. Vbihë` jb kèrbfr`, tr`mk` kbrbfrdg, kbrbfbg` b lbjugd bsphmndg. Kèrbfr` k`rrbsp`mjb d` tbgbmkèedg`. @ kbrbfbg`, p`mtb b fugf`. _drd sdfbr `mjb bstä d gbsë` jbvbl`s k`mnbkbr d ehsh`g`ihd jb kdjd pdrtb, p`hs sb bsthvbr dgtbrdj` sdfb-sb qub è dqubgd d g`kdghzdéë` jd gbsë`. Tudmj` edgdl`s bl tbgbmkèedg`  qub sbrhd d rbihë` jb kèrbfr`. Jhvhjhj`3 bl er`mtdg, pdrhbtdg, `kkhphtdg b tblp`rdg, jb dk`rj` k`l `s `ss`s. - @ g`f` er`mtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` hmtbgbkt`, k`lp`rtdlbmt` b dthvhjdjb l`t`rd ehmd (l`vhlbmt` jd lë` dtè jbtbrlhmdjd bstruturd, dcustb ehm`). Hmtbgbkt` bl vbtbrhmärhd p`jb sbr bl j`bméds k`miãmhtds bx3 NHJV@KBEDGHD tbl mhmndjd1 dgtbrdéë` j` hmtbgbkt`, `s dmhldhs më` jbsbmv`gvbl/rbtdrjd ` hmtbgbkt` k`l` `s ehgn`tbs jd lbsld - @ g`f` pdrhbtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` t`qub, j`r, pr`prh`kbpéë` pr `prh`kbpéë` hmv`gumtär hmv`gumtärhd hd (p`sturd k`rrbtd j` k`rp`)1 - @ g`f` `kkhphtdg è rbsp`msävbg pbgd vhsë`1 - @ g`f` tblp`rdg è rbsp`msävbg pbg` k`lp`rtdlbmt` ldtbrm` b dujhéë`. Mókgb`s jd fdsb së` rbsp`msävbhs rbsp`msävb hs pbg` t`m` l luskugdr, uskugdr, hmhkh` b k`mtr`gb jd dthvhjdjb l`t`rd1 Ds vbzbs ` dmhldg më` tbl mbmnul k`lpr`lbthlbmt` jb [M_, mbl `stb`luskugdr lds më` k`msbiub sdhr j` guidr è ` pdkhbmtb qub ehkd pdrdj` m` guidr p`rqub tbl uld gbsë` qub bstä md rbihë` j` [ZDVZ j` l`vhlbmt` , bssb pdkhbmtb sb e`r puxdj` pbgd k`gbhrd bgb dmjd, p`rèl s`zhmn` ehkd  pdrdj` bmk`stdj`, hss` è gbsë` jb tbgbmkèedg` p`r kdusd j`s mókgb`s jd fdsb qub tbl euméë` jb hmhkhdr ` l`vhlbmt`.  

Jhbmkèedg`3 drupd dgiulds euméòbs kdrdktbrìsthkds. Zbl`s ` nhp`tägdl`, nhpûehsb, tägdl` b suf-tdg`3

4?5

 

   

Nhp`tägdl`  ` jhbmkèedg` tbl k`mtr`gb dutúm`l`, dpbthtb, sbjb, k`mtr`gb jb tblpbrdturd (ïs vbzbs ul dmhldg s`erb trduldthsl` b knbid k`l nhp`tbrlhd, v`kã k`msbiub dqubkbr ` pdkhbmtb b bgb knbid d ZK m`rldg, lds qudmj` v`kã jbsghid tuj` b v`gtd k`l 4 n`rd ` pdkhbmtb bstd m`vdlbmtb k`l nhp`tbrlhd, hss` è p`rqub më` tbl k`mtr`gb jb nhp`tägdl`), fdgdmé` nìjrhk`-bgbtr`gìthk`, s`m` b k`lp`rtdlbmt`1   Nhpûehsb  së` euméòbs bmjûkrhmds, dgiuld gbsë` md nhpûehsb vdh tbr jhstórfh`s bmjûkrhm`s bl t`j` ` `ridmhsl` è eäkhg jb hjbmthehkdr1   Zägdl` tbl`s t`qub, j`r b pr`prh`kbpéë`1   [uf-Zägdl`3 tbl `  [DVD (shstbld dthvdj`r rbthkugdr dskbmjbmtb)   qub pdrthkhpd jd k`mskhãmkhd b j` khkg` s`m`-vhiìghd (m` kds` sb uld pbss`d bstd j`rlhmj` b dgiuèl jd ul bstdg`, t`qub, pdgld, kndldr, j`g`r`s`, bssb pdkhbmtb jbvb dk`rjdr. [b thvbr gbsë` m` [DVD t`j`s bssbs bstìlug`s p`jbl dk`mtbkbr b ` pdkhbmtb më` dk`rjdr. Dquh bstë` g`kdghzdj`s ` H b HH pdr jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`1   Lbsbmkèedg` tdlfèl tbl bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [DVD, bstë` g`kdghzdj`s ` HHH b HU pdr jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s b k`lbéd d dpdrbkbr `s trdt`s. @s trdt`s bstë` d pdrthr j` lbsbmkèedg` b së` dskbmjbmtbs (v`gtd) b jbskbmjbmtbs (pbrk`rrb t`jd d lbjugd), qudgqubr gbsë` jb ML[ p`jb bstdr d pdrthr jb lbsbmkèedg`. Zbl ` mókgb` rufr`3 tbl dthvhjdjb l`t`rd b `rhibl j` trdt` rufr`bsphmndg1   Lbtbmkèedg`3 _`mtb tbl`s ` U pdr jb mbrv` krdmhdm` b kbmtr`s vhtdhs jd rbsphrdéë` p`r kdusd jd e`rldéë` rbthkugdr tr dt`s trdt`s dskbmjbmtbspdrthkugdr b jbskbmjbmtbs1 jbskbmjbm Kbrbfbg`3 tblbuld kdrdktbrìsthkd p`hstbs1 è rbsp`msävbg pbgd k``rjbmdéë` j` l`vhlbmt`

 

b túmus luskugdr. B tbl ` G`f` EG@KRG@M@JRGDV  qub  qub è rbsp`msävb r bsp`msävbgg pbg` bquhgìfrh`1   Lhbgbmkèedg`3 Fugf`-Lbjugd `fg`mid è `mjb bstë` prbsbmtbs d ldh`rhd j`s pdrbs krdmhdm`s, bmtë` sb ehzbr bxdlbs eìshk` b pbrkbfb dgtbrdéë` bl ul irdmjb mulbr` jb mbrv`s krdmhdm`s, p`jb sbr gbsë` jb fugf`. K`mtèl `s pdrbs UH, UHH, UHHH, H^, ^ ^H b ^HH.  

Lbjugd bsphmndg3 tbl uld e`rld jb X3   Md ldssd khmzbmtd3 M` k`rm` j`rsdg tbl `s mburúmh`s sbmshthv`s b rbegbx`s, m` k`rm` vbmtrdg tbl`s MLH b rbegbx`s, m` hmtbrlèjh` gdtbrdg tbl `s dutúm`l`s.   Md ldssd frdmkd  tbl`s `s trdt`s D[K. b JB[K. [bilbmt`s jd lbj. bsphmndg më` dk`lpdmnd `s sbilbmt`s jd k`gumd, jb K5 d Z6 è `mjb sdbl `s rbegbx`s frdquhdg b G: d [6 sdbl `  pgbx` pègvhk`.   Bxhstbl tdlfèl ` [M_ dutúm`l`, lbmhmibs, ghquhj` kbedg`rrdquhjhdm`, vbmtrìkug`s, [MK, [M_.   _dss`s j` bxdlb kgìmhk`3   Hjbmthehkdéë`1   Dmdlmbsb33 fbl ebhtd, jbtdgndjd1 Dmdlmbsb   [hmdhs kgìmhk`s (è mbkbssärh` ul f`l bxdlb prd hjbmthehkdr uld gbsë`)1   Bxdlbs k`lpgblbmtdrbs1   Zbrdpãuthkd (ïs vbzbs ebknd jhdim`sthk` tbrdpãuthk`, trdtd b vã sb lbgn`rd)1   _r`imûsthk`, trdtdlbmt` b pr`ehgdxhd1 @F[3 dmdlmbsb b shmdhs kgìmhk`s së` `s ldhs hlp`rtdmtbs pdrd d mbur`.

 

@fcbthv` j` bxdlb3

4?9

 

 

@ qub dcujd d pbmsdr mds p`sshfhghjdjbs jb jhdim`sthk` è ` JDLMHUHZ `u JHMDLHZ U. Z`jd vbz qub pbid ul kds` jb mbur`, prhlbhr` pbgd dmdlmbsb jbvb sdfbr sb è diuj` `u krúmhk`, pr`irbsshv` `u bstävbg, bstävbg, e`kdg `u jheusd j` [MK `u [M_ b tbmtd g`kdghzdr d gbsë`.  

J3 jhstórfh`s jbibmbrdthv`s3 së` qudjr`s krúmhk`s, pr`irbsshv`s, gbmt`. @ shmdg kgìmhk` ph`rd k`l ` tblp` b jb e`rld gbmtd, bx3 nèrmhd jb jhsk` jb k`gumd, ` jhsk` sb jbibmbrd, krhd uld pr`tusë` qub dulbmtd b k`lprhlb d lbjugd bsphmndg, k`lbéd d tbr j`rbs b ` dmhldg bvhtd sufhr m` s`eä, dtè qub ` jhsk` r`lpb b surib d j`bméd.   D3 Dm`ldghd K`miãmhtds3 ` shmdg kghmhk` è bstävbg, mdskb k`l ` jhstórfh` b më` ph`rd mbl lbgn`rd, bx1 idt` k`l jbsvh` jb kdfbéd tbl p`uk`s shmdhs irdvbs, ghsbmkbedghd, nhjr`kbedghd tbl luht`s shmdhs irdvbs. @ uld j`bméd bstävbg, b d irdvhjdjb jbpbmjb jd dm`ldghd.   L3 Jhstórfh`s Lbtdfûghkd3 tbl j`hs irdmjbs qub dpdrbkbl k`l erbquãmkhds, së` `s qudjr`s urãlhk`s b nbpäthk`s, bx3 bmkbedg`pdthds nbpäthkds b bmkbedg`pdthds urãlhkds. Tudmj` tbl ul jhstórfh` rbmdg b ` pdkhbmtb ehkd k`l urbhd b krbdthmd dgtd, sb e`r nbpäthk` d dlúmhd ehkd luht` dgtd. D dlúmhd `u urbhd luht` dgtd gbsd g bsd ` [MK. [b lbgn`rdr kghmhkdlbmtb `s shmdhs, ` qudjr` jb urbhd b dlúmhd kdbl b `s shmdhs mbur`gûihk`s lbgn`rdl. [hmdg kghmhk` mbur`gûihk` jb jhstórfh` lbtdfûghk` è egutudmtb, hmtbrlhtbmtb p`rqub sb ` rhl b eìidj` bstë` ruhms ` dulbmt` jb urbhd b dlúmhd kd kdbl bl md K[ b hmt`xhkdl ` [MK b tbl luht`s shmdhs kgìmhk`s j` [M, p`rbl sb lbgn`rd d qudghjdjb `u bxkrbéë` vdh jhlhmuhr hmt`xhkdéë`më` b lbgn`rd `s [M shmdhs më` tbl vdh kurd.   M3d Mb`pgdshd3 knbid m` jb kgìmhk`s, uld vbz,lds d mb`pgdshd krbskbmj` b jbstrûh uld jbtbrlhmd  pdrtb j` [MK b k`l hss` ph`rd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s, è fbl gbmt` b pr`irbsshv` p`hs jbpbmjb j` krbskhlbmt` jd ldssd k`rp`rdg.   H3 hmegdldtûrh`s b hmebkkh`s`s3 è p`uk` lbm`s gbmt` p`rbl tdlfèl è pr`irbsshv`, bx3 khm`l`sb, bgd ph`rd b dulbmtd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s.   U3 vdskugdr3 ãlf`g`s, DUK `u nbl`rrdihds, ds nbl`rrdihds prhmkhpdglbmtb sbkumjdrhd d trduld. B luht` diuj`, b luht` irdvb qub p`jb l`rrbr `u sb thvbr nbl`rrdihd b e`rldr ãlf`g` lbgn`rd.   H3 hmebkéë`3 diujd k`l irdvhjdjbs jb shmdhs kgìmhk`s lbm`rbs qub ` j` trduld.   Z3 trduld3 kdusd nbl`rrdihds.  

Hjbmthehkdéë`3 J`bméd J`bméd j` jhsk` hmtbrvbrtbfrdg Bphgbpshd Nhjr`kbedghd Zul`rbs _drdghshd jb Y`ffgbr [ufguxdéë` dtgdmt` dxhdg _drdghshd jb gdrhmib

 

Vdéd Zbkabg, pbquhmãs _``jgb, _D Knhndnud, y`rasnhrb, p``jgb t`y F`xbr J`iub Dgblë`, j`fbrldm _``jgb, phmsknbr Nusay shfbrhdm`

Hjdjb3 - C`vbms3 j`bméds nbrbjhtärhds b hmegdldtûrhds/hmebkkh`sds1 hmegdldtûrhds/hmebkkh`sds1 - Ubgn`s3 j`bméds jbibmbrdthvds, mb`pgdshds1

4?>

 

   

_rbjhsp`shéë` sbxudg3 _rbjhsp`shéë` - Eãlbds3 lbtästdsb bl [MK jb djbm`kdrkhm`lds ldlärh`s1 - Ldkn`s3 lbtästdsbs jb djbm`kdrk djbm`kdrkhm`lds hm`lds pr`stäthk`s1  

K`r jb pbgdibl3 - Idt`s frdmk`s jb `gn`s dzuhs3 surjbz1                      

Dmdlmbsb3 Jbvb sbr ebhtd sbiuhmj` d sbqubmkhd jb r`thmd3 Hmhkh` b bv`guéë` jd j`bméd (diuj` `u krúmhk`, pr`irbsshv` `u më`)  Mìvbg jb k`mskhãmkhd k`mskhãmkhd (dgbrtd `u k`ld) Lujdméd jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` (dirbsshv`, (dirbsshv`, sb dut` luthg luthgd) d) Dvdghdéë` j`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s (`gedt`, ldsthidéë`, gìmiud, gì miud, jbiguthéë`, bmxbridmj`...) bmxbridmj`...) G`k`l`éë`` (bstä dmjdmj` m`rldg0) G`k`l`éë Dmtbkbjbmtbss lûrfhj`s Dmtbkbjbmtb Zrdtdlbmt`s rbdghzdj`s Tudmj` hmhkh`u ` pr`fgbld0 Zbvb bv`guéë` räphjd `u gbmtd0 Ubl ph`rdmj` `u bstdfhghz`u0

  Luj`u ` k`lp`rtdlbmt`0 Ldhs dirbsshv`, `u dut`luthgdéë`, jbebkd b urhmd bl g`kdhs qub mumkd ndvhd ebht`.   K`mvugsòbs00 (jhebrbmkhdr jb sìmk`pb p`r nhpûxhd, nhp`ighkblhd)1 K`mvugsòbs   K`l` tä ` `gedt`0 ldsthidéë`0 jbiguthéë`0 Bstä gdthmj`0 Lujdméd md v`z0 M`t`u pbrjd jd vhsë`0 Bskutd v`kã kndldr0 D gìmiud bstä m`rldg0   G`k`l`éë`0 G`k`l`éë `0 Bstä dmjdmj` m`rldg0   Dmtbkbjbmtbs0 Dmtbkbjbmtb s0 Mb`pgdshds qub cä e`rdl rbl`vhjds bl `utrds pdrtbs j` k`rp`, `u sb dhmjd bstë`  prbsbmtbs.  

   

Hmhkh` jd j`bméd3 J`bméd sófhtd3 hmtbmshjdjb läx jb 6: ns, bx3 trduldthsl`s, DUK, hmt`xhkdéòbs J`bméds sufdiujds3 jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` pr`irbsshv`-jhds d sbldmds. bx3 j`bméds hmegdldtûrhds,

hmebkkh`sds, dgiulds mb`pgdshds   J`bméds krúmhkds3 jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` p`r lbsbs d dm`s, bx. jhstórfh`s mutrhkh`mdhs, j`bméds jbibmbrdthvds b dgiulds mb`pgdshds.  

Lujdméds jb K`lp`rtdlbmt`   Dirbsshvhjdjb (g`f` phrhe`rlb) tbl qub jhebrbmkhdr ` jhstórfh` jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` j` bmv`gvhlbmt` j` [MK1    Më` rbk`mnbkb rbk`mnbkb ` j`m` (k`mvugsë` (k`mvugsë` e`kd e`kdg)1 g)1   Hmkdpdkhjdjb Hmkdpdkhjd jb jb dprbmjhzdj` (j`bméds k`miãmhtds)1   Dgtbrdéë` j` k`lp`rtdlbmt` dmtbs b dpûs uld krhsb k`mvugshvd (d pbss`d qub tbl bphgbpshd sbmtb qudmj` vdh tbr, bgbs ehkdl pbrt` j` j`m`)1

K`mvugsòbs (Hjbmthehkdéë`)

4?8

 

 

È uld jbskdrid bgètrhkd dm`rldg b bxkbsshvd.  

Tubsth`mdlbmt`s3   È e`kdg `u ibmbrdghzdj`0 Ibmbrdghzdjd   tbl pbrjd `u më` jd k`mskhãmkhd m` l`lbmt` jd k`mvugsë` b jbp`hs. E`kdhs è bl jbtbrlhmdjd rbihë` b `s shmdhs jbpbmjbl jd rbihë`, bx3 sb e`r bl ärbd jb k`lp`rtdlbmt` bgb vdh tbr dgtbrdéòbs   Zbl pbrjd jd k`mskhãmkhd0   Tudg dthvhjdjb l`t`rd m` l`lbmt`0 - Zúmhkd3 ehkd bsthkdjd k`l `s lblfr` rìihj`s, túmhk`1 - Krúmhk`3 ehkd bsthkdj` b egäkhj`, ‗pbjdgdibl“ ‗pbjdgdibl“     @k`rrb qubjds, v`kdghzdéë`, v`kdghzdéë`, urhmd, jbebkd, sdghvdéë`0 (kdh egäkhj`, urhmd b jbebkd jbp`hs0)   Jurdéë` jd k`mvugsë`0 (Bl lhmut`s)   Hjdjb j` dmhldg md 4 vbz qub dprbsbmt`u0   Hmtbrvdg` bmtrb ds krhsbs0   Edt`rbs jbsbmkdjbdmtbs0 (d vdss`urd bstrbssd, k`l lbj` jb gbvdr pdugdjd ` dmhldg tbl k`mvugsë`), sufstæmkhds quìlhkds (p`sshfhghjdjbs jb hmt`xhkdéë`).

G@KDGHSDÉË@ JD GB[Ë@ ‛  JHDIM@[ZHK@  JHDIM@[ZHK@ DMDZ@LHK@ ‛  ERMKH@MDG  ERMKH@MDG  

Bxdlb jb kdfbéd3   Bstdj` lbmtdg3 bxkhtdj`/ldmhd (k`rrbr dträs dtr äs j` rdf`), jbgìrh`s, dpäthk`/jbprhlhj`, `fmufhgdéë`, bsturp`r, sblh-k`ldt`s` (lbxb sû `s `gn`s qudmj` tbl bstìlug`s), k`ldt`s` (më` rbsp`mjb d bstìlug`s)1   Gbsë` kûrtbx, suf-k`rthkdg, jhbmkèedg`, [DVD1   Jhebrbmkhdéòbs3 nhp`ighkblhd, dmblhd, j`r, nhpbrtblhd, jhstórfh` nìjrhk`-bgbtr`gìthk` b äkhj` fäshk`, p`hs dgtbrdl dgtbrdl ` bstdj` lb lbmtdg mtdg sbl gbsë` mm`` [MK1   Gbsë` jb kûrtbx er`mtdg, kûrtbx tblp`rdg, shstbld gìlfhk` (tägdl`, nhp`tägdl`, nhp`kdlp`)  

K`lp`rtdlbmt`3 dmjdr bl kìrkug`s, prbssh`mdr d kdfbéd, fdgdmédr d kdfbéd, dirbsshvhjdjb, gdlfbr `u blhthr s`ms k`lpugshv`s1  

_`sturd b k``rjbmdéë`3   Jbsvh` gdtbrdg jb kdfbéd kdfbéd ‛   ‛  GB[Ë@  GB[Ë@ UB[ZÌFRG@   Ihr` `rt`túmhk` ‛  `rt`túmhk` ‛  GB[Ë@  GB[Ë@ ZV@MK@ BMKBEÄGHK@   (lbsbmkèedg`, p`mtb, fugf`), dmhldg qub ehkd k`l pbsk`é` vhrdj` pdrd träs b pdrd ` gdj` b më` k`msbiub k`rrhihr d p`sturd1   ZVBL@VB[ HMZBMKH@MDH[ ‛  HMZBMKH@MDH[ ‛  gbsë`  gbsë` kbrbfbg`, trbl`rbs dpbmds md kdfbéd1   @_H[ZÛZ@M@ ‛  @_H[ZÛZ@M@  ‛  tr`mk`  tr`mk` bmkbeäghk` `u kèrbfr`   [KNHEZ [NBVHMIZ@M3 `s lblfr`s t`räkhk`s rìihj`s b pègvhk`s egäkhj`s, kdfbéd m`rldg, d

GB[Ë@ È Z@VDK@G@LFDV Z4; G4. 44?

 

     

Jbskbrbfrdjd3 ds qudtr` pdtds ehkdl jurds/rìihjds. Jbskbrbfrdjd3 Jbskbrbfbgdjd3 Jbskbrbfb gdjd3 juds pdtds jurds, juds l`gbs b pbsk`é` t`rt`.

Bxdlb j`s Mbrv`s Krdmhdm`s                    

Dvdghdéë` j`s mbrv`s krdmhdm`s3 è sû pbmsdr d euméë` jb kdjd ul Jhehkugjdjb jb bmk`mtrdr dghlbmt`s dtrdvès j` `gedt`0 Fdtb bl `fcbt`s qudmj` kdlhmnd0 Dgtbrdéòbs md edkb0 Jhehkugjdjb pdrd dfrhr b ebkndr d f`kd `u bl dprbbmjbr dghlbmt`s0 Hmkghmdéë` jd kdfbéd pdrd ul j`s gdj`s0 Bskutd m`rldglbmtb0 Gìmiud kdìjd pdrd ul gdj` jd f`kd0 Lujdméd m` gdthj`0 Dvdghdéë` jd G`k`l`éë`

  Hmk``rjbmdéë` l`t`rd, Tubjds,b Dmjdr bl kìrkug`s, Dmjd`udp`hdmj` mds l`vbhs pdrbjbs,`u _`sturd jd kdfbéd dm`rldg, _drbshd `u pdrdghshd Vbgutæmkhd bl sufhr jbskbr bl bskdjds (prhmkhpdg).

 

@gedtûrh` (H pdr ‛  fugf`  fugf` `gedtûrh`) - Ubjdr ` dmhldg, p`hs më` p`jb tbr hmtbrebrãmkhd jd vhsë`, më` edzbr fdrugn`, `ebrbkbr dghlbmt`, pdssdr  prûxhl` d mdrhmd J b B, tbstd tbstd ` pdr jb mbrv`s, tbr kuhjdj` kuhjdj` k`l ds fdrfds. fdrfds. Më` è k`lul pbrjbr pbrjbr ` `gedt`  ‛  irdmjb  irdmjb mulbr` jb mburúmh`s1 - Kuhjdj` dmhldg jbprhlhj`1  

@pthk` (HH pdr ‛  jhbmkèedg`)  jhbmkèedg`) 

-- K`g`kd dmhldg bl ‛  uld sdgd b vã sb bgb knbid dtè `k`l j`m` sbl fdtbr mdjd1 ` dr b bvhtdr t`kdr m`s Vbegbx``jb dlbdéd dlbdéd ‛    k`l k`l d lë` ebkndjd p`rqub d lë` dfbrtdbl jbsg`kd kìgh`s, rbegbx` k`rmbdg, t`kd d kûrmbd b ` dmhldg phskd b rbthrd d kdfbéd1 - @fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg fdtb bl `fstäkug`s1 - Zbstb j` dgi`jë`1 - Zdldmn` jd puphgd (lhjrìdsb)1  

@kug`l`t`r (HHH pdr ‛  lbsbmkèedg`)  lbsbmkèedg`)  - Gdmtbrmd- K`mtrdéë` puphgd jhrbtd b k`msbmsudg, hmkhjb d guz md puphgd jhrbhtd, vã sb bgd k`mtrdh b sbiumj`s jbp`hs d bsqubrjd k`mtrdh (k`msbmsudg), jbp`hs vhrd d guz pdrd d bsqubrjd b edz m`vdlbmtb (jhrbtd)1 - Bstrdfhsl` gdtbrdg (irdmjbs dmhldhs3 vdkds) vbmtr`-gdtbrdg (pbqubm`s dmhldhs)1 - Vbegbx`s `kug`vbsthfugdr1  

Zr`kgbdr (HU pdr ‛  lbsbmkèedg`)  lbsbmkèedg`)

444

 

 

- _`shéë` j` ig`f` `kugdr. L`vhlbmtdr d kdfbéd pdrd `fsbrvdr sb `k`rrb bstrdfhsl`. Bstrdfhsl` j`rs`lbjhdg. Vbegbx` `kug`vbsthfugdr1  

Zrhiãlb` (U pdr ‛  p`mtb)  p`mtb) - [bmshthv` (phméd ds pdtds k`l phméd nbl`stäthkd b vã sb ` dmhldg rbsp`mjb, `s 6 gdj`s) b l`t`. [bmshfhghjdjb edkb b luk`sd mdsdg1 L`t`r3 L. ldsthidéë` < dtr`ehd b hmkdpdkhjdjb jb ldsthidr (`ebrbkb dghlbmt`)1 Vbegbx` pdgpbfrdg b k`rmbdg1  

Dfjukbmtb (UH ‛  lbjugd  lbjugd `fg`mid) - _`shéë` j` ig`f` `kugdr ‛  `kugdr ‛  bstrdfhsl`  bstrdfhsl` lbjhdg1 - Vbegbx` `kug`vbsthfugdr1 - Vbtrdéë` igæmjugd `kugdr1  

Edkhdg (UHH pdr ‛  lbjugd  lbjugd `fg`mid) - L`vhlbmt` jd kdfbéd, Bstìlug` j` trhiãlh`, - [bmshthv` < tbré` r`strdg jd gìmiud < jbiustdéë`1 - L`t`r < `rbgnd, pägpbfrd, gäfh` < pt`sb1 -- Vbegbx` pdgpbfrdg b k`rmbdg, Dlbdéd vhsudg, Z`kdr ds `rbgnds, [hlbtrhd edkhdg1 Hmbrvdéë` jds igæmjugds gdkrhldhs (tbstb jb [knhrlbr) b sdghvdrbs1 - _dssdr prûxhl` d` `uvhj` < p`jb bstdr rbgdkh`mdj` bl `thtbs1

Ubsthfug`k`kgbdr (UHHH pdr ‛  lbjugd  lbjugd `fg`mid) - _`sturd, g`k`l`éë`, mhstäil`, dujhéë`1 - [hstbld vbsthfugdr pbrheèrhk` < `uvhj` hmtbrm`1 - _dssd pbrt` j` `uvhj`, Kbrbfbg`1 - Gbsë` jb ul gdj` < gdj` k`mtrd ‛  k`mtrd ‛  gdtbrdg  gdtbrdg tbl bxtbmsë`1 - Zbmjãmkhd d dmjdr bl kìrkug`s pdrd ` gdj` jd gbsë`1 - Jhebrbmkhdr gbsë` vbsthfugdr pbrheèrhkd b kbmtrdg1 - Vbegbx` `kug`vbsthfugdr, Zbstb dujhéë`, Vbegbx` jb bmjhrbhtdlbmt`. [HMDH[ KGHMHK@[

UB[ZHFRGDV KBMZVDG N`rhz`mtdg, r`tdtûrh`, Mhstäil` bsp`mtæmb` vbrthkdg L`jhehkd (sb lujdr d Mhstäil` p`shkh`mdg  p`shéë` jd kdfbéd) U, UH, UHH, H^ Jèehkht jb mbrv`s [ìmjr`lb jb N`rmbr _drbshd b jèehkhts + p`sturdhs Bstdj` lbmtdg  

Ig`ss`edrìmib` (H^ pdr)

Dgtbrdj`

UB[ZHFRGDV _BVHEBVHK@ N`rhz`mtdg, r`tdtûrh` K`mstdmtb UHH + M`rldg

- Vbgdkh`mdj` k`l d jbiguthéë`1 446

 

 

- Vbegbx` jb jbiguthéë` (jdr äiud pdrd fbfbr)1 - Ig`ss`edrìmib` sbmshthv` ‛  sbmshthv` ‛  jbiustdéë`1  jbiustdéë`1  

Udi` (^ pdr)  - Vbegbx` jb `kug`kdrjìdk` (duskugtd d EK b sb dpbrtdr ` ig`f` `kugdr d EK jhlhmuh)1 - Vbegbx` jd jbiguthéë` b Vbegbx` jb t`ssb1  

Dkbssûrh` (^H pdr) - Dtr`ehd j` pbsk`é`1  

Nhp`ig`ss` (^HH pdr) - L`trhkhjdjb jd gìmiud ‛  gìmiud ‛  trdkh`mdr  trdkh`mdr b `fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg rbk`gnb d gìmiud1 - Z`kdr b l`gndr mdrhmd, p`jb sbr umh `u fhgdtbrdg, @fsbrvdr túmus b egdkhjbz jd gìmiud1 - @fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg fbfb äiud1

Bxdlb jd lbjugd bsphmndg  

Ldrknd3   K`g`kdr ` dmhldg pdrd dmjdr, m` k`rrbj`r jb phs` djbqudj`1   _r`prh`kbpéë` , kruzd `s lblfr`s è p`rqub ldmtèl bquhgìfrh`1   [b k`msbiub dmjdr bl ghmnd rbtd1   [b drrdstd dgiul lblfr` md n`rd jb dmjdr `u p`upd1   Vbkudr < pr`prh`kbpéë`, e`réd ` dmhldg d sup`rtdr pbs`, b dvdghd lblfr`s pègvhk`s   Jbskbr/sufhr rdlpd < bxhih luht` j`s L_ md jbskhjd b bxdkbrfd pdrdpdrbshd   Kìrkug`s dfbrt`s b ebkndj`s pdrd `s j`hs gdj`s, bxhib `s lblfr`s qub bstë` jbmtr` j` khrkug` sb bgb thvbr jèehkht pr`prh`kbpthv` bgb vdh kdhr1   [dgtdr k`l ul lblfr`  < jèehkht l`t`r < p`jb sdgtdr b kdhr, k`g`kd ul frdé` blfdhx` jd  fdrrhid j` fhkn` pdrd gbvdmtdr b bgbvd `s j`hs pègvhk`s, k`l d `utrd lë` thrd ul dp`h` jds lë`, jdì ` dmhldg ehkd k`l ul ómhk` dp`h`, v`kã c`id ` pbs` pdrd ` gdj` jd lë` qub bstd bl dp`h` b bgb tdmtd k`rrhihr, dh bgb bstä fbl, edz hss` m`s : lblfr`s1   Jbsg`kdr gdtbrdg3  Nblh-bstdéë` b nblh-g`k`l`éë`, j` gdj` j` dmhldg, thrd j` dp`h` j`hs lblfr`s b vã sb bgb ehkd pdrdj` bl nblh-bstdéë`, jbp`hs c`id ` pbs` pdrd ` gdj` qub bstd dp`hdmj` b bgb tbmjb d k`rrhihr d p`sturd pdrd ehkd bl pè, nblh-g`k`l`éë`.  

         

Vbdéòbs _`sturdhs3 Bxhihr pr`prh`kbpéë` k`g`kd e`gnd jb pdpbg blfdhx` jb kdjd pdtd b puxd pdrd vã sb bgb k`rrhih1 Dedstdr lblfr`s b `fsbrvd ` tblp` qub bgb gbvd pdrd k`rrhihr1 K`g`kdr ` lblfr` md edkb j`rsdg b `fsbrvdr sb ` dmhldg k`rrhih1 K`rrbéë` täthg k`l b sbl vhsë` < lë` s`frb d lbsd1 Kdrrhmn` jb lë` b bgbvd d kdfbéd < dvdghd sb sup`rtd ` pbs` m`s lblfr`s t`räkhk`s < jèehkht

l`t`r1  

[dgt` thrd ` dmhldg j` knë`, k`g`kd m`vdlbmtb b `fsbrvd sb sup`rtd ` pbs` m`s lblfr`s

 pègvhk`s1 44;

 

   

Rgtrdpdssdr `fstäkug`s1

 

Dvdghdéë` j` Zúmus3   K`g`kd d lë` s`frd d edkb pgdmtdr `u pdgldr j` lblfr` b edz uld e`réd m` sbmthj` jb bmk`gnbr ` lblfr` b vã sb bstd egäkhj` `u rìihj`, ` m`rldg è mbl luht` egäkhj` mbl luht` jur`1  

           

[bilbmt` lbjugdrbs3 MLH b ML[3  lbjugdrbs3 _bsk`é` 3 K4-K23 Lblfr` t`räkhk`3 K5-Z6 Zr`mk`3 Z;-G; Lblfr`s _ègvhk`s3 G:-[6 [dkrdg3 [;-[2 Kdujdg3 K`4-K`2

@F[3 prbkhsdl`s sdfbr jb `mjb sdh ` pgbx` frdquhdg (K5-Z6) b ` pgbx` pègvhk` (G:-[6). Tudmj` e`r dvdghdr t`j`s `s sbilbmt`s jd lbjugd, jbvb pdgpdr t`jd d lbjugd m` sbmthj` KDRJ@KVDMHDG  k`l` sb e`ssb ldssdibl, k`l ` jbj` j` gdj` j` pr`kbss` bsphmn`s` b vdh pdgpdmj`, dsshl v`kã pr`kurd dgiul jbsmìvbg jb uld vèrtbfrd pdrd `utrd, erdturd, guxdéë`, nèrmhd jb jhsk` qub jûh md pdgpdéë`. `s l`vhlbmt`s m`rldhspdrd jd k`gumd kbrvhkdg3 md k`gumd egbxë`, bxtbmsë`,Knbidmj` gdtbrdg-gdtbrdg b r`jd,kbrvhkdg vã sb  edz tbl t`j`s j`r. M` lblfr` t`räkhk` dvdghdr pgbx` frdquhdg jbvbl`s dvdghdr `s rbegbx`s3  túmus j` lblfr`, dvdghdr bl jbkófht` gdtbrdg k`l `s lblfr`s pdrd khld sb bgb më` k`msbiuhr ehkdr bl pè, jbhxd ` lblfr` bl rbp`us` md sud lë` b vdh dvdghdmj`, dvdghd rbegbx` fhkhptdg dträs, krdmhdg d` `gbkrdm` k`g`kd ` jbj` `u fdtb ` ldrtbg` jhrbt` m` tbmjë` j` lóskug` dvdghd ` fìkbps, kdujdg v`kã dvdghd ` trìkbps. Gdtbrdg d` lblfr` dvdghd ` kdrp` rdjhdg, è fbl suthg b ruhl jb dvdghdr ` lblfr` t`räkhk`. Dvdghd j`r pr`eumjd b supbrehkhdg  k`l ` rbegbx` j` egbx`r qub è ul fbghskë` hmtbrjhihtdg qub tbl qub edzbr b ` dmhldg jbvb rbthrdr. _drd k`gumd t`räkhkd p`jb phméd d rbihë` gdtbrdg j` tûrdx, prhmkhpdglbmtb ds rbihòbs kdujdg ds k`stbgds  qub è `mjb pdssd mbrv`s b vds`s, k`l hss` qudmj` phméd ` m`rldg b ` dmhldg edzbr k`mtrdéë` luskugdr, jbvb edzbr fhgdtbrdg. VBEGB^@ J@ _DMÌKRG@ phméd t`jd d k`gumd m` sbmthj` kduj`-krdmhdg pdrd pr`kurdr dtb d`mjb tbl pdrdghshd b dtb `mjb v`gtd d sbmshfhghjdjb. _drd LBLFV@ _ÈGUHK@ edz rbegbx` pdtbgdr, k`g`kd d lë` blfdhx` j` tdrs` bl rbp`us` b dvdghd ` pdtbgdr, fdtbmj` gdtbrdg d tìfhd dvdghd ` thfhdg, ` ID[ZV@KMÃLH@  m` rdl` thfhdg tdlfèl dvdghd ` egbx`r tdlfèl pdrd ` lblfr` pègvhk`. M` sbilbmt` sdkrdg phméd ` pbrhmbdg  pdrd vã sb tbl hmbrvdéë` `fsbrvdr sb ` bseìmktbr bstd m`rldg. @ rbegbx` fugf` urbtrdg b kght`rhdm` md eãlbd, v`kã dpbrtd d igdmjb j` pãmhs/kghtûrhs b vã sb ` æmus k`mtrdh. Zúmus b l`vhlbmtdéë` jd kdujd rbegbx` pbrhmbdg.

[ÌMJV@LB[[ LBJRGDVB[ [ÌMJV@LB K5-Z6 K4-K2

Z;-Z46 Z4;-G4  G6-G;

G:-[6 [;-[2

44:

 

 

Tudmj` sb tbl gbsë` jb MLH t`j`s `s rbegbx`s vë` bstdr jhlhmuìj`s, b qudmj` e`r jb ML[ t`j`s `s rbegbx`s vë` bstdr dulbmtdj`s. D` rbdghzdr ` tbstb jb túmus luskugdr, sb ` lblfr` thvbr k`l nhp`t`mhd lbsbs, j`r kbrvhkdg, tbtrdpdrbshd `u tbtrdpdrdgbshd, shmdg jb ML[ pdrd `s : lblfr`s1 Zrdtdlbmt`3 hl`fhghzdéë` kbrvhkdg bxtbrmd `u hmtbrmd1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nhstûrhk`, shmdhs kgìmhk`s, rdh` ^, Lhbg`irdehd, ZK, VL1 bxdlb j` gìqu`r pdrd `fsbrvdr kbgugdrhjdjb1 - Kugturd jb gìqu`r1 bxdlbs fäshk`s (nbl`irdld b fh`quìlhk`s)1 tbstbs räphj`s  pdrd jbtbkéë` jbtbkéë` jb dibmtbs bth`gûihk`s (khm`l`s (khm`l`sb, b, brghquh`sb, EHU EHU)1 )1 s`r`g`ihd1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   Lbthgprbjmhs`md (k`l déë` dmth`xhjdmtb)3 Zrdulds bl dtè > n`rds1 - J`sb3 ;?li/ai/HU m` tblp` zbr`1 42li/ai-6nr, :nr, 4?nr dpûs1   _rbjmhs`md3  dpûs ds > n`rds n`rds j` trduld, `u mbl edz. _rd w`ffgbr, lhbg`pdthd jbibmbrdthvd, jbibmbrdthvd, blf`ghsl` ehfr`kdrthgdihm`s`. Vbjuzhmj` d j`sb irdjdthvdlbmtb1   Kbedgbxhmd `u tbtrdkhkghmd +bstrbpt`lhkhmd pdrd trdtdr d F. kdmhs. Khrurihd3 Zrdulds irdvbs, pdrd bstdfhghzdr d k`gumd.     @s këbs k`l nèrmhd jb jhsk` qub pdrdrdl jb dmjdr lds dhmjd p`ssubl j`r pr`eumjd `  pr`imûsthk` è lbgn`r. lbgn`r.   Vbp`us` t`tdg (jbhxdr prbs`)1   Dmdgièshk` pdrd j`r sbvbrd3 - Idfdpbmthmd 4?li/ai/ZHJ,U@ (dmth-k`mvugsh`mdmtb) b j`sb jb 6-2 li/ai, U@,[HJ/FHJ - Zrdldj`g kds` më` tbmnd idfdpbmthmd `u `utr` lbgn`r.

K@MURG[ÒB[ È uld jbskdrid bgètrhkd qub `k`rrb m` [M, qub hmhkhd bl ul p`mt` (ldssd khmzbmtd) b jhssblhmd pdrd ` [M hmtbhr` (kûrtbx kbrbfrdg, shstbld gìlfhk`, nhp`tägdl` b tägdl`). Jhebrbmkhdr jb3 [ìmk`pbs p`r jbsldh` p`r kdusd jb nhp`ighkblhd, nhpûxhd1  Mdrk`gbpshd (s`m` (s`m` pr`eumj` ‛  pr`eumj` ‛  dssblbgnd  dssblbgnd ï l`rtb)1 J`r luht` e`rtb1 [ìmjr`lbs vbsthfugdrbs diujds1  

Kgdsshehkdéë`3

Bmjûibmds

46?

  

 

B^ZVDKVDMHDMD HMZVDKVDMHDMD

Bxûibmds _rhlärhd `u Zrdulds,

Bmkbedg`pdthd nbpäthkd, Bmkbedg`pdthd urãlhkd1 Nhpûxhd, -Nhp`kdgkblhd1 Bxtrdkrdmhdmd bmjûibmd3 Nhp`ighkblhd, Nhpbrghphjblhd1 _`ghkbtblhd1 Nhpbr`sl`gdrhjdjb Nhpbr`sl`gdrhjdjb1 1 - Bxtrdkrdmhdmd bxûibmd3 [ë` ds hmt`xhkdéòbs p`r `ridm`e`se`rdj`, kdrfdldt`s, pgdmtds tûxhkds, kg`rdj`s, knulf`, lhk`t`xhmds1 sdp`s1 - Hmtrdkrdmhdmd prhlärhd (hjh`päthkd)3 Bphgbpshd vbrjdjbhrd3 `s bphgèthk`s së` dqubgbs dmhldhs bl qub e`rdl jbskdrtdj`s t`jds ds `utrds p`sshfhghjdjbs jb kdusds, b ds krhsbs k`lbédl d sb ldmhebstdr bmtrb 5 lbsbs b 2 dm`s. _rbjhsp`shéë` jb dgiulds rdéds, k`l` ` _dst`r Dgblë`, fbdigb, K`kabr, sbttbr, Nusay, k`gghb.

- Hmtrdkrdmhdmd sbkumjärhd3 Bmkbedghtbs hmebkkh`sds, Nhjr`kbedghd, Mb`pgdshds, Zrdulds b Ldge`rldéòbs.  

Bstäih`s jd k`mvugsë`0 - _rûjr`l`3 è qudmj` ` dmhldg k`msbiub pbrkbfbr qub vdh tbr uld k`mvugsë` b dgtbrd sbu k`lp`rtdlbmt`, knbidmj` dtè d pr`kurdr g`kdhs ldhs ‗k`me`rtävbhs“ (blfdhx` jb kdlds). kdlds).   - Durd3 è ` hmìkh` jd k`mvugsë`1 - Hktus (hktdg) è d k`mvugsë` pr`prhdlbmtb jhtd1 - _ûs-hktdg3 è jbp`hs jd k`mvugsë`, qudmj` ` dmhldg sb dprbsbmtd jbs`rhbmtdj`.  

Zhp`s jb k`mvugsë`0 - Ibmbrdghzdjd3 è dqubgd qub debtd dlf`s `s nblhseèrh`s, ` dmhldg ehkd hmk`mskhbmtb, trbl`rbs, urhmdl `u jbebkdl. _`jbl sbr Zúmhk`-kgúmhkd< pbjdgdibl1 túmhk` < sû bspdsl`1 Lh`kgúmhkds< lh`kg`mhds, trbl`rbs luskugdrbs1 Dtúmhkd< lóskug`s egäkhj`s. - E`kdg3 è k`l` sb e`ssb uld jbskdrid bgètrhkd bl pdrtb j` kèrbfr`, b `s shmdhs vë` vdrhdr jb dk`rj` k`l d ärbd debtdjd. @ dmhldg p`jb dprbsbmtdr l`rjhkdéë`, gdlfbjurd j` k`rp`, l`rjbjurd jb l`skds hldihmärhds, urhmdr b jbebkdr, dm`rldghjdjb m` k`lp`rtdlbmt`. Df`rjdibl j` pdkhbmtb k`l k`mvugsë`3 - Dmdlmbsb luht` fbl ebhtd3  qudmj` k`lbé`u0 Hjdjb0 Tudmt` tblp` jurd0 Tudg ` hmtbrvdg` bmtrb bgds0 Dgtbrdéë` jb k`lp`rtdlbmt`0 Zbl rhsk` jb tbr sb hmt`xhkdj` (sdp`, sufstæmkhds quìlhkds,  pgdmtds, btk). - Bxdlb eìshk`3 lbthkug`s`, `fsbrvdmj` t`j`s `s pdrælbtr`s b shmdhs kgìmhk`s, pdrd jhebrbmkhdr jb `utrds j`bméds bmjûibmds shstãlhkds shstãlhkds k`l` HN, b HVK1 - Bxdlbs K`lpgblbmtdrbs3 - Nbl`irdld3 `fsbrvdr sb nä hmebkéë`. -Fh`quìlhk`s3 pdrd jbskdrtdr d p`sshfhghjdjb jb bmkbedg`pdthd urãlhkd b nbpäthkd1 -Rrhmäghsb1  

@F[3 @ dmhldg më` dprbsbmtd mbmnuld dgtbrdéë` jb bxdlbs k`lpgblbmtdrbs, `k`rrbu bl ul pbrì`j` jb 5 lbsbs d 2 dm`s d prhlbhrd krhsb, p`jb sbr d bphgbpshd vbrjdjbhrd.  

Tudmj` ` trdtdlbmt` jbvb sbr hmhkhdj`0 - Jbvb-sb trdtdr ` pdkhbmtb dpbmds qudmj` ` dmhldg bsthvbr bl bstdj` k`mvugshv`1

464

 

 

- Tudmj` ` dmhldg tbvb ldhs jb ; k`mvugsòbs ibmbrdghzdjds bl lbm`s jb 6: n`rds, sb d 6ª k`mvugsë` tbvb hmtbrvdg` jb 5-> sbldmds, `u ldhs `u lbm`s 6 bl 5 lbsbs. - Bl pdkhbmtbs jb 4-2 dm`s + rdéd prbjhsp`std + bxdlbs k`lpgblbmtdrbs m`rldhs (bphgbpshds vbrjdjbhrds), qudmj` ds k`mvugsòbs qub jurdl ldhs jb 2 lhmut`s b qudmj` nä mb`pgdshds, trdulds, btk.  

@ qub jbvb sbr bxpghkdj` d` pr`prhbtärh`0 - D lbjhkdéë` jbl`rd pdrd dthmihr uld k`mkbmtrdéë` pgdsläthkd hjbdg (pdrd k`lfdtbr d k`mvugsë`), bmtë` ` dmhldg p`jb k`mthmudr k`mvugsh`mdmj` lbsl` dpûs hmìkh` j` trdtdlbmt` (42-64 jhds)1 - Ds j`sbs dhmjd jbvbl sbr dcustdjds (prbkhsdmj` v`gtdr k`l erbquãmkhd), j`sdmj` d k`mkbmtrdéë` j` lbjhkdlbmt` m` sdmiub1 - @ dmhldg tbrä n`rärh`s ehx`s pdrd lbjhkdlbmt`s1 lbjhkdlbmt`s1 - Bmshmdr ` pr`prhbtärh` d l`mht`rdr3 ` hmtbrvdg` bmtrb ds k`mvugsòbs, ` tblp` qub jurd1 - Kdstrdr ds eãlbds, p`hs ` jhbstr` p`jb ph`rdr d k`mvugsë`1    

Zrdtdlbmt`3 L`m`tbrdphd3 bsk`gnbr uld ómhkd jr`id, b sb më` eumkh`mdr e umkh`mdr jbvb-sb dss`khdr1   Këbs3 k`lbédr k`l ` ebm`fdrfhtdg, b lbsl` k`l d k`mkbmtrdéë` tbrdpãuthkd më` eumkh`mdr, jbvb-sb dss`khdr k`l fr`lbt` jb p`tässh`1   Idt`s3 k`lbéd k`l ebm`fdrfhtdg, b sb më` ehzbr bebht`, dss`khd k`l ` jhdzbpdl.   EBM@FDVFHZDG3 Kë`3 6,2-;,? li/ai/FHJ1 Idt`3 4,?-2,? li/ai/FHJ1 Hmhkhd k`l d j`sb lbm`r1 gbvd jb 6-: sbldmds pdrd dthmihr d k`mkbmtrdéë` pgdsläthkd1 Dtè ` ebm`fdrfhtdg dthmihr d k`mkbmtrdéë`, sb ` dmhldg thvbr dgiuld krhsb, jbvb-sb bmshmdr `  pr`prhbtärh` d djlhmhstrdr djlhmhstrdr jhdzbpdl (?,2li/ai) (?,2li/ai) hmtrd-rbtdg. Dpûs 42 jhds pbjb-sb d j`sdibl jd k`mkbmtrdéë` sèrhkd jb ebm`fdrfhtdg3 kë` 42-:2 ²i/lg (hjbdg è jb 6?-;?) Idt`3 4?-;? ²i/lg1 Bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs3 sbjdéë`, nbpdt`t`xhkhjdjb nbpdt`t`xhkhjdjb (v`gtdr d kdjd 5 lbsbs pdrd j`sdr DGZ b ED)1 Dcustb jd j`sb3 j`sb3 M`vd j`sb< j`sb j`sb dtudg x Q\sèrhkd jbsbcdjd Q\ sèrhd j` pdkhbmtb  

FV@LBZ@ JBbl _@ZÄ[[H@3 _drd pdkhbmtbs qub ` ebm`fdrfhtdg s`zhmn` më` bstä surthmj` bebht`, mdqubgbs dmhldhs qub dprbsbmtdl dgiuld dgtbrdéë` nbpäthkd. nbpäthkd. Djlhmhstrdmj` k`l ` dghlbmt`. Gbvd dtè 6?? jhds pdrd dthmihr d k`mkbmtrdéë`` sèrhkd. k`mkbmtrdéë K`mtrd hmjhkdj` prd idt`s3 j`bméds rbsphrdtûrhds b ûfht`1 Këbs3 pr`v`kd sbjdéë`, p`ghu, p`ghJ, p`ghE1 vúlht`s1  

JHDSB_DL3 Hmjhkdj` < stdtus bphgbpthkus Këbs jbsbmv`gvbl t`gbræmkhd1 Bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs3 mbkr`sb nbpäthkd, vúlht` b gbtdrihd1

ZVDRLDZH[L@ ZVDRLD ZH[L@ KVDMH@B KVDMH@BMKBE MKBEÄGHK@ ÄGHK@

466

 

   

Kdusds3  dkhjbmtbs dut`l`fhgìsthk`s, qubjds (idt`s), frhids (këbs), trduldthsl`s jhrbt`s (pr`cètbhs, k`mtusë`). - Gbsë` prhlärhd3 ul jdm` ldhs hlbjhdt` d` [M1 - Gbsë` sbkumjärhd3 n`rds dpûs ` trduld1 @ trdtdlbmt` è jhrbkh`mdj` pdrd lhmhlhzdr ds gbsòbs sbkumjärhds.  

Gbsë` prhlärhd3 - Gbsë` jhrbtd d` pdrãmquhld3 k`mtusòbs, gdkbrdéòbs1 - Jdm` vdskugdr jhrbt`3 nbl`rrdihd, bjbld1 - Nbldt`lds3 mds lbmhmibs b m` pdrãmquhld1   Gbsë` sbkumjärhd3 [ë` dgtbrdéòbs eìshkds, fh`quìlhkds, rbgdkh`mdj` ï hsqublhd, ghfbrdéë` jb rdjhkdhs ghvrbs, btk.   

Df`rjdibl j` pdkhbmtb3 - Dmdlmbsb luht` räphjd, edzbmj` d` lbsl` tblp` j` bxdlb eìshk` (Z_K, luk`sds, pr`kurdr erdturds, trdulds t`räkhk`s, duskugtdéë` räphjd, `fsbrvdr sb bgb bstä k`msbiuhmj` vbmthgdr, ldmtbr d tblpbrdturd, EK b EV). _r`kurdmj` sdfbr ` tblp` qub `k`rrbu. - Bxdlb mbur`gûihk`3 - è ul bxdlb räphj`, tbmtdmj` g`kdghzdr ds gbsòbs jb dk`rj` k`l ds ‗sìmjr`lbs“. ‗sìmjr`lbs“.   - _djrë` rbsphrdtûrh` (jhebrbmkhdr jb gbsòbs t`räkhkds- nbl`tûrdx, nèrmhd jhderdiläthkd)1 - Mbrv`s krdmhdm`s3 dvdghd k`l bgb jbhtdj`1 - Euméë` l`t`rd3 pdgpdr kdfbéd, tbstdr egbxë`, - Jbskbrbfrdjd3 `phstût`m` k`l : lblfr`s rìihj`s1 - Jbskbrbfbgdjd3 @s LZ rìihj`s, `s pègvhk`s egäkhj`s b `phstût`m` (md [knhet [nbrhmit`m më` tbl `phstût`m`)1 - _r`kurdr3 nbl`rrdihds bl `rheìkh`s (`uvhj`, f`kd, mdrhz) `u GKV, nbldt`lds, puphgd [ldggp`hmt (lh`sb) è ul hmjhkdthv` jb gbsë` kbrbfrdg irdvb, lds ` qub sû ehkd bl lhjrìdsb è fbl ldhs irdvb. @ qub dgtbrd rdphjdlbmtb bmtrb lhjrìdsb b lh`sb shimhehkd qub d prbssë` HK p`jb bstdr dulbmtdmj`. Nhpbr - Kndymb-[t`abs3 dpmèhd hmtbrkdgdjd k`l nhpbrvbmthgdéë` (gbsë` kbrbfbgdr)1  

Dvdghdéë` Hmtrdkrdmhdmd3  Më` tbl k`l` dvdghdr d prbssë` hmtrdkrdmhdmd, bmtë` usd ` sbiuhmtb  pdrælbtr`3 __K (prbssë` jb pbreusë` kdphgdr)< _DL (_rbssë` drtbrhdg lèjhd) ‛  lèjhd)  ‛  _HK  _HK Vbegbx` jb kusnhmi3 kusnhmi3 D _DL bstä dgtd, lds tbl frdjhkd frdjhkdrjhd< rjhd< d prbssë` bstä bstä bgbvdjd m` Kèrbfr` (p`hs sb d _D bstä dgtd, ` k`rdéë` jbvbrhd bstdr fdtbmj` ldhs räphj` pdrd f`lfbdr ul v`gulb ldh`r, b më` bstä, bmtë` è d _HK qub bstä dulbmtdjd). Bssb pdkhbmtb tbl ul rhsk` irdmjb jb tbr nèrmhd kbrbfrdg. Ehkdr rbpbthmj` ` bxdlb d kdjd ;?-5? lhmut`s, p`hs bssd prbssë` vdh lujdr, jbvbmj` dgtbrdr ` trdtdlbmt`.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   LDMZBV D @^HIBMDÉË@ (hmtufdmj`, kældrds jb `xhiãmh`, kdtbtbr mdsdg)1   [b ` pdkhbmtb bsthvbr bl kn`qub jbvb-sb ldmtbr d U@GBLHD M@VLDG3 EGRHJ@3 - _rbkhsd jb dkbs dkbss` s` vbm`s`1 bstdfhghzdr d v`gblhd b më` nhpbr-nhjrdtdr pdrd më` ph`rdr d _HK1 - Vhmibr Gdktdt`1 këbs :?-5?lg/ai/n idt`s 6?-:? lg/ai/n

46;

 

 

- Bvhtdr `s eguhj`s ighk`sdj`s, p`hs d nhpbrighkblhd vdh ph`rdr ` gdktdt` kbrbfrdg, kdusdr uld dkhj`sb kbrbfrdg b l`rtb.   K`gûhjbs3 Jhlhmuhr ` bjbld kbrbfrdg 2lg/ai/2lhm   [`guéë` sdghmd nhpbrtúmhkd Mdkg 9,2%3 Kë` :lg/ai/2lhm b Idt`3 6lg/ai/2lhm pdrd puxdr gìquhj`s pdrd jbmtr` j`s vds`s b rbjuzhr tdlfèl ` bjbld kbrbfrdg, b trdtdlbmt` j` kn`qub. Bvhtdr bl dmhldhs jbshjrdtdj`s.  

Ldmht`g3 behkdz,dulbmtdmj` kdusd uld`svds`k`mstrhéë` rbegbxd b(bvhtdr jhlhmuh vhsk`shjdjb j` sdmiub (dulbmtdmj` d _D), rhsk`s jb nbl`rrdihd bl ddmhldhs qub dprbsbmtdl nbldt`lds, btk). Jbvb sbr usdj` dpbmds mds prhlbhrds 6: n`rds1 Dulbmtd d jhurbsb b k`msbqubmtblbmtb ↛ ` bjbld kbrbfrdg1 Bvhtdr kbrbfrdg1  Bvhtdr bl dmhldhs k`l3 HKK, bjbld pugl`mdr, HVD, HVK1   Ldmtbr ` pdkhbmtb bl NH_@ZBVLHD3 ;9³K, p`hs hss` jhlhmuh ` lbtdf`ghsl` kbgugdr, jhlhmuh ` rhsk` jb l`rtb kbgugdr1 sb kdhr luht` d tblpbrdturd ` pdkhbmtb vdh trblbr, jbsbmkdjbdmj` ` dulbmt` jd _HK. Rthghzdr k`lprbssds erhds mds ärbds igdfrds, eguhj`s erh`s, t`dgnds l`gndjds.   DMDGIB[HD3 d j`r b v`kdghzdéë` dulbmtdl d _HK3 - Lbg`xhkdm `u kdrpr`ebm`3 k`lbédr k`l d lbm`r j`sb1 kuhjdj` pdrd më` pr`v`kdr gbsë` iästrhkd, p`hs d lìlhkd jb vúlht` dulbmtd tdlfèl d _HK. - Djbshv` jb ebmtdmhg1 - Fut`redm`g1 tbmj` kuhjdj` k`l `s `phûhjbs, p`hs kdusdl jbprbssë` rbsphrdtûrhd. - Zrdldj`g1 - L`rehmd1 - Ghj`kdìmd bl f`gus1   D KDFBÉD J@ _DKHBMZB JBUB EHKDV LDH[ DGZD qub ` k`rp` ;?³ (rbjuzhr d prbssë` HK), bvhtdmj` j`frdr ` pbsk`é` b `fstruhr ` egux` jds cuiugdrbs, qub vdh ph`rdr d prbssë` HK. @ hjbdg è usdr ds lbsds k`l rbiugdibl.   K@MURG[ÒB[3 jbvbl sbr trdtdjds k`l jhdzbpdl, pr`p`e`g (jbprbssë` rbsphrdtûrhd), ebm`fdrfhtdg, btk.   Uúlht`3 lbt`kg`prdlhjd, kbrbmhd1   [b dpûs t`j` ` trdtdlbmt` ` pdkhbmtb k`mthmud v`kdghzdmj`, d _DL bstä dgtd b k`l frdjhkdrjhd, shimhehkd qub d _HK è qub bstä dgtd, bmtë`3 Krdmh`t`lhd bxpg`rdtûrhd jbsk`lprbsshvd (uld dfbrturd m` kræmh` pdrd rbjuzhr d prbssë`).  

Kuhjdj`s jb bmebrldibl3 - Drruldr ` k`gknë`, dgtbrmdr ` jbkófht` d kdjd juds n`rds (lbm`s m`s k`l trduld jb k`gumd b kræmh`)  pdrd bvhtdr bskdrds bskdrds jb jbkófht`1 - [`mjdr d urbtrd1 - Nhihbmb pdrd bvhtdr jbrldthtb1 - Ehsh`tbrdphd pdsshvd (dg`midr ds drthkugdéòbs) b jbp`hs dthvd1 - Gufrhehkdr `s `gn`s (bvhtdr kbrdt`k`mcumthvhtb sbkd)1  

K`rthk`hjb3 è k`mshjbrdj` m`khv`, më` sb usd prd trduldthsl` t rduldthsl` krdmhdm`, b tdgvbz prd trdulds jb

k`gumd. Jbshjrdtdéë` tdlfèl è m`khvd1  

_r`imûsthk`3  d ldh`rhd jbl`rd luht` tblp` pdrd lbgn`rdr, è gbmtd b pr`irbsshvd, më` jbshsthr

j` pdkhbmtb p`r :> n`rds, sb ` k`ld pdssdr jhss` ` pr`imûsthk` è jbsedv`rävbg. 46:

 

 

 

[bqubgds p`ssìvbhs3  k`mvugsòbs pûs-trdulds1 nhjr`kbedghd1 jèehkhts vhsudhs1 dgtbrdéë` jb k`lp`rtdlbmt`1

ZVDRLD[ JB K@GRMD @s shmdhs kgìmhk`s tbl hmìkh` diuj` b më` pr`irbsshv`.  

Dgiulds `fsbrvdéòbs3  Më` lbxbr luht` m` dmhldg dtè tbr kbrtbzd kbrtbzd qub më` nnää erdturd1     Bl jbkófht` k`msbiub-sb k`msbiub-sb dvdghdr túmus b rbegbx`s b dvdghdr sb tbl gbsë` jb ML[ `u MLH1    Më` pdgpdr k`gumd k`gumd (bpdxhdg)1    M`khkbpéë` M`khkbpéë `- è ` ldhs hhlp`rtdmtb, lp`rtdmtb, d dvdghdéë` jd j`r supbrehkhdg b pr`eumjd. Dvdghdr t`j` jhd,  p`hs p`jb ph`rdr ph`rdr bl 6: n`rds1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Dmdlmbsb1 - Bxdlb eìshk` mbur`gûihk`1 - V^1 - Lhbg`irdehd, Zul`irdehd K`lputdj`rhzdjd, VL1

 

Jhdimûsthk`s jhebrbmkhdhs jb trdulds jb k`gumd3  - J`bméd j` jhsk` hmtbrvbrtbfrdg1 - Blf`ghd ehfr`kdrthgdihm`sd1 - Jhsk`bsp`mjhghtb k`l erdturd b guxdéë` vbrtbfrdg1 - Btk.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 DFK j` trduld3 4-  Ubmthgdéë` (hmtufdr, kdtbtbr mdsdg, läskdrd)1 6-  Dkbss` vbm`s`1 ;:-  K`mvugsòbs1 Dmdgibshd1

Bxhstbl värhds e`rlds jb hl`fhghzdr d k`gumd k`l tdgds b edhxds1 ul kdm` irdmjb jb _UK k`rtdj` d` lbh`, k`g`kdj` p`r t`jd d bxtbmsë` jd k`gumd b bmv`gt` p`r edhxd pdrd hl`fhghzdr.  

Edzbr `u më` edzbr k`rthk`hjb0 [biumj` d ghtbrdturd, sb ` sbu pdkhbmtb s`erbu uld gbsë` d lbm`s jb > n`rds3 [ukkhmdt` sûjhk` jb lbthgprbjmhs`g`md (s`gulbjr`g), edz uld prhlbhrd j`sb jb ;?li/ai/HU1D sbiumjd j`sb jb 42li/ai/HU è ebhtd 6 n`rds dpûs d prhlbhrd, b ldmthjd jb 5-5 n`rds p`r 6:-:> n`rds1 [b ehzbr ldhs jb > n`rds3 `ptd-sb pbgd Jbxdlbtds`md, ?,62li/ai HU sbiuhj` jb ?,4li/ai/FHJ `u [HJ.  

Dmdgibshd3 Bssbs pdkhbmtbs qub rbkbfbl k`rthk`hjbs më` sb usd DHMB[, p`hs hrä gbsh`mdr ` bstúldi` j` pdkhbmtb. Bmtë` ` qub uthghzd pdrd gbsë` jb k`gumd è ul `phûhjb3 Zrdldj`g1

 

_dkhbmtb k`msbrvdj`r3 462

 

 

Dqubgb pdkhbmtb k`l gbsë` ldhs dhmjd k`msbiub-sb l`vbr, bgb vdh ehkdr k`mehmdj` muld idh`gd  p`r :-5 sbldmds, sbldmds, bmedhxdj`, k` k`l l `s lbsl`s kkuhjdj`s uhjdj`s jb bbmebrldibl mebrldibl khtdj`s dmtbrh`rlbmtb. dmtbrh`rlbmtb.  

Khrurihd3 _dkhbmtbs k`l pdrdpgbihd b k`gumd hmstävbg. Dsshl qub pdrd jb dmjdr jbvb-sb `pbrdr, dmtbs qub pbrkd d j`r pr`eumjd.

465

 

  BMJÛKVHM@_DZHD[

469

 

 

 

BMJÛKVHM@_DZHD[

Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` Nhp`tägdl` 

ZVN NH_ÛEH[B

Z[N

ZVN- n`rlúmh` ghfbrdj`r jb thrb`tr`ehmd, qub è ghfbrdj` pbg` nhp`tägdl` b dtud s`frb d nhpûehsb bsthlugdmj` d ghfbrdéë` jb Z[N (thrb`tr`ehmd), `mjb bstd, dib s`frb d thrb`hjb bsthlugdmj` d  pr`juéë` b ghfbrdéë` jb Z: (thr`xhmd), Z; (trhh`j`thr`mhmd).  @ Z; b Z: pr`l`vbl ebbjfdka mbidthv` s`frb nhpûehsb b nhp`tägdl`.

Zhrb`hjb

Z: b Z;

@ nhp`thrb`hjhsl` è uld j`bméd k`lul bl këbs, b d jhlhmuhéë` md pr`juéë` j`s n`rlúmh`s thrb`hjhdm`s p`jb bstä bmv`gvhjd bl trãs g`kdhs jhsthmt`s, nhp`tägdl`, nhpûehsb b pr`fgblds md prûprhd igæmjugd thrb`hjb, sbmj` dsshl, bxhstb uld kgdsshehkdéë` jb dk`rj` k`l ` g`kdg g` kdg jb dk`lbthlbmt`3

- Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` prhlärh`3  è d e`rld ldhs k`lul bl këbs, rbsugtd jb pr`fgblds md thrb`hjb (jbstruhéë`), kdusdjd p`r uld ‗thrb`hjhtb ghme`kìthkd“ (j`bméd dut`hlumb) `u hdtr`iãmhkd (rbl`éë` khrórihkd, trdtdlbmt`s k`l h`j` rdjh`dthv`, btk). D jbstruhéë` jd igæmjugd è gbmtd, jbl`rd jb 4-; dm`s b `s shmdhs sû dpdrbkbl qudmj` d thrb`hjb pbrjd jb ldhs jb 92% jb sud kdpdkhjdjb eumkh`mdg. K`l` më` tbl Z; b Z:, jbhxdmj` jb edzbr ul ebbjfdka (-) md nhpûehsb, tbmj` dulbmt` (`u m`rldhs) jb ZVN b Z[N.  - Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` sbkumjärh`3 `k`rrb qudmj` ` pr`fgbld è md nhpûehsb, sbcd p`r ul më` jbsbmv`gvhlbmt` (nhp`pgdshd), `u jbstruhéë` p`r dgiulds mb`pgdshds, us` jb lbjhkdlbmt`s k`l` ighk`k`rthk`hjbs qub suprhlbl d déë` jb ghfbrdr ZN[, b k`msbqubmtblbmtb më` `k`rrb d bsthlugdéë` thrb`hjhdmd pdrd ghfbrdéë` jb Z; b Z:. Z[N, Z; b Z: rbjuzhj`s. - Nhp`thrb`hjhsl` Zbrkhärh`3 jbehkhãmkhd md ghfbrdéë` j` n`rlúmh` ghfbrdj`r jb thrb`tr`ehmd (ZVN)  pbg` nhp`tägdl`, jbvhj` jbvhj` ï gbsë gbsë`. `. Z`j`s `s n` n`rlúmh`s rlúmh`s rbjuzbl (ZVN, Z[N, Z; b Z: Z:). ).  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Gdfrdj`r, I`gjbm, p``jgb, tbkabg, f`xbr, së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s1  @k`rrb bl sud ldh`r pdrtb jb 6-5 dm`s  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 Udrhdl luht` bmtrb d bspèkhb dk`lbthjd, rdéd, hjdjb j` dmhldg. _`jbmj` hr jbsjb gbtdrihd, jèehkht lbmtdg, idmn` jb pbs` bxkbsshv`, dtè shmdhs jbrldt`gûihk`s, mbur`luskugdrbs, rbpr`juthv`s, `kugdrbs, btk3

46>

 

 

- [hmdhs jbrldt`gûihk`s3 dg`pbkhd bmjûkrhmd (shlètrhkd `u më`, k`lul bl tr`mk`, rbstdmj` dpbmds d kdfbéd k`l pbg`s)1 ibrdglbmtb sbl prurhj`, d më` sbr qub ndcd hmebkéë` sbkumjärhd1 kdujd jb rdt`1 nhpbrphilbmtdéë`1 `thtb bxtbrmd rbkhjhvdmtb1 Lhxbjbld (kdusd më` è fbl bskgdrbkhjd, lds këbs k`l d j`bméd krúmhkd jbsbmv`gvbl uld edkb bjbldkhdjd, k`l prbids)1

Kdujd jb rdt`1

dg`pèkhd shlètrhkd j` tr`mk`1

Lhxbjbld1

- [hmdhs mbur`gûihk`s3 p`jb sbr jb kdusd prhlärhd, `u sbcd, dmhldhs qub dprbsbmtdl ` nhp`thrb`hjhsl` tbrkhärh`. Jbp`shéë` jb luk`p`ghssdkdrìjb`s mds fdhmnds mbrv`sds (kdusdl k`mvugsë`, dtdxhd, dmjdr bl kìrkug`s, shmdhs jb sìmjr`lb vbsthfugdr)1 [MK (dtr`ehd luskugdr, pdrdghshd jb mbrv`s, btk). - [hmdhs rbpr`juthv`s3  dmbstr` pbrldmbmtb p`r dgtbrdéë` jb nhpûehsb (E[N b GN)1 kh` shgbmkh`s`1 sdmird jbldhs m` bstr`1 idgdkt`rrbhd (pr`juéë` jb gbhtb e`rd j` bstr`)1 ihmbk`ldsthd1 ehgn`tbs erdk`s qub l`rrbrdl md edsb mb`mdtdg dhmjd1 m`s ldkn`s bxhstb d tb`rhd jb qub `k`rrb d pbrjd jb ghfhj` b dtr`ehd tbsthkugdr, lds mdjd k`lpr`vdj`. - [hmdhs Lbtdfûghk`s3  cumt`s d`s jbrldt`gûihk`s së` `s shmdhs ldhs k`lums. Dmhldg ehkd gbtärihk`, hmdthvhjdjb, idmnd luht` pbs`, hmt`gbræmkhd d` erh`, lbtdf`ghsl` gbmt`1 - [hmdhs @kugdrbs3 ógkbrds jb kûrmbds, uvbìtb, jbp`sht` jb ghpìjb`s md kûrmbd1 - [hmdhs Kdrjh`vdskugdrbs3 Kdrjh`vdskugdrbs3 drrhtlhds1 - [hmdhs idstr`bmtèrhk`s3 idstr`bmtèrhk`s3 jhdrrbhds `u k`msthpdéë` k`msthpdéë`,, lbidbsúedi` lbidbsúedi`00 (nhp`l`thghjdjb bs`eäihkd)1

[b ` nhp`thrb`hjhsl` e`r ul jhstórfh` k`miãmht`, ` dmhldg vdh tbr ` krbskhlbmt` debtdj`3 - krbthmhsl` jbehkhãmkhd j`s n`rlúmh`s thrb`hjhdm`s jb kdusd k`miãmhtd, qub jbvb sbr jhebrbmkhdj` j` mdmhsl`, qub è jbehkhãmkhd jb N`rlúmh` j` krbskhlbmt` (IN)1 - ehgn`tbs ehkdl k`l `s lbsl` shmdhs, gbtdrihd, jbrldt`gûihk`s, btk.  

[ìmjr`lb j` buthrb`hjb j`bmtb3  Rl pdkhbmtb k`l t`j`s `s shmdhs jb nhp`thrb`hjhsl`, lds jbvhj` d `utrds j`bméds qub kdusdl suprbssë` m` bhx` nhpûehsb thrb`hjb. @k`rrb d pr`juéë` jb p`uk` Z: b dhmjd `s qub rbstdl së` k`mvbrthj`s bl Z;.  

Jhdimûsthk` j` Nhp`thrb`hjhsl`3 - Nhstûrhk` + shmdhs kgìmhk`s1  - Fh`quìlhk`3 ↔ k`gbstbr`g, ↔ trhighkèrhjbs, ↔DGZ, ↔ED, ghpblhd1  ghpblhd1  - Nbl`irdld3 p`jb tbr uld dmblhd m`rl`kìthkd m`rl`krúlhkd jhskrbtd1 - J`sdibl jb Z:3 - j`sdibl sèrhkd jb Z: (Z:ghvrb + Z: ghidj` ghidj` d _r`tbìmds pgdsläthkd pgdsläthkds)1 s)1 - Z: ghvrb 74 < suibrb nhp`thrb`hjhsl`1 - =4 < buthrb`hjhsl`1 - J`sdibl jb Z[N3 - ↛Z: + ↔Z[N < nhp`thrb`hjhsl` prhlärh`1  prhlärh`1  - ↛Z[N + ↛Z:< nhp`thrb`hjhsl` sbkumjärh`1 sbkumjärh`1   @fs3 j`sdr Z; më` trdz luhtd hme`rldéë`1  

 

 

Zrdtdlbmt`3 GBU@ZHV@^HMD [HMZÈZHKD (Z:) 66²i/Ai-FHJ1 Dvdghdr d prhlbhrd sbldmd3 lbgn`rd hmdpbtãmkhd, e`réd luskugdr, dpbthtb1

 

6-: sbldmds3 lbgn`rd nhpbrghphjblhd1

468

 

   

:-> sbldmds3 lbgn`rd d pbgb b pbrjb pbs`1

       

L`mht`rdr d tbrdphd3 [b bstä ndvbmj` rbsp`std kgìmhkd d` trdtdlbmt`1 J`sdr Z: pbg` lbm`s > sbldmds dpûs ` hmìkh` h mìkh` jd tbrdphd1 K`gnbr sdmiub j` dmhldg dpûs 5 n`rds jb rbkbfbr d gbv`thr`xhmd3 - 76,2 ²i/jg ‛  ²i/jg  ‛  bstä   bstä fdhx`, dulbmtd d j`sb j` Z: b pbjb prd rbt`rmdr k`l 4 lãs pdrd rbpbthr ` bxdlb

m`vdlbmtb1 - 6,2 ‛  6,2 ‛  9,2  9,2 ²i/jg ‛  ²i/jg ‛  hjbdg1  hjbdg1 - =9,2 ²i/jg ‛  ²i/jg  ‛  jbvb-sb   jbvb-sb rbjuzhr d j`sb j` Z: `u ` hmtbrvdg`, jb FHJ pdrd [HJ1 rbt`rm` k`l 4 lãs dtè dthmihr k`mkbmtrdéòbs pgdsläthkds hjbdhs jb Z:.  

Hmt`xhkdéë`3  thrb`t`xhk`sb (bxkbss` jb Z:), jbvb-sb dvdghdr ds euméòbs nbpäthkds b rbmdhs, p`hs bssd jr`id è lbtdf`ghzdjd bl ul b bxkrbtdjd pbg`s `utr`s (rhms). @ dmhldg dprbsbmtd dirbsshvhjdjb,  p`ghórhd, p`ghedihd, bldirbkhlbmt` bldirbkhlbmt` bxk bxkbsshv`. bsshv`. [b m` trdtdlbmt` më` bsthvbr surthmj` bebht`, jbvb-sb gbvdr bl k`mshjbrdéë k`mshjbrdéë`3 `3 4ª- edt`r pr`prhbtärh`3 sbrä qub bstä djlhmhstrdmj` d lbjhkdéë`0 Mds n`rds kbrtds0 J`sb kbrtd0 6³- edt`r3 dgiulds pbss`ds ldmhpugdl d lbjhkdéë`, p`jbmj` ndvbr brr` j` kägkug` pdrd e`rlugdr, `u uthghzdéë` jb ldtèrhd jb fdhxd qudghjdjb1 ;³- edt`r tblp`3 pbg` lbm`s 6 lbsbs pdrd sb k`msbiuhr dgiul rbsugtdj` r bsugtdj` sdthsedtûrh`1 :³-edt`r jhdimûsthk` brrdj`3 `utrds j`bméds k`mk`lhtdmtbs, gblfrdr jd sìmjr`lb j` buthrb`hjhsl`.  

_r`imûsthk`3 @ prhlärh` è  edv`rävbg, lds ` sbkumjärh` `u tbrkhärh` è rbsbrvdj` `u jbsedv`rävbg,g, p`hs jbpbmjbrä jd kdusd j` pr`fgbld s`frb d nhpûehsb b nhp`tägdl`.  jbsedv`rävb  M` kds` j` krbthmhsl`3 pr`imûsthk` rbsbrvdj` rbsbrvdj`,, jbsbmv`gvbl jhstórfh`s ûstb`-drthkugdrbs irdvbs qub k`lpr`lbtbl d vhjd j` dmhldg.

Nhpbrthrb`hjhsl` È uld j`bméd ldhs k`lul bl idt`s vbgn`s (:-6? dm`s) qub bl këbs. [ë` dmhldhs bstrbssdj`s, nhpbrdthv`s, k`lb luht`, bldirbkb, jbvhj` ï bgbvdéë` j`s mìvbhs jb Z: m` sdmiub, p`r uld nhpbrpgdshd jb thrb`hjb, uld mb`pgdshd (djbm`ld), >?% j`s pdkhbmtbs tbl dk`lbthlbmt` fhgdtbrdg (j`hs g`f`s igdmjugdrbs), sbmj` p`ssìvbg jb pdgpdr. Vbgdtdl qub rdéë` bmgdtdjd b irdmugdj` sdmhtärh` së` edt`rbs qub prbjhspòbl bssd j`bméd m`s idt`s, lds më` sb sdfb k`l`.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 _brjd jb pbs`, p`ghedihd, dihtdéë`, nhpbrdthv`, p`ghórhd, p`ghjhpshd, jhdrrbhd, dg`pbkhd jhspbrsd (dgiums p`mt`s), pbg`s ebh`s/brhédj`s.

4;?

 

   

Bxdlb Eìshk`3 - _dgpdr d thrb`hjb1  - Dpdrãmkhd jb dmhldg ‗ldg trdtdj`“1 jheìkhg jb k`mtbr, bstrbssdj`, nhpbrdthv`1 nhpbrdthv`1   - Zdquhkärjhk` (p`r k`mtd jhss` p`jb tbr uld lh`kdrjh`pdthd, l`strdr dgtbrdéòbs ï duskugtd, bgbtr`, bk`, rdh` ^, btk). - Nhpbrtbmsë`1 - Jhstórfh`s idstr`hmtbsthmdhs3 vúlht`s, jhdrrbhd1 - [hmdhs jb HV p`jbl bstdr prbsbmtbs (lds d` trdtdr d thrb`hjb lbgn`rd-sb d euméë` j`s rhms)1   Jhdimûsthk`3 - [hmdhs kgìmhk`s1  - Nbl`irdld jb bstrbssb3 brhtr`kht`sb (sbiumt` d pr`ebss`rd), mbutr`ehghd k`l  prbsbméd jb nhpbrsbilbmtdéë nhpbrsbilbmtdéë`1 `1 - Nhpbre`sedtblhd (jhlhmuh d bxkrbéë` jb eûse`r` pbg`s rhms)1 - K`mkbmtrdéë` [èrhkd jb Z:3 dgtd1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   ZHVB@HJBKZ@LHD3 - K`l fh`pshd prèvhd pdrd jbehmhr sb tbl ul djbm`ld `u kdrkhm`ld1 kpr`v`kd ul nhp`pdrdthrb`hjhsl` sbkumjärh` hdtr`iãmhk`. - Jbvb-sb tbr luht` kuhjdj` k`l bstbs pdkhbmtbs md dmbstbshd, p`hs së` ibrdglbmtb kdrjh`pdtds, b p`ssubl jhseuméòbs jb `utr`s ûrië`s (rhms). Dpûs d khrurihd, vë` dprbsbmtdr nhp`kdgkblhd, jbvhj` d` nhp`pdrdthrb`hjhsl` hdtr`iãmhk` _drd trdtdr ` nhp`thrb`hjhsl` hdtr`iãmhk` jbvb-sb supgblbmtdr Z:.   H@J@ VDJH@DZHU@3 - Jbstrûh d igæmjugd, lds sû è uthghzdj` bl nuldm`s (sbl dkbss` prd vbtbrhmärh`s)1 - Rld ómhkd dpghkdéë` HU `u [K rbs`gvb ` pr`fgbld jd ldh`rhd j`s  pdkhbmtbs (>?%). (>?%). LBZHLDS@GB3 - 6,2 li/idt`1 hmhfb d sìmtbsb j`s n`rlúmh`s thrb`hjhdm`s, usdj` tdlfèl bl   idt`s k`l HV, fdhx` kust`. Bebht`s k`gdtbrdhs< dm`rbxhd, nbpdt`pdthd (j`sdr bmzhlds nbpäthkds pdrd dvdghdr d euméë` nbpäthkd), vúlht`s, nhp`thrb`hjhsl` hdtr`iãmhk`1 - K`lbéd k`l 6,2 li/idt`-U@-[HJ, d kdjd jbz jhds pbjb rbt`rm`, b jbvb dk`lpdmndr d erbquãmkhd rbsphrdtûrhd b kdrjìdkd (bssbs dmhldhs tbl tdquhpmèhd b tdquhkdrjhd) b j`sdibl jb Z:. [b d erbquãmkhd rbsphrdtûrhd ph`rd tbl qub pdrdr ` trdtdlbmt`. [b d j`sdibl jb Z: e`r dkhld jb 6,2li/jg è p`rqub më` bstä rbs`gvbmj`, jbvbmj` dulbmtdr pdrd FHJ, ldhs juds sbldmds, [b më` lbgn`rdr lbsl` dulbmtdmj` d erbquãmkhd, jbvb-sb dulbmtdr d j`sb pdrd 2li/idt`/FHJ-U@, dtè qub sb k`mshid qub ` Z: ehqub bmtrb 4-6,2 ²i/jg. - Edzbr sblprb nbl`irdld b fh`quìlhk`  pdrd dk`lpdmndr ` bstdj` jbssb dmhldg. @fsbrvdr d erbquãmkhd rbsphrdtûrhd b kdrjìdkd sb lbgn`rdl, dpbthtb, pbs`. J`sd Z: dmtbs jb bmtrdr k`l ` trdtdlbmt`, bl sbiuhjd k`lbéd d djlhmhstrdr ` lbthldz`gb, hmjbpbmjbmtb jb tbr HV `u më`, 6,2li/idt` [HJ, b pbjb rbt`rm` k`l 9 jhds, rbpbthmj` nbl`irdld, fh`quìlhk` b j`sdibl jb Z:, bxdlb eìshk` (EK, EV, dpbthtb, btk.), shmdhs kgìmhk`s. [b ` idt` ph`rdr d erbquãmkhd rbsphrdtûrhd, jbvb-sb kbssdr ` trdtdlbmt` b tbmtdr `utr` lèt`j` (thrb`hjbkt`lhd `u H`j` rdjh`dthv`). - [b ` idt` lbgn`rd d erbquãmkhd rbsphrdtûrhd, b Z: dhmjd bstä dkhld jb 6,2 li/idt` jbvb-sb dulbmtdr pdrd FHJ. K`l 6 sbldmds ` dmhldg rbt`rmd, j`sd Z: jb m`v`, sb lbgn`r`u 4-6,2 ²i/jg, k`mthmud k`l ` trdtdlbmt` (6,2li/ idt` FHJ). [b dhmjd bstä dgtd, jbvb-sb dulbmtdr d j`sb  pdrd 2li/idt` FHJ p`r ldhs 42 jhds, jhds, p`jbmj` edzbr hss` dtè ddthmihr thmihr 6?li/ idt` jhd, `u sbcd, 4?li/idt` FHJ. Dpûs dthmihr uld j`sb bstävbg jb Z:, ` pdkhbmtb jbvb rbt`rmdr d kdjd ; lbsbs pdrd rbdghzdr j`sdibl jb Z:, nbl`irdld b fh`quìlhk`s. - @ dmhldg lbgn`rd `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s k`l dtè 5 sbldmds, jbvbmj` hme`rldr d` pr`prhbtärh`.

 

Mb`pgdshds md thrbûhjb3 _dgpdéë`1 Vdh` x kbrvhkdg pdrd vbr sb nä k`lprbssë`1 Rgtrdss`m pdrd tbmtdr jbghlhtdr ` tdldmn` jd ldssd md thrb`hjb, b cä rbdghzdr uld fhûpshd1 Z`l`irdehd, rbss`mæmkhd1 4;4

 

 

- Zrdtdlbmt`3 rbthrdr d igæmjugd1 quhlh`tbrdphd1

_DVDZHVB@HJB[ _`ssuh : igæmjugds qub së` rbsp`msävbhs pbgd rbiugdéë` j` kägkh`.

Nhpbrpdrdthrb`hjhsl`3  

_rhlärh`3  dulbmt` jd sbkrbéë` j` pdrdt`rlúmh`, `s dmhldhs vë` dprbsbmtdr ul qudjr` jb nhpbrkdgkblhd b nhp`e`sedtblhd1 È rdr`, b `k`rrb jbvhj` d djbm`lds, kdrkhm`lds, ibrdglbm ibrdglbmtb tb è 4 ómhkd igæmjugd dk`lbthjd. - [hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 _`ghurhd b p`ghjhpshd, e`rldéë` jb kägkug`s rbmdhs, erdqubzd luskugdr b hmt`gbræmkhd d` bxbrkìkh`, jhsórhd, p`ghórhd, nbldtórhd p`jbl bstdr prbsbmtbs. - J`sdr _ZN3 vdh bstdr dgt`1

- Zrdtdlbmt`3 rbl`vb d igæmjugd1 [bkumjärh`3 ibrdglbmtb tbl ds : igæmjugds dk`lbthjds, b p`jb sbr jhvhjhj` bl   Nhpbrpdrdthrb`hjhsl` sbkumjärh` sbkumjärh` rbmdg `u mutrhkh`mdg. @ mutrhkh`mdg3 dmhldg k`l dghlbmtdéë` rhkd bl eûse`r` bsthlugd d ghfbrdéë` jb luht` _ZN pdrd rbl`vbr kägkh` j`s `ss`s (ldmtbr ` bquhgìfrh` Kd++ _+), b ` dmhldg dprbsbmtd d `stb`jhstr`ehd sbkumjärhd mutrhkh`mdg. @ rbmdg3 jhlhmuhéë` jd bxkrbéë` j` eûse`r`, k`l hss` `k`rrb d rbl`éë` jb kägkh` j`s `ss`s, sbmj`` ` jb prbjhgbéë` d ldmjìfugd, bmtë` ` dmhldg dprbsbmtd ` qub sb kndld ‗ldmjìfugd jb f`rrdknd“. sbmj f`rrdknd“.  

Nhp`pdrdthrb`hjhsl`  

_rhlärh`3  hjh`päthk` `u hdtr`iãmhk` (rbl`éë` jd thrb`hjb b ds pdrdthrb`hjbs vë` cumt`) dprbsbmtdl nhp`kdgkblhd nhp`kdgkblhd pbrshstbmtb b nhpbre`sedtblhd, k`l fdhxd jb _ZN. - [hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 k`mvugsòbs k`mvugsòbs,, tbtdmhds, kæhlfrds, hmdpbtãmkhd, gbtdrihd, btk. - Zrdtdlbmt`3 supgblbmtdr kägkh` b vhtdlhmd J pdrd ` rbst` jd vhjd.

@RZVD[ J@BMÉD[ BMJÛKVHMD[ TRB DEBZDL DEBZ DL @ KVB[KHL KVB[KHLBMZ@ BMZ@

Dkr`lbidghd Ebghmd 4;6

 

 

@k`rrb jbvhj` d uld sbkrbéë` bxkbsshvd jb IN bl ebghm`s, kdusdj` p`r uld mb`pgdshd md pdrs jhstdghs jd nhpûehsb. [b tbl ` krbskhlbmt` bxkbsshv` j`s tbkhj`s k`mbkthv`s, k`l` `ss`s b vìkbrds (rhms ( rhms b k`rdéë`, prhmkhpdglbmtb), bl dmhldhs djugt`s. Bssbs dmhldhs dprbsbmtdl hmtbrebrãmkhd md ghidéë` jd hmsughmd bl sbus rbkbpt`rbs, jbsbmkdjbdmj` uld nhpbrighkblhd b jhdfbtbs lbghtus (qudmj` sb dpghkd hmsughmd bxûibmd è ph`r, jbsbmv`gvb jbsbmv`gvbmj` mj` rbshstãmkhd irdvb). Dk`mtbkb bl idt`s ldkn`s, k`l ldhs jb > dm`s, [VJ.  

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3

- Dgtbrdéòbs kdtdfûghkds3 @s prhlbhr`s shmdhs së` _R, _J b _E, rbsugtdmtb j` jhdfbtbs lbghtus k`mk`lhtdmtb, pbrjd jb pbs`. @ IN hmjuz d uld pr`juéë` jb ul edt`r jb krbskhlbmt` sblbgndmtb d hmsughmd, p`r hss` hmtbrebrb m`s rbkbpt`rbs (HIE-4)1 - Dgtbrdéòbs dmdfûghkds (idmn`)3 dulbmt` j` tdldmn` j` k`rp`, dgdridlbmt` j` dfj`lb b kdfbéd,  pr`imdthd hmebrh`r, b k`l ` tblp` tbl dulbmt` jb k`rdéë`, rhms, eìidj` b djrbmdhs, krbskhlbmt` jd edrhmib b jhehkugtd d rbsphrdéë`1 @s dmhldhs tdlfèl knbidl d dprbsbmtdr shmdhs mbur`gûihk`s, jbvhj` d prbsbméd jd mb`pgdshd m` [MK, `u lbsl` jbvhj` d jbehkhãmkhd jd uthghzdéë` jd ighk`sb1  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Gdf`rdtûrh`3 d jhdfbtbs lbghtus è d rbsp`msävbg p`r kdusdr dgtbrdéòbs m` pdjrë`  fh`quìlhk` jbssbs dmhldhs, tdhs k`l`, nhpbrighkblhd (kbt`mblhd  ‛   Kbt`sb), kbt`murhd, nhpbrk`gbrbstblhd,, dulbmt` jb DGZ b ED (jbvhj` d ghphj`sb). nhpbrk`gbrbstblhd - Dgtbrdéòbs kgìmhkds j` dmhldg (dulbmt` jb tdldmn` j` dfj`lb, kdfbéd, ldmjìfugd, pr`imdthd hmebrh`r, jbp`hs jb djugt`)1 - J`sdibl sèrhkd jb IN è ` qub ebknd (bstä dgtd) ‛  dgtd)  ‛  4?mi/Lg  4?mi/Lg (` m`rldg è dfdhx` jb 2)1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 - Vdjh`tbrdphd1 - Nhp`ehsbkt`lhd1 - Zbrdphd k`l k`fdgt` lbgn`rd `s shmdhs jb jhdfbtbs, btk

Mdmhsl` _htuhtärh`/ Nhp`ehsärh` @k`rrb jbvhj` uld jbehkhãmkhd k`miãmhtd j` IN p`r uld nhp`pgdshd `u më` jhebrbmkhdéë` jb kègugds prbsbmtbs md nhpûehsb. @k`rrb prhmkhpdglbmtb bl pdst`rbs dgblëbs, lds tdlfèl bl sndrpbhs, gdfrdj`rbs, btk. Bssd ‗nhp`pgdshd“p`jb debtdr d pr`juéë` jb Z[N b ` dmhldg tbl nhp`thrb`jhsl` dss`khdj`.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 - Edgnd m` krbskhlbmt`, dg`pbkhd bmjûkrhmd b nhpbrphilbmtdéë` jd pbgb. K`l 6-: lbsbs jb hjdjb më` dprbsbmtdl dgtbrdéòbs, lds, d pdrthr jdì, m`td-sb ul rbtdrj` j` dmhldg bl rbgdéë` k`l ` rbst` jd mhmndjd.

- Dgiums pdkhbmtbs rbtbl `s pbg`s gdm`s`s, ehkdmj` k`l dspbkt` ldkh`, b së` edkhglbmtb jbstdkävbhs, bmtë` d dg`pbkhd `k`rrb mds rbihòbs jb us`, `u sbcd, ärbds jb k`gbhrd, `u kdujdhs 4;;

 

 

d`s lblfr`s pègvhk`s (p`r sbmtdr). D pbgb ehkd nhpbrphilbmtdjd, ehmd, bmruidjd. @s ldkn`s t`rmdl-sb krhpt`rquhjds b tbl dtr`ehd jb tbstìkug`s. Mds eãlbds `k`rrb ul dmbstr` pbrshstbmtb.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - [hmdhs kgìmhk`s + nhstûrhd (më` krbskb) + bxdlbs m`rldhs. D pdt`g`ihd kgìmhkd më` tbl dgtbrdéòbs, d më` sbr qub tbmnd hmtbrebrãmkhd jb Z[N dss`khdj` (nhp`thrb`jhsl`, ↔k`gbstbr`g, dmblhd gbvb, ↔ DGZ, ↔ED, ghpblhd)  ghpblhd)   - J`sdr IN më` jhz mdjd, p`hs dmhldhs m`rldhs tdlfèl tbl ` IN fdhx`s m` sdmiub, bmtë` pdrd ebkndr ` jhdimûsthk` sb edz d bsthlugdéë` k`l IN3 k`gnb ` sdmiub 6? lhm dmtbs jb dpghkdr ul bsthlugdmtb, qub p`jb sbr ` IMVN, kg`mhthjhmd `u xhgdzhmd. Dpûs jb dpghkdr , k`gnb ` sdmiub k`l ;? lhm. VB[RGZDJ@3 bl dmhldhs k`l mdmhsl` më` `k`rrb dulbmt` k`l ;? lh lhm. m.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   È luht` jheìkhg bmk`mtrdr IN suìm` pdrd vbmjbr, p`hs ` shmtèthk` nuldm` `u ` f`vhm` pr`l`vb luhtd bsthlugdéë` hlum`g`ihd k`l e`rldéë` jb Dk‘s dmth-IN, dmth -IN, lds qudmj` bmk`mtrd, usd ?,4?,;RH/AI/sbldmd,, p`r :-5 sbldmds. ?,;RH/AI/sbldmd [upgblbmtdr n`rlúmh`s thrb`hjhdm`s pdrd ` rbst` jd vhjd, sb s b thvbr ↛ Z[N. Z[N.  

Dmhldhs k`l d lbsld hjdjb. 

Jbrldthtb rbsp`mshvd d` IN m` kë` djugt` Vbgdkh`mdjd tdlfèl k`l ` nhp`tägdl` b nhpûehsb. Mbssbs kds`s, `k`rrb uld edgnd n`rl`mdg qub kdusd dgtbrdéòbs m` krbskhlbmt` j` pbg` m` kë` djugt`. [b rdspdr më` mdskb ldhs. Bssd dgtbrdéë` `k`rrb qudmj` d jbehkhãmkhd më` e`h suehkhbmtb pdrd kdusdr mdmhsl`.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Kn`w-kn`w, K`gghb jd _`gúmhd, _``jgb. Dk`lbtb ldhs ldkn`s ‛  ldkn`s ‛  4  4 d : dm`s.

 

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 - 4³ debtd ` krbskhlbmt` j` pbg` b d philbmtdéë` jd pbgb1 - [b tbl dg`pbkhd shlètrhkd fhgdtbrdg j` tr`mk`, tr `mk`, pbsk`é`, `rbgnds `rbgnds,, kdujd jb rdt`, edkb kduj`lbjhdg jds k`xds, pbg`s jbstdkäv jbstdkävbhs, bhs, pbgb ehmd, nhp`t`mhd (p`upd kdfbéd b bxtrblhjdjbs).  

Jhdimûsthk` Jhebrbmkhdg3 Nhp`thrb`hjhsl`, nhpbrdjrbm`, jbrldt`pdthds j` n`rlúmh`s sbxudhs

(dk`mtbkbjb sbkumjdrhd bstrûibm` -= j`bméd jbpbgd b bxhstb d `kb, thp` Hgbvdmj` b d HH, muld më`hmedmthg `k`rrb db  pr`juéëh bstrûibm`d` bstrûibm` kdusdj` prhmkhpdglbmtb pbeãlbd gd kdstrdéë` prbk`kb, prbk d tbt`sjbgds b vugvd

md thp` HH è custdlbmtb ` k`mträrh`, tbl tul`r `vdrhdm` b sb tbl ↔ bstrûibm` gbvdmj` d vugvd irdmjb). irdmjb).  

4;:

 

   

Jhdimûsthk`3 debrhr d k`mkbmtrdéë` fdsdg jb IN3 djl eärldk`, k`gbtd ` sdmiub dmtbs jb djl, b k`l 42, ;?, :2 b 5? lhm dpûs djl. Dmhldhs suspbht`s jd j`bméd ` IN më` tbl lujdméds.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3  Më` tbl IN kdmhm`, bmtë` usd ` IN suìm` qudmj` dknd, `u ` nuldm` (luhtd rbdéë`). IN3 ?,4 ?,4RH RH (?,?2 (?,?2li/ai li/ai ‛   ‛  [K)  [K) ;/ : d 5 sbldmds.

JHDFBZB[ Jhdfbtbs Lbghtus Bxhstbl trãs thp`s3 - Zhp` 4 hmsughm`-jbpbmjbmtb3 hmsughm`-jbpbmjbmtb3 D irdmjb ldh`rhd j`s këbs b 2?-9?% j`s idt`s. - Zhp` 6- Jhdfbtbs lbghtus më`-hmsughm`-jbpbmjbmtb3 së` jb ;?-2?% j`s idt`s. - JL trdmshtûrhd3 j`bméds k`mk`lhtdmtbs qub dgtbrdl d ghidéë` jd hmsughmd k`l sbus rbkbpt`rbs (jr`ids/k`rths`g, p`r hss`, pdkhbmtbs k`l nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` p`jbl dprbsbmtdr). È rdrd bl këbs.  

Bth`g`ihd3 - Bxhstb uld prbjhsp`shéë` ibmèthkd1 p`jb sbr sbkumjärhd d uld pdmkrbdthtb b hmsughmhtb hlum`lbjhdjd (dkºs pr`juzhj`s k`mtrd ds kègugds fbtds j` pæmkrbds).  - Dlhg`hj`sb jds hgn`tds pdmkrbäthkds bl idt`s1 - Bxp`shéë` pr`g`midjd d edt`rbs qub kdusdl rbshstãmkhd d hmsughmd3 `fbshjdjb,  pr`ibstäibm`s  pr`ibstäibm `s (eãlbds hmtbhrds qub më` sb djdptdl ï hmsughm`tbrdphd, p`jb sbr p`r uld hmtbrebrãmkhd j`s n`rlúmh`s sbxudhs d`s rbkbpt`rbs jb hmsughmd ‛  hmsughmd ‛  edzbr  edzbr @[N), hmebkéòbs, k`rthk`hjbs. - Këbs3 ds eãlbds së` ldhs prbjhsp`stds, :-4: dm`s1 rdéds jb pbqubm` p`rtb. - Idt`s3 `s ldkn`s së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s, = 5dm`s, kdstrdj`s (`fbs`s), pbrsds b shdlbsbs. D JL pbgds è kdrdktbrhzdjd p`r j` uld nhpbrighkblhd p`jbmj`jd `k`rrbr p`rjb uld _dt`ibmhd3 më` pr`juéë` jb hmsughmd kègugds Fbtds pæmkrbds, `u p`rk`mstdmtb, uld hmkdpdkhjdjb hmsughmd sb ghidr d`s rbkbpt`rbs mds kègugds. D nhpbrighkblhd ugtrdpdssd ` ghlhdr jb rbdfs`réë` rbmdg jb ighk`sb, `k`rrbmj` uld ighk`sórhd, dkdfdmj` puxdmj` gìquhj` (`sl`gdrhjdjb), gbvdmj` d p`ghórhd, b p`ghjhpshd sbkumjärhd.  D ighk`sb më` k`msbiub bmtrdr mds kègugds j`s tbkhj`s b m` kbmtr` jd sdkhbjdjb < jbsbmkdjbdmj` jbsbmkdjb dmj` p`ghedihd k`l pbrjd jb pbs`, p`r më` uthghzdr d ighk`sb.

 

 

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3  _`ghórhd, p`ghjhpshd, p`ghedihd k`l pbrjd jb pbs`, kdtdrdtd hmtulbskbmtb (dulbmt` j` krhstdghm`), p`shéë` pgdmtìirdjd (dp`hdl s`frb ` tdrs` jbvhj` d uld mbur`pdthd sbkumjärhd ï nhpbrighkblhd ‛  nhpbrighkblhd ‛  bl  bl idt`s), nhpbrtbmsë` drtbrhdg, mber`pdthds.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - [hmdhs kgìmhk`s1 - Rrhmäghsb3 ighk`sórhd (ighkblhd= 4>?li/jg (juds kdusds3 jbvhj` ï nhpbrighkblhd  p`r jhdfbtbs, `u ighk`sórhd p`r gbsë` rbmdg. _drd jhebrbmkhdr è sû vbrhehkdr d ighkblhd j` pdkhbmtb), kbt`mórhd (jbvhj` ï uthghzdéë` jb trhighkbrìjb`s k`l` e`mtb jb bmbrihd)). Bmtë`, kbt`mórhd k`l

ighk`sórhd < kbt`dkhj`sb jhdfèthkd.

4;2

 

 

@fs.3 `utrds kdusds jb nhpbrighkblhd3 jr`ids, pûs-prdmjhdg, jhbstr` (hmtbrebrb k`l d euméë` j`s rbkbpt`rbs prd hmsughmd), btk. - J`sdr Erut`sdlhmd m`s idt`s3 Idt`s jhdfèthk`s së` ul pr`fgbld, p`r lbtdjb j`s pdkhbmtbs sbrbl hmsughm`jbpbmjbmtbs b d `utrd lbtdjb më`. Bssbs dmhldhs tdlfèl pr`v`kdl uld nhpbrighkblhd sû pbg` bstrbssb jb k`mtbmsë`, bmtë` d` j`sdr d ighkblhd, juvhjdr j`s vdg`rbs. [dfbmj` jhss`, tbmtd-sb rbdghzdr ul tbstb jb j`sdibl jd erut`sdlhmd  sèrhkd, qub sû dulbmtd md k`rrbmtb sdmiuìmbd sb ` dmhldg bsthvbr k`l nhpbrighkblhd p`r ldhs jb 42 jhds, `u sbcd, jhdfèthk`.  sbl dgtbrdéòbs, `u k`l ul nbldtûkrht` ul p`uk` bgbvdj` - Nbl`irdld3  p`r uld gbvb jbshjrdtdéë`, kds` më` ndcd luhtd äiud jhsp`mìvbg pdrd ` dmhldg rbp`rldhs ` qub bstä  pbrjbmj` md urhmd. - Fh`quìlhk`s3 dulbmt` jb ED, DGZ, pbgd ghpûghsb b jbpûsht` jb i`rjurd m` eìidj`. _`jb tbr dulbmt` jb urbhd b krbdthmhmd qudmj` d jhdfbtbs è krúmhkd b `k`rrb gbsë` rbmdg. Ds bmzhlds pdmkrbäthkds pdmkrbäthkds tdlfèl p`jbl bstdr bgbvdjds sb d kdusd jd jhdfbtbs e`r p`r uld pdmkrbdthtb. - Kugturdjd urhmd3 d ighk`sórhd pr`l`vb uld hmebkéë` m` trdt` urhmärh`, dprbsbmtdl fdktbrhórhd1  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 ` edt`r pr`prhbtärh` è luht` hlp`rtdmtb pdrd ` sukbss` j` trdtdlbmt`. Zrdtdlbmt`3    Hmsughm`tbrdphd3 dpbmds m`s hmsughm`jbpbmjbmtbs (HJ) vdh edzbr bebht`, bmtë` hmhkhd djlhmhstrdmj` bl t`j`s `s pdkhbmtbs, pdrd p`jbr jhebrbmkhdr `s HJ j`s ÔHJ.   Jhbtd1   Bxbrkìkh`1   Nhp`ighkblhdmtb Nhp`ighkblhdm tb `rdg (idt`s)1 ( idt`s)1 - HM[RGHM@ZBVD_HD3 Bxhstbl värh`s thp`s jb hmsughmd m` lbrkdj`, bmtë` jbvb-sb jbvb-sb d` prbskrbvbr, khtdr qudg ` ‗kûjhi`“ (` qub rbprbsbmtd - tbl ndvbr k`l tblp` jb déë`) jd hmsughmd d sbr djlhmhstrdjd. _`jb `k`rrbr d pr`juéë` jb dmthk`rp`s k`mtrd d hmsughmd qub vdh sbr djlhmhstrdjd, bmtë`, jbvbsb bsk`gnbr uld hmsughmd qub sbcd sblbgndmtb ï bmjûibmd j` rbkbpt`r, bx.3 D j`s këbs së` sblbgndmtbs d j`s suìm`s, bmqudmt` d j`s idt`s së` sblbgndmtbs s blbgndmtbs d` j`s f`vhm`s.

Zhp` Vbiugdr

_hk` ;?lhm-6nrs

Jurdéë` 4-:nrs

 M_N _SH Gbmtd Rgtrdgbmtd

6-4? nrs :-4: nrs 4-4? nrs :-45 nrs

:-6:nrs 5-6> nrs 5-6: nrs >-6> nrs

D rbiugdr (déë` räphjd) sû è uthghzdjd bl dmhldhs jbsk`lpbmsdj`s k`l kbt`dkhj`sb jhdfèthkd,  pdrd rbthrä-g`s jbssb jbssb qudjr`. _drd prbskrbvbr pdrd kkdsd, dsd, së` ddss M_N `u _SH (jb ddéë` éë` hmtbrlbjhärhd). - M` kë`3 M_N, ?,2 ‛  ?,2 ‛  4,?  4,? RH/ai (?,2 ‛  (?,2  ‛  FHJ1  FHJ1 4,? ‛  4,? ‛  [HJ).  [HJ). [b më` thvbr d M_N, p`jb-sb uthghzdr d gbmtd. - M` idt`3 _SH 4-; RH/idt`/[HJ `u FHJ. Zbmtd k`lbédr k`l d j`sb lbm`r b vdh dulbmtdmj` jb dk`rj` k`l d rbsp`std j` dmhldg. Bx.3 kdmhsughm ‛  kdmhsughm ‛  hmsughmd  hmsughmd vbtbrhmärhd!  

K`lpghkdéòbss jd hmsughm`tbrdphd3 K`lpghkdéòb

Nhp`ighkblhd3 dmhldg pdssdr -ldg m` l`lbmt` jb phk` hmsughmd1 d hmsughmd jd e`rld - Vbkhjhvd j`s shmdhs kgìmhk`s3 4³ edt`r pr`prhbtärh` (më`jddjlhmhstrd e`rl d k`rrbtd)1 - Dkºs k`mtrd d hmsughmd (sbrä qub è d hmsughmd kbrtd qub ` pr`prhbtärh`

bstä k`lprdmj`)1

4;5

 

 

- J`bméds k`mk`lhtdmtbs qub dulbmtdl d rbshstãmkhd j`s rbkbpt`rbs ï hmsughmd (nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl`, `u k`rthk`hjbs)1 - Kdjbgd hmtbhrd (Jhbstr`) ‛  (Jhbstr`) ‛  kdstrd  kdstrd ` dmhldg1  

Kurvd ighkãlhkd3 È hlp`rtdmtb jbsbmndr ul iräehk` ighkãlhk` (kurvd) pdrd sdfbr ` mìvbg jb ighkblhd qub ` dmhldg dthmib

Ighkblhd

M_N ? nrs

5 n`rds

46 n`rds

djlhmhstrd hmsughmd

@ dmhldg jhdfèthk` bstä k`l d ighkblhd dgtd (nhpbrighkblhd), d` djlhmhstrdr d hmsughmd, d ighk`sb bmtrd mds kègugds b d k`mkbmtrdéë` sdmiuìmbd jb ighk`sb jhlhmuh (qubjd jd ighkblhd), m` l`lbmt` qub d hmsughmd k`lbéd d fdhxdr, d ighkblhd dulbmtd (hmvbrsdlbmtb pr`p`rkh`mdg). Bmtë`, pdrd sdfbr sb ` trdtdlbmt` bstä sbmj` djbqudmj`, edz-sb uld kurvd ighkãlhkd, pdrd sdfbr qudg è ` läxhl` b ` lìmhl` jb ighkblhd qub ` pdkhbmtb dthmib, sdfbr sb bgb k`msbiub ehkdr muld edhxd sdthsedtûrhd pdrd ul dmhldg jhdfèthk`, b sb bgb djquhrb nhp`ighkblhd dpûs d djlhmhstrdéë` jd hmsughmd (` qub më` p`jb `k`rrbr, jbvbmj` ehkdr m`rl`ighkãlhk`). D jhbtd è hlp`rtdmtb pdrd l`mtdr bssd kurvd ighkãlhkd.

Iräehk` jb 46 nrs (hmsughmd FHJ)3 Jhvhjhr d jhbtd bl : vbzbs/p`réòbs jhärhds, e`rmbkbmj` jb 55 n`rds1 93??PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP4;3??PPPPPPPPP 93??PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP4 ;3??PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPP483??PPPPPP PP483??PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPP?43?? P?43?? ?53?? Dghlbmt` 463?? dghlbmt` 4>3?? dghlbmt` ??3?? dghlbmt` [b dpghkdr d hmsughmd jb 9 nrs, bgd dthmib ` phk` läxhl` läxh l` jb 4; n`rds (5 n`rds jbp`hs). @s dghlbmt`s së` e`rmbkhj`s uld n`rd dmtbs pdrd dulbmtdr d ighkblhd, dmtbs jd djlhmhstrdéë` jd hmsughmd.  

Kuhjdj`s d` Vbdghzdr d Kurvd ighkãlhkd3 - Vbspbhtdr `s n`rärh`s jb hmsughmd b dghlbmtdéë` b lbjhr d ighkblhd d kdjd 4 `u 6 n`rds p`r 46 `u 6: n`rds, lbjhmj` d ighkblhd k`l ighk`sìlbtr`. [b ` dmhldg më` k`lbr b rbkbfbr hmsughmd bgb vdh tbr uld nhp`ighkblhd, bmtë` jbvb-sb edzbr bgb k`lbr · j` dghlbmt`. - Hjbmthehkdr3 bebthvhjdjb ds hmsughmd1 -sdfbr d n`rd qub d hmsughmd bstä dthmihmj` sbu phk`1 - sdfbr qudg è d egutudéë` jd ighk`sb (läxhl` b lìmhl` qub d ighk`sb dthmib)1  

Hmtbrprbtdmj` d Kurvd Ighkãlhkd3 K`l e`rlb vdh edzbmj` j`sdibl jd ighkblhd d kdjd 4-4

n`rd `u 6-6 n`rds, shimhehkd qub ` p`mt` qub dthmihu d ighkblhd ldhs dgtd è ` qub d hmsughmd bstä ldhs  fdhxd (hmvbrsdlbmtb pr`p`rkh`mdhs). pr`p`rkh`mdhs). Tudmj` thvbr ` vdg`r ldhs fdhx` jd ighk`sb sdmiuìmbd, è qudmj` d 4;9

 

 

hmsughmd dthmihu sbu phk`. Bmtë`, dtrdvès jhss` p`jb-sb dvdghdr ` tblp` jb déë` jd hmsughmd, sb bstä k`msbiuhmj` bxbrkbr bxbrkbr sud euméë` bl 46 n`rds, btk. Ighk`sb3 - =42? li/jg  ‛   shimhehkd shimhehkd qub d hmsughmd më` tä muld qudmthjdjb hjbdg (bstä fdhd d j`sb)tbl qub dulbmtdr d j`sb jb hmsughmd1 - 7>? li/jg ‛  li/jg  ‛  shimhehkd   shimhehkd qub ` pdkhbmtb p`jb edzbr uld nhp`ighkblhd, bmtë` rbjuz d j`sb jd hmsughmd1 >?-42? li/jg  ‛  shimhehkd  shimhehkd qub d j`sb jb hmsughmd bstä f`d, lds jbvb-sb prbstdr dtbméë` m` tblp`- jb déë`,li/jg ‛  jurdéë` j` bebht`jhzbr jd hmsughmd.  

K`l` prbstd dtbméë` md jurdéë` j` bebht` jd hmsughmd0 [û è `fsbrvdr ` prhlbhr` vdg`r jd hmsughmd (è ` ldhs dgt`) b vbr bl qudmt` tblp` qub bgd v`gtd d ehkdr dgtd dpûs d dpghkdéë` jd hmsughmd, jdì, vbr sb ` tblp` jb déë` bstä jurdmj` 46 n`rds `u më`. [b bsthvbr jurdmj` 4? n`rds, è prbkhs` pr`g`midr d déë`3 usdr hmsughmd jb déë` kurtd ZHJ1 [b bsthvbr jurdmj` luht` tblp` (+ jb 46 n`rds) jbvb-sb dvdghdr d erut`sdlhmd sèrhkd, pdrd sdfbr sb bssd egutudéë` è vbrjdjbhrd. Dkhld jb 4: n`rds3 jhlhmuhr d j`sb jd hmsughmd1  

Tudmj` jbvbl`s jbsk`mehdr qub ` pdkhbmtb p`ssuh rbshstãmkhd ï hmsughmd0 Tudmj` cä bsthvbr djlhmhstrdmj` ldhs jb 6,6 RH/ai j`sb, b ul f`l k`mtr`gb ighkãlhk` (jhbtd, bxbrkìkh`) `u bsthvbr trdfdgndmj` dkhld jb 4,2RH/ai j`sb b tbr uld nhpbrighkblhd pbrshstbmtb m` kë`.  M`s idt`s dkhld dkhld jb 5-> RH/idt`/p`r hmcbé hmcbéë` ë` b tbl uld nhp nhpbrighkblhd brighkblhd pbrshstbm pbrshstbmtb. tb. _r`kurdr3 eãlbd hmtbhrd (kdstrdr b dvdghdr sb pbrldmbkb k`l nhpbrighkblhd)1 `fbshjdjb, nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl`, nhpbrdjrbm`k` rthkhsl`, k`rthk`hjbs d g`mi` prdz`, pr`ibstäibm`s, hmebkéòbs, btk.  

Jbvb-sb tbr kuhjdj` k`l ` ‗bebht` s`l`iyh“3  qudmj` v`kã djlhmhstrd uld j`sb luht` dgtd jb hmsughmd, pr`v`kd uld nhp`ighkblhd (752li/jg), gbvdmj` ï ghfbrdéë` jb bphmberhmd b igukdi`m `frhidmj` ` eìidj` d pr`juzhr ighk`sb (ighk`mb`iãmbsb), dulbmtdmj` md k`rrbmtb sdmiuìmbd (nhpbrighkblhd). Bmtë`, qudmj` v`kã ehzbr uld ómhkd j`sdibl, vdh pbidr ` dmhldg k`l nhpbrighkblhd b më` k`lprbbmjbr ` p`rquã qub lbsl` dpûs d hmsughmd ` dmhldg dprbsbmt`u nhpbrighkblhd. _drd jhdim`sthkdr bssb ‗bebht` s`l`iyh“ jbvb-sb jbvb-sb edzbr d kurvd ighkãlhkd, `fsbrvdmj` d `skhgdéë`. ‗M@[ KËB[, JBUB-[B JBUB-[B _DVZHV J@ _VHMKÌ_H@ JB TRB Z@J@[ BGB[ [Ë@ HM[RGHM@JB_BMJBMZB[ HM[RGHM@JB_BMJBMZ B[ (Z (ZHH_@ 4).“  4).“  - JHBZD3 - Vdéë` më` tbrdpãuthkd p`jb sbr uthghzdjd, d më` sbr ds sblh-ólhjds1 - [b ` pr`prhbtärh` tbl k`mjhéòbs3 k`lprd d r`ydg kdmhm, Nhggs, _urhmd, btk1 - Vbkbhtds kdsbhrds1 - Dmhldg ldir`3 dulbmtd d jhbtd kdgûrhkd dtè dthmihr ` pbs` hjbdg, jbp`hs ldmtèl md jhbtd ï fdsb jb rdéë` pdrd jhdfèthk`s1 - @fbs`s3 jbvbl pbrjbr pbs`, edzbr bxbrkìkh`s1 - B^BVKÌKH@[3 @s bxbrkìkh`s së` hlp`rtdmtbs p`r pbrlhthr ` bldirbkhlbmt` jb dmhldhs `fbs`s, bghlhmdmj` d rbshstãmkhd jd hmsughmd hmjuzhjd pbgd `fbshjdjb. Jbvb tbr uld kbrtd r`thmd b kdlhmndr md lbsld n`rd t`j`s `s jhds, bvhtdmj` n`rärh`s bsp`räjhk`s pdrd më` pr`v`kdr uld nhp`ighkblhd.

4;>

 

   

Zrdtdmj` `s Idt`s3 - _rbstdr dtbméë` md nhpbrighkblhd jb bstrbssb1 - Lbsl` edzbmj` kurvd ighkãlhkd bl idt`s p`jb jä ul edgs` p`shthv`, jbvhj` d` bstrbssb pr`v`kdr phk`s jb ighkblhd, jbvbmj` j`sdr ds dlhmds ighk`shgdjds (Erut`sdlhmd `u nbl`ig`fhmd ighk`shgdjd ‛  ighk`shgdjd ‛  sbmj`  sbmj` qub bstä ógthld è dgtbrdjd k`l ` dmhldg dmãlhk`).  

K`l` jhebrbmkhdr sb ` pdkhbmtb idt` è Zhp` 4 `u Zhp` 60 - Jhebrbmtb j`s këbs, `s idt`s p`ssubl 2?% Zhp` 4 b 2?% thp` 6. - Nhp`ighkblhdmtb `rdg (Ighphzhjb) pdrd `s idt`s më`-hmsughm`jbpbmjbmtb më`-hmsughm`jbpbmjbmtbs1 s1   Tudhs së` `s pdss`s qub jbvbl sbr sbiuhj`s qudmj` ul idt` qub knbid md kgìmhkd, b sb ebknd ` jhdimûsthk` jb jhdfbtbs (nhpbrighkblhd, ighk`sórhd, kbt`mórhd, erut`sdlhmd) 0 Bmtrd k`l d hmsughm`tbrdphd p`r 42 jhds, pbjhmj` d` pr`prhbtärh` pdrd dvdghdr `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s   (p`ghórhd, p`ghedihd, p`ghjhpshd, btk)1 Dpûs 42 jhds, dss`khd ï Ighphzhjd 6,2li/idt` U@, b k`mthmud prbstdmj` dtbméë` m`s shmdhs   kgìmhk`s, jbvbmj` bmshmdr ` pr`prhbtärh` d hjbmthehkdr shmdhs jb nhp`ighkblhd, p`hs, sb ` pdkhbmtb e`r hmsughm`jbpbmjbmtb (rbsp`mjb ï hmsughmd) b v`kã dhmjd djlhmhstrd nhp`ighkblhdmtb `rdg, vdh pr`v`kdr uld nhp`ighkblhd (jbsldh`s, k`mvugsë`, erdqubzd, p`ghedihd, p`ghedihd, gbtdrihd), rbthrd ` ighphzhjd b jbhxd sû k`l hmsughmd. [b ` pdkhbmtb më` dprbsbmtd mbmnul bebht` k`gdtbrdg (jb nhp`ighkblhd) jbvb-sb rbl`vbr d hmsughmd b ldmtbr d ighphzhjd, jbvbmj` j`frdr d j`sb p`r idt`.   K`mthmud `fsbrvdmj` b vã sb ` dmhldg dprbsbmtd shmdhs jb nhp`ighkblhd, rbkhjhvd j`s shmdhs jd jhdfbtbs, shmdhs jb kbt`dkhj`sb, è shmdg jb qub d ighphzhjd s`zhmnd më` bstä jdmj` k`mtd, jbvbmj` v`gtdr k`l d hmsughmd.   Gblfrdmj` qub p`jb jdr tuj` brrdj` sb ` dmhldg thvbr nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` (bxkbss` jb k`rths`g). - K`lpghkdéòbs3 sb e`r nhp`ighkblhd, tbl k`l` rbs`gvbr djlhmhstrdmj` ighk`sb.

 

ZVDZDLBMZ@ JD KBZ@DKHJ@[B JHDFÈZHKD3

_`jb ldtdr edkhglbmtb ` dmhldg. Edgtd d hmsughmd, `u tbl rbshstãmkhd ï hmsughmd, më` tbmj` d ighk`sb k`l` e`mtb jb bmbrihd, pdssdmj` d qubfrdr äkhj`s irdx`s, `k`rrbmj` e`rldéë` jb k`rp`s kbtúmhk`s (dkbt`md, dkbtdt` `u fbtdnhjr`xhfuthrdt`). @s KK së` bghlhmdj`s p`r vhd urhmärhd, b d kbt`md qudmj` è bghlhmdjd md urhmd dkdfd puxdmj` ldhs gìquhj`s, dirdvdmj` d jbshjrdtdéë`. - Kdusds jb k`tdkhj`sb bl këbs3 - Jbl`rd pdrd k`lbédr ` trdtdlbmt`1 - Vbshstãmkhd ï hmsughmd1 - Zrdtdlbmt` brrdj`1 - Jhbstr`, hmebkéòbs, k`rthk`hjbs, btk. - JL k`lpbmsdjd3 tbl shmdhs kgìmhk`s k`l` p`ghedihd, p`ghórhd, p`ghjhpshd, pbrjd jb pbs`. - JL jbsk`lpbmsdjd3 jbsk`lpbmsdjd3 kbt`dkhj`sb jhdfèthkd. Ighk`sórhd + kbt`mórhd1 - Dmhldg bmk`mtrd-sb bl dkhj`sb lbtdfûghkd, jhurbsb, vúlht` b jhdrrbhd, k`l pbrjd jb bgbtrûght`s (Md, Kg, A, e`sedt`). - Nbl`irdld3 jbshjrdtdéë` (dulbmt` jb UI)1 - Fh`quìlhk`3 dulbmt` jb DGZ b ED, k`gbstbr`g1

4;8

 

   

_r`t`k`g` jb trdtdlbmt` (kbt`dkhj`sb)3   HM[RGHMD VBIRGDV ?,4-?,6 RH/ai ZHJ (phk` jb déë` jb ;?lhm d 6 n`rds) pdrd fdhxdr d ighkblhd jb hlbjhdt`3 - Këbs dfdhx` jb 4?ai jb 4-6 R/dmhldg HL md prhlbhrd dpghkdéë`, jbp`hs jbvbrä edzbr 4R/dmhldg p`r n`rd1 - Këbs dkhld jb 4?ai jb ?,62R/ai HL md prhlbhrd dpghkdéë`, jbp`hs è ebht` ?,46 R/ai HL d kdjd uld n`rd1 Udh l`mht`rdmj` d ighkblhd j` pdkhbmtb pdrd më` pr`v`kdr uld nhp`ighkblhd, b d ighk`sórhd d kdjd n`rd.

- Idt`s3 6R/dmhldg `u ?,6 umhjdjbs/Ai md prhlbhrd dpghkdéë`, b jbp`hs 4 R/idt` (?,4R/ai) d kdjd n`rd, tdlfèl dvdghdmj` d ighkblhd.   EGRHJ@ZBVD_HD k`l Mdkg ?,8% b djhkh`md p`tässh` m` s`r` (:?lBq djhkh`mdj` m` ghtr`)1 ssbb bsk`gnbr ` Vhmibr, bgb cä p`ssuh :lBq jb A+, bmtë` djhkh`md-sb dpbmds ;5lBq. Jbp`hs qub dthmihr d ighkblhd jb 62?li/jg, vdh pdrdr k`l d hmsughm`tbrdphd (dhmjd d rbiugdr) jb   n`rd/n`rd b vdh edzbr d kdjd 5 n`rds, b vdh lujdr d eguhj`tbrdphd pdrd3 lbtdjb Mdkg + lbtdjb Ighk`sb 2%1   _dr`u jb v`lhtdr b k`lbé`u d sb dghlbmtdr3 p`jb pdrdr k`l d hmsughmd rbiugdr b pdssdr pdrd hmsughmd hmtbrlbjhärhd (M_N1 S_H), `u sbcd, sû jbp`hs qub rbthrdr ` dmhldg j` qudjr` jb kbt`dkhj`sb è qub edz d lujdméd jd hmsughmd rbiugdr pdrd M_N (hmtbrlbjhärhd).  

K`lpghkdéòbs3 NH_@IGHKBLHD 3 è kdusdjd qudmj` ` dmhldg rbkbfb ul j`sb luht` dgtd jb hmsughmd, `u bxbrkìkh`s bxdibrdj`s bl n`rärh`s hmdjbqudj`s. hmdjbqudj`s. Tudmj` d ighkblhd bsthvbr 72?li/jg ` dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr dm`rbxhd, vúlht`, trbl`rbs, jbs`rhbmtdéë`,, kbiubhrd, k`mvugsë`, k`ld, btk. jbs`rhbmtdéë` Jbvbl`s bmshmdr d` pr`prhbtärh` d rbk`mnbkbr bssb qudjr`, b e`rmbkbr d` dmhldg p`r vhd `rdg3 - Déókdr1 - Lbg kdr`1 Tudmj` ` dmhldg knbid md kgìmhkd edz-sb3 - Ighk`sb 62% bl f`gus ‛  f`gus ‛  4-6lg/ai1  4-6lg/ai1 - Jbp`hs dgtbrd pdrd hmeusë` k`l ighk`sb jb 2-4?%1 - Edz k`rthk`hjbs ‛  k`rthk`hjbs ‛  jbvhj`  jbvhj` ï dirbssë` qub ` [MK bstdvd s`erbmj` k`l d fdhxd jb ighk`sb1 - Vbthrd d hmsughmd1

Jhdfbtbs Hmshphjus D Jhdfbtbs hmshphjus bstä jhrbtdlbmtb kl d vds`prbsshmd `u DJN (n`rlúmh` dmthjhurèthk`), qub è pr`juzhj` pbg` nhp`tägdl` b drldzbmdj` b sbkrbtdj` pbgd nhpûehsb. Tudmj` d `sl`gdrhjdjb dulbmtd bgb è ghfbrdj` pdrd dulbmtdr d dfs`réë` jb äiud, b e`rldr uld urhmd k`mkbmtrdjd k`mkbmtrdjd.. D JH p`jb `k`rrbr p`r j`hs l`thv`s3

- Jhdfbtbs Hmsìphj` Kbmtrdg3 È kdusdjd p`r uld jbehkhãmkhd md pr`juéë` jb DJN, ` qub pr`l`vb uld hmkdpdkhjdjb jb k`mkbmtrdr äiud, jbsbmkdjbdmj` uld sìmjr`lb p`ghórhkd. Bssd jbehkhãmkhd md pr`juéë` jb DJN p`jb sbr dfs`gutd (k`lpgbtd) `u pdrkhdg. Dlfds kdusdl uld hmkdpdkhjdjb jb k`mkbmtrdr d urhmd, b uld jbshjrdtdéë` sbvbrd, sbmj` qub d pdrkhdg bssd jbshjrdtdéë` è k`lpbmsdjd kds` ` dmhldg tbmnd dkbss` hghlhtdj` ï äiud. D JHK p`jb sbr hjh`päthkd (ldhs ( ldhs k`lul), debtdr dmhldhs k`l qudgqubr hjdjb, rdéd b ssbx`1 bx`1 p`jb

sbr p`r trdulds krdmhdm`s (p`jb kdusdr uld JHK tblp`rärhd `u pbrldmbmtb), qudgqubr k`mjhéë` qub

4:?

 

 

gbsh`mb ` shstbld mbur`-nhp`ehsärh`. Zul`rbs jb kdfbéd pr`vbmhbmtbs jb kdjbgds k`l kæmkbr jb ldld, ghme`lds. Lä e`rldéòbs, btk.

- Jhdfbtbs Hmsìphj` Mber`iãmhkd3 @k`rrb uld jhseuméë` j`s mèer`ms, qub më` rbsp`mjbl ï déë` j` DJN. [b j`sdr d vds`prbsshmd d k`mkbmtrdéë` vdh bstdr m`rldg `u dulbmtdjd. D JHM dhmjd è kgdsshehkdjd bl prhlärhd (edlhghdr) `u sbkumjärhd (djquhrhjd). JHM prhlärhd ul jhstórfh` k`miãmht` rdr` bl dmhldhs, b më` sb sdfb d kdusd, lds  cä e`h jbskrht` bl uld(edlhghdr)3 edlìghd jbèNusahbs [hfbrhdm`s. JHM sbkumjärhd (djquhrhjd)3 m` ghvr` më` edgd mdjd!  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 @s këbs b idt`s dk`lbthj`s së` jb t`jds ds rdéds, sbx`, hjdjb, jb 9 lbsbs d 4: dm`s cä e`rdl jbskrht`s. Ds prhmkhpdhs ldmhebstdéòbs kgìmhkds së` d _`ghórhd b _`ghjhpshd, b luhtds vbzbs bssbs së` `s ómhk`s shmdhs dprbsbmtdj`s. @s pr`prhbtärh`s knbidl d pbmsdr qub `s dmhldhs së` hmk`mthmbmtbs jbvhj` ï erbquãmkhd jb vbzbs qub urhmdl. _`jbl dprbsbmtdr shmdhs mbur`gûihk`s, sb d kdusd e`r uld mb`pgdshd mbur`-nhp`ehsärhd, `u ul trduld, t rduld, btk.   

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Edz-sb `s tbstbs fäshk`s, k`l` nbl`irdld3 nbldtûkrht` dgt`, nhpbrpr`tbhmblhd < sb ` dmhldg thvbr dkbss` rbstrht` ïsbl äiud (jbshjrdtd)1 - Fh`quìlhk`s dgtbrdéë` (d më` sbr qub tbmnd dkbss` rbstrht` ï äiud)1 - Ighkblhd m`rldg1 - Rrhmäghsb3 sbl ighk`sb bl urhmd, `u k`rp`s kbtúmhk`s1 fdhxd jbmshjdjb jd urhmd1 - Dgiums bxdlbs jhdimûsthk`s qub k`mehrldl b jhebrbmkhdl d JHK jd JHM, b dqubgbs dmhldhs qub s`erbl jb k`msul` pshk`iãmhk` jb äiud, së`3 -‗tbstb - ‗tbstb jd prhvdéë` jb äiud l`jhehkdj`“1 l`jhehkdj`“1   -‗ rbsp`std ï supgblbmtdéë` jb DJN“1  DJN“1   - ZB[ZB JD _VHUDÉË@ JB ÄIRD L@JHEHKDJ@3 Bssb tbstb k`mshstb bl juds edsbs3   Edsb 43 dvdghd-sb d kdpdkhjdjb jb sbkrbéë` jb DJN b d rbsp`mshvhjdjb j`s tófug`s jhstdhs b k`gbt`rbs d` DJN, sbmj` dvdghdj`s dtrdvès j` bebht` jd jbshjrdtdéë`. Bmtë`, rbthrd d äiud jhsp`mìvbg j` dmhldg dtè qub bgb pbrkd jb ;-2% j` sbu pbs` k`rpûrb`.  M`s dmhldhs qub tbl ‗k`msul` pshk`iãmhk` jb äiud (së` m`rldhs, jhdfbtbs), bgbs k`msbiubl k`mkbmtrdr d urhmd jbvhj` ï bssd gbvb jbshjrdtdéë` jbshjrdtdéë`.. Ibrdglbmtb bl lbm`s jb 5 n`rds ul dmhldg k`l ‗Jhdfbtbs hmsìphj` kbmtrdg t`tdg/k`lpgbtd“ dthmib `s ;-2% jb jbshjrdtdéë`, bmqudmt` `s pdrkhdhs jbl`rdl jb >-4? n`rds1   Edsb 63 bssd 6ª edsb è hmjhkdjd dpbmds pdrd dqubgbs më` k`msbiubl ldmtbr d jbmshjdjb urhmärhd ldhs jb 4?;? jurdmtb d edsb 4. Bssd edsb 6, jhebrbmkhd sb nä jbehkhãmkhd bl ghfbrdéë` jb DJN, `u sb nä  pr`fgblds m`s tófug`s rbmdhs bl rbsp`mjbr d` DJN (`u sbcd, kbmtrdg `u `u mber`iãmhkd). (më` bmtbmjh...dkdf`u bmtbmjh...dkd f`u dquh0 Më` bxpghkd bssd sbiumjd edsb). - VB[_@[ZD Ï JB[L@_VB[[HMD (eärldk` shmtèthk` qub tbl ` lbsl` bebht` jd vds`prbsshmd/DJN)3 K`lbéd e`rmbkbmj` 4 k`lprhlhj` jb ?,4 `u jb ?,6li p`r kë`, `u lbtdjb jb ul k`lprhlhj` jb ?,4li p`rsbidt`, kdjd > n`rds/U@, p`r 2-9  Më` jbvbddvdghdr ` dmhldg dmtbs qubjhds. bssb pbrì`j` jb 9 jhds tbrlhmb. [b d Jhdfbtbs hmsìphj` e`r Kbmtrdg, ` dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr uld mìthjd lbgn`rd md p`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd. @ pr`prhbtärh` jbvb

e`r Kbmtrdg, ` dmhldg vdh dprbsbmtdr uld mìthjd lbgn`rd md p`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd. @ pr`prhbtärh` jbvb k`gnbr värhds dl`strds jb urhmd m`s 6 ógthl`s ógth l`s jhds jb trdtdlbmt`. [b d jbmshjdjb jd urhmd dulbmtdr bl 2?%, `u ldhs, ` rbsugtdj` k`lpr`vd d JHK (cumt` ï jhlhmuhéë` jd p`ghjhpshd b p`ghórhd). 4:4

 

 

[b d jbmshjdjb luht` p`uk` b k`mthmudr k`l _R b _J ` dmhldg tbl uld JHM. @fs.3 dmtbs jb hmhkhdr ` trdtdlbmt` k`l d vds`prbsshmd, jbvb kbrthehkdr-sb qub ` dmhldg më` tbl nhpbrdjrbm`, p`hs bssd j`bméd lhlbthzd `s shmdhs jb JHK (hmtbrebrb (h mtbrebrb md pr`juéë` jb vds`prbsshmd).  

@utrds e`rlds jb jhdimûsthk`s k`lpgblbmtdrbs3 Z`l`irdehd, rbss`mæmkhd pdrd g`kdghzdr mb`pgdshds jb nhpûehsb b nhp`tägdl` bl dmhldhs ldhs vbgn`s.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3 - Jhdfbtbs Hmsìphj` Kbmtrdg3   Dkbtdt` jb jbsl`prbsshmd3 s`ghkhtd uld prbpdrdéë` hmtrdmdsdg, lds trdmsebrb ` k`mtbój` pdrd ul erdsk` jb k`gìrh` bstèrhg b edz d dpghkdéë` m` sdk` k`mcumthvdg. Dpbsdr jb sbr äkhj` më` kdusd hrrhtdéë` `kugdr. Rld i`td k`mtbl 4,2-:,? ²i jb jbsl`prbsshmd, sbmj` qub ` hjbdg è dpghkdr 4-: i`tds 4 - 6 vbzbs d` jhd (sb e`r : i`tds 4x1 sb e`r 6 i`tds 6x).   _`jb sbr jdj` p`r U@3 ?,4li pdrd këbs b ?,?2li pdrd idt`s FHJ-ZHJ, hmhkhdglbmtb. [b `s shmdhs jb _R b _J më` lbgn`rdrbl, jbvb-sb hr dulbmtdmj` irdjdthvdlbmtb d j`sb dtè `ftbr uld rbsp`std sdthsedtûrhd. @ hmtuht` è bmk`mtrdr uld j`sb lìmhld bl qub `s dmhldhs rbsp`mjdl.   Kg`rpr`prdlhjd (jhurèthk`)1   Jhbtd p`frb bl sûjh`1 - Jhdfbtbs Hmsìphj` Mber`iãmhkd3   Jhbtd p`frb bl sûjh`1 Jhurèthk`1     E`rmbkbr e`mtb hghlhtdjd jb äiud ‛  äiud ‛  luhtds  luhtds vbzbs më` tbl trdtdlbmt`!!! @F[.3 ldmjdvd e`rmbkbr jhurèthk`s bl dlf`s, sbmj` qub `s dmhldhs cä urhmdl prd kdrdh, hrbh thrdr d jóvhjd b jbp`hs pdss`!  

_r`imûsthk`3 _drd `s JHK k`miãmht` `u hjh`päthk`, k`l ` trdtdlbmt` bgbs t`rmdl-sb prdthkdlbmtb dsshmt`läthk`s, bmtë` ` pr`imûsthk` è edv`rävbg. @s k`l JHK p`r trdulds, tul`rbs phtuhtärh`s nhp`tdgælhk`s tbl pr`imûsthk` rbsbrvdj` ï jbsedv`rävbg. @s JHM tbl pr`imûsthk` rbsbrvdj`, jbvhj` ï edgtd jb lbjhkdéòbs pdrd trdtdlbmt`.

BMJ@KVHM@_ BMJ@KVHM@ _DZHD[ KDR[DJ KDR[DJD[ D[ _BGD[ DJVBMDH[

Nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` Nhpbrdjr bm`k`rthkhsl` ([ìmjr`lb jb Kusnhmi)

4:6

 

 

Nhp`tägdl`

Ebbjfdka (-)

KVN Nhpûehsb DKZ   Lbjugdr

S`md Vbthkugdr

K`rths`g

S`md edskhkugdjd S`md

DKZN< n`rlúmh` djrbm`k`rthk`trûphk` S. rbthkugdr3 pr`jut`rd jb dmjrûibm`s1 S. edskhkugdjd3 pr`jut`rd jb ighk`k`rthk`hjbs (` k`rths`g edz ebbjfdka (-) md nhpûehsb b nhp`tägdl`)1 S. ig`lbrug`sd3 pr`jut`rd jb lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjbs lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjbs11 @ [VDD tbl hmtbrebrãmkhd md rbiugdéë` j`s lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjbs.  M` nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` vdh `k`rrbr qub ` k`rths`g vdh bstdr bl bxkbss`, bxkbss`, b bstb ighk`k`rthk`hjb tbl euméë` s`frb t`j` ` `ridmhsl`3 -_æmkrbds3 bgb hmtbrebrb m`s rbkbpt`rbs jb hmsughmd mds kègugds (rbshstãmkhd ï hmsughmd)1 -tbkhj` djhp`s` b pr`tbìmds3 hmtbrebrb m` kdtdf`ghsl` (bmerdqubkhlbmt` luskugdr)1 -[hstbld Hlumb3 jbprhlb1 -Eìidj`3 bsthlugd d ighk`mb`iãmbsb (ph`rd `s dmhldhs qub tbl jhdfbtbs)1 -Zhrbûhjb3 hmtbrebrb md sbkrbéë` j` Z[N (uld jds kdusds j` nhp`thrb`hjhsl`)1 -@ss`s b lbjugd ûssbd3 p`jb pr`v`kdr `stb`p`r`sb b dulbmt` jd brhtr`p`hbsb (brhtr`kht`sb)1 -Vhms3 hmtbrebrhr md dfs`réë` jb bgbtrûght`s, qudmt` tb äiud (DJN)1 -Hmtbrebrb mds `utrds bmj`krhm`pdthds1 È k`lul bl këbs, jbskrhtd tdlfèl bl ebrrbts (euròbs), rdrd bl idt`s1 D j`bméd p`jb sbr kdusdjd p`r ul bxkbss` jb ighk`k`rthk`hjbs bmjûibm` (djrbmdg pr`juzhmj` luht` jbvhj` d uld mb`pgdshd) `u bxûibm` (hdtr`iãmhkd - dmhldhs k`l j`bméds hlum`lbjhdjds `u dt`phd, `mjb t`ldl k`rthk`hjbs p`r g`mi`s pbrì`j`s)1  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Ds eãlbds b këbs ldhs vbgn`s së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s1 _D, gdfrdj`r, f`xbr,  p``jgb, fbdigb fbdigb b tbkabg së` ds rdéds ld ldhs hs prbjhsp`stds1  

Bth`g`ihd3 - NH_BVDJVBM@K@VZHKH[L@ NH_ÛEH[B JB_BMJBMZB3 tul`r jb nhpûehsb, nhpbrpgdshd jd nhpûehsb1 (dulbmtdl d sbkrbéë` jd igæmjugd). Tudmj` sb tbl uld mb`pgdshd md nhpûehsb, `k`rrb d ghfbrdéë` jb dgtd qudmthjdjb jb DKZN, bsthlugdmj` luht` ds djrbmdhs (fhgdtbrdglbmtb) d ghfbrdrbl dgtd k`mkbmtrdéë`` jb k`rths`g. Dlfds ds djrbmdhs bstdrë` dulbmtdjds. k`mkbmtrdéë

- NH_BVDJVBM@K@VZHKH[L@ DJVBMDG JB_BMJBMZB3 tul`rbs b nhpbrpgdshd jb djrbmdg1 4:;

 

 

 M`rldglbmtb è umhgdtbrdg (4 djrbmdg è dk`lbthjd), `mjb bstä igæmjugd pr`juz pr `juz luht` k`rths`g, b edz ` ebbjfdka (-), `k`rrbmj` uld rbjuéë` md sbkrbéë` jb DKZN pbgd nhpûehsb, b k`msbqubmtblbmtb d djrbmdg qub më` bstä j`bmtb vdh dtr`ehdr. Bmtë`, sb pujbr dmdghsdr dtrdvès jb ul ugtrdss`m, vdh `fsbrvdr uld djrbmdg dulbmtdjd b `utrd dtr`ehdjd. - ‗NH_BVDJVBM@K ‗NH_BVDJVBM@K@VZHKH[L@ @VZHKH[L@ HDZV@IÃMHK@“3 ldhs k`lul, ` us` jb k`rthk`hjb bxûibm` pdrd ` rbst` jd vhjd j` dmhldg. Tudmj` sb e`rmbkb k`rthk`hjbs, `k`rrb ul ebbjfdka (-) md nhpûehsb, qub jbhxd jb ghfbrdr DKZN, b k`msbqubmtblbmtb ds juds djrbmdhs vë` dtr`ehdr, lds d` j`sdr k`rths`g vdh bstdr dgt`, `u sbcd, è ul ‗nhpbrdjrbm` hdtr`iãmhk`“. [b `fsbrvdr ds djrbmdhs p`r R[, ds juds vë` bstdr dtr`ehdjds.  

[hmdhs Kgìmhk`s3 - _`ghedihd, p`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd (hmtbrebrb md déë` j` DJN, bmtë` pbrjb luht` äiud md urhmd), egdkhjbz b bmerdqubkhlbmt` luskugdr, k`l ` dfj`lb pbmjug`s` (‗jb fdrrhg“), dfj`lb dulbmtdj` jb tdldmn` jbvhj` d uld rbjhstrhfuhéë` jb i`rjurd, d fbxhid sblprb knbhd (jbvhj` ï  p`ghórhd), nbpdt`lbidghd, nbpdt`lbidghd, `fbshjdjb (jhdimûsthk` (jhdimûsthk` jhebrbmkhdg jjbb nhp`thrb`hjhsl` b jhdfbtbs, jhdfbtbs, jbpbm jbpbmjbmj` jbmj` jd edsb), edsb), kdgkhm kdgkhm`sb `sb kutæmbd, kutæmbd, ddg`pbkhd g`pbkhd bbmjûkrhmd mjûkrhmd qu qubb p`upd p`upd kdfbéd kdfbéd b lblfr`s. K`lbj`s, nhpbrphilbmtdéë`, nhpbrphilbmtdéë `, tbgdmihbktdshd (vds`s j` dfj`lb fbl vhsìvbhs ‛  vhsìvbhs ‛  d  d pbgb ehkd ldhs ehmd).   - [hmdhs rbsphrdtûrh`s3 jb tr`lf`blf`ghsl` pugl`mdr1 - [hmdhs rbpr`juthv`s3 dtr`ehd tbsthkugdr, t bsthkugdr, dmbstr` pbrshstbmtb1 - [hmdhs mbur`gûihk`s3 m`s ‗nhpûehsb‗nhpûehsb-jbpbmjbmtbs“, qub tbl uld mb`pgdshd jb nhpûehsb qub k`lprhlb ` nhp`tägdl`. Dprbsbmtdl k`lprbssë` jb kdfbéd, dmjdr bl kìrkug`s, k`mvugsòbs, btk. - Vbtbméë` jb sûjh`3 vë` bmtrdr mul qudjr` jb nhpbrtbmsë`1 HKK1 jhdfbtbs lbghtus1 ur`ghtìdsb1 pdmkrbdthtb1 t`jds bssds j`bméds p`jbl sbr sbkumjärhds d` dulbmt` j` k`rths`g.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - Nbl`irdld jb bstrbssb3 nhpbrsbilbmtdéë` jb mbutrûehg`s, jhz bgd qub dulbmtd brhtrûkht`s1 - Fh`quìlhk`3 DGZ b ED dulbmtdj`s, trhighkèrhjbs b k`gbstbr`g tdlfèl1 - Rrhmäghsb3 urhmd k`l fdhxd jbmshjdjb, ighk`sórhd, b p`jb tbr khsthtb. - 9?% j`s dmhldhs vë` tbr uld jhlhmuhéë` j`s n`rlúmh`s thrb`hjhdm`s, jbvhj` ï hmhfhéë` j` Z[N, bmtë` vë` bmtrdr md ‗sìmjr`lb j` buthrb`hjb j`bmtb“. j`bmtb“.   - Vdh`^3 nbpdt`lbidghd, jhstbmsë` jd fbxhid jbvhj` ï p`ghórhd, p`jb sbr p`ssìvbg vbr uld ldssd md rbihë` jd djrbmdg1 - R[3 m`s jä hme`rldéòbs j` bstdj` j`s rhms (sb tbl mber`kdgkhm`sb, btk), djrbmdhs (sû è jheìkhg jb dkndr)1 - Zbstbs rbdghzdj`s qudmj` sb suspbhtd jb nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl`3 ‗ZB[ZB JD [R_VB[[Ë@ K@L JB^DLBZD[@MD JB FDH^D J@[DIBL“3 J@[DIBL“3   K`gnb ` s`r` j` dmhldg dmtbs jb dpghkdr d jbxdlbtds`md (?,?4li/ai), b k`gnb k`l : b > n`rds dpûs d dpghkdéë`. Iräehk`s3

k`rths`g

dpghkdéë` jd jbxdlbtds`m jbxdlbtds`mdd

:nrs

>nrs

D jbxdlbtds`md (më` hmtbrebrb k`l tbstbs jb rdjh`hlum`bmsdh` pdrd debrhr Qk`rths`g\) vdh edzbr ` ebbjfdka (-) b vdh suprhlhr d ghfbrdéë` jb DKZN (pbgd nhpûehsb) b k`msbqubmtblbmtb jhlhmuhr ` 4::

 

 

k`rths`g pr`juzhj` pbgds djrbmdhs, bmtë` mul dmhldg m`rldg bspbrd-sb qub k`l : n`rds ` k`rths`g kdhd, b k`l > sb ldmtèl dhmjd fdhxd.

k`rths`g

:nrs

>nrs

Nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` Djrbmdg-jbpbmjbmtb3 k`l` uld jds djrbmdhs bstä pr`juzhmj` luht` k`rths`g jbvhj` d uld mb`pgdshd, bssb k`rths`g bstä pr`v`kdmj` ul ebbjfdka (-) md nhpûehsb b rbjuzhmj` jrdsthkdlbmtb d ghfbrdéë` jb DKNZ, jbsbmkdjbdmj` d dtr`ehd jd djrbmdg më` j`bmtb. Bmtë`, lbsl` dpghkdmj` d jbxdlbtds`md, më` vdh hmtbrebrhr m`s mìvbhs jb k`rths`g, qub vdh sb ldmtbr dgt`. k`rths`g

:nrs

>nrs

Nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` nhpûehsb-jbpbmjbmtb3 d nhpûehsb k`l uld mb`pgdshd k`mthmud  pr`juzhmj` DKZN b më` rbsp`mjb rbsp`mjb d`s bstìlug`s hmhfhtûrh`s j` k`rths`g. D` ddpghkdr pghkdr d jbxdlbtds`md, jbxdlbtds`md, vdh `k`rrbr uld suprbssë` räphjd jd nhpûehsb (jhlhmuh DKZN), `s mìvbhs jb k`rths`g kdbl, lds rdphjdlbmtb t`rmdl d krbskbr. ‗ZB[ZB K@L B[ZHLRGDÉË@ K@L DKZN“3 DKZN“3 Bgb è f`l pdrdj` hjbmthehkdr ` nhpbrdjrbm` hdtr`iãmhk`, b dvdghdr d tbrdphd. K`gnb ` s`r` dmhldg dmtbs jb rbdghzdr ` tbstb, bl sbiuhjd dpghkd ?,62li/kë` jb DKZN shmtèthk`, dpûs uld n`rd, k`gnb ` s`r` b dvdghd ` qub dk`mtbkbu. @ dmhldg M`rldg3 vdh `k`rrbr ul ↔ jb k`rths`g (Dktn bsthlugd ds djrbmdhs d ghfbrdr ldhs k`rths`g)1  Md Hdtr`iãmhkd3 Rl dmhldg qub rbkbfb jbtbrlhmdj` k`rthk`hjb vdh tbr dgtd m` sdmiub, p`rèl, ` k`rths`g bspbkhehkdlbmtb vdh bstdr fdhx`, p`hs ds djrbmdhs bstë` dtr`ehdjds. K`l ds djrbmdhs dtr`ehdjds, lbsl` k`l d dpghkdéë` j` DKNZ bgds më` k`msbiubl ghfbrdr k`rths`g (qub è jhebrbmtb j` k`rthk`hjb djlhmhstrdj` ‛  djlhmhstrdj`  ‛  j`sdj`  j`sdj` pbg` rdjh`hlum`bmsd rdjh`hlum`bmsdh`). h`). ‗J@[DV DKZN BMJÛIBM@“3 BMJÛIBM@“3 È uld e`rld jb jhebrbmkhdr ` nhpûehsb-jbpbmjbmtb j` Djrbmdg-jbpbmjbmtb. M` ND-J bgb vdh bstdr fdhx`, p`hs d djrbmdg k`l mb`pgdshd pr`juz luht` k`rths`g, qub pr`l`vb ul ebbjfdka (-) md nhpûehsb, ↛DKZN.  ↛DKZN.   M` NN-J ` DKNZ vdh bstdr dgt`, jbvhj` d uld mb`pgdshd qub pr`l`vb d dgtd pr`juéë` jb

DKZN.

4:2

 

   

Zrdtdlbmt`3 @ Lht`tdm` (ghs`jrbm), è d prhlbhrd bsk`gnd pdrd `s dmhldhs tdmt` k`l ND-J qudmt` k`l NNJ, p`hs qub tbl d euméë` jb jbstruhr ` tbkhj` djrbmdg. Lht`tdm`3 rbs`gvb `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s, lds sb ` dmhldg p`ssuhr uld mb`pgdshd md djrbmdg d` hmvès jb uld nhpbrpgdshd p`jb sbr fbl ldhs jheìkhg jb jbstruhr k`l lht`tdm`. Kbt`k`m`dz`g Kbt`k`m`dz `g bl j`sb dgtd kdusd ` lbsl` bebht` (p`rèl pr`v`kd uld gbsë` nbpäthkd).     Zrdtdlbmt` khrórihk` m`s kds`s jb tul`r jb nhpûehsb3 rbthrdr ds djrbmdhs b supgblbmtdr `s n`rlúmh`s p`r bgds pr`juzhj`s, `u rbl`éë` j` tul`r md nhpûehsb1 pdrd `s dmhldhs ND-J tbl qub rbl`vbr dpbmds uld djrbmdg. - NDJ3 62-;9,2li/ai FHJ. - NN_3 42-62li/ai/FHJ e`rmbkhj` k`l dghlbmtdéë`. Dvdghd d rbsp`std dpûs 4? jhds (dpbthtb, hmibstë` jb äiud, dpdthd, vúlht` b jhdrrbhd). Dpûs 4? jhds, n`uvb lbgn`rd j`s shmdhs, p`jb-sb uthghzdr d lbsld j`sb qub ` dmhldg prbkhsdvd m` jhd, jhvhjhj` bl ;x md sbldmd. _`r bxblpg`3 sb ` kë` tbl 4? ai, b d j`sb 62li/ai < 62?li jhd (jhvhjhj` bl juds vbzbs), lds dpûs 4? jhds, ` trdtdlbmt` pdssd d sbr 62?li jhvhjhj` bl ; vbzbs md sbldmd. Dvdghdr `s shmdhs irdvbs jb nhp`djrbm`k`rthkhsl`, `mjb sb tbl qub hmtbrr`lpbr d tbrdphd b edzbr uld rbp`shéë` k`l ighk`k`rthk`hjbs. Jbp`hs bgd edgd qub p`jb jdr (2?li/ai md sbldmd, jhvhjhj` bl ;x --më` k`lprbbmjh). Dpûs 42 jhds bgb rbt`rmd pdrd edzbr ` ‗tbstb k`l bsthlugdéë` bsth lugdéë` k`l DKZN“3  DKZN“3  - k`rths`g bmtrb 4-: ?li/jhd). Dvdghdr `s shmdhs kgìmhk`s. Nhpbrdjrbm`k`rthkhsl` Nhpbrdjrbm`k `rthkhsl` Hdtr`iãmhk`3 - @s ebghm`s së` ldhs rbshstbmtbs ï déë` j`s k`rthk`hjbs.   - @s këbs k`l tbrdphd jb dgtds j`sbs j`sbs jb k`rthk`hjbs dpûs 4? jjhds hds cä p`jbl jbsbmv` jbsbmv`gvbr1 gvbr1 dtr`ehd jds djrbmdhs p`jb `u më` sbr rbvbrsìvbg1

Nhp`djrbm`k`rthkh Nhp`djr bm`k`rthkhsl` sl` ([ìmjr ( [ìmjr`lb `lb jb Djjhs`m) È ldhs rdrd qub d jb Kusnhmi. È fbl sblbgndmtb ï kbt`dkhj`sb jhdfè jhdfèthkd. thkd. [htudéë` jb hmsuehkhãmkhd jb djrbmdg (qudmt` jd pr`juéë` jb lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjb qudmt` jb k`rths`g). _`jb sbr3 - _rhldrhd3 hjh`päthkd `u hlum`lbjhdjd1 - [bkumjärhds3 jbstruhéë` jb nhpûehsb p`r mb`pgdshd, trdulds, btk. - Hdtr`iãmhkd3 e`h trdtdr ` nhpbrdjrbm` b jbstruì tdlfèl d z`md pr`jut`rd jb lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjb.  

_rbjhsp`shéë`3 Hmk`lul m`s këbs b rdr` m`s idt`s. Dmhldhs c`vbms jb lbhd hjdjb b eãlbds së` ldhs prbjhsp`st`s. @s lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjbs pdrthkhpdl jd rbdfs`réë` jb sûjh`, kg`r` b äiud, b jd bxkrbéë` jb  p`tässh`.

4:5

 

   

[hmdhs kgìmhk`s3 - Bldirbkhlbmt`, gbtdrihd, vúlht`s, erdqubzd, jhdrrbhd, j`r dfj`lhmdg, k`gdps`, trbl`rbs, p`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd. _ugs` erdk`, e rdk`, jbprbssë`, frdjhkdrjhd. frdjhkdrjhd. - Nbl`irdld3 Dmblhd M`rl`kìthkd M`rl`krúlhkd1 gbukûkht`s sbl dgtbrdéë`1 - Rrhmäghsb3 sb thvbr uld dz`tblhd prè-rbmdg d jbmshjdjb vdh bstdr dgtd, lds sb më` thvbr dz`tblhd, d jbmshjdjb vdh bstdr fdhxd, jbvhj` ï _`ghórhd b p`ghjhpshd. - @s dmhldhs vë` dprbsbmtdr3 NH_BVKDGBLHD, NH_@MDZVBLHD B NH_@KG@VBLHD, jbvhj` më` tbr déë` j`p`r k`rths`g3 dfs`réë` hmtbsthmdgjbjbA+3 kägkh`, b rbjuz bd bghlhmdéë` p`r vhd rbmdg < nhpbrkdgkblhd1 më` tbrdulbmtd bxkrbéë`d jb ì`ms3 dulbmt` frdjhkdrjhd, `utrds dgtbrdéòbs m` bgbtr`1 - Nhp`ighkblhd, p`hs më` tbl ighk`mb`iãmbsb3 rbjuz d pr`juéë` jb ighk`sb  pbg` eìidj`, k`l k`l dulbmt` jd kkdptdéë` dptdéë` jd ighk` ighk`sb sb pbg`s tbkhj` tbkhj`ss pbrheèrhk`s.  

Jhdimûsthk`3 - ‗tbstb jb bsthlugdéë` k`l DKZN“ dtrdvès jd j`sdibl j `sdibl jb k`rths`g prèvhd b dpûs. Dpûs dpûs.  Dpûs d dpghkdéë` j` DKZN mul dmhldg m`rldg ` k`rths`g sb bgbvd, lds sb thvbr nhp`djrbm` më` dulbmtd.  

Zrdtdlbmt`3   [`guéë` ehsh`gûihkd ?,8% + ighk`sb1   Eguhj`tbrdphd pdrd ` qudjr` jb dkhj`sb ibrdglbmtb rbs`gvb, lds sb quhsbr p`jb djhkh`mdr  fhkdrf`mdt` jb jb e`rld blpìrhkd1   LHMBVDG@K@VZHK@HJB[3 - Dkbtdt` jb egujr`k`rths`md (Eg`rhmbvb) tbl 4?362? (4? pdrtbs jb ighk`k`rthk`hjbs pdrd 62? pdrtbs jb lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjb)1 - _rbjmhs`g`md (tbl 2 pdrtbs jb ighk`k`rthk`hjbs pdrd ?,; jb lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjb), è fbl hmebrh`r. - Zrdtdlbmt` jb ldmutbméë`3   [b e`r hdtr`iãmhk` jbvb-sb hr edzbmj` uld rbthrdjd irdjdthvd j` ighk`k`rthk`hjb qub tä sbmj` uthghzdj` pdrd vbr ` dmhldg lbgn`rd.   [b thvbr Nhpbrkdgblhd ` pdkhbmtb k`l d sìmjr`lb jb Djjhs`m vdh l`rrbr, bmtë` pdrd k`rrhihr3 [`guéë` jb ighk`sb 2-4?% cumt` k`l Hmsughmd rbiugdr, p`hs d ighk`sb qudmj` bmtrd mds kègugds kdrrbdl ` A+. Nhp`ighkblhd3 s`r` k`l ighk`sb1 - Nhp`mdtrblhd b d nhp`kg`rblhd3 s`guéë` Mdkg1 - Nhpbrkdgkblhd3 d` djlhmhstrdr ` ighk`k`rthk`hjb + lhmbrdg`k`rthk`hjb bssb mìvbg jb kägkh` vdh sb bstdfhghzdr.