Enlthrlfk
N e r o f ro t f h k c k h ï f ïf
64ª En. Ofbufk
A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf
BH^F
Kf oenlalbf es ubf alebalf shoetlnf f ub afodlh ahbstfbte. F oenlnf que kf lbvestlcfalñb y kf experlebalf akïblaf fopkïfb buestrhs ahbhalolebths, shb beaesfrlhs afodlhs eb khs trftfolebths y kf jfrofahterfplf. Khs enlthres ne estf hdrf mfb ahbtrfstfnh sus resuktfnhs ahb juebtes ahbslnerfnfs ne ahbstfbzf, eb ub esjuerzh phr prhphralhbfr lbjhrofalñb ahopketf y ceberfk, ne fauernh ahb khs arlterlhs faeptfnhs eb ek ohoebth ne kf pudklafalñb. Qlb eodfrch, nedlnh f kf phsldlklnfn ne que exlstfb errhres muofbhs h se prhnuzafb afodlhs eb kfs alebalfs oìnlafs, bl khs enlthres bl aufkquler htrf juebte lopklafnf eb kf prepfrfalñb h kf pudklafalñb ne estf hdrf cfrfbtlzfb que kf lbjhrofalñb ahbteblnf eb kf olsof sef exfatf y ahopketf eb thnhs khs fspeaths fspeaths,, bl shb resphbsfdkes ne khs errhres u holslhbes bl ne khs resuktfnhs nerlvfnhs nek eopkeh ne nlamf lbjhrofalñb. Phr ekkh, se reaholebnf f khs keathres que ahbtrfsteb nlamf lbjhrofalñb ahb htrfs juebtes. Phr egeopkh, y eb pfrtlaukfr, se fahbsegf revlsfr ek prhspeath lbjhroftlvh que fahopföf f afnf oenlafoebth que neseeb fnolblstrfr, fnolblstrfr, pfrf fsecurfrse ne que kf lbjhrofalñb ahbteblnf eb este kldrh es ahrreatf y ne que bh se mfb prhnualnh ohnlstafalhbes eb kf nhsls reahoebnfnf h eb kfs ahbtrflbnlafalhbes pfrf kf fnolblstrfalñb. Estf reahoebnfalñb resuktf ne pfrtlaukfr lophrtfbalf eb rekfalñb ahb jærofahs buevhs h ne ush phah jreauebte. Khs keathres tfodlìb nedeb ahbsuktfr f su prhplh kfdhrfthrlh pfrf ahbhaer khs vfkhres bhrofkes.
Bh estæ peroltlnf kf reprhnuaalñb thtfk h pfralfk ne este kldrh, su trftfolebth lbjhroætlah, lbjhroætlah, kf trfbsolslñb ne blbc÷b htrh jhrofth h phr aufkquler oenlh, yf sef ekeatrñblah, oeaæblah, oeaæblah, phr jhthahplf, phr reclstrh y htrhs oenlhs, slb ek perolsh prevlh ne khs tltukfres nek ahpyrlcmt. © A^H ENL^HTLFK, Q.K. 4046 Nlseöh y ofquetfalñb7 A^H Ouktloenlf Lkustrfalñb ne phrtfnf7 Ghsì Ofrïf Ofrtïbez Ævlkf Fcrfnealolebths7 Qerclh Oftf Tenhbnh Ahophslalñb e lopreslñb7 Afölzfres Frtes Cræstafs A/ Fkdfrrfaïb, 1>9 4=013 Ofnrln ^jbh.7 (001>) 1 10 - Jfx7 (001>) 1 >1 E-oflk7 shphrte shphrte.ouktloenlf@cruphat
[email protected] h.aho Pæclbf Sed7 www.cruphath.aho LQDB hdrf ahopketf7 -6==::->>-< -6==::->>-< LQDB Nerofthkhcïf7 -6==::-6 -6==::-61-5 1-5 Nepñslth kecfk7 O-400:1-4046
Ahhrnlbfnhr Gufb Ghsì Fbnrìs Kebalbf
Futhres Gufb Ghsì Fbnrìs Kebalbf
Fbbf Lsfdek Kæzfrh Qloñ
Fbthblh Tuenfs Ofrtïbez
Afrkhs Nuræb Zlfb Fbf Lckeslfs Pkfzf
Nfrïh ne Perhsfbz Khdh
Fkdf Qæbamez Zekæzquez
Nlreathr ne kf hdrf Jerbfbnh ne ^eresf Cfkvæb
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Ïbnlae 06. Ceberfklnfnes ............................................................................................. 6
0=. Urtlafrlf y fbclheneof ............................................................. 14
6.6. 6.4.
Estruaturf y jubalñb ne kf plek ........................... .......................................... ............... 6 Keslhbes autæbefs ekeoebtfkes .............................. ....................................... ......... 4
=.6. =.4.
Nestblalñb y etlhpfthceb etlhpfthceblf lf ................................ .............................................. .............. 14 Akïblaf ................................ ................................................................ .............................................. .............. 14
6.1. 6.>. 6.5.
Exfbteofs ................................ ................................................................ ......................................... ......... 1 Qlcbhs ÷tlkes eb ek nlfcbñstlah nerofthkñclah ................ > ^erfpìutlaf ^er fpìutlaf nerofthkñclaf ................................ ............................................... ............... >
=.1. =.>.
^rftfolebth............................. ............................................................. ......................................... ......... 11 Eneof fbclhbeurñtlah jfolklfr ne Vulbaie (fbclheneof merenltfrlh) ...........................11
04. Lbjeaalhbes vïrlafs ................................................................................ 3 4.6. 4.4. 4.1. 4.>.
0. Fkhpealfs ................................ ................................................................ ......................................... ......... >4
66. ^rfsthrbhs ne kf plcoebtfalñb ....................................... >5
0>. Lbjeaalhbes dfaterlfbfs ........................................................... 6> >.6. >.4. >.1. >.>.
Nestblalñb ................................ ................................................................ ......................................... ......... 15 Jhrofs akïblafs............................ ............................................................. .................................... ... 15 ^rftfolebth............................. ............................................................. ......................................... ......... 1: Erlteof ouktljhroe ................................ ......................................................... ......................... 13
66.6. Nlsarhoïfs ahb mlphplcoebtfalñb h farhoïf .............. >5 66.4. Nlsarhoïfs ahb mlperplcoebtfalñb mlperplcoebtfalñb............................. ................................ ... >5
Plhneroltls. Htrfs lbjeaalhbes ahoubes ....................... 6> Plhneroltls. Lbjeaalhbes ne khs fbeghs fbeghs................................................65 ................................................65 ^uderaukhsls autæbef ............................... ...................................................... ....................... 6: Keprf .............................. .............................................................. .................................................. .................. 6:
64. Jhthsebsldlklnfn.
^rfsthrbhs lbnualnhs phr kf kuz ...................................... >3 ................................................................. 6< 05. Whhbhsls y pfrfslthsls.................................................................
5.6. 5.4. 5.1.
64.6. Jhthsebsldlk Jhthsebsldlklnfn lnfn lbnualnf lbnualnf phr sustfbalfs quïolafs ...... >3 64.4. Nerofthsls exfaerdfnfs phr kf kuz ............................. ................................ ... >3 64.1. Phrstrlfs .............................. .............................................................. .............................................. .............. >3
Dhtñb ne hrlebte h kelsmofblfsls autæbef..................... 6< Esafdlhsls ........................... ........................................................... ............................................. ............. 6< Penlaukhsls ................................ ................................................................ ....................................... ....... 6<
61. Ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs 0:. Ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs ............. 46 :.6. :.4. :.1. :.>.
futhlboubltfrlfs ................................................................................ 56
Pshrlfsls .............................. .............................................................. ............................................. ............. 46 Klqueb pkfbh ............................. ............................................................. ....................................... ....... 44 Pltlrlfsls rhsfnf ne Cldert ............................. ............................................... .................. 45 Pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls .......................................................45
61.6. 61.4. 61.1. 61.>. 61.5. 61.:. 61.3.
03. Eaaeofs ......................................................................................................... 4= 3.6.
Nestblalñb, akïblaf y akfslstafalñb ................................... 4=
3.4. 3.1. 3.>. 3.5.
Eaaeofs ne ahbtfath .............................. ..................................................... ....................... 4= Eaaeof ftñplah ............................. ............................................................. .................................. .. 4< Eaaeof sedhrrelah................................................... sedhrrelah.......................................................... ....... 10 Htrfs jhrofs ne eaaeof ............................... ................................................ ................. 10
ZL
Cruph ne khs pìbstchs ............................ ..................................................... ......................... 56 Pebstchlne fophkkhsh ............................ ..................................................... ......................... 54 Pebstchlne alaftrlalfk .............................. ....................................................... ......................... 54 Merpes cestftlhbls h pebstchlne cestfalhbfk .................51 Neroftltls merpetljhroe (ebjeroenfn ne Numrlbc-Drhaq) ....................................51 Eplneroñklsls fophkkhsf fnqulrlnf.............................. ................................. ... 5> Nerofthsls ahb LcF klbefk ........................... ............................................... .................... 5>
Ïbnlae. NO
6>.
Pfblaukltls .................................................................................................... 5:
40. Aæbaer autæbeh bh oekfbhof ....................................... 35
6>.6. Ahbaepth y akfslstafalñb ............................... ................................................. .................. 5: 6>.4. Erlteof bunhsh ............................. ............................................................. .................................. .. 5:
40.6. Afralbhof dfshaekukfr ................................ ................................................... ................... 35 40.4. Afralbhof eplnerohlne, eplnerohlne, esplbhaekukfr esplbhaekukfr h esafohsh .... 35
6>.1. Zfsaukltls bhnukfr bhnukfr.. Erlteof lbnurfnh ne Dfzlb ............... 53
40.1. Afralbhof ne aìkukfs ne Oeriek ........................... .................................... ......... 3:
65. Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs
46. Oekfbhof ofklcbh.......................................................................... 3=
ebjeroenfnes ebnharlbfs y oetfdñklafs ...... 5< 65.6. 65.4. 65.1. 65.>.
46.6. 46.4. 46.1. 46.>.
Pfthkhcïf tlrhlnef................................ ............................................................. ............................. 5< Nlfdetes oekkltus ................................ ............................................................. ............................. 5< Pfthkhcïf suprfrrebf suprfrrebfkk ............................... ...................................................... ....................... :0 ]fbthofs............................ ............................................................ ............................................. ............. :0
Eplneolhkhcïf y etlhkhcïf ............................................... 3= Jhrofs aklblahpfthkñclafs ................................ .............................................. .............. 3< Jfathres Jfathr es prhbñstlahs.............................. ....................................................... ......................... 3< ^rftfolebth............................. ............................................................. ......................................... ......... =0
44. Klbjhofs autæbehs .......................................................................... =1 6:. Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs 6:.6. Plhnerof cfbcrebhsh ............................. .................................................... ....................... :4
44.6. Olahsls jubchlne ............................... ............................................................. .............................. =1 44.4. Qïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry ............................... ........................................................ ......................... =1 44.1. Htrhs klbjhofs autæbehs prlofrlhs ............................. ................................ ... =>
6:.4. Erlteof bunhsh ............................. ............................................................. .................................. .. :4
44.>. ^rftfolebth............................. ............................................................. ......................................... ......... =>
ebjeroenfnes nlcestlvfs ....................................................... :4
41. Htrhs tuohres autæbehs ......................................................... =:
63. Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne htrfs
ebjeroenfnes slstìolafs ..................................................... :> 63.6. 63.4. 63.1. 63.>.
41.6. Oetæstfsls autæbefs .............................. ....................................................... ......................... =: 41.4. Ofsthalthsls............................................................ ............................ ......................................... ......... =: 41.1. Mlstlhalthsls............................. ............................................................. ......................................... ......... =3
Qfrahlnhsls............................... ................................................................ ........................................ ....... :> Folkhlnhsls .............................. ............................................................... ........................................ ....... :> Nestalebalfs butrlalhbfkes ............................. ............................................... .................. :> ^rfsthrbhs nek teglnh ekæstlah ......................................... ....................................... .. :5
pfrfbehpkæslafs.. .......................................... =< 4>. Nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs 4>.6. Qïbnrhoe ne Qweet ................................ ......................................................... ......................... =< 4>.4. Htrhs tlphs tlphs ne nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæ pfrfbehpkæslafs slafs .................. =<
6=. Jfahofthsls .............................................................................................. :3
Dldklhcrfjïf ................................................................................................................... ).
Kfs keslhbes autæbefs se suekeb preaener ne
N. ^rftfolebth
sïbthofs prhnrñolahs ahoh nhkhr, plahr h Jlcurf 4.5. Merpes zñster
Kfs jhrofs keves bh prealsfb trftfolebth espeaïstah, shkh slbthoætlah
mlperesteslf khafk. Qe
(jhoebths, fbtlsìptlahs h fbtldlñtlahs tñplahs y fbfkceslf). Ek trftfolebth
afrfaterlzf phr vesïau-
fbtlvïrlah se fnolblstrfræ eb khs slculebtes afshs7
kfs shdre dfse erlteofthsf ahb nlstrldualñb oetfoìrlaf ublkfterfk.
Prlohlbjeaalñb7 se Prlohlbjeaalñb7 se trftf sleopre.
Kf ahopklafalñb oæs aho÷b es kf beurfkclf phstmerpìtlaf, oæs jre-
Tefatlvfalñb7 shkh Tefatlvfalñb7 shkh sl auopke fkcubh ne khs slculebtes arlterlhs7
auebte eb fbalfbhs, y que puene requerlr trftfolebth ahb fbtleplkìp-
•
•
Tealnlvfs crfves h jreauebtes (sl fjeatfb f kf afklnfn ne vlnf).
Ahopklafalhbes (erlteof ouktljhroe, eaaeof merpìtlah).
Lboubhneprlolnhs.
-
-
-
tlahs (cfdfpebtlbf) h fbtlnepreslvhs trlaïaklahs.
F. Jhrofs akïblafs espealfkes
Ek jærofah ne ekeaalñb es falakhvlr y sus nerlvfnhs (vfkfalakhvlr, jfoalakhvlr)
Qhb jhrofs akïblafs espealfkes kfs slculebtes7
phr vïf hrfk. Khs fbtlvïrlahs tñplahs bh mfb neohstrfnh ser ÷tlkes, jfvhreaeb
•
Qïbnrhoe ne Tfosfy-Mubt. Tfosfy-Mubt. Fjeatfalñb nek cfbcklh ceblaukfnh nek
kf ofaerfalñb ne kfs keslhbes (y, phr phr tfbth, kf shdrelbjeaalñb) y es jreauebte
bervlh jfalfk. Prhnuae vesïaukfs eb ek pfdekkñb furlaukfr, eb ek ahb-
que hafslhbeb neroftltls ne ahbtfath fkìrclaf phr mlpersebsldlklnfn.
nuath funltlvh exterbh, kebcuf y pfkfnfr nurh, y pfræklsls jfalfk lpsl-
Zlrus vfrlaekf zñster (ZZW)
kfterfk. Ql se fjeatf ek ZLLL pfr arfbefk, puene fshalfr mlphfauslf y vìrtlch.
•
Fjeatfalñb nek hjtækolah. hjtækolah. Puene prhnualr querftltls crfve y requlere
Kf prlohlbjeaalñb nf kucfr f ubf vfrlaekf (vìfse ofbufk ne Penlftrïf). Penlftrïf). ^rfs
nerlvfalñb urcebte f ub hjtfkoñkhch (se nede shspeamfr eb pfalebtes
kf vfrlaekf, ek vlrus quenf fafbthbfnh eb kf phralñb sebsltlvf ne khs cfbcklhs
que presebteb keslhbes merpìtlafs eb kf pubtf ne kf bfrlz, kh que se
beurfkes y, aufbnh realnlvf, nf kucfr fk merpes zñster7
nebholbf slcbh ne Mutamlbshb).
•
Zfrlaekf.. ^rfs Zfrlaekf ^rfs 65 nïfs ne lbaudfalñb fpfreaeb stedre, aejfkef, prurlth y
•
Merpes zñster nlseolbfnh. nlseolbfnh. Qe nestbe ahoh kf fpfrlalñb ne oæs ne
keslhbes phklohrjfs eb nlstlbths estfnlhs7 oæaukfs, pæpukfs, vesïaukfs
40 vesïaukfs juerf nek nerofthof h nerofthofs fjeaths y/h fjeatf-
(Jlcurf 4.>), 4.>), ÷kaerfs
alñb vlsaerfk). Es prhplh ne lboubhneprlolnhs.
y ahstrfs (lofceb ‛eb
Taurnf
alekh estrekkfnh‟). Es afrfaterïstlaf kf fjeatfalñb ne kfs ouahsfs
➞
Kf fjeatfalñb ne kf pubtf bfsfk mfae beaesfrlh ub exfoeb hjtfkohkñclah, phrque kf lbervf ek olsoh bervlh que f kf añrbef (bervlh bfshalklfr ne kf prloerf rfof nek trlcìolbh).
(÷kaerfs) y nek auerh afdekkunh. Kf ofblpukfalñb puene prhnualr alaftrlaes. Kf ahopklaf-
D. ^rftfolebth
alñb oæs jreauebte es kf shdrelbjeaalñb dfaterlfbf ne kfs keslhbes. Ub 40% ne khs fnukths presebtf
Jlcurf 4.>. Zesïaukfs tïplafs eb pfalebte ahb vfrlaekf
Ek trftfolebth fbtlvïrlah se fnolblstrfræ eb khs slculebtes afshs7
•
Prlohlbjeaalñb (vfrlaekf)7 se (vfrlaekf)7 se trftfræ sl auopke fkcubh ne khs slculebtes arlterlhs7
beuohbïf
vfrlaekhsf neohstrfdke rfnlhkñclafoebte, perh sñkh prhnuae akïblaf
-
eb ub >% ne khs afshs.
Fnukths. Eb afodlh, kf vfrlaekf eb kf lbjfbalf se sueke trftfr ne Fnukths. jhrof slbthoætlaf (fbfkceslf, fbtlmlstfoïblahs y fbtlsìptlahs h fbtldlñtlahs tñplahs pfrf evltfr kf shdrelbjeaalñb ne kfs keslh-
Taurnf
bes). -
•
➞
Kf vfrlaekf prhnuae prurlth9 kf ofyhrïf ne kfs erupalhbes exfbteoætlafs bh kh mfaeb.
Lboubhneprlolnhs.. Lboubhneprlolnhs
Tefatlvfalñb (zñster)7 se (zñster)7 se trftf sleopre. Eb ceberfk, kh trftfreohs ne jhrof fodukfthrlf, fubque eb afshs crfves (lboubhneprlolnhs h jhrofs crfves ahoh ek zñster nlseolbfnh) puene ser beaesfrlh lbcresh y trftfolebth lbtrfvebhsh.
•
Merpes zñster . Ek oæs usufk es ek thræalah (Jlcurf 4.5). 4.5). Bh sueke fpfreaer oæs ne ubf vez eb kf vlnf. Kf lbalnebalf y kf crfvenfn nek aufnrh
Ek trftfolebth fbtlvlrfk se nede lblalfr kh fbtes phsldke, lnefkoebte eb kfs
fuoebtfb ahb kf enfn y eb khs estfnhs ne lboubhnepreslñb. Cebe-
prloerfs 34 mhrfs nesne ek lblalh ne khs sïbthofs. Khs jærofahs eopkef-
rfkoebte fahbteae phr ebalof ne khs 50 föhs. Kf refatlvfalñb nek
nhs shb ek falakhvlr y sus nerlvfnhs (vfkfalakhvlr, jfoalakhvlr) nurfbte 3
=
04. Lbjeaalhbes vïrlafs. NO
4.1. Phxvlrus
nïfs, que nlsolbuyeb kf nurfalñb e lbtebslnfn ne khs sïbthofs, fsï ahoh kf lbalnebalf ne beurfkclf phstmerpìtlaf. Khs pfalebtes ahb lbsustaleb-
Ohkusah ahbtfclhsh
alf rebfk prealsfb fguste ne nhsls, yf que ek falakhvlr es bejrhtñxlah9 eb esths pfalebtes se puene eopkefr drlvunlbf, que estæ ahbtrflbnlafnf eb pfalebtes eb trftfolebth ahb 5-ffluhrhurfalkh h nerlvfnhs y eb pfalebtes lboubhneprlolnhs.
Ek
ohkusah
ahbtfclhsh
(Ohkkusauo ahbtfclhsuo) ahbtfclhsuo) se Exlste ubf vfaubf pfrf kf vfrlaekf ne vlrus vlvhs ftebufnhs, fnolblstrfnf
ofblstestf eb jhrof ne pæpu-
eb nhs nhsls e lbakulnf eb ek afkebnfrlh vfaubfk lbjfbtlk f pfrtl r ne khs 64-65
kfs
oeses. Exlsteb nhs tlphs ne vfaubfs jrebte fk merpes zñster7 ubf ne vlrus
y uodlklafnf uodlklafnfss (Jlcurf 4.:)
ftebufnhs (slolkfr f kf ne kf vfrlaekf, perh ahb ofyhr ahbaebtrfalñb ne
(OLT 6:-63, 660) 660). Es ouy
vlrlhbes) y htrf ne sudublnfnes. Qe reaholebnf kf vfaubfalñb ahb kf vfaubf
jreauebte eb kf enfn lbjfbtlk,
ne sudublnfnes (ahopuestf phr kf cklahprhteïbf MW/Qu) eb pfalebtes ne
slebnh ouamh oæs rfrh eb kf enfn fnuktf. Qe trfbsolte phr ahbtfath nlreath
rlesch7 trfspkfbtfnhs h eb esperf ne trfspkfbte, ZLM, trftfolebth ahb fbtl-
plek ahb plek, fubque tfodlìb se mf nesarlth kf trfbsolslñb phr jñoltes y phr
GFI.
ek dföh eb plsalbfs. Aufbnh fjeatf f kf zhbf cebltfk eb lbnlvlnuhs sexufk-
rhsfnfs
aupukljhroes Jlcurf 4.:. Ohkkusauo ahbtfclhsuo
oebte fatlvhs, se ahbslnerf ubf lbjeaalñb ne trfbsolslñb sexufk. Eb afodlh,
4.4. Ebterhvlrus
kf fjeatfalñb cebltfk eb blöhs se sueke neder f futhlbhaukfalñb phr rfsafnh y
Prhnuaeb aufnrhs exfbteoætlahs lbespeaïstahs ahb crfb jreauebalf, espe-
Eb blöhs sfbhs, phneohs hptfr phr kf fdstebalñb terfpìutlaf, yf que se
alfkoebte khs vlrus Eamh 4.6). F veaes, esths exfbteEamh y Ahxsfaile Ahxsfaile (^fdkf 4.6). F ofs pueneb fpfreaer fahopföfnhs ne htrfs ofbljestfalhbes lbjeaalhsfs,
resuekve esphbtæbefoebte. Qlb eodfrch, fk stbfk se trftf ouamfs veaes
ahoh ubf perlafrnltls.
(nhbne se ahbslnerf ubf L^Q) e lboubhneprlolnhs sï que estæ reahoeb-
bh fk ahbtfath sexufk (OLT 6 föhs, se fnolblstrfræb 1 nhsls.
oenfn ne trfbsolslñb sexufk oæs jreauebte), tuohr ne Dusamie-Kúwebs-
Eb ahbnlalhbes ne rlesch. rlesch. ^fbth mhodres ahoh ougeres, nederæb
•
telb (ahbnlkhofs fauolbfnhs clcfbtes eb jhrof ne ahklfflhr) y behpkfslfs
vfaubfrse ahb 1 nhsls sl auopkeb fkcubf ne kfs ahbnlalhbes ne rlesch7 r lesch7
lbtrfeplteklfkes ne fkth crfnh.
mhodres que tlebeb rekfalhbes sexufkes ahb mhodres, ZLM, prhstltualñb, sïbnrhoe SMLO.
Ouamfs ne estfs k eslhbes nesfpfreaeb esphbtæbefoebte. Phneohs hptfr phr trftfolebth qulr÷rclah h oìnlah. Ek trftfolebth qulr÷rclah se dfsf eb
Prcubtfs OLT
kf nestruaalñb jïslaf ne kfs aìkukfs lbjeatfnfs phr ek vlrus (arlhterfplf, kæser, ekeatrhahfcukfalñb, esalslñb). Ek trftfolebth oìnlah puene ser nestruatlvh
OLT 40-46, >, >, ➞ OLT 6 TA7 >
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf 60
Lbjeaalhbes olañtlafs
Hrletfalñb OLT
^löfs bh lbfflfofthrlfs
^eof dreve eb ek que es sustalebte ahbhaer khs fspeaths jubnfoebtfkes ne afnf ebtlnfn. Mfy que stgfrse dleb eb kfs jhths ne khs nlstlbths tlphs ne tlöfs y bh hkvlnfr ebtlnfnes tfb jreauebtes ahoh ek lbtertrlch afbnlnlæslah y kf afbnlnlfsls ouahautæbef. ouahautæbef .
klahs h terdlbfstbf.
Bh prhnuaeb fkhpealf alaftrlalfk lrreversldke. Qe trftfb ahb nerlvfnhs fzñ
•
^löf nek auerh afdekkunh (tlbef afpltls h tlbef thbsurfbs). Prhplf ne kf lbjfbalf9 aursf ahoh pkfafs fkhpìalafs ahb pekhs rhths y nesafofalñb crlsæaef (OLT 60-66, 653). 653). Bh nede ahbjubnlrse ahb ubf neroftltls sedhrrelaf bl ubf pshrlfsls nek auerh afdekkunh.
1.6. Pltlrlfsls verslahkhr
^löf nek auerph (merpes alralbfnh h tlbef ahrphrls). Pkfaf ÷blaf h
•
o÷ktlpkes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs alralbfnfs (ahb khs dhrnes oæs fatlvhs y shdreekevfnhs) bhrofkoebte prurlclbhsfs (Jlcurf 1.4F). 1.4F). Areae
Qe trftf ne ubf lbjeaalñb arñblaf ne kf plek afusfnf phr nlversfs espe-
ne jhrof exaìbtrlaf.
ales ne kevfnurfs nek cìberh Ofkfssezlf, ebtre ekkfs O. ckhdhsf y O. jurjur . Fjeatf, shdre thnh, f
•
pfalebtes gñvebes (65-
^löf ne khs ples ( tlbef penls). Kf oæs jreauebte es ek ‛ple ne ftketf‟, ahb nesafofalñb eb khs espfalhs lbternlcltfkes. Htrf jhrof es kf fjeatfalñb pkfbtfr.
>5 föhs), slebnh rfrf
•
^löf lbañcblth. lbañcblth. ^löf trftfnf errñbefoebte ahb ahrtlahlnes que nlstauktf ek nlfcbñstlah fk ohnlstafr kf keslñb (Jlcurf 1.4D). 1.4D).
eb kf lbjfbalf y eb kf vegez. Qe rekfalhbf ahb
•
^löf lbculbfk (tlbef arurls h eaaeof ofrclbfnh ne medrf). medrf). Pkfafs erlteofthnesafoftlvfs ne dhrnes oæs fatlvhs (Jlcurf 1.4A). 1.4A).
ek afkhr, kf muoenfn y kf mlpersearealñb sedæ-
•
^löf ubcuefk. ubcuefk. Mlperquerfthsls sudubcuefk ahb hblañklsls, slb perlhblxls (Jlcurf blxls (Jlcurf 1.4N). 1.4N).
aef. Qe afrfaterlzf phr kf fpfrlalñb ne oæaukfs mlperarñolafs h mlpharñolafs que nesaf-
F
D
Jlcurf 1.6. Pltlrlfsls verslahkhr
ofb fk rfsafnh (slcbh ne kf uöfnf), sl kf lbjeaalñb estæ fatlvf. Quekeb fpfreaer eb kf reclñb aebtrhthræalaf y eb kf espfknf, es nealr, eb zhbfs sedhrrelafs (Jlcurf 1.6). 1.6). Kfs realnlvfs shb mfdltufkes, pese fk trftfolebth. t rftfolebth. Ek nlfcbñstlah es mfdltufkoebte akïblah. Pfrf ekkh slrveb ne fphyh7
Kuz ne Shhn. Shhn. Jkuhresaebalf fofrlkkh-fbfrfbgfnf.
Exfoeb ahb mlnrñxlnh phtæslah (IHM). (IHM) . Qe fprealfb stkfoebths y
•
•
A
N
ekeoebths renhbnhs (lofceb eb ‛espfcuetl y fkdñbnlcfs‟). Ek trftfolebth se kkevf f afdh ne jhrof tñplaf ahb fzhkes h sukjurh ne sekeblh y, eb afshs extebshs h eb lboubhneprlolnhs, se eopkef kf vïf hrfk. Ek nlfcbñstlah nljerebalfk lbakuye kf pltlrlfsls rhsfnf, kf pltlrlfsls fkdf y khs eaaeofs.
Jlcurf 1.4. ^löfs bh lbfflfofthrlfs. (F) (F) Merpes Merpes alralbfnh (tlbef ahrphrls). (D) ^löf (D) ^löf lbañcblth seaubnfrlf f trftfolebth ahb esterhlnes tñplahs. (A) ^löf lbculbfk (tlbef arurls). (N) ^löf ubcuefk
1.4. Nerofthstthsls h tlöfs
^löfs lbfflfofthrlfs
Kfs nerofthstthsls fjeatfb f kf plek y f kfs estruaturfs querftlblzfnfs ahoh pekhs y uöfs (bh kh mfaeb f kfs ouahsfs). Ek nlfcbñstlah se refklzf akïblafoebte y oenlfbte ek auktlvh, slebnh kf ffluhresaebalf ahb kf kuz ne Shhn
Quekeb nederse f mhbchs ne reservhrlh fblofk (zhhjïklahs). Qhb keslhbes
bhrofkoebte becftlvf. Ek nerofthstth oæs jreauebte, eb ceberfk, es ^rl-
ouy lbfflfofthrlfs que tlebneb f negfr fkhpealfs alaftrlalfkes. Qe trftfb ahb
amhpmythb rudruo.
fzñklahs h terdlbfstbf slstìolahs.
66
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
•
F
Vuerlhb ne Aeksh. Aeksh. Qe khafklzf eb ek auerh afdekkunh. Ahbslste eb ubf
D
pkfaf erlteoftheneofthsf y exunftlvf, ahb p÷stukfs. Fk egeraer preslñb, supurf pus f trfvìs ne khs jhkïaukhs (‛slcbh ne kf espuofnerf‟) (Jlcurf 1.1F). 1.1F).
•
Jfvus.. ^fodlìb fjeatf fk auerh afdekkunh. Aursf ahb p÷stukfs jhklJfvus aukfres que, fk seafrse, se neprloeb fnhptfbnh jhrof ne afzhketf (afzhketf jævlaf) (Jlcurf 1.1D). 1.1D). Phsterlhroebte, se audreb ne ahstrfs
Jlcurf 1.>. Afbnlnlfsls7 jhrofs akïblafs. (F) Afbnlnlfsls ubcuefk. (D) Erhslh lbternlcltfkls dkfstholaìtlaf
fofrlkkebtfs (esa÷tukfs). Ek fcebte etlhkñclah es ^rlamhpmythb samhebkelbll .
Taurnf ➞
Afsl ek 600% ne khs pfalebtes ahb ZLM pfneaeb oucuet f kh kfrch ne su ebjeroenfn.
Kf Jlcurf 1.5 1.5 reahce kf khafklzfalñb ne kfs nljerebtes jhrofs akïblafs ne afbnlnlfsls. 1< ·A
Jlcurf 1.1. ^löfs lbfflfofthrlfs. (F) Vuerlhb ne Aeksh. (D) (D) Jfvus Jfvus
•
Crfbukhof trlahjïtlah ne Ofghaaml. Ofghaaml. Fjeatf f plek ahb phahs jhkïaukhs Ebnhjtfkoltls
plkhshs. Es tïplah ne kfs plerbfs trfs kfs neplkfalhbes.
•
^löf ne kf dfrdf. dfrdf. Teauernf f ubf jhklaukltls, ahb p÷stukfs y bñnukhs erlteofthshs.
Jhklaukltls afbnlnlæslaf (UNZP)
Ckhsltls, kebcuf becrf vekkhsf Oucuet, perkeame, quelkltls
1.1. Afbnlnlfsls
Lbtertrlch afbnlnlæslah
Ek fcebte afusfk oæs aho÷b es Afbnlnf fkdlafbs. Bhrofkoebte, es sfprhsttf fubque, eb alertfs ahbnlalhbes, puene ahbvertlrse eb pftñcebf (lboubhnepreslñb, muoenfn, fbtldlhterfplf, eodfrfzh, fbtlahbaeptlvhs…).
Akïblaf Nestfafb kfs slculebtes jhrofs akïblafs7
•
Zukvhvfclbltls, dfkfbltls, fbltls
Lbtertrlch.. Pkfaf erlteofthsf eb khs pklecues autæbehs. Qhb tïplafs Lbtertrlch kfs stsurfs y kf ftrhstf eb ek jhbnh nek pklecue y kfs keslhbes sftìklte
•
perljìrlafs (pæpukfs y/h p÷stukfs). Fjeatfalñb ouahsf. ouahsf. Puene prhnualr aufnrhs ouy nlvershs ahoh
Erhslh lbternlcltfkls dkfstholaìtlaf
Hblxls prhxlofk ahb perlhblxls
vukvhvfclbltls, ckhsltls, quelkltls… Eb khs lboubhneprlolnhs y eb khs kfatfbtes es jreauebte ek oucuet hrfk, ahbslstebte eb pæpukfs dkfbquealbfs eb kf reclñb fbterlhr ne kf ouahsf hrfk. Eb ek afsh ne kf dfkfbltls afbnlnlæslaf, es afrfaterïstlaf kf presebalf ne erhslhbes pubtljhroes y p÷stukfs eb ek ckfbne y ek surah dfkfbhprepualfk. Qu fpfrlalñb es jreauebte trfs kf præatlaf ne rekfalhbes sexufkes h trfs kf
Jlcurf 1.5. Khafklzfalñb ne kfs nljerebtes jhrofs akï blafs ne afbnlnlfsls
thof ne fbtldlñtlahs hrfkes (OLT 61-6>, 463-LJ) 463-LJ).. •
Ubcuefk.. Pueneb fshalfr lbfflfofalñb perlubcuefk (perlhblxls) y fjeaUbcuefk
Nlfcbñstlah
tfalñb lblalfk prhxlofk, kh que kf nljerebalf ne kfs tlöfs ubcuefkes (Jlcurf 1.>F). 1.>F).
•
dkfstholaìtlaf. Fjeatf f khs pklecues lbternlErhslh lbternlcltfkls dkfstholaìtlaf.
Ek nlfcbñstlah ne kfs afbnlnlfsls es akïblah h se refklzf oenlfbte auktlvh. Ek
cltfkes ne kfs ofbhs phr ofaerfalñb arñblaf (muoenfn, kfvfnh jre-
olarhsahplh ñptlah revekf ubf ohrjhkhcïf afrfaterïstlaf.
auebte ne kfs ofbhs) (Jlcurf 1.>D). 1.>D).
•
Jhklaukltls afbnlnlæslaf. afbnlnlæslaf. Jreauebte eb merhlbñofbhs phr vïf pfrebfahopföfrse ne fjeatfalñb ahbnrhahstfk, ebnhjtfkoltls y ofkestfr
1.>. Esphrhtrlahsls
ceberfk h stedre.
Kf esphrhtrlahsls ( esphrhtrlahsls (OLT OLT 65-6:, 50-LJ) 50-LJ) estæ estæ prhnualnf phr Qphrhtmrlx sameba-
terfk. Fpfreaeb p÷stukfs eb ek auerh afdekkunh y eb kf dfrdf y pueneb
ill , ub mhbch que se ebauebtrf eb ofnerfs y vecetfkes ahb esplbfs (es
•
64
01.Lbjeaalhbes olañtlafs. NO
tïplah ek plbamfzh ahb ub rhsfk). ^rfs este plbamfzh, se prhnuae ub bñnukh
Jærofah
Z ïf
que se ukaerf. Ek mhbch se nlseolbf phr kf vïf klbjætlaf, fpfrealebnh ubf
Crlsehjukvlbf
Hrfk
Qñkh tl tlöfs (nerofthstths)
Dfrfth y securh eb blöhs ¡Bh audre Afbnlnf!
Lo ln ln fzñ fzñkk lah lahss
Hrf Hr fk y tñplaf
^löfs y Afbnlnf
Iethahbfzhk7 mepfthtñxlah. Fbtlfbnrhcìblah Jkuahbfzhk7 oæs ÷tlk eb afbnlnlfsls ouahsfs Htrhs7 ltrfahbfzhk, sertfahbfzhk…
^erdlbfstbf
Hrfk y tñplaf
Hrfk7 sñkh tlöfs ^ñplah7 Afbnlnf y tlöfs
Bh usfr jrebte f Afbnlnf vïf hrfk
klbjfbcltls (ubf afnebf ne bñnukhs f kh kfrch nek trfyeath ne khs vfshs klbjætlahs). Eb lboubhneprlolnhs, puene prhnualr aufnrhs oæs crfves. Qe trftf ahb lolnfzhkes (ltrfahbfzhk), terdlbfstbf h yhnurh phtæslah.
1.5. ^rftfolebth ne kfs olahsls autæbefs
Espeatrh
Ahoebtfrlh
^fdkf 1.6. Fbtlj÷bclahs ne ush jreauebte Kfs olahsls pueneb trftfrse phr vïf tñplaf t ñplaf h slstìolaf. Qe prestere ek trftftrft folebth slstìolah eb afsh ne7
Keslhbes buoerhsfs.
Fjeatfalñb ubcuefk h nek auerh afdekkunh.
^löfs lbfflfofthrlfs.
•
•
•
Prcubtfs OLT OLT 65-6:, 50-LJ 50-LJ OLT 61-6>, 463-LJ 463-LJ ➞ OLT 60-66, 653 ➞ ➞
Khs jærofahs fbtlj÷bclahs oæs eopkefnhs shb khs que fpfreaeb resuolnhs eb kf ^fdkf 1.6. 1.6.
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Kf pltlrlfsls verslahkhr fpfreae eb plekes crfsfs, prhnualebnh nesafofalñb y fkterfbnh ek ahkhr ne kf plek.
✞
Kf tlbef ahrphrls prhnuae tïplafoebte keslhbes alralbfnfs alraukfres (ne
nedeb ahbjubnlr, puesth que sl se trftf ubf tlöf ahb ahrtlahlnes, eopehrfræ. ✞
Ub lbtertrlch ahb p÷stukfs sftìklte nede mfaer pebsfr eb Afbnlnf.
✞
Fbte ub plbamfzh ahb ub rhsfk, mfy que pebsfr eb ubf phsldke esph-
fmï ek bhodre ne ‛merpes alralbfnh‟). ✞
Kf tlöf y ek eaaeof pueneb pfreaerse (prurlth, nesafofalñb…). Bh se
rhtrlahsls.
Afss Akïblas Pfalebte vfrñb ne 61 föhs que faune f ahbsuktf phr presebtfr, nesne
Oenlalbf Lbterbf lbnlaf kf vfkhrfalñb ne keslhbes autæbefs eb pf-
mfae 4 seofbfs, keslñb autæbef esafsfoebte prurlclbhsf eb fbte-
alebte ouger ne 3= föhs, hdesf y nlfdìtlaf, lbcresfnf phr aufnrh ne
drfzh nereamh. F kf lbspeaalñb, presebtf pkfaf erlteofthsf y nesaf-
drhbahbeuohbïf. F kf expkhrfalñb jïslaf, kf pfalebte presebtf pkfafs
oftlvf, ne ohrjhkhcïf alraukfr, ahb dhrne erlteofthsh oæs lbtebsh
erlteofthsfs eb fodhs pklecues sudofofrlhs e lbculbfkes. Nlamfs
que kf zhbf aebtrfk ne kf keslñb y ahb fkcubfs p÷stukfs. Kf ofnre nek
pkfafs presebtfb ub fspeath ofaerfnh, se ebauebtrfb stsurfnfs f
pfalebte restere que mfae ub oes ke recfkfrhb ubf ahdfyf phr su auo-
blvek nek jhbnh ne khs pklecues, y presebtfb pæpukfs y p÷stukfs sfkpl-
pkeföhs. Lbnlque auæk es kf hpalñb oæs fneaufnf pfrf ek ofbegh ne
afnfs eb khs dhrnes. Tespeath f kf pfthkhcïf que pfneae kf pfalebte,
este pfalebte7
seöfke kf hpalñb lbahrreatf7
6) Kkevf phah tleoph ne evhkualñb, kh oæs lbnlafnh serïf thofr ouestrf
6) Es ubf olahsls superstalfk prhnualnf prhnualnf phr mhbchs nerofthstths. nerofthstths.
pfrf auktlvh y trftfr ahb ahrtlahlne tñplah nurfbte ubf seofbf y vfkhrfr
4) Qeræ reahoebnfdke trftfr ahb fbtlj÷bclah y ofbteber seaf kf zhbf.
evhkualñb.
1) Ek pftñcebh resphbsfdke nek nek aufnrh es ub ahoebsfk jreauebte jreauebte nek tudh
4) ^rftfolebth ahb ahb ubf ahodlbfalñb ne ahrtlahlne y fbtldlñtlah tñplahs.
nlcestlvh.
1) ^hofr ouestrf ouestrf pfrf auktlvh e lblalfr trftfolebth ahb terdlbfstbf tñplaf.
>) Ceberfkoebte, ek pftñcebh resphbsfdke nek aufnrh bh jhrof pfrte ne kf
>) ^hofr ouestrf ouestrf pfrf auktlvh e lblalfr trftfolebth ahb ltrfahbfzhk hrfk.
olarhdlhtf autæbef.
TA7 1
TA7 6
Teaurs s s ne kfkf fsl fslcbft cbfturf urf 61
Lbjeaalhbes dfaterlfbfs
Lopìtlch
Hrletfalñb OLT
Ek lopìtlch es ubf lbjeaalñb superstalfk ouy ahbtfclhsf, slb reperauslñb slstìolaf y ne etlhkhcïf bhrofkoebte olxtf, prhnualnf phr ahahs crfophsltlvhs (estrepthahahs y estfstkhahahs). Akæslafoebte, se faeptfdf que ek afusfbte oæs jreauebte erf Qtrepthahaaus pyhcebes pyhcebes, fubque fatufkoebte se seöfkf que prenholbf Qtfpmykhahaaus fureus.
Ahoh eb teofs fbterlhres, es beaesfrlh lbslstlr eb kh oæs tïplah ne afnf aufnrh. Mfy que prestfr espealfk ftebalñb f kf aekukltls y kf mlnrfnebltls supurftlvf.
>.6. Plhneroltls.
Kf jhrof oæs tïplaf es ek lopìtlch ahbtfclhsh (Jlcurf >.6), >.6), que se afrfaterlzf phr ahstrfs ahkhr olek (oeklaìrlafs), que fpfreaeb bhrofkoebte eb kf afrf y eb htrfs zhbfs expuestfs (OLT 65-6:, 653) 653). Es tïplah ne
Htrfs lbjeaalhbes ahoubes Kfs lbjeaalhbes prhnualnfs eb khs fbeghs autæbehs suekeb estfr afusfnfs phr
blöhs. Ubf teoldke ahopklafalñb, fubque lbjreauebte, es kf ckhoerukhbejrltls phstestrepthañalaf. Kf stedre reuoætlaf, phr ek ahbtrfrlh, bh pfreae cufrnfr rekfalñb ahb lbjeaalhbes estrepthañalafs autæbefs, slbh ÷blafoebte Jlcurf >.6. Lopìtlch ahbtfclhsh ahb lbjeaalhbes jfrïbcefs. Exlste htrf jhrof oebhs mfdltufk kkfofnf lopìtlch fophkkhsh, ne hrlceb exakuslvfoebte estfstkhañalah9 aursf aursf ahb kf fpfrlalñb ne fophkkfs y ne erhslhbes eb kf plek fjeatf, ahbseauebalf ne kfs thxlbfs eplnerohkïtlafs que phseeb estfs dfaterlfs.
Qtfpmykhahaaus Qtfpmy khahaaus fureus. Eb afodlh, kfs que fjeatfb sñkh f kf nerols se nedeb
ahb jreauebalf f estrepthahahs. Nesne mfae nìafnfs exlste ub fuoebth ne lbalnebalf ne Qtfpmy Qtfpmykhahaaus khahaaus fureus reslstebte f oetlalklbf (QFTO) ahoh dfaterlf prhnuathrf ne lbjeaalhbes bhshaholfkes. ^fodlìb afde nestfafr ek pfpek nek QFTO ne fnqulslalñb ahoubltfrlf ahoh pftñcebh eoercebte prhnuathr ne lbjeaalhbes ne plek y pfrtes dkfbnfs eb pfïses lbnustrlfklzfnhs. Lopìtlch ahbtfclhsh
Estfstkhahah 2 estrepthahah. Ahstrfs oeklaìrlafs. Qlb akïblaf slstìolaf. Ckhoerukhbejrltls, bh ebnhafrnltls
Lopìtlch fophkkhsh
Qñkh estfstkhahah. Fophkkfs, erhslhbes
Erlslpekf
Estrepthahah. Pkfaf dleb nestblnf. Akïblaf slstìolaf
Aekukltls
Estrepthahah. Pkfaf ofk nestblnf. Akïblaf slstìolaf
Jfsaltls bearhtlzfbte Erlslpekhlne Erltrfsof
Lbjeaalhbes fbexlfkes
Crfophsltlvhs, fbferhdlhs y dfalkhs crfobecftlvhs. Crfophsltlvhs, Jhrofalñb ne extebsfs ærefs vlhkæaefs y ffllatebfs
Khs lopìtlchs se trftfb ahb ub fbtldlñtlah tñplah (ouplrhalbf (ouplrhalbf h æalnh jusïnlah) u hrfk sl kfs keslhbes shb buoerhsfs buoerhsfs..
meohrræclafs. Akïblaf slstìolaf. Ofk estfnh ceberfk Eryslpekhtmrlx rmuslhpftmlfe. Esplbf ne pesafnh. Peblalklbf
Erlslpekf
Ahrybedfaterluo olbutlsslouo. Pklecues, hdeshs, nlfdìtlahs.
Mfdltufkoebte estfstkhahah
Qïbnrhoe estfstkhañalah ne kf plek esafknfnf
Lbjeaalñb HTK h v ïfs fìrefs. Auktlvh autæbeh becftlvh. Blihksiy. Akhxfalklbf
Qïbnrhoe nek smhai tñxlah tñxlah estfstkhañalah
Qmhai + + exfbteof + nesafofalñb pfkohpkfbtfr
Nerofthsls phr Pseunhohbfs
Kf afusf oæs jreauebte ne erlslpekf es ek estrepthahah nek cruph F. Ahbslste eb ubf lbjeaalñb ne kf pfrte superstalfk ne kf nerols. Qe ofblstestf ahoh ubf pkfaf erlteofthsf, dleb nestblnf, drlkkfbte y nhkhrhsf f kf preslñb, mfdltufkoebte eb kf afrf h eb Jlcurf >.4. Erlslpekf kfs plerbfs (es tïplaf ne ougeres ne oenlfbf enfn, ahb lbsustalebalf vebhsf arñblaf) (Jlcurf >.4). >.4). Prhnuae ofkestfr ceberfk, stedre y keuahalthsls keuahalthsls..
Kuz ne Shhn rhgh ahrfk. Erltrholalbf
Qhdrelbjeaalñb ne queofnurfs Qhdrelbjeaalñb nek ahrnñb uodlklafk Jhklaukltls ne kfs plsalbfs h nek fcuf afklebte Qïbnrhoe ne kfs uöfs vernes Eatlof cfbcrebhsh
Aekukltls
Afrfaterïstlafss ne kfs plhneroltls y htrfs lbjeaalhbes ^fdkf >.6. Afrfaterïstlaf dfaterlfbfs ahoubes
Qe trftf ne ubf lbjeaalñb ne kf nerols prhjubnf y nek teglnh sudautæbeh, afusfnf bhrofkoebte phr estrepthahahs. Aursf ahb pkfafs erlteofthsfs ofk nestblnfs (phr ser oæs prhjubnf que kf erlslpekf), nhkhrhsfs y afklebtes (Jlcurf
Eb kf ^fdkf >.6 se >.6 se ouestrfb kfs afrfaterïstlafs ne kfs lbjeaalhbes dfaterlfbfs oæs jreauebtes.
6>
0>. Lbjeaalhbes dfaterlfbfs. NO
>.1). Nede lbvestlcfrse ubf >.1). puertf ne ebtrfnf (shkualñb ne ahbtlbulnfn h tlbef penïs). ^fbth kf erlslpekf ahoh kf aekukltls se trftfb ahb fbtldlñtlahs slstìolahs jrebte f khs crfophsltlvhs, ahoh phr egeopkh kf peblalklbf.
Taurnf ➞
Bh se nede ahbjubnlr kf erlslpekf ahb ek erlteof erlslpekhlne, que ahbslste eb ubf ofbljestfalñb nerofthkñclaf ne kf stedre oenlterræbef jfolklfr, y fpfreae tfodlìb eb oleodrhs lbjerlhres.
Jlcurf >.1. Aekukltls ahb ubf evlnebte puertf ne ebtrfnf
Erltrfsof Jfsaltls bearhtlzfbte Es ubf lbjeaalñb phr ub crfophsltlvh, Ahrybedfaterluo olbutlsslouo. Qe trftf ne pkfafs erlteofthsfs eb crfbnes pklecues, eb espealfk eb kfs lbckes. Es oæs jreauebte eb hdeshs y eb nlfdìtlahs. Qe nljerebalf ne kfs tlöfs lbculbfkes eb que ek erltrfsof tlebe ffluhresaebalf ne ahkhr rhgh ahrfk ahb kf kuz ne Shhn. Ek trftfolebth es kf erltrholalbf.
Qe trftf ne ub aufnrh extreofnfoebte crfve eb ek que fahbteae ubf bearhsls ræplnfoebte prhcreslvf ne kf crfsf sudautæbef y kf jfsalf ahb phsterlhr bearhsls ne kf plek suprfyfaebte suprfyfaebte.. Es oæs jreauebte eb pfalebtes fbalfbhs, nlfdìtlahs, fkahmñklahs, ahb lbsustalebalf afrnïfaf h ebjeroenfn vfsaukfr perljìrlaf. Kf khafklzfalñb oæs mfdltufk shb kfs extreolnfnes extreolnfnes.. Eb kf ofyhrïf ne khs afshs, se trftf ne ubf lbjeaalñb olxtf (dfaterlfs ferhdlfs y fbferhdlfs), y sñkh ub 60% estæ afusfnh phr estrepthahahs nek cruph F. Aholebzf ahoh ubf aekukltls ræplnfoebte prhcreslvf que bh resphbne f fbtldlñtlah fbtldlñtlah.. F kfs 1: mhrfs, yf fpfreae ubf ahkhrfalñb crls-fzukfnf afrfaterïstlaf. Puene fshalfr fophkkfs vlhkæaefs h meohrræclafs (Jlcurf >.>). >.>). Ahbjhroe
Taurnf ➞
Teckf obeohtìablaf7 ek ETL^Tfsof se ve ne ahkhr rhgh (ETL^TH) f kf kuz ne Shhn y resphbne f ETL^Tholalbf.
>.4. Lbjeaalhbes ne khs fbeghs
ek aufnrh fvfbzf, fpfreaeb exunfnh ofkhklebte, lbnurfalñb ne khs teglnhs sudautæJlcurf >.>. Jfsaltls bearhtlzfbte ahb behs (ahbslstebalf ‛keöhsf‟), jhrofalñb ne extebsfs ærefs vlhkæaefs fbesteslf (nestruaalñb ne khs y ffllatebfs meohrræclafs meohrræclafs bervlhs autæbehs que lbnlaf fjeatfalñb prhjubnf) y smhai . Eb aufbth fk fdhrnfge terfpìutlah, terfpìutlah, kf oenlnf oæs lophrtfbte es kf expkhrfalñb qulr÷rclaf y kf jfsalhthoïf preahz. Qe nede lbstfurfr fbtldlhterfplf ne fopklh espeatrh jrebte f crfophsltlvhs, fbferhdlhs y dfalkhs crfobecftlvhs (p. eg., plperfalklbf-tfzhdfatfo).
Jhklaukltls Lbjeaalñb e lbfflfofalñb ne ubh h vfrlhs jhkïaukhs plkhshs afusfnf shdre thnh phr estfstkhahahs. Qe afrfaterlzf phr p÷stukfs ahb nlstrldualñb jhklaukfr. Kfs ofkf mlclebe y kfs neplkfalhbes shb jfathres prenlsphbebtes. Kfs jhrofs keves se trftfb tñplafoebte (fbtlsìptlahs, ouplrhalbf, æalnh jusïnlah), y kfs crfves slstìolafoebte (fohxlalklbf akfvukæblah, aklbnfolalbf u htrh ). Ub tlph espealfk ne estf lbjeaalñb es kf jhklaukltls nek dföh afklebte h ne kfs plsalbfs, afusfnf phr Pseunhohbfs feruclbhsf, y que bhrofkoebte bh requlere trftfolebth (se futhkloltf).
Jhr÷baukhs
Taurnf ➞ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ahoprebne thnf kf ublnfn
Plstfs pfrf nljerebalfr kf jfsaltls bearhtlzfbte ne ubf aekukltls7 Nhkhr lbtebsh. Tæplnf prhcreslñb. Ærefs fzuk-crlsæaefs fzuk-crlsæaefs.. Fophkkfs meohrræclafs meohrræclafs.. Exunfalñb ofkhklebte ofkhklebte.. Fbesteslf y ahbslstebalf ‛keöhsf‟. Fuoebth ne API.
jhklaukhckfbnukfr (Jlcurf >.:). >.:). Aufbnh se khafklzf eb kf afrf, exlste peklcrh ne que kf lbjeaalñb fjeate f estruaturfs Jlcurf >.:. Jhr÷baukh oebïbcefs, eb espealfk eb ek trlæbcukh bfshceblfbh kfdlfk (‛trlæbcukh ne kf ouerte‟ ne Jlkfthv). Bh se nedeb ofblpukfr estfs keslhbes.
Erlslpekhlne
Æbtrfx
Ahbslste eb ubf pkfaf erlteofthsf eb ek nhrsh ne kf ofbh, que sueke neteberse fk kkecfr f kf ouöeaf (Jlcurf >.5). >.5). Es ubf ebjeroenfn prhplf ne cfbfnerhs, oftfrljes h prhnualnf fk akfvfrse kf esplbf ne ub pesafnh. Ek fcebte etlhkñclah es ub crfophsltlvh, Eryslpekhtmrlx rmuslhpftmlfe. Qe trftf ahb peblalklbf.
Ek æbtrfx fjeatf f vfrlhs jhr÷baukhs vealbhs. Akïblafoebte se fprealf ubf pkfaf erlteofthsf ffluatufbte que fcrupf vfrlhs pubths ne supurfalñb, ahb fjeatfalñb nek estfnh ceberfk. Khs jhr÷baukhs jfalfkes y khs æbtrfx requlereb bhrofkoebte trftfolebth slstìolah jrebte f estfstkhahahs estfstkhahahs..
Taurnf ➞
Bh se nede ahbjubnlr ek æbtrfx ahb ek afrdubah, lbjeaalñb lbjeaalñb phr Dfalkkus fbtmrfals, que es ubf ÷kaerf bearñtlaf ahb eneof nurh fkrenenhr.
Jlcurf >.5. Erlslpekhlne eb kf ofbh ne ub afrblaerh
65
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Qïbnrhoe estfstkhañalah ne kf plek esafknfnf h ebjeroenfn ne Zhb Tlttersmflb
f kf vltrhpreslñb, arñblaf y prhcreslvf, sltufnf bhrofkoebte eb kf afrf (prefurlaukfr). Kf mlsthkhcïf ouestrf crfbukhofs tuderaukhlnes. Exlsteb ouamfs htrfs ofbljestfalhbes ahoh kf esarh- Jlcurf >.3. Kupus vukcfr jukhnerolf (fdsaesh que ststuklzf), tuderaukhsls tuderaukhsls verruahsf h ek amfbarh tuderaukhsh tuderaukhsh..
Afusfnh phr Qtfpmykhahaaus fureus jfch 36, que prhnuae ubf thxlbf eplnerohkïtlaf. Es ub aufnrh tïplah ne kf lbjfbalf eb ek que, ahlbalnlebnh ahlbalnlebnh ahb ubf lbjeaalñb estfstkhañalaf (HTK, vïfs resplrfthrlfs), fpfreae ubf erltrhner erltrhner-olf que evhkualhbf mfalf ub nespecfolebth ceberfklzfnh ne kf eplnerols ahb slcbh ne Blihksiy. Ek fspeath es slolkfr fk ne ubf esafknfnurf. Mlsthkñclafoebte, ek nespecfolebth nespecfolebth es f blvek ne kf crfbukhsf. Ek estfstkhahah bh se puene auktlvfr f pfrtlr ne kfs keslhbes autæbefs, phrque es ubf ebjeroenfn phr thxlbfs que alraukfb phr kf sfbcre. Ek trftfolebth trftfolebth ahbslste eb fnolblstrfr akhxfalklbf.
Htrfs olahdfaterlfs que tfodlìb tlebeb lbterìs nerofthkñclah shb7 Oyahdfaterluo ofrlbuo. Afusf ek crfbukhof ne kfs plsalbfs h ne khs faufrlhs (Jlcurf >.=). >.=). Qe trftf ne ub bñnukh crfbukhofthsh eb ofbhs h eb ples. Oyahdfaterluo jhrtultuo y Oyahdfaterluo amekhbfe. Eb rekfalñb ahb kf neplkfalñb, pueneb prhnualr bñnukhs ukaerfnhs. Es ubf jhrof jreauebte ne olahdfaterlhsls ftïplaf eb buestrh Jlcurf >.=. Crfbukhof ne kfs plsalbfs eb •
Qïbnrhoe nek smhai tñxlah tñxlah estfstkhañalah
•
Este sïbnrhoe se nede f Qtfpmykh ahaaus fureus prhnuathr ne exhthxlbf A (^QQ^-L) y ebterhthxlbf J. Qe afrfaterlzf phr stedre e mlphtebslñb, fjeatfalñb jubalhbfk ne fk oebhs tres ñrcfbhs h slsteofs ( smhai smhai )9 )9 ub exfbteof esafrkftlbljhroe y nesafofalñb pfkohpkfbtfr f kfs 4 seofbfs nek lblalh ne kf erupalñb. Ek aufnrh se rekfalhbñ mfae föhs ahb ek ush ne tfophbes superfdshrdebtes9 fmhrf, eb oæs nek >0% ne khs afshs, bh se vlbaukf ahb kf oebstrufalñb. Ek trftfolebth ahbslste eb reohbtfr ek smhai , eklolbfr kf juebte ne lbjeaalñb y fnolblstrfr khs fbtldlñtlahs fneaufnhs.
oenlh.
Lbjeaalhbes phr Pseunhohbfs
Taurnf
F blvek autæbeh, Pseunhohbfs puene prhnualr nlvershs aufnrhs, ahoh kf shdrelbjeaalñb ne queofnurfs, ek sïbnrhoe ne kfs uöfs vernes, kfs lbjeaalhbes uodlklafkes nek realìb bfalnh (tïplah exunfnh vernhsh) y kf jhklaukltls ne kfs plsalbfs. Eb ek pfalebte lboubhneprlolnh, shdre thnh eb beutrhpìblahs, es afrfaterïstlah ek eatlof cfbcrebhsh, que se presebtf ahoh ÷kaerfs bearñtlafs fkrenenhr ne kfs aufkes mfy erlteof y eneof.
➞
Bh se nede ahbjubnlr kupus vukcfr (tuderaukhsls) ahb kupus perblh, ofbljestfalñb ne kf sfrahlnhsls (vìfse Afpïtukh 6=).
>.>. Keprf
Kf ^fdkf >.4 hjreae >.4 hjreae ub dreve resuoeb ne kfs lbjeaalhbes autæbefs oæs jreauebtes. Kucfr Nerols (estrepthahah)
Fbeghs (estfstkhahah)
Lbjeaalñb
Kf keprf es ubf ebjeroenfn arñblaf afusfnf phr Oyahdfaterluo keprfe (dfalkh ne Mfbseb), ub dfalkh æalnh-fkahmhk reslstebte. Mlsthkñclafoebte, es afrfaterïstlah ebahbtrfrkh eb ek lbterlhr ne khs ofarñjfchs, fcrupfnhs eb jhrofalhbes kkfofnfs ckhdl . Fjeatf, shdre thnh, f kf plek y fk slsteof
Ahoebtfrlhs
Lopìtlch
Ahstrfs oeklaìrlafs. Blöhs. Aulnfnh7 ckhoerukhbejrltls
Erlslpekf
Pkfaf erlteofthsf, drlkkfbte y nhkhrhsf f kf preslñb
Aekukltls
Dhrnes pehr nestblnhs que eb erlslpekf
Jfsaltls bearhtlzfbte
Aekukltls ræplnfoebte prhcreslvf que bh resphbne f fbtldlñtlah. Ahkhrfalñb crls-fzukfnf, fophkkfs vlhkæaefs h meohrræclafs
Jhklaukltls
Quperstalfk. Ql Ql ‛d ‛dföh af afklebte‟,
bervlhsh perljìrlah. perljìrlah. Pfrf su trfbsolslñb, prealsf ub ahbtfath ïbtloh y nurfnerh, perh se nesahbhae ek oeafblsoh. Nepebnlebnh ne kf lboublnfn aekukfr, se nlstlbcueb nhs jhrofs akïblafs prlbalpfkes7 Keprf tuderaukhlne. tuderaukhlne. Qe trfnuae eb ubf duebf respuestf lboubltfrlf jrebte fk dfalkh. Fpfreaeb pkfafs mlpharñolafs, ahb dhrnes ouy dleb nestblnhs, ekevfnhs y ne ohrjhkhcïf frrhsfrlfnf (Jlcurf >...60). >.60). Kfs outlkfalhbes y kfs nejhrolnfnes shb ahbseauebalf ne khs trfsthrbhs trñstahs y beurhkñclahs. Keprf dhrnerklbe h nlohrjf. nlohrjf. Jhrofs akïblafs lbestfdkes eb kfs que es phsldke ver afrfaterïstlafs akïblafs ne fodfs jhrofs phkfres. •
Pseunhohbfs
Jhr hr÷b ÷bau aukkhs
Ql eb af afrf rf,, pu puen ene e kk kkec ecfr fr f oe oeb blb lbce cess. ¡Bh ofblpukfr!
Æbtrfx
Zfrlhs jhr÷baukhs ublnhs. Bh ahbjubnlr ahb afrdubah
prhpletfrlh ne faufrlh
•
^fdkf >.4. Lbjeaalhbes autæbefs oæs jreauebtes
>.1. ^uderaukhsls autæbef Kf jhrof oæs jreauebte ne tuderaukhsls autæbef es ek kupus vukcfr (Jlcurf >.3).. Qe vlsufklzf ubf pkfaf fofrlkkebtf ahb ahkhr ne ‛gfkef ne ofbzfbf‟ >.3)
•
6:
0>. Lbjeaalhbes dfaterlfbfs. NO
Ek nlfcbñstlah ne kf keprf se mfae oenlfbte dfalkhsahplf ne ubf ouestrf ne teglnh, yf que ek dfalkh ne Mfbseb bh se puene auktlvfr. Kf lbtrfnerohrrefaalñb ahb keprholbf olne kf respuestf lboubltfrlf aekukfr jrebte f dfalkhs ouerths. Bh es nlfcbñstlaf, sñkh etlquetf kf jhrof akïblaf, slebnh phsltlvf eb kf tuderaukhlne (duebf lboublnfn) y becftlvf eb kf keprhofthsf (ofkf lboublnfn). Kf keaturf se refklzf f khs 46 nïfs (refaalñb ne Oltsunf). Exlsteb jfkshs phsltlvhs eb pfalebtes ahb tuderaukhsls h vfaubfnhs ne DAC. Fk ser ubf ebjeroenfn arñblaf, kf keprf prealsf trftfolebths prhkhbcfnhs7 Keprf pfualdfalkfr. pfualdfalkfr. Qukjhbf fshalfnf f rljfoplalbf nurfbte : oeses. Keprf ouktldfalkfr. ouktldfalkfr. Qukjhbf fshalfnf f rljfoplalbf oæs akhjfzlolbf, nurfbte 4 föhs. •
•
Jlcurf >..60. Keprf keprhofthsf
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Kfs ahstrfs oeklaìrlafs shb tïplafs nek lopìtlch ahbtfclhsh. ahbtfclhsh.
✞
Ek fbteaenebte ne ‛tfopñb superfdshrdebte‟ nede fshalfrse fk sïbnrhoe nek smhai tñxlah tñxlah estfstkhañalah estfstkhañalah..
✞
Ek lopìtlch ahbtfclhsh puene prhnualr ckhoerukhbejrltls ckhoerukhbejrltls ahoh ahopklafalñb.
✞
Kf jhrof oæs jreauebte ne tuderaukhsls autæbef es ek kupus vukcfr, vukcfr, tïplafoebte nesarlth ahoh ‛gfkef ne ofbzfbf‟ f kf vltrhpreslñb.
Ek erlslpekhlne es tïplah ne afrblaerhs h trfs akfvfrse ubf esplbf ne pesafnh.
✞
Kfs oæaukfs mlpharñolafs fbestìslafs nedeb mfaer pebsfr eb kf keprf.
✞
✞
Kfs lbjeaalhbes fbexlfkes suekeb nederse f Q. fureus.
Afss Akïblas Ubf pfalebte ouger ne 54 föhs, klbjfnebeatholzfnf klbjfnebeatholzfnf phr ub fnebhafr fnebhafr-albhof ne kf ofof lzqulernf, faune f Urcebalfs phr presebtfr, nesne mfae >= mhrfs, tuoejfaalñb y ebrhgealolebth eb ek drfzh lzqulernh. Fshalf jedrïaukf ne 13,= A. Ne khs slculebtes ebubalfnhs faeraf nek aufnrh akïblah que pfneae kf pfalebte, seöfkfr kf respuestf lbahrreatf7
>) Ek aufnrh sueke fpfreaer eb pfalebtes pfalebtes ahb ubf puertf ne ebtrfnf (plaf(plafnurf ne frtrñphnh, tlöf lbternlcltfk). TA7 6
6) Tequerlræ trftfolebth trftfolebth fbtldlñtlah hrfk h lbtrfvebhsh lbtrfvebhsh ahb fohxlalklbf-æalnh akfvukæblah, peblalklbf h ubf aejfkhsphrlbf.
Ub pfalebte vfrñb ne := föhs, föh s, nlfdìtlah, faune f Urcebalfs phr ub aufnrh ne tuoejfaalñb, ebrhgealolebth e lbtebsh nhkhr eb kf plerbf nereamf ne oebhs ne 4> mhrfs ne evhkualñb. Qe ebauebtrf eb trftfolebth
4) Kf fkterfalñb nek nrebfge nrebfge klbjætlah es ub jfathr akfve eb kf pfthcìbesls pfthcìbesls nek aufnrh. 1) Ek fcebte afusfk afusfk oæs jreauebte jreauebte es Qtfpmykhahaaus fureus fureus.
ahb akhxfalklbf. F kf expkhrfalñb presebtf extebsfs ærefs fzuk-crlsæaefs, fophkkfs meohrræclafs y exunfnh ofkhklebte eb kf plerbf fjeatf. Qeöfke kf oenlnf oæs lophrtfbte ne afrf fk ofbegh ne este pfalebte7
63
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
6) ^hof ^hof ne ouestrf pfrf auktlvh dfaterlfbh y afodlh ne fbtldlñtlah fbtldlñtlah f ubh ne fopklh espeatrh. 4) Extrfer meohauktlvhs meohauktlvhs y vlclkfbalf ne ahbstfbtes vltfkes. vltfkes. 1) Fvlsfr fk alrugfbh ne cufrnlf pfrf vfkhrfr vfkhrfr jfsalhthoïf urcebte. urcebte.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
>) Tefklzfr ubf pruedf ne lofceb pfrf vfkhrfr kf extebslñb eb prhjubnlnfn. TA7 1
6=
Whhbhsls y pfrfslthsls
Hrletfalñb OLT
•
Qfrbf bhruecf. bhruecf. Es tïplaf ne sugeths lboubhneprlolnhs y ne enfn fvfbzfnf9 presebtfb mlper-
Este teof mfstf fmhrf bh se mf precubtfnh, phr kh que mfy que slbtetlzfr fk oæxloh. Dfstf ubf keaturf y estunlfr ÷blafoebte kfs Lnefs akfve.. akfve
querfthsls ceberfklzfnf y ahstrfs. Prhnuae phah prurlth perh es ouy ahbtfclhsf, phrque exlsteb ouamhs æafrhs.
5.6. Dhtñb ne hrlebte
•
Qfrbf ‛bhnukfr‟. ‛bhnukfr‟. Perslstebalf ne bñnukhs prurlclbhshs, pese fk
h kelsmofblfsls autæbef
trftfolebth9 ek prurlth se nede f ub jebñoebh ne mlpersebsldlklnfn jrebte fk æafrh, yf ouerth. Qe trftf ahb ahrtlahlnes.
Etlhkhcïf y akïblaf
^rftfolebth
Qu fcebte etlhkñclah oæs jreauebte eb
•
ek oubnh es Kelsmofblf trhplaf9 eb buestrh oenlh, Kelsmofblf nhbhvfbl
ahbtfath muofbh. Khs fblofkes bh trfbsolteb kf esafdlhsls.
•
nek prhthzhh shb khs perrhs y ek mhoqulth Pmkedhthous. Es oæs mfdltufk eb
Oenlnfs ceberfkes7 es ceberfkes7 es esebalfk ubf fneaufnf mlclebe, kfvfr kf rhpf y sædfbfs f ofs ne >5·, refklzfr trftfolebth eb ahbvlvlebtes y evltfr
y Kelsmofblf lbjfbtuo. Ek reservhrlh dre, y se trfbsolte oenlfbte ek ohs-
Jlcurf 5.4. Esafdlhsls. Qurah fafrlbh
Peroetrlbf eb areof fk 5%. 5%. Es ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb. Phah tñxlaf, puene usfrse eb blöhs y eb cestfbtes. Tequlere nhs fpklafalhbes ne dfrdlkkf f thdlkkhs sepfrfnfs phr 3 nïfs. Ek ejeath seaubnfrlh
Jlcurf 5.6. Kelsmofblfsls autæbef h dhtñb ne hrlebte
blöhs. Kf plafnurf prhnuae ubf pæpukf
ofs jreauebte es kf lrrltfalñb autæbef (eaaeofs ne ahbtfath).
•
Lveroeatlbf hrfk. hrfk. Qe eopkef eb afshs ne drhtes eplnolhkñclahs, relb-
h bñnukh que eb seofbfs se ukaerf y jhrof ubf ahstrf, kh que prhvhaf ubf
jestfalhbes e lrrltfalñb autæbef seaubnfrlf f peroetrlbf. Qe eopkefb
alaftrlz. Ek kucfr tïplah ne fpfrlalñb shb kfs zhbfs expuestfs fk ohsqulth,
nhs nhsls sepfrfnfs phr 3 nïfs.
shdre thnh kf afrf (Jlcurf 5.6). 5.6).
^rftfolebth Ek trftfolebth se kkevf f afdh ahb fbtlohblfkes lbtrfkeslhbfkes (ckuahbfth
Taurnf ➞
Teckf obeohtìablaf7 kf PETOE^rlbf estæ PETOL^LNF eb eodfrfzfnfs y blöhs.
ne fbtlohblh). Pueneb ser ÷tlkes ek ltrfahbfzhk y kf arlhterfplf, y eb pfalebtes lboubhsuprlolnhs kf fbjhterlalbf D klphshofk.
5.4. Esafdlhsls
5.1. Penlaukhsls Kf oæs jreauebte ne thnfs es kf penlaukhsls afpltls. Htrfs shb kf penlaukhsls
Kf esafdlhsls estæ hafslhbfnf phr ek æafrh Qfrahptes safdlel y su lbalnebalf y prevfkebalf es fktf eb buestrh oenlh.
ahrphrls y kf penlaukhsls pudls. Qu sïbthof jubnfoebtfk es ek prurlth. Eb kf
penlaukhsls pudls shb tïplafs ubfs oæaukfs pfrnuzafs eb kf rhpf lbterlhr y shdre kf plek, que se nebholbfb oæaukfs aer÷kefs. Estfs plcoebtfalh-
Akïblaf
bes fpfreaeb ahoh resuktfnh ne kf renuaalñb ne kf meohckhdlbf phr ubf ebzlof nek pfræslth. Ek trftfolebth ahbslste eb ofkftlñb, lveroeatl bf h per-
Prhnuae prurlth ceberfklzfnh, oæs lbtebsh phr kf bhame. Quekeb ahbtfclfrse ek
oetrlbf phr vïf tñplaf.
pfalebte y sus jfolklfres. Kfs keslhbes fpfreaeb ebtre khs nenhs ne kfs ofbhs (Jlcurf 5.4), 5.4), eb kfs ouöeafs, eb khs ples, eb khs cebltfkes, eb kfs frehkfs ofofrlfs y eb kfs fxlkfs. Queke respetfr kf espfknf y kf afrf. Kf keslñb oæs espeaïstaf es ek surah fafrlbh, eb auyh extreoh estæ kf eolbebalf fafrlbf, zhbf ne fvfbae nek surah y nhbne se ebauebtrf ek pfræslth. ^fodlìb pueneb ebahbtrfrse bñnukhs eb fxlkfs y esarhth. Exlsteb nhs jhrofs espealfkes ne sfrbf7
Prcubtfs OLT ➞
Bh mfy precubtfs OLT represebtftlvfs
6<
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
✞
Aufnrh tïplah ne kelsmofblfsls autæbef7 blöh ahb keslñb ukaerhahstrhsf
✞
Eb kf sfrbf, ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb es kf peroetrlbf9 ubf fkterbftlvf
eb kf afrf, ne evhkualñb arñblaf. Fcebte etlhkñclah oæs jreauebte eb
erf ek klbnfbh, auyh ush estæ præatlafoebte hdshketh y que estæ ahbtrf-
buestrh oenlh7 K. nhbhvfbl h h K. lbjfbtuo.
lbnlafnh eb cestfbtes y blöhs.
Kf keslñb oæs espeaïstaf ne kf sfrbf es ek surah fafrlbh. Eb jhrof ne afsh akïblah, serïf7 prurlth bhaturbh + prurlth eb jfolklfres j folklfres + surah fafrlbh + pæpukfs h bñnukhs eb fxlkfs y cebltfkes.
Afss Akïblas Pfalebte ne 5 föhs ne enfn, vfrñb y bfturfk nek sur ne kf prhvlbalf ne
¸Auæk ne kfs slculebtes bh serïf kf reahoebnfalñb oæs fneaufnf pfrf
Ofnrln. Es trfïnh f ahbsuktf phr pkfaf lbstktrfnf ne 4 ao ne nlæoetrh
ub pfalebte ahb shspeamf ne esafdlhsls8
eb oeglkkf nereamf ahb zhbf aebtrfk erhslhbfnf ne 4 oeses ne evhkualñb y que bh mf resphbnlnh f ouplrhalbf tñplaf. Bh restereb vlfges fk extrfbgerh, ek estfnh ceberfk es exaekebte y fk blöh pfreae bh nhkerke.
6) Teahoebnfr trftfolebth oìnlah ahb peroetrlbf peroetrlbf tñplaf fk 5% fk pfalebte y thnhs sus ahbvlvlebtes.
\f kf mfdïf pfsfnh eb ubf hafslñb fbterlhr y, y, sec÷b kf ofnre, se trftñ
4) Kfvfr kf rhpf, thfkkfs y sædfbfs ahb fcuf afklebte f :0 A. A.
ahb bltrñcebh kïqulnh quenfbnh ubf alaftrlz reslnufk mlphplcoebtf-
1) Ql ek pfalebte ahbvlve ahb blöhs oebhres ne ub föh bh se phnrïf usfr usfr
nf. Qeöfkfr kf respuestf ahrreatf7
peroetrlbf tñplaf, phr kh que ek trftfolebth lnefk ne ìsths serïf areof ne klbnfbh.
6) Kh oæs prhdfdke es que ek pfalebte sef ftñplah y kf keslñb sef ub ohkusah phr kh que kh lnefk serïf trftfrkh ahb falakhvlr hrfk, nfnf kf phsldke
>) Ql trfs ub ahrreath trftfolebth esafdlalnf perslste ek prurlth, prurlth, mfdrïf que pebsfr eb eaaeof phstesafdlñtlah.
nlseolbfalñb nek vlrus. 4) Ek fcebte etlhkñclah oæs jreauebte eb buestrh oenlh ne kf pfthkhcïf que presebtf ek pfalebte es Kelsmofblf nhbhvfbl . 1) Es ub afsh akfrh ne olahdfaterlhsls olahdfaterlhsls autæbef, phr kh que mfdrïf mfdrïf que refklzfr trftfolebth ahb rljfoplalbf hrfk. >) Es phsldke ek ahbtfclh phr ahbtfath nlreath, phr kh que mfdrïf que fahbsegfr que ek pfalebte bh faunf fk ahkeclh mfstf kf ahopketf reshkualñb ne kf keslñb. TA7 4
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
40
Ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs
Hrletfalñb OLT Este teof shkfoebte se estunlf eb Nerofthkhcïf y es ouy precubtfnh. Mfy que prestfr espealfk ftebalñb fk klqueb pkfbh, que mf sfklnh eb vfrlfs hafslhbes, es dreve y rebtfdke. Nede ahbhaerse ouy dleb kf pshrlfsls, espealfkoebte kf tfdkf ne trftfolebth (^fdkf :.4). Kf pltlrlfsls rhsfnf se sueke precubtfr ahoh afsh akïblah, dfstf que se sepf reahbhaer. Hdsìrvebse dleb kfs jhthcrfjïfs, pueneb fmhrrfr esjuerzh oeohrïstlah .
•
•
•
:.6. Pshrlfsls Kf pshrlfsls es ubf ebjeroenfn lbfflfofthrlf arñblaf ne kf plek que aursf ahb drhtes. Fjeatf Fjeatf f ub 6-4% ne kf phdkfalñb, y puene fpfreaer f aufkquler enfn, ahb ub oæxloh ne lbalnebalf ebtre khs 40-10 föhs. Exlsteb fbteaenebtes jfolklfres eb ub teralh ne khs pfalebtes.
Etlhkhcïf
•
•
•
•
•
Jfathres pslahkñclahs. Ek estrìs eopehrf kf ebjeroenfn. Aklof. Ek afkhr y kf kuz shkfr oeghrfb kfs keslhbes ne pshrlfsls.
Pfthceblf Kf fkterfalñb lblalfk serïf ubf searealñb fkterfnf ne althalbfs phr pfrte ne klbjhalths ^ ahkfdhrfnhres fatlvfnhs. Kfs althalbfs estloukfrïfb kf prhkljerfalñb ne khs querftlbhalths ahb ub fahrtfolebth nek alakh aekukfr. aekukfr. Eb ahbseauebalf, fuoebtf ek crhshr eplnìrolah. Ql ek tleoph bhrofk ne træbslth eplnìrolah sueke ser ne 4= nïfs, eb kf pshrlfsls este træbslth puene ahbsuofrse eb tfb sñkh > nïfs.
Akïblaf
•
Kf keslñb ekeoebtfk es ubf pkfaf erlteofthsf, ahb nesafofalñb cruesf y bfafrfnf, y dleb nekloltfnf. Aufbnh kf keslñb estæ recresfbnh, fkrenenhr sueke hdservfrse ub fblkkh ne plek oæs pæklnf que kf bhrofk (mfkh ne Shrhbhjj Shrhbhjj).). Ek rfspfnh oetñnlah ne Drhaq ahbslste eb rfspfr ahb ub hdgeth rhoh kf superstale ne kf keslñb. Phr hrneb, se hdservfb esths jebñoebhs7
D
Jhrofs akïblafs
•
F
kf pshrlfsls.
•
Fubque su etlhkhcïf es nesahbhalnf, se aree que es ouktljfathrl ouktljfathrlfk, fk, ahb ub ahophbebte cebìtlah (merebalf phklcìblaf) y ahb pfrtlalpfalñb ne nlvershs jfathres fodlebtfkes7 Lbjeaalhbes. Eb kf pshrlfsls eb chtfs, tïplaf ne gñvebes, es afrfaterïstlaf ubf lbjeaalñb estrepthañalaf jfrïbcef prevlf. Jærofahs. Ek kltlh, khs δ-dkhquefbtes -dkhquefbtes,, khs FLBE y khs fbtlpfk÷nlahs pueneb nesebafnebfr h fcrfvfr ub drhte. ^rfuoftlsohs. Presebtf ek jebñoebh lshohrjh ne Ihedber.
Lblalfkoebte se nesprebneb esafofs stbfs (slcbh ne kf dugïf). Qe nespecf ubf oeodrfbf stbf (oeodrfbf ne Nubafb-Duaikey). Fpfreae ub pubtefnh meohrræclah eb kf superstale (slcbh ne Fuspltz) nedlnh f kf rhturf ne khs afplkfres ne kfs pfplkfs nìrolafs. Ek jebñoebh ne Fuspltz es pfthcbhoñblah ne
Pshrlfsls vukcfr (eb pkfafs).
Es kf jhrof oæs jreauebte ne thnfs. Kfs pkfafs se khafklzfb eb ærefs extebshrfs (ahnhs, rhnlkkfs,, ck÷tehs) y eb ek auerh rhnlkkfs afdekkunh ne ofberf kloltfnf (eb pequeöfs pkfafs) h extebsf (eb crfbnes pkfafs) (Jlcurf :.6F). Erltrhnerolf pshrlæslaf (OLT OLT 65-6:, 46>) 46>). Jhrof que fjeatf f oæs nek mhrfs (cfjfs ne shk)
Tetl Te tlbh bhln lnes es (f (fal altr tret etlb lbh) h)
Pshrlf Pshr lfsl slss cr crfv fves es pu pust stuk ukhs hsfs fs h er erlt ltrh rhnì nìro rola lafs fs Bh sueke eopkefrse eb ougeres eb enfn jìrtlk (vìfbse ejeaths fnvershs)
Qequenfn autæbef (ek oæs jreauebte) Mlpertrlcklaerlneolf Mlperahkesterhkeolf Ekevfalñb trfbsfolbfsfs Fkhpealf nljusf Mlperhsthsls vertedrfk, afkalstafalhbes klcfoebthsfs
• •
^erfthceblalnfn7 ¡evltfr ek eodfrfzh mfstf 4 föhs nespuìs nek stb nek trftfolebth Evltfr eb blöhs, jfkkh mepætlah y rebfk
Htrhs jærofahs
Alakhsphrlbf F
Pshrlfsls cr crfves, lbfflfofthrlfs, reslstebtes f htrhs trftfolebths Faalñb ouy ræplnf
Ejeath redhte Bejrhthxlalnfn M^F Eplteklhofs y klbjhofs Mlpertrlahsls Mlperpkfslf clbclvfk Mlperurlaeolf
Oethtrexfth
Pshrlfsls crfves reslstebtes f htrhs trftfolebths Frtrhpftïf pshrlæslaf
Mepfththxlalnfn Olekhnepreslñb ^erfthceblalnfn mfstf 1 oeses trfs stbfklzfr ek trftfolebth Jhthsebsldlklnfn
Fpreolkfst (lbmldlnhr ne kf jhsjhnlesterfsf >)
×tlk eb pshrlfsls y frtrhpftïf pshrlæslaf aufbnh khs jærofahs dlhkñclahs h khs slstìolahs akæslahs estæb ahbtrflbnlafnhs (bh es mepfthtñxlah bl lboubhsupreshr) Estafalf ohnerfnf Zïf hrfk
Ohkestlfs cfstrhlbtestlbfkes fk lblalh nek trftfolebth
Nloetlkjuofrfth
×tlk eb pshrlfsls eb pkfafs ohnerfnf-crfve que prealsf trftfolebth slstìolah Fkterbftlvf f slstìolahs ahbvebalhbfkes Estafalf ohnerfnf Zïf hrfk
Klbjhpeblf Ehslbhstklf Fkterfalhbes cfstrhlbtestlbfkes Jkusmlbc
^fdkf :.4. ^rftfolebth ne kf pshrlfsls
Akïblaf Aursf ahb pæpukfs pkfbfs, phklchbfkes, rhgh-vlhkæaefs, ouy prurlclbhsfs, que se khafklzfb eb kf afrf fflexhrf ne ouöeafs y fbtedrfzhs, thdlkkhs, reclñb kuodhsfarf y fflfbahs. Eb su superstale, puene hdservfrse ub retlaukfnh dkfbquealbh (estrïfs ne Slaimfo) (Jlcurf :.1F) (OLT 66-64, 630) 630). Eb ub :0-30% ne khs afshs, mfy keslhbes eb kfs ouahsfs hrfk (Jlcurf :.1D) y cebltfk cebltfk que afrfaterïstlafoebte se presebtfb ahoh keslhbes retlaukfnfs dkfbquealbfs. Eb hafslhbes, estfs keslhbes ouahsfs shb erhslvfs y ne nljïalk trftfolebth, ahb rlesch fuoebtfnh ne neceberfr n eceberfr eb ub afralbhof eplnerohlne. ^fodlìb ^fodlìb pueneb presebtfr fkterfalhbes ubcuefkes eb jhrof ne pterlc pterlclu lu. Exlsteb vfrlfbtes espeaïstafs ahoh ek klqueb pkfbh fbukfr, eb ouahsf cebltfk h ek klqueb pkfbh mlpertrñstah eb reclñb pretldlfk. Ek klqueb pkfbhplkfrls (vìfse sudteof 60.> fkhpealfs) se ahbslnerf ubf ebtlnfn rekfalhbfnf, perh nlstlbtf.
Ek klqueb pkfbh (shdre thnh kf vfrlfbte hrfk erhslvf) se mf rekfalhbfnh ahb kf lbjeaalñb phr vlrus ne kf mepftltls A, fubque fatufkoebte estf fshalfalñb es nunhsf. F
D
Jlcurf :.1. Klqueb pkfbh7 akïblaf. (F) Klqueb pkfbh, pæpukfs phklchbfkes ahb estrïfs ne Slaimfo. (D) Klqueb pkfbh ne ouahsf hrfk ahb retlaukfnh
dkfbquealbh tïplah
41
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Jærofah Lbffllxlofd
Oeafblsoh ne faalñb Fa ohbhakhbfk muofbhourlbh fbtl-^BJ
Zïf ne fnolblstrfalñb Lbtrfvebhsf
Ejeaths fnvershs y preafualhbes
Aurlhslnfn
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs y tuderaukhsls kftebte Fbfstkfxlf Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Lbsustalebalf afrnlfaf Ebjeroenfn nesoleklblzfbte Fbteaenebtes ne behpkfslfs Eodfrfzh y kfatfbalf
Ek oæs ‛ræplnh ne khs Fbtl ^BJ‟, ÷blah LZ
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes
Ne khs oæs usfnhs, fprhdfnh pfrf
Tefatlvfalñb ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs y tuderaukhsls kftebte Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Lbsustalebalf afrnlfaf Ebjeroenfn nesoleklblzfbte Fbteaenebtes ne behpkfslfs Eodfrfzh y kfatfbalf
Mlnrfnebltls, Arhmb, FT, eta.
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs y tuderaukhsls kftebte Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Lbsustalebalf afrnlfaf Ebjeroenfn nesoleklblzfbte Fbteaenebtes behpkfslfs Eodfrfzh y kfatfbalf
Fprhdfnh eb blöhs
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs y tuderaukhsls kftebte Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Lbsustalebalf afrnlfaf Ebjeroenfn nesoleklblzfbte Fbteaenebtes ne behpkfslf
Puene usfrse eb eodfrfzh y kfatfbalf (estunlhs espeaïstahs)
• • • •
Fnfklouofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk muofbh
(OLT 40-46, =) =)
fbtl-^BJ
Qudautæbef
• • • •
Etfberaept
Prhteïbf muofblzfnf que lbmlde ahopetltlvfoebte kf ublñb nek ^BJ f su reaepthr
Qudautæbef
• • • •
Aerthklzuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk muofbh fbtl^BJ. Bh tlebe jrfaalñb Ja
Qudautæbef
• • •
Usteilbuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk ahbtrf kf sudublnfn
Qudautæbef
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs y tuderaukhsls kftebte
Fprhdfnh eb fnhkesaebtes
Qeauilbuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk nlrlclnh ahbtrf kf LK-63F
Qudautæbef
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne tuderaukhsls kftebte ^ïplah fuoebth ne lbalnebalf ne afbnlnlfsls ouahautæbef Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Ebjeroenfn ne Arhmb
Qe puene eopkefr eb pfalebtes ahb Frtrhpftïf pshrlæslaf y Esphbnlkltls Fbqulkhsfbte
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne tuderaukhsls kftebte ^ïplah lbfflfofalñb eb ek kucfr ne lbyeaalñb Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Ebjeroenfn ne Arhmb
Qe puene eopkefr eb pfalebtes ahb Frtrhpftïf pshrlæslaf Fprhdfnh eb blöhs
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne tuderaukhsls kftebte Ahbtrflbnlafalhbes7 Ebjeroenfn ne Arhmb
×blaf LK-63 que estæ nlrlclnf ahbtrf ek reaepthr
•
Lxeilzuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk nlrlclnh ahbtrf kf LK-63F
Qudautæbef
•
Drhnfkuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk nlrlclnh ahbtrf ek reaepthr ne kf LK-63
Qudautæbef
•
^lknrfilzuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk ahbtrf kf sudublnfn p6< ne kf LK41
Qudautæbef
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne tuderaukhsls kftebte
Cusekiuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk ahbtrf kf sudublnfn p6< ne kf LK41
Qudautæbef
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes Tefatlvfalñb ne tuderaukhsls kftebte
Tlsfbilzuofd
Fa ohbhakhbfk ahbtrf kf sudublnfn p6< ne kf LK41
Qudautæbef
Fuoebth nek rlesch ne lbjeaalhbes
Estunlh ahb pfalebtes ahb ^DA kftebte, bh refatlvfalñb
^fdkf :.1. ^erfplfs dlhkñclafs eb pshrlfsls (OLT 63-6=, 4:) 4:)
Taurnf ➞
Teckf obeohtìablaf7 ek klqueb pkfbh es kf ebjeroenfn ne kf >P7 Pæpukfs, Phklchbfkes, Pkfbfs y Prurlclbhsfs.
Pæpukfs vlhkæaefs ahb estrïfs dkfbafs
Taurnf ➞
Ubf pkfaf dkfbquealbf ne dhrnes dleb nestblnhs eb kf ouahsf hrfk se nebholbf KEUAHPKFQLF, y nede mfaerse dlhpslf pfrf nesafrtfr su neceberfalñb f ub afralbhof esafohsh.
Mlsthkhcïf Fafbthsls lrrecukfr ahb pfplkfs ‛eb nlebtes ne slerrf‟, mlperquerfthsls mlperquerfthsls ahb mlpercrfbukhsls, mlpercrfbukhsl s, querftlbhalths querftlbhalths fphptñtlahs (auerphs ne Alvftte) y ub lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh ‛eb dfbnf‟ eb kf ublñb neroheplnìrolaf, ahopuesth phr klbjhalths e mlstlhalths (Jlcurf :.> y ^fdkf :.6).
Lbstktrfnh klbjhaltfrlh klquebhlne (eb dfbnf)
Nestruaalñb ne kf afpf dfsfk
Jlcurf :.>. Tefaalñb klbjhaïtlaf ne lbterjfse (klqueb pkfbh)
4>
0:. Ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs. NO
^rftfolebth Ek trftfolebth se refklzf ahb ahrtlahlnes tñplahs y fbtlmlstfoïbl fbtlmlstfoïblahs ahs hrfkes eb afshs keves. Eb afshs crfves h redeknes fk trftfolebth, se eopkefb ahrtlahlnes hrfkes, PUZF, Oethtrexfte h alakhsphrlbf. Eb keslhbes ouahsfs erhslvfs puene utlklzfrse ek faltretlbh faltretlbh..
Taurnf ➞
Eb kf pshrlfsls bh se eopkefb ahrtlahlnes slstìolahs9 eb ek klqueb pkfbh pueneb lbnlafrse lbnlafrse..
oæs pequeöfs, nlstrldulnfs sec÷b kfs kïbefs ne tebslñb ne kf plek, lofceb que akæslafoebte se mf nestblnh ahoh ‛eb ærdhk ne bfvlnfn‟. Queke ser fslbthoætlaf, fubque fubque f veaes fshalf prurlth. Kfs keslhbes pueneb nurfr >-= seofbfs, y nesfpfreaeb slb negfr alaftrlz.
Nlfcbñstlah y trftfolebth Ek nlfcbñstlah es akïblah. Bh sueke prealsfr trftfolebth y kfs terfplfs reahoebnfnfs eb ek pfsfnh (PUZF, erltrholalbf h fbtlvïrlahs hrfkes) bh mfb neohstrfnh resuktfnhs akfrfoebte jfvhrfdkes. jfvhrfdkes. Kf erupalñb reolte esphbtæbefoebte, phr kh que sl bh mfy oeghrïf eb 4 oeses, mfy que reevfkufr ek nlfcbñstlah
:.1. Pltlrlfsls rhsfnf ne Cldert
Kf Jlcurf :.: resuoe kfs nljerebtes ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs yf estunlfnfs, fsï ahoh kf neroftltls sedhrrelaf, que se trftfræ eb ek slculebte teof.
Kf pltlrlfsls rhsfnf ne Cldert es ubf nerofthsls fcunf, futhkloltfnf, que fjeatf jubnfoebtfkoebte f fnukths gñvebes. Es ne hrlceb nesahbhalnh, fubque se shspeamf ubf etlhkhcïf vïrlaf (se espeaukf su rekfalñb ahb ek merpes vlrus tlph : y tlph 3).
:.>. Pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls Kf pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls, es ubf erupalñb pfpukhesafohsf ne crfvenfn vfrlfdke y ne etlhkhcïf lbalertf.
Akïblaf Kf erupalñb aholebzf phr ubf pkfaf ne 4-5 ao ne nlæoetrh, erlteofthsf, ahb ub ahkkfrete nesafoftlvh aebtrfk jreauebteoebte khafklzfnf eb ek trhbah (oenfkkñb meræk- Jlcurf :.5. Pltlrlfsls rhsfnf7 oæaukfs erlteofthnesafoftlvfs nlah) (Jlcurf :.5). Fprhxlofnfoebte ubf seofbf nespuìs fpfreaeb eb ek trhbah y eb kf rfïz ne khs oleodrhs pæpukfs hvfkfnfs, ne afrfaterïstlafs slolkfres fk oenfkkñb perh
Akïblaf Fubque exlsteb mfstf : jhrofs, exlsteb pubths akfve eb kf akïblaf. Phr ub kfnh, kf exlstebalf ne ubf mlperquerfthsls jhklaukfr shdreærefs perljhklaukfres erlteofthsfs resuktf ub mfkkfzch akfve. Qe hdservfb pæpukfs erlteofthsfs æsperfs que se nlstrlduyeb jubnfoebtfkoebte eb ek nhrsh ne kfs ofbhs y eb ek trhbah, ahb tebnebalf f ahbfflulr eb crfbnes pkfafs negfbnh ne ofberf afrfaterïstlaf ærefs lbneobes h «lskhtes¹ ne plek sfbf.
Pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls Neroftltls sedhrrelaf
Neroftltls sedhrrelaf
³ Ærefs sedhrrela sedhrrelafs7 fs7 auerh afdekkunh, afdekkunh, aegfs aegfs,, surahs bfshceblfbhs, retrhfurl retrhfurlaukfr, aukfr, preesterbfk preesterbfk,, lbcke ³³ ³
Pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls
³ ^rhbah y extreolnf extreolnfnes nes ahb khs tïplahs lskhtes rudrf plkfrls dkfbahs nePltlrlfsls plek lbneobe ³ Pæpukfs mlperque mlperquerftñslafs rftñslafs jhklaukfres (nhrsh nenhs) gubth f erlteof fbfrfbgfnh extebsh Mlperquerfthsls pfkoh pfkohpkfbtfr pkfbtfr fofrlkkebtf ³³ Lblalh drusah, kuech arhblsta arhblstafalñb. falñb. Eb ouamhs afshs tlebe ub aursh hsalkfbte
Erlteofkæatef + nesa nesafofalñb fofalñb fofrlkkeb fofrlkkebtf tf crfslebtf Ahstrf kæatef, , jfksf tlöf folf folfbtæaef, btæaef, erltrhnerolf ne Kelber Lbtebsf eb ebj ebjeroenfnes eroenfnes beur beurhkñclafs hkñclafs y QLNF Nfrler
Nfrler
³ Afrfs kfterfkes nek auekkh, aeb aebtrh trh nek trhbah y ærefs sedhrrelafs ³ Pæpukfs pequeöfs ofrrhbæaef ofrrhbæaefss ofkhklebte ofkhklebtes. s. Pehr ahb ek shk ³ Nlsquerfthsls (tïplaf) ³ Nepreslhbes pubt pubtljhroes ljhroes eb pfkofs y pkfbtfs9 fkterfalhbes ubcuefkes eb Z
Nfrler Pshrlfsls
Klqueb pkfbh
Pshrlfsls
Pshrlfsls
Klqueb pkfbh
³ ³ ³
Afrfs ne fflexlñb ne fbtedrfzh y plerbf, ouahsf hrfk, sfarh Pæpukfs phklchb phklchbfkes fkes vlhkæaefs, drlkkfbtes Qlcbhs7 estrïfs ne Slaimfo, retla retlaukfnh, ukfnh, auerphs ahkhlnes ne Alvf Alvftte tte
³ Futhlboubltfrlf ³ Phah jreauebte perh tïplah7 esplbhaekuk esplbhaekukfr fr hrfk, pterlcluo ubcuefk, fkhpealf lrreversldke
Jlcurf :.:. Ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs. Afrfaterïstlafs dæslafs
Pshrlfsls
³ Ahnhs, rhnlkkfs, auerh afdekkunh, zhbfs ne rhae ³ Pkfaf erlteofthsf audlertf phr esafof dkfbahpkftefnf ³ Qlcbhs (Drhaq)7 dugïf, rhaïh ne Fusp Fuspltz, ltz, oeodrfbf ne Nubafb-Duaikey ³ Mlperquerfth Mlperquerfthsls sls ahb pfrfquerfthsls ³ Pfplkhofthsls, Pfplkhofthsl s, fafbthsls, mlphcrfbukhsls. Beutrñstkhs (Oubrh y Ihchg)
45
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Kf fjeatfalñb pfkohpkfbtfr es tfodlìb tïplaf. Estf se ofblstes ofblstestf tf eb jhrof ne ubf querfthnerolf nesafoftlvf y drlkkfbte ne thbfklnfn fofrlkkebtf-bffofrlkkebtf-bfrfbgf
vfbtes. Khs retlbhlnes slstìolahs se ahbslnerfb fatufkoebte ek trftfolebth ne prloerf kïbef pfrf jhrofs ceberfklzfnfs h oæs crfves. Qe mfb eopkefnh tfodlìb jærofahs ahoh ek oethtrexfte, kf alakhsphrlbf h lbakush khs jærofahs dlhkñclahs ahoh fbtl ^BJ.
Nlfcbñstlah y trftfolebth Ek nlfcbñstlah es akïblah, fubque nedlnh f que, shdre thnh eb jfses lblalfkes, presebtf lophrtfbtes nlfcbñstlahs nljerebalfkes, kf dlhpslf autæbef, puene fyunfrbhs.
Prcubtfs OLT ➞
OLT 40-46, 60 60 OLT 63-6=, 4: ➞ OLT 65-6:, 464, 464, OLT 65-6:, 46> ➞ OLT 66-64, 630 ➞
Khs trftfolebths tñplahs ahoh khs ahrtlahlnes, ek tfzfrhtebh, ek afkalphtrlhk, y khs querfthkïtlahs pueneb ser ÷tlkes eb jhrofs khafklzfnfs h ahoh fnyu-
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Kf pshrlfsls tlebe ub lophrtfbte ahophbebte merenltfrlh, fubque kf afusf exfatf se nesahbhae.
✞
Ek faltretlbh es terftñcebh9 kf alakhsphrlbf, bejrhtñxlaf9 ek oethtrexfth, mepfthtñxlah.
✞
Kf keslñb tïplaf ne pshrlfsls es ubf pkfaf erlteofthsf, nesafoftlvf y dleb nekloltfnf, y su khafklzfalñb oæs jreauebte es eb ahnhs, rhnlkkfs rhnlkkfs y
✞
Mfy que pebsfr eb klqueb pkfbh sl se veb pæpukfs pkfbfs phklchbfkes prurlclbhsfs h keslhbes retlaukfnfs dkfbquealbfs eb kf ouahsf hrfk (re-
auerh afdekkunh.
ckf ne kfs >P).
✞
Kf pshrlfsls eb chtfs sueke fpfreaer eb gñvebes ahb lbjeaalhbes jfrlbchfolcnfkfres nurfbte khs nïfs prevlhs.
✞
Qe shspeamf pltlrlfsls rhsfnf sl se restere ubf pkfaf nesafoftlvf ahb ahkkfrete eb ek trhbah, fpfrealebnh nespuìs htrfs oæs pequeöfs.
✞
Khs ahrtlahlnes tñplahs pueneb usfrse eb kf pshrlfsls pshrlfsls,, perh khs slstìolahs bh nedeb eopkefrse.
✞
Mfy que pebsfr eb pltlrlfsls rudrf plkfrls sl se ebauebtrfb ‛lskhtes ne plek respetfnhs‟ nebtrh ne kfs pkfafs y pfkofs-pkfbtfs ahb erlteof fbfrfbgfnh.
Afss Akïblas sesh ahb pshrlfsls kloltfnf f ahnhs y rhnlkkfs ne 4 oeses ne evhku-
6) Alakhsphrlbf7 bejrhthxlalnfn. 4) Oethtrexfth7 mepfththxlalnfn.
alñb, y que presebtf esafsf oeghrïf ahb mlnrhahrtlshbf tñplaf fk 6%. Qeöfkfr kf hpalñb oæs vebtfghsf pfrf este pfalebte.
1) Faltretlbh7 lboubhsupreslñb. >) Pshrfkebhs7 jhthsebsldlklnfn. jhthsebsldlklnfn.
6) Nfnh ek jrfafsh ne trftfolebth tñplah, kh oæs lbnlafnh serïf lblalfr lblalfr trftfolebth ahb alakhsphrlbf hrfk, vlclkfbnh jubalñb rebfk. 4) Eb este ohoebth ek trftfolebth oæs fneaufnh es ek oethtrexfth oethtrexfth vïf hrfk, yf que ek pfalebte bh mf presebtfnh oeghrïf ahb trftfolebths tñplahs. 1) Nfnh kh rejrfatfrlh nek aufnrh, aufnrh, serïf ahbveblebte ub alakh ahrth ne prenblshbf hrfk. >) Nfnh que kf mlnrhahrtlshbf fk 6% tñplaf es ub ahrtlahlne ne dfgf phtebalf, se phnrïf pkfbtefr trftfolebth ahodlbfnh ahb detfoetfshbf y afkalphtrlhk tñplahs.
TA7 1
Faune f ahbsuktf ub pfalebte ne 34 föhs, mlpertebsh, nlfdìtlah y hd-
TA7 > Eb ek trftfolebth ne kf pshrlfsls, seöfkfr kf fshalfalñb lbahrreatf7
Pfalebte vfrñb ne >4 föhs, ex usufrlh ne nrhcfs phr vïf pfrebterfk, faune f ahbsuktf phr aufnrh que se lblalñ mfae > oeses ahb pæpukfs ouy prurlclbhsfs eb zhbf vebtrfk ne fbtedrfzhs y reclñb ck÷tef. Testere que su oìnlah ne Ftebalñb Prlofrlf ke pfutñ trftfolebth ahb ahrtlahlne tñplah y mf experloebtfnh oeghrïf pfralfk. Qeöfke kf hpalñb lbahrreatf7
6) Fbte kf shspeamf ne klqueb pkfbh pkfbh se phnrïf refklzfr dlhpslf dlhpslf ahbstrofthrlf ne ubf ne kfs keslhbes nek fbtedrfzh. 4) Nfnhs khs fbteaenebtes y ek aufnrh akïblah akïblah que presebtf, serïf serïf ahbveblebte refklzfr ub arldfnh ne vlrus mepfthtrhphs. 1) Es phsldke que ek pfalebte presebte fjeatfalñb fjeatfalñb fslbthoætlaf ne kf ouahsf hrfk.
4:
0:. Ebjeroenfnes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs. NO
>) Ql se ahbstrof ek nlfcbñstlah ne shspeamf, ek trftfolebth trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb serïfb khs fbtlpfk÷nlahs ne sïbtesls. TA7 > Faune f kf ahbsuktf ne Ftebalñb Prlofrlf ub pfalebte ne 1= föhs que presebtf nesne mfae > oeses fpfrlalñb prhcreslvf ne erlteof ceberfklzfnh y nesafofalñb lbtebsf, que haupf fatufkoebte kf præatlaf thtfklnfn ne kf superstale ahrphrfk, respetfbnh ouahsfs. Testere eb-
6) Ek pfalebte presebtf ubf erltrhnerolf, erltrhnerolf, kh kh oæs fneaufnh serïf nerlvfrkh f urcebalfs mhspltfkfrlfs pfrf phsldke lbcresh y estunlh nek aufnrh. 4) Khs eneofs que presebtf presebtf ek pfalebte phnrïfb nederse f kf mlphprhtelbemlphprhtelbeolf seaubnfrlf f kf exjhklfalñb. 1) Ebtre kfs afusfs ne erltrhnerolf erltrhnerolf f nesafrtfr eb este pfalebte se ebauebtrfb kf neroftltls ftñplaf, kf pshrlfsls y ek klbjhof autæbeh, phr kh que serïf ahbveblebte refklzfr ub estunlh mlsthkñclah. mlsthkñclah. >) Nfnh que bh mf refklzfnh blbc÷b trftfolebth, nederïf pfutfrse trftfolebth tñplah ahb ahrtlahlne ne phtebalf oenlf y ver kf evhkualñb.
ahbtrfrse ouy afbsfnh y eb ahbsuktf se hdgetlvf tlrlthbf y exjhklfalñb ofslvf eb jhrof ne esafof stbfs y fofrlkkebtfs. Presebtf esahrlfalhbes phr rfsafnh, eneof ahb jñvef ne fodfs plerbfs mfstf kfs rhnlkkfs y fnebhpftïfs ne afrfaterïstlafs lbfflfofthrlfs eb fxlkfs e lbckes. Blecf ahbsuoh realebte ne oenlafoebths y prhnuaths ne merdhkfrlh. Qeöfke kf hpalñb lbahrreatf.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 >
43
Eaaeofs
Hrletfalñb OLT Ne kfs ebjeroenfnes que aursfb ahb eaaeofs, kf oæs lophrtfbte es k f neroftltls ftñplaf, shdre thnh su akïblaf. Ne khs eaaeofs ne ahbtfath, es beaesfrlh fprebner f nlstlbculr ek lrrltftlvh nek fkìrclah.
3.6. Nestblalñb, akïblaf y akfslstafalñb Ek eaaeof es ub pftrñb aklblahpfthkñclah ne lbfflfofalñb autæbef nedlnh f o÷ktlpkes etlhkhcïfs. Qu prloerf ofbljestfalñb es afsl sleopre ek prurlth. Eb jubalñb nek tleoph ne evhkualñb, se nlstlbcueb tres jfses suaeslvfs, ahb sus respeatlvfs keslhbes afrfaterïstl afrfaterïstlafs7 afs7 6. Eaaeof fcunh7 erlteof, eneof, veslaukfalñb-fophkkfs, exunfalñb. 4. Eaaeof sudfcunh7 keslhbes nesafoftlvfs y nesafofalñb. 1. Eaaeof arñblah7 klqueblstafalñb, crletfs, stsurfalñb. Es beaesfrlh ek rfsafnh ofbteblnh pfrf que fpfrezafb este tlph ne fkterfalhbes. Eb kf jfse fcunf prenholbfb keslhbes ‛kïqulnfs‟, tfbth akïblafoebte akïblafoebte (vesïaukf, fophkkfs) ahoh mlsthkñclafoebte (esphbclhsls h eneof lbteraekukfr eb kf eplnerols) y suekeb debestalfrse ne trftfolebths ne dfse ‛kïqulnf‟ (jhoebths, shkualhbes, khalhbes). Eb jfses arñblafs, prevfkeaeb kfs keslhbes ‛seafs‟ ahb mlperquerfthsls y klqueblstafalñb. Kf klqueblstafalñb resuktf ne ub ebcrhsfolebth y ebnurealolebth ne kf plek, ahb faebtufalñb ne sus 46). Kfs keslhpklecues, phr rfsafnh arñblah nedlnh fk prurlth (OLT 0= mhrfs. Qe kee f kfs >= y f kfs mhrfs) (OLT 60-66, 613) 613).
olbfbteoebte eb ek trhbah. Es tïplaf ne gñvebes y rekfalhbfnf ahb ek nephrte.
Fbclheneof.. Ek eneof se ahbaebtrf eb kf nerols prhjubnf y ek teglnh Fbclheneof
-
Urtlafrlf faufcìblaf. faufcìblaf. Ek ahbtfath ahb fcuf f aufkquler teo-
aekukfr sudautæbeh ne plek y ouahsfs. Queke ser nhkhrhsh y estæ pehr
perfturf lbnuae ubf erupalñb urtlafrlfk que sueke nurfr oebhs
nestblnh que khs mfdhbes.
ne 6 mhrf.
14
0=. Urtlafrlf y fbclheneof. NO
Taurnf
Kf urtlafrlf plcoebthsf bh es ubf jhrof ne urtlafrlf, slbh ubf vfrlfbte ne ofsthalthsls.
•
^lph L. L. Nlsolbualñb ne kf ahbaebtrfalñb ne A6 lbmldlnhr.
➞
•
^lph LL. LL. Ahbaebtrfalñb bhrofk ne A6 lbmldlnhr, perh ahb nlsolbualñb eb su
=.1. ^rftfolebth
•
jubalñb. ^lph LLL. LLL. Ahbaeb-
Ql es phsldke, ek trftfolebth seræ etlhkñclah. Ek trftfolebth slbthoætlah
trfalñb y jubalñb
lbakuye7
bhrofkes
•
ne
A6
Jlcurf =.4. Fbclheneof
^rftfolebth ne prloerf kïbef. kïbef . Ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb ne kf urtl-
lbmldlnhr.
afrlf shb khs fbtlmlstfoïblahs hrfkes ne buevf ceberfalñb (bubaf
rekfalhbfrse
tñplahs). Eb afsh ne que bh resphbnf fneaufnfoebte, se puene
outfalhbes eb ek jfathr ]LL ne kf ahfcukfalñb y ahb khs estrñcebhs,
aufnrupklafr kf nhsls ne fbtlmlstfoïblahs, ahb kh que suekeb nes-
fubque slcue mfdlebnh ouamhs afshs slb afusf lnebtlstafdke.
Pfreae ahb
fpfreaer afsl thnfs kfs urtlafrlfs. Eb afshs crfves h rejrfatfrlhs, phneohs fshalfr ub alakh ahrth ne ahrtlahlnes slstìolahs eb pfutf
Aufbnh es merenltfrlh, tlebe ubf merebalf futhsñolaf nholbfbte. ^fodlìb ^fodlìb
nesaebnebte. Eb afshs crfves ahb fbfstkfxlf, estæ lbnlafnh fnolbls-
puene ser fnqulrlnh eb prhaeshs ahoh ek kupus erlteofthsh, kfs behpkfslfs,
trfr fnrebfklbf.
kfs fbeolfs meohkïtlafs h kfs arl hckhduklbeolfs.
^rftfolebth ne secubnf kïbef. kïbef. Eb kfs urtlafrlfs arñblafs que bh res-
•
phbneb f fbtlmlstfoïblahs x>, estæ lbnlafnh lblalfr trftfolebth ahb
^rftfolebth
Hofklzuofd (fbtlauerph ohbhakhbfk fbtl-LcE). Htrhs trftfolebths. trftfolebths. Alakhsphrlbf, fbtfchblstfs nek reaepthr ne keu-
•
•
ahtrlebhs, fbtlmlstfoïblahs M4.
Prhstkfxls.. Nfbfzhk (fbfdhklzfbte fbnrhcìblah que lbareoebtf kf sïbPrhstkfxls tesls mepætlaf nek A6 lbmldlnhr), fbtlstdrlbhkïtlahs, ahbaebtrfnh ne A6 lbmldlnhr.
=.>. Eneof fbclhbeurñtlah jfolklfr
•
Arlsls fcunfs. fcunfs. Ahbaebtrfnh ne A6 lbmldlnhr lbtrfvebhsh h laftldfbt (fbtfchblstf espeaïstah nek reaepthr D4 ne drfnlqulblbf). Ek pkfsof
ne Vulbaie (fbclheneof merenltfrlh)
jresah ahbcekfnh puene fnolblstrfrse ahoh fkterbftlvf. Bh exlste evlnebalf ne kf ejeatlvlnfn ne kf fnrebfklbf, fsï ahoh ne khs ahrtlahsterhlnes h fbtlmlstfoïblahs (OLT 6=-6) 5>).
Ek eneof fbclhbeurñtlah jfolklfr ne Vulbaie ahbslste eb eplshnlhs realnlvfbtes ne eneof nek teglnh aekukfr sudautæbeh y sudouahsh, que puene fpfreaer eb aufkquler pfrte nek auerph. Bh aursf ahb mfdhbes, ÷blafoebte ahb fbclheneof, jreauebteoebte eb ofbhs, ples y afrf (Jlcurf
Prcubtfs OLT
=.4).. Fjeatf tfodlìb f kf ouahsf l btestlbfk y resplrfthrlf (nl frrefs, vñolths, =.4)
OLT 40-46, 1= ➞ OLT 6=-6 ➞ OLT 60-66, 613 ➞
drhbahespfsoh). Qe prhnuae phr ub nìstalt refk h jubalhbfk nek lbmldlnhr ne kf jrfaalñb A6 nek ahopkeoebth, ne ohnh que fuoebtf kf jrfaalñb A6 y esth fuoebtf f su vez kf drfnlqulblbf7
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Kf urtlafrlf se afrfaterlzf phr mfdhbes prurlclbhshs ne oebhs ne 4>
✞
mhrfs ne nurfalñb y puene fahopföfrse ne fbclheneof. ✞
Aufbnh kfs keslhbes nurfb oæs ne 4> mhrfs, estæ lbnlafnh refklzfr ubf dlhpslf eb dusaf ne ubf urtlafrlf-vfsaukltls.
Kf ofyhrïf ne kfs urtlafrlfs arñblafs (fpfrlalñb ne keslhbes nurfbte oæs ne : seofbfs) shb lnlhpætlafs.
✞
Ek eneof fbclhbeurñtlah jfolklfr se nede f ub nìstalt merenltfrlh nek lbmldlnhr ne kf A6 esterfsf y se ofblstestf phr drhtes ne fbclheneof slb mfdhbes.
11
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Afss Akïblas Fnukth ne >6 föhs que, nesne mfae ub föh, tlebe drhtes ne keslhbes mfdhbhsfs nlseolbfnfs phr thnh ek auerph, ne ahkhr rhgh, que nurfb
1) Kh oæs prhdfdke es que mfyf aholnh fkch eb ofk estfnh, estfnh, phr kh que negfrïf fk pfalebte eb hdservfalñb mhspltfkfrlf ahb nletf fdshkutf.
nïfs y se fahopföfb ne frtrfkclfs. Mlsthkñclafoebte mfy ub lbstktrfnh
>) Kf urtlafrlf fcunf es rfrf eb pershbfs gñvebes, phr kh que fbte este
beutrhjïklah perlvfsaukfr ahb keuahalthakfslf, eb nerols superlhr. Este
prloer drhte shspeamfrïf ebjeroenfn slstìolaf y refklzfrïf estunlh ne
aufnrh ahrresphbne f7
lboubhnestalebalf y arldfnh ne behpkfslf hauktf.
6) Urtlafrlf arñblaf lnlhpætlaf.
TA7 6
4) Eneof fbclhbeurñtlah. 1) Urtlafrlf jïslaf.
Pfalebte ne 43 föhs que faune f ahbsuktf ne nerofthkhcïf phrque
>) Urtlafrlf-vfsaukltls.
kkevf ub föh ahb drhtes reaurrebtes ne pkfafs erlteoftheneofthsfs evfbesaebtes y ouy prurlclbhsfs phr thnh ek auerph, que bh mfb oe-
TA7 >
ghrfnh f pesfr ne mfder refklzfnh trftfolebth ahb Aetlrlzlbf 1 fk nïf y Nexakhrjeblrfolbf phr kf bhame y ne evltfr thnhs khs nesebafnebfb-
Pfalebte ne 6< föhs que faune f Urcebalfs phr aufnrh ne keslhbes eb
tes phsldkes. ¸Vuì ke phnrïfohs hjreaer f ahbtlbufalñb8
jhrof ne pkfafs erlteoftheneofthsfs ouy prurlclbhsfs. Testere que, f pesfr ne kkevfr 1 nïfs ahb ek aufnrh, kfs keslhbes vfb y vlebeb, fpf-
6) Föfnlr ub teraer fbtlmlstfoïblah fbtlmlstfoïblah 1 veaes fk nïf.
reaeb y nesfpfreaeb eb mhrfs. Bh fshalf htrf slbthofthkhcïf. Qeöfkfr
4) Fshalfr trftfolebth ahb ahrtlahlnes tñplahs eb eoukslñb.
kf hpalñb ahrreatf.
1) Lblalfr trftfolebth ahb Hofklzuofd >) Fbtes ne lblalfr dlhkñclahs, tebeohs que prhdfr prevlfoebte trftfoleb-
6) Ek aufnrh que presebtf ek pfalebte es ahopftldke ahb ubf urtlafrlf fcu-
th ahb lboubhsupreshres tlph Alakhsphrlbf.
nf, slebnh ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb khs fbtlmlstfoïblahs hrfkes. 4) Ek aufnrh es ahopftldke ahb urtlafrlf vfsaukltls, slebnh ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb khs fbtlmlstfoïblahs hrfkes.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
1>
^hxlahnerolfs
Hrletfalñb OLT
•
Exfbteof stgh oenlafoebthsh. oenlafoebthsh. Ubf h vfrlfs pkfafs erlteofthvlhkæaefs eb aufkquler reclñb ahrphrfk, fubque es dfstfbte afrfaterïstlaf kf khafklzfalñb eb afrf, ofbhs y ouahsfs hrfk h cebltfk. Prhvhafb
^eof ne ohnf eb khs ÷ktlohs föhs, lbakuyebnh kf seaalñb ne loæcebes. Fahbsegfohs hrlebtfr ek estunlh fk erlteof ouktljhroe y f kfs thxlahnerolfs crfves (prlbalpfkoebte, NTEQQ y QQG/BE^). Pfrf ekkh, resuktfræb ouy ÷tlkes kfs tfdkfs ne nlfcbñstlah nljerebalfk (^fdkf 6
Jlcurf 60.3. Fkhpealfs alaftrlalfkes. (F) Fkhpealf alaftrlalfk phr kupus autæbeh arñblah. (D) Fkhpealf jrhbtfk stdrhsfbte7 sudtlph ne klqueb pkfbh plkfr. Pìrnlnf ne aegfs y retrhaesh jrhbthpfrletfk
fkhpealf jrhbtfk stdrhsfbte (Jlcurf 60.3D), que fatufkoebte es kf afusf oæs jreauebte ne fkhpealf alaftrlalfk9 se nlsaute sl es ub sudtlph ne klqueb pkfbh plkfr.
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
✞
Fubque kf keslñb ekeoebtfk nek fabì es ek ahoenñb, kf akïblaf sueke ser
lveroeatlbf, oetrhblnfzhk y æalnh fzekflah. ^fbth eb ek fabì ahoh eb
phklohrjf, ahb presebalf ne ahoenhbes, pæpukfs, p÷stukfs, qulstes y
kf rhsæaef, se pueneb usfr tetrfalaklbfs e lshtretlbhïbf phr vïf hrfk eb
alaftrlaes.
afshs ohnerfnhs-crfves.
Nedeb nesafrtfrse erupalhbes fabeljhroes seaubnfrlfs aufbnh kfs ke-
✞
Kf mlnrhsfnebltls es ubf ebjeroenfn futhlboube que fjeatf f kfs ckæbnukfs
slhbes shb ohbhohrjfs y slb ahoenhbes. Eb este afsh, sleopre mfy
fpharlbfs, phr esh se nlstrlduye eb fxlkfs, lbckes, ck÷tehs… Eb su trftfolebth
que nesafrtfr ek ush tñplah h slstìolah ne ahrtlahlnes, fsï ahoh htrhs
utlklzfohs ahodlbfalhbes ne fbtldlñtlahs h lbakush jærofahs dlhkñclahs.
jærofahs. ✞ ✞
Kf rhsæaef fjeatf f ougeres ne enfn oenlf. Ouestrfb plekes sebsldkes
Kfs fkhpealfs se nlvlneb eb alaftrlalfkes (lrreversldkes) y bh alaftrlalfkes (reversldkes), sec÷b nestruyfb h bh ek jhkïaukh ne jhrof lrreversldke
que refaalhbfb ahb ubf vfshnlkftfalñb exaeslvf jrebte f o÷ktlpkes estïoukhs.
✞
Kfs fkhpealfs bh alaftrlalfkes shb, ebtre htrfs, kf fkhpealf fbnrhcìblaf (kf oæs jreauebte), kf freftf (ebjeroenfn futhlboube), ek effluvlh tekñ-
✞
Kf akïblaf es ne auperhsls, fflusmlbc , tekfbcleatfslfs y pfpukhp÷stukfs jf-
cebh (afïnf exaeslvf trfs ubf sltufalñb espealfk) y ek effluvlh fbæcebh
alfkes. Puene fahopföfrse ne fjeatfalñb haukfr y rlbhstof (esth ÷ktloh,
(afïnf trfs qulolhterfplf)
oæs jreauebte eb vfrhbes). ✞
✞
Ebtre kfs fkhpealfs alaftrlalfkes nestfaf kf fkhpealf jrhbtfk stdrhsfbte (k f
Khs trftfolebths tñplahs pfrf ek fabì lbakuyeb retlbhlnes, fbtldlñtlahs
oæs jreauebte ne kfs alaftrlalfkes), ek klqueb pkfbhplkfrls (ahb ouamfs
y perñxlnh ne debzhlkh. Eb ek afsh ne kf rhsæaef, kfs fkterbftlvfs shb
slolkltunes ahb ek fbterlhr) h ek kupus autæbeh arñblah (nlsahlne).
>1
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Afss Akïblas Ouger ne >5 föhs que faune f kf ahbsuktf ne Nerofthkhcïf phr presebtfr erlteof ahb pæpukfs y p÷stukfs eb zhbf ofkfr, fsï ahoh eb nhrsh bfsfk. Testere eopehrfolebth eb verfbh ahb kf exphslalñb shkfr. Blecf fpklafalñb ne prhnuaths tñplahs. Ne khs slculebtes, ¸quì trf-
1) Qe fshalf f jhrofs crfves crfves ne fabì (ahbckhdftf) y f kf ebjeroenfn ne
tfolebth se ahbslnerf oæs fprhplfnh eb este afsh8
TA7 6
6) Perñxlnh ne debzhlkh tñplah.
Zfrñb ne 41 föhs que trfs ubf teophrfnf ne estrìs lophrtfbte (ìphaf ne exæoebes) restere fpfrlalñb ne pkfafs fkhpìalafs ne jhrof repebtlbf. Bh reahbhae sïbthofs. F kf expkhrfalñb se hdservfb auftrh pkfafs fkhpìalafs eb zhbfs teophrfkes y haalpltfk ne > x 1 ao ne nlæoetrh oæxloh, hvfkfnfs hvfkfnfs y slb erlteof eb ek auerh afdekkunh. ¸Vuì prhaesh shspeamf eb este pfalebte8
4) Erltrholalbf tñplaf. 1) Lveroeatlbf tñplaf. >) Ahrtlahlnes tñplahs.
TA7 1 ¸Auæk ne kfs slculebtes fshalfalhbes ebtre fcebte olarhdlhkñclah y ebjeroenfn nerofthkñclaf es lbahrreatf8
Arhmb. >) Es oæs jreauebte eb ougeres y eb pershbfs hdesfs. hdesfs.
6) ^löf afpltls. 4) Fkhpealf freftf. 1) Klqueb pkfbh plkfr.
6) Fabì - Prhplhbldfaterluo fabes.
>) Effluvlh tekñcebh.
4) Thsæaef - Pltyrhsphruo hvfke. 1) Neroftltls sedhrrelaf sedhrrelaf - Pltyrhsphruo hvfke.
TA7 4
>) Pltlrlfsls verslahkhr ‑ Ofkfsezzlf spp.
¸Auæk ne khs slculebtes tlphs ne fkhpealf bh se ahbslnerf alaftrlalfk8 TA7 4 6) Fkhpealf fbnrhcìblaf.
Ahb respeath f kf mlnrhsfnebltls supurftlvf, seöfkfr kf respuestf lbahrreatf7
4) Klqueb pkfbh plkfr. 1) Fkhpealf jrhbtfk stdrhsfbte. stdrhsfbte. >) Kupus autæbeh autæbeh arñblah. arñblah.
6) Ahbstltuye ubf lbjeaalñb arñblaf ne kf ublnfn plkhsedæaef fpharlbf. 4) ^lebe ub fkth lopfath eb kf esjerf esjerf pslahshalfk nek pfalebte. pfalebte.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 6
>>
^rfsthrbhs ne kf plcoebtfalñb
Hrletfalñb OLT Ek oekfsof y ek vltïklch shb trfsthrbhs jreauebtes y jæalkes ne reahrnfr. Kh oæs lophrtfbte es sfder quì keslhbes pueneb jfvhreaer ek nesfrrhkkh ne oekfbhof.
Qecoebtfrlh.. Fjeatf f ub nerofthof, ne jhrof fsloìtrlaf. Qecoebtfrlh
Ublversfk.. Pìrnlnf ahopketf ne plcoebth. Ublversfk
•
•
Ek trftfolebth se mfræ eb jubalñb nek tlph ne keslñb7
•
Keslhbes khafklzfnfs7 ahrtlahlnes khafklzfnfs7 ahrtlahlnes h lbmldlnhres ne afkalbeurlbf tñplahs.
•
Keslhbes extebsfs h ceberfklzfnfs7 UZD h PUZF. Puene eopkefrse
66.6. Nlsarhoïfs ahb
ek imekklb (jhthsebsldlklzfbte tñplah) ahb jhthterfplf. Htrf fkterbftlvf
mlphplcoebtfalñb h farhoïf
tfalñb fpfreae lblalfkoebte sec÷b ub pftrñb perljhklaukfr (sfkvh que
es kf nesplcoebtfalñb ne kf plek sfbf ahb mlnrhqulbhbf. Kf replcoebek sltlh fjeatfnh bh tebcf pekh h tebcf pekhs nesplcoebtfnhs) y/h eb kf perljerlf ne kfs keslhbes.
Kfs nlsarhoïfs ahb mlphplcoebtfalñb se nedeb f kf nlsolbualñb h f kf fusebalf thtfk ne oekfblbf h ne oekfbhalths eb kf eplnerols. Eb este fpfrtfnh se reofrafræ sñkh ek vltïklch. vlt ïklch.
66.4. Nlsarhoïfs ahb mlperplcoebtfalñb
Zltïklch Ek vltïklch es ub trfsthrbh
Exlsteb ouamhs trfsthrbhs ahbcìblths h fnqulrlnhs que aursfb ahb mlper-
fnqulrlnh que se afrfaterlzf
plcoebtfalñb. Eb kf ^fdkf 66.6 se 66.6 se resuoeb khs oæs rekevfbtes eb jubalñb
phr oæaukfs farñolafs cebe-
ne kf khafklzfalñb ne kf oekfblbf y ne kf presebalf h bh ne fuoebth ne
rfnfs phr nestruaalñb ne khs
oekfbhalths.
oekfbhalths
(Jlcurf
66.6). 66.6). Eplnerols
Fjeatf fk 6% ne kf phdkfalñb, sueke ahoebzfr eb kf lbjfbalf h eb kf guvebtun y tlebe afræater jfolklfr, suphblìbnhse ubf
Fuoebtf oekfblbf
Ejìklnes Ofbamfs ‛afjì ahb keame‟ Bevus ne Deaier Oekfsof/akhfsof
Oekfsof/akhfsof
Fuoebtfb oekfbhalths
Kebtlchs
Oekfbhalthsls nìrolafs7 Ofbamf ohbcñklaf Bevus ne Htf (afdez‟Htf‟) Bevus ne Lth (mhodr‟Lth‟) Bevus fzuk
Jlcurf 66.6. Zltïklch
merebalf ouktljfathrlfk.
Nerols
•
•
Exlsteb tres tehrïfs faeraf ne su etlhpfthceblf7
•
•
Futhlboubltfrlf.. Nedlnh f su fshalfalñb ahb htrfs ebjeroenfnes Futhlboubltfrlf futhlboubltfrlfs (fbeolf perblalhsf, ebjeroenfn ne Crfves, ebjer-
•
^fdkf 66.6. ^uohres oekæblahs deblcbhs
oenfn ne Fnnlshb, nlfdetes oekkltus, freftf, eta.). Qe pueneb neteatfr fbtlauerphs fbtloekfbhalth auyhs blvekes se ahrrekfalhbfb ahb kf
Oekfsof/akhfsof
fatlvlnfn ne kf ebjeroenfn.
•
•
Futhalthtñxlaf.. Futhnestruaalñb ne khs oekfbhalths phr exaesh ne Futhalthtñxlaf
Mlperplcoebtfalñb sloìtrlaf fnqulrlnf eb jhrof ne ofbamfs ahb dhrnes
jubalñb y jhrofalñb ne rfnlafkes kl dres.
lrrecukfres que fjeatf prenholbfbteoebte f kf afrf. Oæs prevfkebte eb
Beurfk.. Dfsfnf eb kf evlnebalf ne vltïklchs secoebtfrlhs, presebalf Beurfk
ougeres (5
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Khs afodlhs eb kf plcoebtfalñb autæbef pueneb nederse f fuoebths h nlsolbualhbes ne kf oekfblbf h nek b÷oerh ne oekfbhalths. ^fodlìb ^fodlìb kf
✞
Ek vltïklch fjeatf f oæs nek 6% ne kf phdkfalñb. Qe ofblstestf ahoh oæaukfs farñolafs, resuktfnh ne kf nestruaalñb khafk ne khs o ekfbhalths.
prhjubnlnfn nek plcoebth puene ohstrfr ahkhres nlstlbths, slebnh oæs fzuk aufbth oæs prhjubnf estì kf oekfblbf.
Afss Akïblas Ouger ne >1 föhs que faune restrlebnh ofbamfs dkfbafs eb afrf, nhr-
1) Mlphoekfbhsls ofaukfr prhcreslvf.
sh ne ofbhs y zhbf cebltfk. Bh reahbhae blbc÷b sïbthof (prurlth,
>) Zltïklch.
nhkhr, eta.) eta.) fshalfnh. Fbteaenebte pershbfk ne mlphtlrhlnlsoh ahrreatfoebte trftfnh. ¸Vuì prhaesh se shspeamf eb estf pfalebte8 6) Pltlrlfsls verslahkhr. 4) Mlphplcoebtfalñb phstlbfflfofthrlf.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 >
>:
Jhthsebsldlklnfn. ^rfsthrbhs lbnualnhs phr kf kuz 64.4. Nerofthsls exfaerdfnfs
Hrletfalñb OLT
phr kf kuz
^eof ahopkegh y bh ouy precubtfnh. Mfy que aebtrfrse eb kfs Lnefs akfve y eb kf sekeaalñb ne precubtfs. Kh oæs lophrtfbte es ahbhaer dleb kf phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf, y fprebner f nlstlbculrkf ne kf fcunf lbteroltebte.
Qhb fquekkfs nerofthsls que se fcrfvfb h prealpltfb ahb ek shk (^fdkf 64.4). 64.4). Nerofthsls exfaerdfnfs phr kf kuz KEQ Neroftholhsltls Phrstrlfs Ebjeroenfn ne Nfrler Thsæaef
64.6. Jhthsebsldlklnfn lbnualnf phr sustfbalfs quïolafs
Fkdlblsoh haukhautæbeh Preafbaerhsls (xerhnerof plcoebthsh) Jhthfkerclfs y jhththxlfs Pekfcrf Qïbnrhoe afralbhlne
^fdkf 64.4. Nerofthsls fcrfvfnfs phr ek shk Kf jhthsebsldlklnfn lbnualnf phr sustfbalfs quïolafs puene ser jhthtñxlaf (pfreae ubf queofnurf shkfr y es phsldke que haurrf trfs kf prloerf exphslalñb fk oenlafoebth) h jhthfkìrclaf (kf kuz afodlf kf ahbstcurfalñb nek oenlafoebth y kf ahbvlerte eb ub fbtïcebh9 mfae jfktf ubf prloerf exphsl-
Taurnf ➞
Ebjeroenfnes que oeghrfb ahb kf jhthexphslalñb7 pshrlfsls, neroftltls ftñplaf, fabì h olahsls jubchlne.
alñb prevlf) (^fdkf 64.6). 64.6). Jhthfkerclf
Jhththxlalnfn
Oeafblsoh
Mlpersebsldlklnfn tlph LZ
Bh lboubltfrlf Oæs jreauebte
Drhte
Eb se secubnf ex exphslalñb ^frnïf (>= mhrfs nespuìs)
Eb prloerf exphslalñb Eb aufkquler pershbf
Akïblaf
Erupalñb ph phklohrjf, eaaeofthsf, lbakush eb ærefs audlertfs
Ohbhohrjf, ahoh aufkquler queofnurf, eb ærefs expuestfs
Q uk uk jf jf ol ol nf nf s, s, PFD FDF, F, je jeb b ht ht lf lf zl zl bf bf s (prhoetfzlbf)
^etrfalaklbfs (jhthhblañklsls), fkqultræb, pshrfkebhs, retlbhlnes
Afu Af u sf sf s
64.1. Phrstrlfs Kfs phrstrlfs shb ub cruph ne ebjeroenfnes oetfdñklafs afrfaterlzfnfs phr nejeaths ebzloætlahs merenltfrlhs h fnqulrlnhs ne kf vïf oetfdñklaf nek cruph meoh ne kf meohckhdlbf. Qu sïbtesls se prhnuae eb ek mïcfnh y eb kf oìnukf ñsef. Ek nejeath nf kucfr f kf fauoukfalñb ne oetfdhklths lbteroenlhs (phrstrlbfs) que fdshrdeb ebercïf kuoïblaf y prhvhafb jhthsebsldlklzfalñb.
^fdkf 64.6. Erupalñb jhthfkìrclaf jrebte f erupalñb jhthtñxlaf Qu akfslstafalñb se dfsf eb ek ñrcfbh eb ek que ek nìstalt ebzloætlah es oæs Eb ek afsh ne kfs tetrfalaklbfs y kfs tlfzlnfs t lfzlnfs se puene prhnualr jhthhblañklsls
ofblstesth7
f blvek ubcuefk.
•
Erltrhphyìtlafs (thnfs kkevfb kf pfkfdrf erltrhphyìtlaf eb su bhodre). Erltrhphyìtlafs (thnfs ^hnfs tebnræb alerth crfnh ne fbeolf meohkïtlaf y espkebhoecfklf.
Exlsteb nhs tlphs ne jhththxlalnfnes ahb ebtl nfn prhplf7
•
-
Jlthjhthneroftltls.. Afusfnf phr jurhauofrlbfs (pshrfkebhs) jhthfaJlthjhthneroftltls
(^fdkf 64.1). 64.1).
tlvfs presebtes eb kfs pkfbtfs. Qe ebauebtrf eb khs aïtrlahs (zuoh ne kloñb), mlchs h fplh, ebtre htrfs.
•
Phrstrlf erltrhphyìtlaf ahbcìbltf (PEA) (ne Cûbtmer)7 merebalf FT
-
•
Prhthphrstrlf erltrhphyìtlaf7 merebalf FN.
Mepætlafs.. ^hnfs tebnræb alerth crfnh ne nföh mepætlah ahb ekevfMepætlafs
Neroftltls ne Derkhque. Derkhque. Hafslhbfnf phr ubf lbterfaalñb ebtre kf kuz
alñb ne trfbsfolbfsfs.
shkfr y ek faelte ne dercfohtf, presebte eb ouamfs ahkhblfs y per-
-
juoes. Es tïplaf kf mlperplcoebtfalñb phstlbfflfofthrlf nek auekkh, que
-
nesfpfreae kebtfoebte nespuìs ne vfrl hs oeses.
-
Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf (PA^)7 merebalf FN h fnqulrlnf (^fdkf 64.1). 64.1).
Phrstrlf fcunf lbteroltebte (PFL)7 merebalf FN (^fdkf 64.1). 64.1).
Phrstrlf vfrlecftf7 merebalf FN.
Ahprhphrstrlf merenltfrlf7 merebalf FN.
Nìstalt ne FKF-nesmlnrftfsf7 merebalf FT.
-
-
Taurnf ➞
Bh nedeb fnolblstrfrse tetrfalaklbfs ahb lshtretlbhïbf pfrf trftfr ek fabì. Ek fnekcfzfolebth autæbeh prhnualnh phr khs retlbhlnes jfalkltf kf jhththxlalnfn ne kfs tetrfalaklbfs. Ek ush ahbgubth fuoebtf ek rlesch ne mlpertebslñb lbtrfarfbefk.
•
Mepftherltrhphyìtlafs7 Mepftherltrhphyìtlafs7 Phrstrlf mepftherltrhphyìtlaf7 merebalf FT. -
Pfrf slopklstafr, kfs phrstrlfs se nlvlneb akïblafoebte eb tres cruphs (Jlcurf 64.6)77 kfs que tlebeb akïblaf afsl exakuslvfoebte autæbef, kfs ne akïblaf afsl 64.6)
>3
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf
Phrstrlf erltrhphyìtlaf ahbcìbltf
Phrstrlf fcunf lbteroltebte
Nìstalt ebzloætlah y merebalf
UTH nesafrdhxlkfsf LLL (urhphrstrlbf y ahprhphrstrlbf eb sfbcre, hrlbf y meaes ahbstrofb ek nlfcbñstlah). Teckf obeohtìablaf7 ‛gUTH NEQAFbsfr ne kf phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf‟ (UTH NEQAFrdhxlkfsf LLL) Merebalf7 FN. Oæs jreauebte que sef FNVULTLNF phr nföh mepætlah ( fkahmhk, meoharhofthsls, ZMA...) ZMA...)
Urhphrstrlbñcebh LLL ahslbtetfsf Merebalf7 FT
PCD nefolbfsf Merebalf7 FN
E n fn
1.ª->.ª nìafnfs (vfrhbes 2 ougeres)
Lbjfbalf
65->0 föhs
Jreauebalf
Oæs jreauebte
Ouy rfrf
Oæs jreauebte eb bñrnlahs
Jhthsebsldlklnfn
Ohnerfnf-crfve
Ofrafnf nesne bfalolebth, outlkfbte
Bh
Akïblaf autæbef
Qï
Qï (ahb crfves outlkfalhbes)
Bh
Akïb Ak ïbla laf f sls slstì tìol olaf af
Nlfdet Nlfd etes es oe oekk kklt ltus us (4 (45% 5%)) Qlnerhsls mepætlaf (fslbthoætlah)
Fbeolf meohkïtlaf y espkebhoecfklf ^löe pföfkes ne rhgh Erltrhnhbalf
Arlsls phrjïrlaf7 trïfnf nhkhr fdnholbfk + fkt. beurhkñclafs (QBA, QBP y QBF) + fkt. pslqulætrlafs (lrrltfdlklnfn, lbquletun, lbshoblh, fcltfalñb, afbsfbalh, nepreslñb)
^rftfolebth
Jkedhthoïfs Eklolbfr fkahmhk Akhrhqulbf
Espkebeathoïf Jhthprhteaalñb ^rftfolebth ne lbjeaalhbes autæbefs
Evltfr nesebafnebfbtes ne arlsls Akhrprhofzlbf y fbfkcìslahs Nletf rlaf eb mlnrfths ne afrdhbh Meoftlbf
^fdkf 64.1. Ahopfrfalñb ne PA^, PEA y PFL
exakuslvfoebte slstìolaf eb drhtes ne arlsls phrjïrlafs, y kfs olxtfs. Fne-
erhslhbes, qulstes ne olkkluo), oæs
oæs, se nede reahrnfr que thnfs kfs erltrhphyìtlafs pueneb aursfr ahb
mlperplcoebtfalñb jfalfk e mlpertrl-
fbeolf meohkïtlaf y espkebhoecfklf9 fsï ahoh thnfs kfs mepætlafs pueneb
ahsls ofkfr, rekfalhbfnfs ahb ubf
teber ofyhr h oebhr fjeatfalñb mepætlaf.
ofrafnf jhthsebsldlklnfn (Jlcurf 64.4).. Kf fjeatfalñb mepætlaf sueke 64.4)
Autæbef
Qlstìolaf
ser fslbthoætlaf y se nede fk nepñslth ne phrstrlbfs y ne mlerrh. Es afrfaterïstlaf kf presebalf ne ffluhresaebalf rhsf-rhglzf eb kf hrlbf
Phrstrlf fcunf lbteroltebte
Autæbefs Erltrhphyìtlafs
Zfrlecftf (eb su bhodre Ahprhphrstrlf kkevfb kf pfkfdrf autæbef h erltrhphyìtlaf
Nìstalt ne FKFnesmlnrftfsf
Jlcurf 64.4. Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf. Keslhbes eb ofbhs
aufbnh se exfolbf ahb kf kuz ne Shhn. Ek nlfcbñstlah se ahbstrof oenlfbte kf presebalf ne urhphrstrlbf L y LLL eb hrlbf, lshahprhphrstrlbf eb meaes eb afbtlnfnes ekevfnfs y htrfs phrstrlbfs eb pkfsof. Mlsthkñclafoebte, kfs fophkkfs shb sudeplnìrolafs, slb refaalñb lbfflfofthrlf fahopföfbte. Kfs phrstrlbfs ne khs meoftïes shb bhrofkes. Ek trftfolebth ahbslste eb eklolbfr khs nesebafnebfbtes (fkahmhk, estrñcebhs), ffledhthoïfs perlñnlafs pfrf renualr mlerrh y negfr meohckhdlbf eb 60-66 c/nk h fnolblstrfr akhrhqulbf hrfk eb nhsls dfgfs pfrf
Jhthsebsldlklnfn Jrfclklnfn autæbef
Akïblaf olxtf
Ftfques fcunhs ne phrstrlf7
fuoebtfr kf eklolbfalñb urlbfrlf ne phrstrlbfs (eb afsh ne ahbtrflbnlafalñb
³ Nhkhr fdnholbfk ³ Phklbeurhpftïf ³ Akïblaf pslqulætrlaf
ne ffledhthoïfs).
Jlcurf 64.6. Akfslstafalñb akïblaf ne kfs phrstrlfs
Taurnf ➞
Ek nlfcbñstlah se refklzf phr neteaalñb ne khs prhnuaths fauoukfnhs eb ek
Kf UTH-nesafrdhxlkfsf es kf ebzlof lopklafnf eb kf phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf (PA^) ¡y kh ÷blah que se nede sfder eb ek nïf nek OLT!
pkfsof, kf hrlbf, kfs meaes, khs erltrhalths h kf oìnukf ñsef.
Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf (OLT 66-64, 636) 636)
Prhthphrstrlf erltrhphyìtlaf
Es kf oæs jreauebte. Qe merenf ne ofberf futhsñolaf nholbfbte, h dleb es
Es kf secubnf oæs jreauebte y kf que ofyhr lbalnebalf tlebe eb blöhs. Es
fnqulrlnf (kf ofyhrïf ne khs afshs) eb rekfalñb ahb jfathres mepfthkeslvhs
ubf ebjeroenfn merenltfrlf que se trfbsolte ahb ub pftrñb reaeslvh h
ahoh fkahmhk, estrñcebhs, lbjeaalñb phr ZMA ( ZMA (OLT OLT 60-66, 616) 616), meoharh-
nholbfbte y que aholebzf eb kf lbjfbalf ahb lbthkerfbalf fk shk. Kf akïblaf
ofthsls h exphslalñb f tñxlahs (mexfakhrhdebaebh). Es nedlnf f kf nestaleb-
es ne erlteof shkfr fcunh que fpfreae f kfs phafs mhrfs ne kf exphslalñb.
alf ne urhphrstrlbñcebh nesafrdhxlkfsf f blvek mepætlah, que prhvhaf ub fa÷oukh ne urhphrstrlbñcebh LLL. Akïblafoebte, kfs ofbljestfalhbes aholeb-
Bh exlste exarealñb ne phrstrlbfs eb kf hrlbf, kh que puene nlstauktfr ek nlfcbñstlah (se nedeb oenlr phrstrlbfs eb meaes). Fshalf ahkekltlfsls. Es ne utlkl-
zfb eb kf fnhkesaebalf (jhrofs jfolklfres merenltfrlfs) h eb kf teraerf h
nfn ek trftfolebth ahb δ-afrhtebh pfrf fuoebtfr ek tleoph ne exphslalñb
aufrtf nìafnfs (jhrofs fnqulrlnfs)9 fjeatf ahb ofyhr jreauebalf f vfrhbes.
shkfr. Ek nejeath ebzloætlah resphbsfdke ahrresphbne f kf jerrhquekftfsf
Qe lblalf ahb mlperjrfclklnfn autæbef eb ek nhrsh ne kfs ofbhs (fophkkfs,
(ceb JEAM).
>=
64. Jhthsebsldlklnfn. ^rfsthrbhs lbnualnhs phr kf kuz. NO
Phrstrlf erltrhphyìtlaf ahbcìbltf (h phrstrlf ne Cûbtmer)
6=-6-65, ) Folkhlnhsls.
><
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
TA7 4
TA7 1
Fnukth ne >3 föhs, dedenhr fdubnfbte, faune f kf ahbsuktf phr fpf-
Blöh ne 5 föhs que nesne ek bfalolebth presebtf hrlbfs rhglzfs, lb-
rlalñb ne pequeöfs keslhbes fophkkhsfs eb ek nhrsh ne kf ofbh phr
tebsf jhthsebsldlklnfn ahb alaftrlaes esakerhneroljhroes fshalfnfs y
trfuoftlsohs oïblohs. Eb kf expkhrfalñb se hdservf tfodlìb ubf ml-
fbeolf meohkïtlaf lbtebsf. Ek nlfcbñstlah oæs prhdfdke es7
perplcoebtfalñb nljusf y ubf mlpertrlahsls jfalfk. Ek nlfcbñstlah oæs prhdfdke es7
6) Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf. 4) Phrstrlf vfrlecftf.
6) Pìbstch vukcfr.
1) Phrstrlf ne Cûbtmer.
4) Neroftltls merpetljhroe.
>) Phrstrlf fcunf fcunf lbteroltebte.
1) Phrstrlf autæbef tfrnf. >) Eplneroñklsls fophkkhsf slopke.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
50
Ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs
Hrletfalñb OLT
preslñb (Jlcurf 61.6). Evhkualhbfb f erhslhbes nhkhrhsfs y ahstrfs. Qlcbh ne Blihksiy phsltlvh.
Es ub teof ouy lophrtfbte que se nede estunlfr ahb netfkke. Kh jubnfoebtfk es fprebner kf akïblaf, eplneolhkhcïf, mlsthkhcïf e lboubhffluhresaebalf afrfaterïstlaf ne afnf ebtlnfn. y fsï phner nlstlbculrkfs eb ub afsh akïblah. Pfrf ekkh mfy que oeohrlzfr ahb ftebalñb kfs loæcebes, eb espealfk, ahopfrfbnh kf nek pìbstch vukcfr (fophkkfs lbtrfeplnìrolafs fflæalnfs), ahb kf nek pebstchlne (fophkkfs sudeplnìrolafs tebsfs shdre dfse urtlafrlfk eb ub fbalfbh). Tevlsfr ahb ftebalñb kf tfdkf ne nlfcbñstlah nljerebalfk ne kfs ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs (^fdkf 61.6).
Kfs ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboububltfrlfs shb ub ahbgubth ne ebjeroenfnes nerofthkñclafs que se prhnuaeb phr kf presebalf ne futhfbtlauerphs ahbtrf nlstlbths fbtïcebhs ne kf eplnerols h ublñb neroheplnìrolaf, que nfb kucfr f fophkkfs eb kf superstale autæbef y/h ouahsf. Pfrf ek nlfcbñstlah, es jubnfoebtfk kf refklzfalñb ne nhs dlhpslfs7 ubf eb kf plek fjeatfnf (pfrf neterolbfr kf khafklzfalñb ne kf fophkkf y ek lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh) y htrf eb kf plek sfbf perlkeslhbfk (pfrf refklzfr lboubhffluhresaebalf
F
D
Jlcurf 61.6. (F) Pìbstch (D) Pìbstch vukcfr ahb fjeatfalñb nePìbstch. kf ouahsf hrfk ahb vukcfr. erhslhbes
Taurnf ➞
Ek pìbstch vecetfbte es ub sudtlph akïblah lbjreauebte nek pìbstch vukcfr khafklzfnh eb auerh afdekkunh y zhbfs ne pklecues.
nlreatf y khafklzfr ek tlph y nepñslth ne lboubhckhduklbfs (OLT 6:-63, 60) 60).
A. Nlfcbñstlah (OLT 6. Ahopfrfalñb mlsthkñclaf ne pìbstch vukcfr y pebstchlne fophkkhsh
➞
Taurnf ➞
Pfrf utlklzfr fzftlhprlbf se requlere vfkhrfr ek blvek ebzloætlah ne kf
tlhpurlbf oetlktrfbsjerfsf (^PO^) pfrf fgustfr nhsls y evltfr althpeblfs.
Pìbstch jhklæaeh Qe trftf ne ubf vfrlfbte oæs rfrf ne pìbstch eb kf que ek nföh mlsthkñclah se prhnuae f blvek oæs superstalfk, ahb ubf fophkkf lbtrfeplnìrolaf eb kf afpf crfbukhsf y sudañrbef. Kf nesohckeïbf 6, que se expresf oæs eb khs querftlbhalths ne kf plek que eb khs ne kfs ouahsfs, seræ ek fbtïcebh jubnfoebtfk. Akïblafoebte fpfreaeb erhslhbes y ahstrfs shdre dfse erlteofthsf ne lblalh eb ærefs sedhrrelafs, ahb ouamf oebhr fjeatfalñb ouahsf que eb ek pìbstch vukcfr. Fk sudtlph ne pìbstch jhklæaeh khafklzfnh exakuslvfoebte eb ærefs sedhrrelafs se ke nebholbf pìbstch erlteofthsh.
Etlhpfthceblf Ek nepñslth ne LcC nlrlclnh ahbtrf fbtïcebhs prhteïbf DP6=0 ne kf kæolbf k÷alnf (meolnesohshof) fatlvf ek ahopkeoebth y prhvhaf ubf refaalñb lbfflfofthrlf que nesebafnebf kf sepfrfalñb neroheplnìrolaf.
Akïblaf Kf akïblaf se dfsf eb kf fpfrlalñb, eb pershbfs ofyhres, ne fophkkfs tebsfs shdre plek sfbf h shdre keslhbes mfdhbhsfs (OLT 6:-63, 60) 60). Prenholbfb eb ek fdnhoeb y eb kfs ærefs fflexhrfs ne kfs extreolnfnes. Mfy prurlth lbtebsh. Bh negf alaftrlaes. Kf fjeatfalñb ouahsf es lbjreauebte. Qlcbh ne Blihksiy becftlvh.
Nlfcbñstlah (OLT 61-6>, 46=) 46=)
•
•
Pìbstch pfrfbehpkæslah
•
Eb hafslhbes exlste ubf behpkfslf sudyfaebte fk nesfrrhkkh ne ub pìbstch. Prlbalpfkoebte shb behpkfslfs meofthkñclafs (klbjhofs) h tlohofs.
61.4. Pebstchlne fophkkhsh
Mlsthkhcïf. Fophkkf sudeplnìrolaf ahb lbstktrfnh nìrolah ahb ehsl-
bñstkhs. LJN. LcC ¶ A1 eb nepñslth klbefk eb kf oeodrfbf dfsfk ne kf ublñb neroheplnìrolaf. LJL. LcC fbtloeodrfbf dfsfk alraukfbtes phsltlvhs eb ub 30-=0% ne khs k hs afshs, slb ahrrekfalñb ahb kf fatlvlnfn ne kf ebjeroenfn.
Taurnf ➞
Teckf obeohtìablaf7 ‛pEbjLChln1‟. E7 ehslbñstkhs. LC7 LcC. 17 A1. • •
Ek pebstchlne fophkkhsh es kf ebjeroenfn fophkkhsf futhlboubltfrlf oæs jreauebte. Aursf ahb fophkkfs sudeplnìrolafs, bhrofkoebte eb pfalebtes ne enfn fvfbzfnf (ofyhres ne :0 föhs), afrfaterlzfnf mls-
•
^rftfolebth
Jlcurf 61.1. Pebstchlne fophkkhsh. Fophkkfs tebsfs. Qlcbh ne Blihksiy becftlvh
Bh es tfb crfve ahoh ek pìbstch vukcfr. Eb ek trftfolebth se usfb ahrtlahlnes tñplahs y/h slstìolahs7 prenblshbf 0,5-6 oc/ic/nïf. Ql bh mfy respuestf, pueneb eopkefrse fzftlhprlbf u htrhs lboubhsupreshres.
thpfthkñclafoebte phr ek nepñslth ne LcC y A1 eb kf oeodrfbf dfsfk (Jlcurf 61.1).
61.1. Pebstchlne alaftrlalfk
Eb kf Jlcurf 61.> se hjreae kf ahopfrfalñb mlsthkñclaf nek pìbstch vukcfr y nek pebstchlne fophkkhsh.
Ek pebstchlne alaftrlalfk es ubf ebjeroenfn fophkkhsf sudeplnìrolaf, ahb afrfaterïstlafs mlsthkñclafs e lboubhpfthkñclafs slolkfres fk pebstchlne
54
61. Ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs. NO
fophkkhsh, fubque nestblnf phr keslhbes ouahsfs ahb lophrtfbte tebnebalf f kf alaftrlzfalñb.
•
LJL. LcC fbtloeodrfbf dfsfk alraukfbtes phsltlvhs eb afsl thnhs khs
afshs (eopkefbnh fbtlauerphs ohbhakhbfkes). Jfathr MC (que se ahrresphbne ahb ubf LcC afpfz ne stgfr ahopkeoebth) phsltlvh eb dfgfs ahbaebtrfalhbes jreauebteoebte jreauebteoebte..
Akïblaf Fjeatf ahb ofyhr jreauebalf f ougeres ne enfn fvfbzfnf. Qe presebtf jubnfoebtfkoebte eb ouahsfs, que phr hrneb nearealebte ne jreauebalf
^rftfolebth
shb kfs slculebtes7 dhaf, ahbgubtlvf, kfrlbce, cebltfkes y esñjfch. Qe prhnuaeb fophkkfs ahb tebnebalf f kf alaftrlzfalñb y f kf jhrofalñb ne slbequlfs. Exlsteb keslhbes autæbefs que fpfreaeb eb ub 10% ne khs afshs.
Qe refklzf ahb prenblshbf hrfk eb nhsls ne 0,5 oc/ic/nïf. Pueneb eopkefrse fbtlmlstfoïblahs hrfkes.
Nlfcbñstlah •
Mlsthkhcïf e LJN. Qlolkfres f kfs nek pebstchlne fophkkhsh.
•
LJL. Mfdltufkoebte becftlvf.
^rftfolebth Qe kkevf f afdh ahb prenblshbf, jreauebteoebte fahopföfnf ne lboubhsupreshres (fzftlhprlbf h alakhjhsjfolnf) sec÷b kf crfvenfn y kfs k fs ouahsfs fjeatfnfs.
61.5. Neroftltls merpetljhroe (ebjeroenfn ne Numrlbc-Drhaq) Kf neroftltls merpetljhroe es ubf ebjeroenfn deblcbf y arñblaf afrfaterlzfnf phr pæpukfs y vesïaukfs sloìtrlafs ouy prurlclbhsfs eb ærefs extebshrfs, eb pfalebtes ahb ubf ebterhpftïf sebsldke fk ckuteb eb ek -65, 6>5) 6>5).
Etlhpfthceblf Qu etlhkhcïf es nesahbhalnf. Fktf lbalnebalf ne MKF-D= y NT1. Bh se mf
Merpes cestftlhbls 61.>. h pebstchlne cestfalhbfk
neohstrfnh rekfalñb pfthcìblaf ebtre kf ebterhpftïf y khs nepñslths autæbehs ne LcF, perh se plebsf que ek ckuteb guecf ub pfpek lophrtfbte.
Akïblaf Ek merpes cestftlhbls es ubf ebjeroenfn fophkkhsf sudeplnìrolaf futhlboubltfrlf ne fpfrlalñb eb ek eodfrfzh y eb ek phspfrth, que aursf ahoh ubf erupalñb ne vesïaukfs prurlclbhsfs, prhnualnfs phr kf presebalf ne LcC nlrlclnfs ahbtrf kf oeodrfbf dfsfk.
Akïblaf
Queke ahoebzfr ebtre kf secubnf y kf aufrtf nìafnfs ne kf vlnf. Kfs keslhbes shb phklohrjfs, ahb pæpukfs, pkfafs urtlafrljhroes y vesïaukfs exahrlfnfs fcrupfnfs (ne fmï ek tìrolbh ‛merpetljhroe‟) ahb nlstrldualñb sloìtrlaf eb ærefs ne extebslñb (ahnhs, rhnlkkfs, esaæpukfs, ck÷tehs, ck÷tehs, auerh afdekkunh) slb fjeatfalñb ouahsf (Jlcurf 61.:). Ek sïbthof jubnfoebtfk es ek prurlth.
Ebtre ek secubnh y ek ter-
Qñkh ub 10% ofbljestfræb fkterfalhbes akïblafs lbtestlbfkes (nlfrref, estefthrref, nhkhr fdnholbfk).
aer trloestre ne kf cestfalñb fpfreaeb pæpukfs, mfdhbes, vesïaukfs y fophkkfs prurlclbhsfs que eoplezfb eb ek æref perluodlklafk y se extlebneb fk Jlcurf 61.5. Merpes cestftlhbls. resth ne kf plek (Jlcurf 61.5). Zesïaukfs lbalplebtes Kfs ouahsfs bh suekeb fjeatfrse. Ek drhte puene futhkloltfrse, perh shb ahoubes buevhs eplshnlhs eb ek phspfrth, ahb kf thof ne fbtlahbaeptlvhs fbtlahbaeptlvh s y ahb buevhs eodfrfzhs. Ub 5-60% ne blöhs bfae ahb keslhbes pfrealnfs, que se futhkloltfb eb ubfs seofbfs, nedlnh fk pfsh ne fbtlauerphs ofterbhs f trfvìs ne kf pkfaebtf.
Taurnf ➞
Ek slcbh ne Blihksiy fpfreae eb ek pìbstch y bh eb ek resth ne ebjerebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs.
Jlcurf 61.:. Neroftltls merpetljhroe
Nlfcbñstlah
•
Mlsthkhcïf. Fophkkf sudeplnìrolaf ahb olarhfdsaeshs ne phklohr-
jhbuakefres eb kfs pfplkfs nìrolafs. Lbstktrfnh beutrhjïklah eb nerols.
Nlfcbñstlah
•
LJN. Nepñslth crfbukfr ne LcF eb ek vìrtlae ne kfs pfplkfs nìrolafs. Puene fshalfr A1.
LJL. Bh se neteatfb fbtlauerphs fbtloeodrfbf dfsfk. Qhb phsltlvhs
•
Mlsthkhcïf. Fophkkf sudeplnìrolaf ahb ehslbñstkhs.
•
LJN. A1 eb nepñslth klbefk eb kf oeodrfbf dfsfk9 y, eb ek 10->0% ne
khs fbtlrretlauklbf, fbtlebnholslh y fbtlolarhshofkes, prhplhs ne kf
afshs, tfodlìb LcC.
aeklfquïf.
•
51
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
^rftfolebth
•
•
tljhroe, y ubf mlsthkhcïf tfodlìb lbteroenlf, sfkvh phr ek nfth nljerebalfk ne ohstrfr eb kf LJN nepñslths klbefkes ne LcF eb kf zhbf ne kf oeodrfbf dfsfk. Tesphbne fk trftfolebth ahb nfpshbf.
Nletf slb ckuteb. Es ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb. Bhrofklzf kf ebterh-
pftïf y oeghrf kfs keslhbes autæbefs f kfrch pkfzh. Nfpshbf (sukjhbf). ^rftfolebth jfrofahkñclah ne ekeaalñb. Khs pfalebtes nedeb thofr kf nhsls oïblof que khs ofbtebcf kldres ne keslhbes. Ek ush ne nfpshbf nede ser sleopre ahopkeoebtfrlh f
F ohnh ne resuoeb, kf ^fdkf 61.6 reahce kh trftfnh eb este teof.
Taurnf
kf nletf kldre ne ckuteb, lbnlaæbnhse ne jhrof teophrfk nurfbte ek tleoph que tfrnf kf nletf eb ser ejeatlvf shdre kf fjeatfalñb autæbef (mfdltufkoebte ebtre 6-4 föhs), fsï ahoh eb fquekkhs pfalebtes
➞
Kf crfb ofyhrïf ne kfs ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs shb ahb fophkkf QUDeplnìrolaf, f exaepalñb nek pìbstch y vfrlfbtes (LB^TFeplnìrolaf).
que, phr nealslñb prhplf, bh auopkeb kfs oenlnfs nletìtlafs ne jhrof estrlatf y auyf slbthofthkhcïf autæbef mfy que ahbtrhkfr. ahbtrhkfr.
Taurnf
61.:. Eplneroñklsls fophkkhsf fnqulrlnf
➞
Kfs ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs que prhnuaeb nepñslths ne LcF (neroftltls merpetljhroe y nerofthsls LcF klbefk) resphbneb f nfpshbf. Ek resth se trftf ahb ahrtlahlnes. Kf nfpshbf lbmlde kf qulolhtfxls ne khs phklohrjhbuakefres (beutrñstkhs), phr esh es ÷tlk eb kfs ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs ahb beutrñstkhs eb kf mlsthkhcïf7 kf neroftltls merpetljhroe y kf LcF klbefk.
Es ubf nerofthsls fophkkhsf arñblaf rfrf, que fjeatf f fnukths eb jhrof ne mlperjrfclklnfn autæbef eb zhbfs ne rhae, ahb jhrofalñb ne fophkkfs fbte pequeöhs trfuoftlsohs. Fpfreaeb fophkkfs sudeplnìrolafs, que shb ahbseauebalf ne kf nestruaalñb nek ahkæcebh ZLL ne kfs stdrlkkfs ne fbakfge ne kf oeodrfbf dfsfk phr futhfbtlauerphs LcC. Tesphbne Tesphbne ne jhrof lrrecukfr f ahrtlahlnes y f alakhsphrlbf.
Prcubtfs OLT
61.3. Nerofthsls ahb LcF klbefk
➞
OLT 6-65, 6>5 ➞ OLT 61-6>, 46=
Qe trftf ne ubf ebjeroenfn fophkkhsf, mfdltufkoebte ne aursh deblcbh y futhkloltfnf, que se presebtf eb kf lbjfbalf y se afrfaterlzf phr ohstrfr ubf akïblaf lbteroenlf ebtre pebstchlne fophkkhsh y neroftltls merpe-
Pìbstch vukcfr
Pebstchlne fophkkhsh
Merpes cestftlhbls
Neroftltls merpetljhroe
Akïblaf
>0-50 föhs Quekeb fjeatfr f ouahsfs Bh prurlth Fophkkf fflæalnf Blihksiy
Fbalfbh F veaes ouahsf Qï prurlth Fophkkf tebsf Bh Blihksiy
Cestfbte Bh ouahsfs Qï prurlth Merpetljhroe Bh Blihksiy
65-15 föhs Bh ouahsfs Qï prurlth Merpetljhroe Bh Blihksiy
LJN Mlst Ml sthk hkhc hcïf ïf
LcC Foph Fo phkk kkf f LB LB^T ^TFe Fepl plnì nìro rola laf f Mfy fafbtñklsls
LcC + A1 Fophkkf QUDeplnìrolaf Mfy ehslbñstkhs
LcC + A1 Fophkkf QUDeplnìrolaf Mfy ehslbñstkhs
LcF Fophkkf QUDeplnìrolaf Beutrñstkhs eb nerols
^rftfolebth
Ahrtlahlnes f nhsls fktfs
Ahrtlahlnes
Ahrtlahlnes
Nletf ¶ nfpshbf
Teauernf
Ohrtfklnfn ; 5%
Kh oæs jreauebte
Tealnlvf sl buevh eodfrfzh
¡¡Fshalfnf f ebterhpftïf phr ckuteb!! 0-50 föhs ahb keslhbes ouahsfs y fophkkfs fflæalnfs eb kf plek.
Ek pìbstch jhklæaeh bh fjeatf f kfs ouahsfs. Qhb jreauebtes kfs erhslhbes autæbefs, perh bh kfs fophkkfs.
✞
Ek pebstchlne fophkkhsh sueke fpfreaer eb kf teraerf enfn. Kfs fophkkfs shb tebsfs y fpfreaeb shdre pkfafs urtlafrljhroes prurlclbhsfs.
✞
Eb ek pìbstch mfy fafbtñklsls phr kf faalñb ne kfs LcC nlrlclnfs ahbtrf
Kf fjeatfalñb ouahsf es lbjreauebte. ^lebe oeghr prhbñstlah que ek
fbtïcebhs ne kf superstale nek querftlbhalth.
pìbstch.
5>
61. Ebjeroenfnes fophkkhsfs futhlboubltfrlfs. NO
✞
Kf mlsthkhcïf nek pebstchlne ouestrf fophkkfs sudeplnìrolafs ahb
stkhs eb ek vìrtlae ne kfs pfplkfs nìrolafs.
fdubnfbtes ehslbñstkhs. ✞ ✞
Kf LJN nek pebstchlne ouestrf nepñslths ne A1 y eb oebhr lbtebslnfn
Kf LJN ne kf NM neouestrf nepñslths crfbukfres ne LcF eb pfplkfs nìrolafs.
ne LcC eb kf oeodrfbf dfsfk neroheplnìrolaf. ✞ ✞
Kf akïblaf, mlsthkhcïf e LJN nek pebstchlne cestfalhbfk es kf olsof que kf nek pebstchlne fophkkhsh, ahbslneræbnhse ubf jhrof ne pebstchlne ne
Kf NM presebtf khs olsohs futhfbtlauerphs que kf ebjeroenfn aekïfaf y resphbne fk olsoh trftfolebth (nletf slb ckuteb). Kf nfpshbf es ek trftfolebth oìnlah ne ekeaalñb.
presebtfalñb eb eodfrfzfnfs eodfrfzfnfs.. ✞ ✞
Kf eplneroñklsls fophkkhsf fnqulrlnf se ofblstestf ahb fophkkfs eb
Kf neroftltls merpetljhroe (NM) se ofblstestf ahb vesïaukfs ouy pru-
zhbfs ne rhae. Ek ahkæcebh ZLL (jhrof kfs stdrlkkfs ne fbakfge ne kf oeo-
rlclbhsfs eb ahnhs, rhnlkkfs y ck÷tehs que bh resphbneb f ahrtlahlnes.
drfbf dfsfk) es ek fbtïcebh ahbtrf ek que se nlrlceb kfs LcC.
Fshalfnf f ebjeroenfn aekïfaf mfdltufkoebte fslbthoætlaf. ✞ ✞
Kf mlsthkhcïf ne kf NM ouestrf ubf fophkkf sudeplnìrolaf ahb beutrñ-
Kf nerofthsls klbefk LcF es kf oæs jreauebte eb kf lbjfbalf y resphbne fk trftfolebth ahb nfpshbf.
Afss Akïblas Aufbnh se hdservf ubf lboubhffluhresaebalf nlreatf phsltlvf eb kf
Ubf ouger ne 41 föhs faune f ahbsuktf phr presebtfr, nesne nesne mfae vf-
plek keslhbfk y perlkeslhbfk, fjeatfbnh f kf sustfbalf lbteraekukfr ne kf eplnerols, es phsldke estfdkeaer ek nlfcbñstlah ne7
rlhs oeses, ubfs pæpukfs y vesïaukfs fcrupfnfs khafklzfnfs eb ahnhs, rhnlkkfs, buaf y ck÷tehs. Kf refklzfalñb ne ubf lboubhffluhresaebalf nlreatf hdgetlvf nepñslths crfbukfres LcF eb kfs pfplkfs nìrolafs. ¸Auæk
6) Pebstchlne fophkkfr fophkkfr..
ne khs slculebtes ebubalfnhs es ahrreath eb estf pfalebte8
4) Neroftltls merpetljhroe. 1) Eplneroñklsls fophkkfr. >) Pìbstch vukcfr.
6) Nede fpklafrse ubf areof fafrlalnf (klbnfbh, peroetrlbf) peroetrlbf) thnfs kfs bhames. 4) Ek trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb es ub ahrtlahlne tñplah.
TA7 >
1) Es fahbsegfdke que refklae refklae ubf nletf slb ckuteb. >) Ek oeghr trftfolebth es ek yhnurh phtæslah. phtæslah.
Fbalfbh ne =0 föhs que drusafoebte presebtf, phr ek auerph y extreolnfnes, crfbnes fophkkfs shdre ubf dfse urtlafrlfk. Fkcubfs shb
TA7 1
purp÷rlafs. Eb ek afsh ne ubf ouger ne 53 föhs que faune f ahbsuktf phr presebBh mfy fjeatfalñb ne kfs ouahsfs. Qe ahbservf ek estfnh ceberfk. Ek
tfr pìrnlnf ne pesh lbtebsf eb khs ÷ktlohs oeses, stedre bhaturbf,
prurlth es nlsareth y kfs erhslhbes phstfophkkhsfs alaftrlzfb negfbnh
ofkestfr ceberfk, y erhslhbes y fophkkfs lbtebsfs eb ouahsf hrfk slb
oæaukfs plcoebtfnfs. Mlsthpfthkñclafoebte se veb fophkkfs sudepl-
htrf fjeatfalñb autæbef, ¸quì ebjeroenfn se nederïf shspeamfr ne
nìrolafs ahb fdubnfbtes ehslbñstkhs. Phr lboubhffluhresaebalf nlrea-
ebtre kfs slculebtes8
tf, se hdservf ub nepñslth klbefk ne LcC y A1 f blvek ne kf oeodrfbf dfsfk. ¸Auæk es ek nlfcbñstlah8
6) Pìbstch fophkkhsh. 4) Ebjeroenfn ne Demãet.
6) Pìbstch vukcfr.
1) Fjtfs eb pfalebte ZLM.
4) Pìbstch alaftrlalfk.
>) Pìbstch pfrfbehpkæslah pfrfbehpkæslah..
1) Pebstchlne fophkkhsh. >) Neroftltls merpetljhroe. TA7 1
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 >
55
Pfblaukltls
Hrletfalñb OLT
Este teof eb refklnfn es ouy rebtfdke phrque ek esjuerzh es oïbloh. Qe nede ahbhaer kh tïplah nek erlteof bunhsh (fsï ahoh sus phsldkes etlhkhcïfs) y ne kf vfsaukltls bhnukfr. Jreauebteoebte, ek nlfcbñstlah nljerebalfk seræ mlsthkñclah (seræ ÷tlk kf reckf obeohtìablaf ne kf ^fdkf 6>.6).
bfs y puene fahopföfrse ne ofkestfr ceberfk, stedre y frtrfkclfs. Presebtf ub aursh futhkloltfnh y fjeatf prenholbfbteoebte f ougeres gñvebes (Jlcurf 6>.6). Aurf slb negfr alaftrlz eb ub pkfzh ne >-: seofbfs.
6>.6. Ahbaepth y akfslstafalñb Kfs pfblaukltls trfnuaeb ubf lbfflfofalñb nek teglnh aekukfr sudautæbeh y se ofblstestfb eb jhrof ne bñnukhs nhkhrhshs erlteofthshs h vlhkæaehs khafk hafklzfnhs prejerebteoebte eb oleodrhs lbjerlhres. Qu nlfcbñstlah requlere ne ubf dlhpslf prhjubnf que lbakuyf kf mlphnerols. Kf presebalf ne p÷rpurf pfkpfdke bh es prhplf ne esths prhaeshs, slìbnhkh ne kfs vfsaukltls keuahalthakæstlafs (OLT 0.6. Erlteof bunhsh
Etlhkhcïf Kf akfslstafalñb ne kfs pfblaukltls (^fdkf 6>.6) es mlsthkñclaf y se dfsf eb kf khafklzfalñb nek lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh, kf aekukfrlnfn prenholbfbte y kf presebalf h fusebalf ne vfsaukltls fshalfnf.
Qe fshalf f ubf respuestf lboubhkñclaf ne mlpersebsldlklnfn nesebafnebfnf phr o÷ktlpkes neterolbfbtes fbtlcìblahs7 Lbjeaalhbes7 Dfaterlfbfs. Estrepthahahs (kf oæs jreauebte), tuderaukhsls, keprf, klbjhcrfbukhof vebìreh, \erslblf, Oyahpkfsof. J÷bclafs. Dkfstholahsls, mlsthpkfsohsls. Zïrlafs. Ohbhbuakehsls lbjeaalhsf, AOZ. AOZ. Ebjeroenfnes slstìolafs7 Qfrahlnhsls (OLT 0. Pfblaukltls. NO
Nlfcbñstlah
Etlhkhcïf
Ek nlfcbñstlah se ahbstrof mlsthkñclafoebte ahb kf presebalf ne ub lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh ne prenholblh septfk, ahopuesth phr beutrñstkhs eb jfses lblalfkes y phsterlhroebte phr aìkukfs ne prenholblh ohbhbuakefr, slb vfsaukltls.
Es ne afusf nesahbhalnf. Qe aree nedlnf f lboubhahopkeghs que nföfb khs vfshs mlphnìrolahs ne oenlfbh afkldre, ahb kf ahbslculebte ukaerfalñb y nestruaalñb nek khduklkkh. Aufbnh se rekfalhbf ahb kf tuderaukhsls, realde ek bhodre ne erlteof lbnu-
^rftfolebth Estæ lbnlafnh rephsh y eklolbfalñb nek fcebte etlhkñclah sl es phsldke. Qe nedeb eopkefr FLBE (æalnh faetlksfklaïklah, lbnhoetfalbf) h yhnurh phtæslah. Khs ahrtlahlnes hrfkes se utlklzfræb pfrf afshs oæs crfves h ahb respuestf lbahopketf.
6>.1. Zfsaukltls bhnukfr. Erlteof lbnurfnh ne Dfzlb
rfnh ne Dfzlb. Eb estf ebtlnfn kfs keslhbes se nedeb f jebñoebhs ne mlpersebsldlklnfn, phr tfbth, fubque es phsldke neteatfr ofterlfk cebìtlah ne Oyahdfaterluo tuderaukhsls phr tìablafs ne PAT, kf neterolbfalñb olarhdlhkñclaf phr auktlvh resuktf becftlvf.
Nlfcbñstlah Ek nlfcbñstlah es mlsthkñclah7 pfblaukltls khduklkkfr h olxtf fahopföfnf ne vfsaukltls ne frterlfs h vebfs khduklkkfres. Ne ofberf mfdltufk se pueneb hdservfr crfbukhofs tuderaukhlnes ahb afsehsls y bearhsls crfsf.
^rftfolebth Pfblaukltls afrfaterlzfnf phr bñnukhs erlteofthshs, mfdltufkoebte lbnhkhrhs, khafklzfnhs eb kf afrf phsterlhr ne kfs plerbfs y que suekeb ukaerfrse y negfr alaftrlz ftrñstaf (Jlcurf 6>.4). Evhkualhbf eb jhrof ne drhtes reaurrebtes fjeatfbnh ahb ofyhr jreauebalf f ougeres ahb enfnes ahoprebnlnfs ebtre 10-50 föhs.
Tephsh y fnolblstrfalñb ne FLBE h yhnurh phtæslah. Eb fquekkhs afshs fshalfnhs f tuderaukhsls, suekeb presebtfr duebf respuestf fk trftfolebth tuderaukhstætlah.
Taurnf ➞
Ek yhnurh phtæslah slrve pfrf trftfr kfs pfblaukltls, ek sïbnrhoe ne Qweet y kf esphrhtrlahsls autæbef.
Prcubtfs OLT ➞
OLT 6:-63, 6) Pfblaukltls khduklkkfr slb vfsaukltls. vfsaukltls.
TA7 4 TA7 1 Eb ek erlteof bunhsh, kf fbfthoïf pfthkñclaf se afrfaterlzf phr7
6) Fafbthsls. 4) Fafbtñklsls. 1) Pfblaukltls septfk. >) Pfblaukltls khduklkkfr. TA7 1
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
5=
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs ebjeroenfnes ebnharlbfs y oetfdñklafs
Hrletfalñb OLT
nef. Kfs uöfs jræclkes y estrlfnfs ne kebth arealolebth, kf afrhtebhnerolf y kf p÷rpurf phr jrfclklnfn afplkfr tfodlìb estæb fshalfnfs.
Qe trftf ne ub teof phah lophrtfbte auyh estunlh se puene shkualhbfr ahb kh refflegfnh eb kfs Lnefs akfve. Kh oæs rekevfbte shb kfs ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs rekfalhbfnfs ahb kf nlfdetes oekkltus, shdre thnh kf bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf. klphïnlaf.
65.6. Pfthkhcïf tlrhlnef Mlpertlrhlnlsoh
Taurnf ➞
Kf fkhpealf freftf y ek vltïklch shb oæs jreauebtes eb khs pfalebtes fjeaths tfbth ne mlper ahoh ne mlphtlrhlnlsoh.
Taurnf ➞
Bh se nede ahbjubnlr olxeneof pretldlfk (Crfves, lbnepebnlebte ne kf jubalñb tlrhlnef) ahb olxeneof ceberfklzfnh (mlphtlrhlnlsoh, oeghrf ahb kf bhrofklzfalñb ne kf jubalñb tlrhlnef).
F
Plek afklebte, afklebte, erlteofthsf y m÷oenf m÷oenf phr mlpermlnrhsls. Puene mfder mlperplcoebtfalñb ceberfklzfnf ne tlph fnnlshblfbh h khafklzfnf (espealfk-
65.4. Nlfdetes oekkltus
oebte eb afrf, reclñb perlhrdltfrlf, pfkofs y alaftrlaes). Ek pekh es stbh y pueneb presebtfr fkhpealf nljusf. Ub
D
5% ne khs pfalebtes mlpertlrhlnehs
Eb kf nlfdetes oekkltus (NO) mfy ofyhr susaeptldlklnfn f kfs lbjeaalhbes
presebtfb
ubcuefkes7
autæbefs, yf sefb dfaterlfbfs (erltrfsof, plhneroltls estfstkhañalafs) h
uöfs ne Pkuooer (Jlcurf 65.6F) (ahb
fkterfalhbes
j÷bclafs (Afbnlnf, nerofthstthsls). Nedlnh f fkterfalhbes oetfdñklafs ne
hblañklsls h nespecfolebth nek keamh),
khs kïplnhs, shb jreauebtes khs xfbthofs eruptlvhs, que fpfreaeb ne jhrof
ahlkhblqulf (añbafvfs h eb auamfrf) y
s÷dltf (seofbfs-oeses) ahoh pæpukfs fofrlkkebtfs ahb dhrne erlteofthsh
farhpfqulfs tlrhlnefs (nenhs eb pfkl-
que nesfpfreaeb ahb ek ahbtrhk oetfdñklah. Ahoh eb htrfs xfbthofthsls,
kkhs ne tfodhr). Kf ebjeroenfn ne Crfves puene presebtfr olxeneof pretldlfk (pkfafs ofrrhbæaefs lbnurfnfs ahb fspeath ne ‛plek ne bfrfbgf‟
Jlcurf 65.6. Ofbljestfalhbes nek mlpertlrhlnlsoh. (F) Uöfs ne Pkuooer. (D) Olxeneof pretldlfk
es phsldke ebahbtrfr fa÷oukhs eb nerols ne mlstlhalths espuohshs, kkebhs ne kïplnhs eb kf mlsthkhcïf. Kf ofbljestfalñb autæbef oæs jreauebte ne khs nl fdìtlahs es kf nerohpftïf
eb afrf fbterlhr ne plerbfs) (Jlcurf
nlfdìtlaf7 pkfafs ofrrhbes, lrrecukfres y fslbthoætlafs eb kfs plerbfs. Qhb
65.6D). Kf nerohpftïf es ubf ofbljestfalñb extrftlrhlnef ne estf ebjer-
nedlnfs f kf olarhfbclhpftïf sudyfaebte. Htrfs ofbljestfalhbes mfdltufkes
oenfn oenlfnf phr kf fatlvfalñb lboubhkñclaf ne khs stdrhdkfsths que prh-
shb7
nuaeb ouahphklsfaærlnhs, ahb kh aufk bh se ohnlstaf ahb kf bhrofklzfalñb
•
ne kf jubalñb tlrhlnef (fk lcufk que haurre ahb kf hjtfkohpftïf tlrhlnef). Ek trftfolebth, phr tfbth, bh seræ ek nek prhaesh tlrhlneh afusfk slbh ahb ahrtl-
•
Fafbthsls blcrlafbs. Pkfafs ofrrhbes, pfplkhofthsfs, fteralhpekfnfs, eb fflexurfs ne auekkh, fxlkfs e lbckes (Jlcurf 65.4F). Bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf. Es ouy rfrf, fubque afrfaterïstlaf ne kf NO.
ahlnes tñplahs phtebtes, slebnh tfodlìb ÷tlk kf terfplf ahopreslvf ne jhrof
Es oæs jreauebte eb ougeres, y fubque tlebe prejerebalf phr kf afrf
fnyuvfbte.
fbterhkfterfk ne kf plerbf, puene fpfreaer eb afrf, trhbah y extreolnfnes superlhres (Jlcurf 65.4D). Es phsldke que preaenf f kf nlfdetes
Mlphtlrhlnlsoh
y su aursh es lbnepebnlebte nek ahbtrhk ckuaìolah. Ub >0% ne bearhdlhsls klphïnlafs fpfreaeb eb fusebalf ne nlfdetes. Akïblafoebte se
Kf plek quenf pæklnf, jrïf y seaf (latlhsls fnqulrlnf). Eb kf afrf fpfreaeb slc-
jhrofb pkfafs fpkfbfnfs, ftrñstafs, dleb nekloltfnfs, ne ahkhrfalñb
bhs akïblahs que pueneb hrlebtfr ek nlfcbñstlah, ahoh kf ofnfrhsls h fkhpealf ne kf ahkf ne kfs aegfs (slcbh ne Merthcme, bh pfthcbhoñblah) (OLT OLT
fofrlkkebtf, ahb tekfbcleatfslfs superstalfkes que pueneb ukaerfrse nedlnh f kf ftrhstf lbtebsf. Qe eopkefb khs ahrtlahlnes tñplahs ahoh
61-6>, 63-EN) 63-EN), kf ofarhckhslf y ek fspeath ‛fketfrcfnh‟. Ek afodlh autæbeh
trftfolebth ahb esafsh ìxlth.
oæs tïplah es ek olxeneof ceberfklzfnh (nedlnh fk nepñslth ne ouahphklsfaærlnhs eb nerols), que sï oeghrf ahb kf bhrofklzfalñb ne kf jubalñb tlrhl-
•
Crfbukhof fbukfr. Pæpukfs erlteofthsfs ahbffluebtes ahb nlsphslalñb eb fblkkh khafklzfnfs eb ek nhrsh ne ofbhs, ahnhs h rhnlkkfs
5<
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
F
D
A
Jlcurf 65.4. Ofbljestfalhbes ne nlfdetes oekkltus. (F) Fafbthsls blcrlafbs. (D) Bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf. (A) Crfbukhof fbukfr (OLT 6=-6. ]fbthofs
ahb crfbukhofs eb eopfklzfnf, slebnh kf mlsthkhcïf ouy pfrealnf f
•
•
kf ne kf bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf y fk bñnukh reuofthlne. Kf jhrof slstì-
Keslhbes autæbefs fofrlkkebth-fbfrfbgfnfs jhrofnfs phr nepñslth ne kïpl-
olaf h nlseolbfnf es kf que oæs se fshalf f NO. Puene trftfrse ahb
nhs nìrolahs lbtrfaekukfres (nebtrh ne khs ofarñjfchs, jhrofbnh ‛aìkukfs
ahrtlahlnes tñplahs h lbtrfkeslhbfkes, fubque eb ek 35% ne khs afshs
espuohsfs‟) h extrfaekukfres (mebnlnurfs fk stgfrkhs eb jhrohk). Quekeb
nesfpfreae nebtrh ne khs prloerhs 4 föhs.
estfr rekfalhbfnfs ahb trfsthrbhs klpïnlahs h pfrfprhtelbeolfs.
Jhklaukltls perjhrfbte y ebjeroenfn ne Iyrke . Fjeatf prlbalpfk-
•
]fbthofs eruptlvhs7 fpfreaeb ne jhrof s÷dltf (seofbfs-oeses)
oebte f pfalebtes nlfdìtlahs ahb bejrhpftïf arñblaf eb nlæklsls. Fpf-
ahoh pæpukfs fofrlkkebtfs ahb mfkh erlteofthsh shdre superstales
reaeb pæpukfs querftñslafs y bñnukhs arfterljhroes. Dukkhsls nlfdetlahruo. Fpfrlalñb ne fophkkfs tebsfs shdre dfse bh
extebshrfs, bfkcfs y ouskhs. Puene fshalfr jebñoebh ne Ihedber. Fpfreaeb eb mlpertrlcklaerlneolfs, yf sefb merenltfrlfs h fnqulrlnfs
lbfflfofthrlf fslbthoætlafs y slb trfuoftlsoh prevlh, jreauebteoebte
(hdeslnfn, nlfdetes, ush ne retlbhlnes slstìolahs…). Qe resuekveb
eb extreolnfnes, y ahb tebnebalf f kf reshkualñb esphbtæbef eb
ræplnfoebte trfs ek ahbtrhk oetfdñklah.
phafs seofbfs.
•
•
×kaerfs beurhpætlafs7 bh nhkhrhsfs y eb sltlhs ne preslñb. Eb pkfbtf
shdre superstales extebshrfs (ahnhs, rhnlkkfs). Fshalfnh f mlperahkes-
nek ple se hdservf ub aerah querftñslah afrfaterïstlah. Fshalfnh f beurhpftïf sebsltlvf.
]fbthofs tuderhshs7 Bñnukhs fofrlkkebths ne arealolebth kebth terhkeolf.
•
t ebnh]fbthofs tebnlbhshs7 Qhb bñnukhs prhjubnhs klshs shdre khs tebnhbes (tïplafoebte shdre ek tebnñb ne Fqulkes y ek nhrsh ne khs nenhs ne
65.1. Pfthkhcïf suprfrrebfk
ofbhs y ples). ^fodlìb se fshalfb f ml perahkesterhkeolf. Khs que mfb arealnh kebtfoebte (tebnlbhshs, tuderhshs) reolteb kebtfoebte ahb ek ahbtrhk oetfdñklah, olebtrfs que khs eruptlvhs pue-
Qïbnrhoe ne Ausmlbc (fatlvlnfn ahrtlahlnef exaeslvf)
neb nesfpfreaer eb phafs seofbfs. •
]fbthofs pkfbhs7 ofbamfs h behjhrofalhbes klcerfoebte ekevfnfs ahkhr fofrlkkh. Ek sudtlph estrlfnh pfkofr es ouy afrfaterïstlah ne kf
Fkterfalñb ne kf nlstrldualñb ne kf crfsf (afrf eb kubf kkebf y gldf ne d÷jfkh)
nlsdetfklphprhtelbeolf. Pueneb fshalfrse f ahkestfsls h f cfoofpf-
y ftrhstf autæbef (estrïfs o÷ktlpkes, jrfclklnfn ne kf plek y retrfsh eb kf alaf-
tïfs ohbhakhbfkes.
trlzfalñb).
•
]fbtekfsofs7 shb xfbthofs pkfbhs eb khs pærpfnhs. Qhb kf jhrof oæs aho÷b. Qhkh eb kf oltfn ne khs pfalebtes se fshalfb f mlperklplneolf.
Qïbnrhoe ne Fnnlshb (fatlvlnfn ahrtlahlnef lbsustalebte) Mlperplcoebtfalñb nljusf (phr ejeath ne kf FA^M slolkfr f kf OQM) ahb
Prcubtfs OLT
faebtufalñb eb kfs zhbfs jhthexpuestfs, zhbfs trfuoftlzfnfs y eb pkle-
➞
cues (shdre thnh pfkofres). ^fodlìb puene fshalfr pìrnlnf ne vekkh fxlkfr
➞
y p÷dlah.
OLT 6=-6, 63-EN 63-EN
:0
65. Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs ebjeroenfnes ebnharlbfs y oetfdñklafs. NO
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Ek olxeneof pretldlfk es tïplah ne k f ebjeroenfn ne Crfves. Qu aursh es lbnepebnlebte ne kf jubalñb tlrhlnef.
✞
Fubque kf bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf es oæs jreauebte eb nlfdìtlahs, su aursh es lbnepebnlebte nek ahbtrhk ckuaìolah. Qe ofblstestf ahoh bñnukhs-pkfafs ofrrhbes h fofrlkkebtfs y ftrñstafs que tlebneb f ukaerfrse.
✞
Ek olxeneof ceberfklzfnh fpfreae eb jhrofs crfves ne mlphtl rhlnlsoh
Quekeb khafklzfrse eb kf afrf fbterhkfterfk ne kfs plerbfs.
y se aurf fk ahrreclr kf jubalñb tlrhlnef. ✞
Kf nerohpftïf nlfdìtlaf es kf ofbljestfalñb autæbef oæs jreauebte ne kf nlfdetes oekkltus.
Afss Akïblas Pfalebte eb seculolebth phr Ebnharlbhkhcïf. Es reoltlnf pfrf vfkhrfalñb ne ubf pkfaf ofrrhbæaef-rhsfnf eb reclñb pretldlfk. Fneoæs ne ekkh, usten peralde htrhs sïbthofs ahoh7 plek afklebte, erlteofthsf e mlpermlnrhsls, mlperplcoebtfalñb ne alaftrlaes, pekh stbh y uöfs añbafvfs y ahb hblañklsls nlstfk. Fbte kf shspeamf nek aufnrh ne kf
TA7 1
pfalebte, usten puene fstrofr que7
pkfafs8
6) Kf keslñb nesarltf ahrresphbne ahb ubf pkfaf ne bearhdlhsls klphïnlaf. Khs
6) Aæbaer ne estñofch.
sïbthofs ne kf pfalebte shb ahopftldkes ahb ubf nlfdetes lbalplebte.
4) Aæbaer ne pæbarefs.
4) Qe trftf ne ub olxeneof eb ubf pfalebte ahb pfthkhcïf tlrhlnef. Tequerlræ fguste ne trftfolebth pfrf sudsfbfr kf ebjeroenfn ne dfse y
Ouger ne 51 föhs, ahb hdeslnfn oñrdlnf, que presebtf ubfs pkfafs ne ahkhr ofrrñb, pfplkhofthsfs y fteralhpekfnfs eb lbckes, fxlkfs y reclñb aervlafk phsterlhr. ¸Auæk es kf afusf oæs prhdfdke ne nlamfs
1) Nlfdetes oekkltus. >) Mlphtlrhlnlsoh.
ek olxeneof. 1) Es ubf keslñb auyh aursh es lbnepebnlebte ne kf pfthkhcïf sudyfaebte. sudyfaebte. Khs ahrtlahlnes pueneb ser ubf fkterbftlvf. >) Qe trftf ne ub plhnerof cfbcrebhsh y, phr tfbth, lbnepebnlebte ne kf pfthkhcïf sudyfaebte.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
:6
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs ebjeroenfnes nlcestlvfs
Hrletfalñb OLT Ek hdgetlvh ne este teof es reofrafr ek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh. Qlopkeoebte es beaesfrlh lnebtlstafr ek afsh phr kh t ïplah ne kf akïblaf.
Kf ebjeroenfn lbfflfofthrlf lbtestlbfk (ELL) presebtf ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs eb ub 65% ne khs afshs. Exlsteb vfrlfs nerofthsls que se fshalfb ne jhrof tïplaf ahb estf ebjeroenfn y su fpfrlalñb puene fyunfr fk nlfcbñstlah nek aufnrh nlcestlvh.
6:.6. Plhnerof cfbcrebhsh (OLT 61-6>, 1, 1, OLT 61-6>, >) >)
Ek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh (Jlcurf 6:.6) es ubf nerofthsls beutrhjïklaf refatlvf afrfaterlzfnf phr kf fpfrlalñb ne ÷kaerfs nhkhrhsfs. Ahbtrfrlfoebte f kh que phnrïf nesprebnerse ne su bhodre, bh es bl lbjeaalhsh bl cfbcrebhsh. Es lnlhpætlah eb oebhs ne kf oltfn ne khs afshs, fshalæbnhse eb ek 50-30% f ebjeroenfnes slstì- Jlcurf 6:.6. Plhnerof cfbcrebhsh olafs ahoh ELL (prlbalpfkoebte, ahkltls ukaerhsf), frtrltls reuofthlne, esphbnlkhfrtrhpftïfs, trfsthrbhs trfsthrbhs meofthkñclahs h behpkfslfs sñklnfs. Eb hafslhbes jhrofb pfrte ne sïbnrhoes futhlbfflfofthrlhs realebteoebte nesarlths ahoh PFPF, PFPFQM h PFQM, eb khs que se fshalfb f htrfs ebtlnfnes ahoh mlnrfnebltls supurftlvf, fabì h frtrltls plhcìblaf. ^fodlìb puene fpfreaer ahoh ahbseauebalf nek ahbsuoh ne ahafïbf. Lblalfkoebte, fpfreaeb p÷stukfs ÷blafs h o÷ktlpkes que ahfkesaeb eb bñnukhs nhkhrhshs que ræplnfoebte se ukaerfb. Kfs ÷kaerfs shb ne arealolebth prhcreslvh, ahb jhbnh purukebth y ub dhrne shdreekevfnh y vlhkæaeh afrfaterïstlah. Qhb oæs jreauebtes eb kfs plerbfs, fubque pueneb fpfreaer eb aufkquler khafklzfalñb. Pueneb fahopföfrse ne stedre y presebtfr jebñoebh ne pfterclf, fk lcufk que kf ebjeroenfn ne Demãet y ek sïbnrhoe ne Qweet. Ek aursh ne kfs ÷kaerfs es tñrplnh, ahb phsldkes realnlvfs. Aufbnh aurfb, kf reeplteklzfalñb haurre nesne kf perljerlf, negfbnh ubf alaftrlz ‛arldljhroe‟ h eb ‛pfpek frrucfnh‟. Kf fshalfalñb oæs jreauebte nek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh es ahb kf ELL (4010%), espealfkoebte ahb kf ahkltls ukaerhsf. Ek nlfcbñstlah ne plhnerof
puene preaener, ahlbalnlr u haurrlr phsterlhroebte fk nlfcbñstlah ne ELL. Aufbnh se fshalfb, fodfs ebjeroenfnes slcueb ub aursh akïblah lbnepebnlebte (‛kf plek y ek lbtestlbh slcueb su prhplh afolbh‟).
Taurnf ➞
Pfterclf7 fpfrlalñb ne ubf P÷stukf nespuìs ne ub Plbamfzh. Kh presebtfb kfs nerofthsls beutrhjïklafs (ahb lbstktrfnh beutrhjïklah eb kf dlhpslf)7 Qweet, Demãet y Plhnerof.
Mlsthkñclafoebte, exlste ubf ÷kaerf ahb ub lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh ne beutrñstkhs slb vfsaukltls. Ek trftfolebth se dfsf eb ahrtlahlnes f nhsls fktfs, f khs que se pueneb fshalfr lboubhsupreshres (prlbalpfkoebte, alakhsphrlbf) y oæs realebteoebte, dlhkñclahs, ahoh khs fbtl-^BJ (lbffllxlofd, fnfklouofd, etfberaept).
Taurnf ➞
Teckf obeohtìablaf7 ×KAETFQ eb kf plek pfrf kfs ×KAETFQ eb ek ahkhb (plhnerof crfbcrebhsh pfrf ahkltls ukaerhsf).
6:.4. Erlteof bunhsh Zer ^eof 65.4. Kf ELL es ubf afusf rfrf ne estf ebjeroenfn. Bhrofkoebte, aufbnh fpfreae ek erlteof bunhsh (Jlcurf 6:.4), kh mfae fshalfnh f ub drhte fatlvh ne kf ELL, fk ahbtrfrlh que ek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh, que bh cufrnf rekfalñb ahb ek crfnh ne fatlvlnfn ne kf ELL.
Jlcurf 6:.4. Erlteof bunhsh
Ek erlteof bunhsh presebtf ub aursh ouy fcunh y puene reshkverse ræplnfoebte ahb ek trftfolebth, phr kh que es oæs verhsïolk que puenf teber ubf fatlvlnfn pfrfkekf f kf ne kf ELL.
Prcubtfs OLT ➞
OLT 61-6>, 1, 1, OLT 61-6>, >
:4
6:. Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne kfs ebjeroenf ebjeroenfnes nes nlcestlvfs. NO
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
^fbth ek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh ahoh ek erlteof bunhsh pueneb fshalfrse f ebjeroenfn lbfflfofthrlf lbtestlbfk.
✞
Qu aursh es lbnepebnlebte ne kf fjeatfalñb lbtestlbfk ne kf ebjeroenfn lbfflfofthrlf lbtestlbfk y presebtf jebñoebh ne pfterclf.
✞
Ek plhnerof cfbcrebhsh se presebtf ahoh ubf ÷kaerf shafvfnf ne dhr dhr-nes shdreekevfnhs vlhkæaehs que areae f pesfr nek trftfolebth fbtldlñtlah. Es ouy nhkhrhsh y puene lopklafr stedre.
✞
Qe trftf ne ub nlfcbñstlah ne exakuslñb7 es hdklcfnh nesafrtfr afusfs lbjeaalhsfs y bh lbjeaalhsfs (vfsaukltls).
Afss Akïblas Zfrñb ne 50 föhs ne enfn f quleb, nesne mfae ub föh, ke fpfreaeb eb
Zfrñb ne :6 föhs ne enfn, ahb fbteaenebte ne ahkltls ukaerhsf, pre-
nlstlbtfs zhbfs ne kf plek keslhbes ukaerhsfs, que areaeb eb superstale
sebtf eb afrf kfterfk ne thdlkkh lzqulernh ubf ÷kaerf nhkhrhsf ahb
y eb prhjubnlnfn, ahb ub dhrne ne kfs ÷kaerfs eb que exlsteb keslhbes
dhrnes lbstktrfnhs ne ahkhr fzuk vlhkæaeh. Ek pfalebte mf refklzfnh o÷k-
pustukhsfs. Estfs ÷kaerfs, fkcubfs veaes, recresfb phr ek aebtrh. Khs
tlpkes trftfolebths fbtldlñtlahs slb oeghrïf. Qe refklzf ubf dlhpslf ne
trfuofs prhvhafb kf fpfrlalñb ne buevfs keslhbes. Ek pfalebte tle-
kf keslñb y se hdgetlvf ubf ÷kaerf ahb ub lbstktrfnh lbfflfofthrlh ne
be fkterfalhbes lbtestlbfkes que se nlfcbhstlafb ne ahkltls ukaerhsf.
beutrñstkhs slb vfsaukltls. Tespeath f kf pfthkhcïf que se shspeamf,
¸Auæk serïf ek nlfcbñstlah8
seöfkfr kf respuestf ahrreatf.
6) 4) 1) >)
6) Qe trftf ne ubf pfthkhcïf nepebnlebte ne kf ahkltls ukaerhsf, que se reshkveræ sñkh aufbnh ìstf se resuekvf. 4) ^lebe jebñoebh ne Blihksiy phsltlvh. phsltlvh. 1) Queke resphbner dleb f fbtldlñtlahs tñplahs. tñplahs. >) Ubf phsldlklnfn terfpìutlaf terfpìutlaf shb khs ahrtlahlnes hrfkes.
Erlteof bunhsh. Bearhsls crfsf pfbareætlaf. Plhnerof cfbcrebhsh. Zfsaukltls crfbukhofthsf.
TA7 1 TA7 >
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
:1
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs ne htrfs ebjeroenfnes slstìolafs
Hrletfalñb OLT
^eof phah precubtfnh eb nerofthkhcïf. Kf sfrahlnhsls tlebe precubtfs fshalfnfs eb beuohkhcïf y kf folkhlnhsls eb reuofthkhcïf. Es sustalebte ahb sfder khs fspeaths jubnfoebtfkes. ^e fyunfræb kfs tfdkfs ahrresphbnlebtes nek afpïtukh.
63.6. Qfrahlnhsls
Eb kfs jhrofs slstìolafs, kf folkhlnhsls prlofrlf (FK) es kf que ouestrf oæs fjeatfalñb autæbef. Es tïplaf kf trïfnf sïbnrhoe nek t÷bek afrplfbh, ofarhckhslf y kes keslhb lhbes es oua ouahau hautæb tæbefs efs (pe (peteq tequlf ulfss y equ equloh lohsls sls esp esphbt hbtæbef æbefs, s, pæpu pæpukfs kfs h pkfa pkfafs fs ne fspeath aìreh perlhrdltfrlfs eb ‛hghs ne ofpfame‟ YJlcurf 63.6_‑ y eb htrfs khafklzfalhbes). Qe nedeb nesafrtfr nlsarfslfs ne aìkukfs D h olekhof o÷ktlpke f trfvìs ne ubf dlhpslf ne crfsf fdnholbfk pfrf tlbalñb ahb rhgh ahbch (lbjreauebteoebte se puene thofr ubf ouestrf ne ouahsf reatfk, rlöhb h mïcfnh) y fsplrfnh ne oìnukf ñsef (OLT 60-66, 61=-TO9 61=-TO9 OLT 0-BO) 46>-BO).
Taurnf
Bh se nede ahbjubnlr ek kupus perblh (ofbljestfalñb ‛espeaïstaf‟ ne kf sfrahlnhsls) ahb ek kupus vukcfr, ubf jhrof ne tuderaukhsls autæbef. Plebsf que es ouamh oæs ‛vukcfr‟ (aho÷b), teber tuderaukhsls (mfstf ub teralh ne kf phdkfalñb oubnlfk tlebe lbjeaalñb kftebte) que sfrahlnhsls.
Jlcurf 63.6. Hghs ne ofpfame
Taurnf ➞
Kf folkhlnhsls prlofrlf (FK) es kf jhrof ne sfrahlnhsls ahb ofyhr fjeatfalñb autæbef (hghs ne ofpfame, pkfafs aìrefs, ofarhckhslf y sïbnrhoe nek t÷bek nek afrph), se fshalf f olekhof o÷ktlpke y nlsarfslfs sfbcuïbefs. FK ? Fshalfnf f Klbjhalths.
63.1. Nestalebalfs butrlalhbfkes
➞
Kfs prlbalpfkes ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs hafslhbfnfs phr nestalebalfs butrlalhbfkes estæb resuolnfs eb kf ^fdkf 63.6. Ebjeroenfn
^rftfolebth
Farhneroftltls ebterhpætlaf
Ek trftfolebth puene ahophrtfr nesne trftfolebths tñplahs (ahrtlahlnes, tfarhklous h retlbhlnes) f trftfolebths slstìolahs ahb ahrtlahlnes hrfkes, oethtrexfth, tfklnholnf h akhrhqulbf, lbakuyebnh lbmldlnhres nek ^BJ (fnfklouofd, lbffllxlofd) eb afshs oæs reafkaltrfbtes.
(Jlcurf 63.4)
63.4. Folkhlnhsls
Esahrduth
Eb kf folkhlnhsls exlsteb jhrofs ne fjeatfalñb autæbef khafklzfnf que se ouestrfb ahoh oæaukfs, pæpukfs pæpukfs h bñnukhs ouy prurlclbhshs eb ek trhbah y eb kfs plerbfs, plerbfs, que bh cufrnfb rekfalñb rekfalñb ahb kf folkhlnhsls slstìolaf. slstìolaf.
Pekfcrf (Jlcurf 63.1)
Nìstalt
Afusf
Akïblaf
Wlba
Nìstalt eb ebzloætlah eb eb kf fdshralñb ne zlba. MFT (se presebtf eb realìb bfalnhs)
Neroftltls veslaukhfophkkhsf, pkfafs erhslvfs sfbcrfbtes ‛afrf ne pfyfsh‟, afïnf ne pekh y jrfclklnfn ubcuefk, nlfrref
Blfalbf y/h trlptñjfbh
Ofkbutrlalñb 1N7 Nlfrref + Neoebalf (fkahmhklsoh, fbhrexlf) + Neroftltls jhthsebsldke h fkterfalhbes nek (ahkkfr ne Afsfk) oetfdhklsoh nek y plek fpercfolbfnf trlptñjfbh (sïbnrhoe (pekke fcrf ? plek æsperf) afralbhlne)
Zltfolbf A h æalnh fsañrdlah
Nletf phdre eb jrutfs y vernurfs jresafs
Vuerfthsls jhklaukfr eb drfzhs, p÷rpurf perljhklaukfr y sfbcrfnh ne ebaïfs. Meofthofs nhkhrhshs sudperlñstlahs
^fdkf 63.6. Ofbljestfal Ofbljestfalhbes hbes autæbefs nedlnfs f nestalebalfs butrlalhbfkes butrlalhbfkes
:>
63. Ofblestfalhbes autæbefs ne htrfs ebjeroenfnes slstìolafs. NO
Pseunhxfbthof ekæstlah Ahb hbae aept pth h
Ebjero Ebje roen enfn fn ce cebì bìtl tlaf af eb kf au aufk fk s e af afka kalst lstaf afb b kf kfss std stdrf rfss ekæstlafs nek teglnh autæbeh, haukfr y afrnlhvfsaukfr
^lphs
L7 fkterfalhbes autæbefs, haukfres y afrnlhvfsaukfres LL7 sñkh fkterfalhbes autæbefs
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs
Pæpukfs fofrlkkfs "eb plek ne phkkh", eb pklecues
Ofbljestfalhbes haukfres Ofbljestfalhbes vfsaukfres
Estrïfs fbclhlnes (kh oæs jreauebte, 50%) Fkterfalhbes nek plcoebth retlblfbh (kh oæs preahz) Akfunlafalñb lbteroltebte Meohrrfclf nlcestlvf Mlpertebslñb Hakuslñb ahrhbfrlf Qïbnrhoe ne Ofrjfb
Jlcurf 63.4. Farhneroftltls ebterhpætlaf (‛afrf ne pfyfsh‟)
Ahbaepth
Ebjeroenfn cebìtla f futhsñola f nholbfbte
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs
Estrïfs ne nlstebslñb (kh oæs jreauebte) Ekfsthsls perjhrfbte serplclbhsf
Ofbljestfalhbes haukfres
Kuxfalñb nek arlstfklbh
Ofbljestfalhbes esquekìtlafs
Aljhesahklhsls Frfabhnfatlklf Nejhrolnfn thræalaf
Ofbljestfalhbes vfsaukfres
Fbeurlsofs fñrtlahs Prhkfpsh oltrfk Qïbnrhoe ne Emkers-Nfbkhs
Ahb hbae aept pth h
Cruph Crup h ne eb ebje jero roen enfn fnes es ce cebì bìtl tlaf afss ah ahb b vf vfrl rlfs fs jh jhrrof ofss ne merebalf (tlph 6 es futhsñolaf nholbfbte y kf oæs crfve)
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs
Jrfclklnfn (frrucfnf y fteralhpekfnf) Fkterfalñb ne kf alaftrlzfalñb
Ofbljestfalhbes hstehfrtlaukfres
Mlperextebsldlklnfn frtlaukfr y klcfoebthsf
Htrhs
Nlætesls meohrræclaf Fkterfalhbes afrnïfafs Fkterfalhbes haukfres
^fdkf 63.4. ^rfsthrbhs nek teglnh ekæstlah
Prcubtfs OLT Jlcurf 63.1. Pekfcrf
➞
OLT 6>-65, 665-BO 665-BO ➞ OLT 61-6>, 6:6-BO 6:6-BO ➞ OLT 64-61, 605-BO 605-BO ➞ OLT 66-649 46>-BO ➞ OLT 60-66, 61=-TO 61=-TO ➞ OLT 0)
Pseunhxfbthof ekæstlah. Qïbnrhoe ne Emkers-Nfbkhs Emkers-Nfbkhs tlph tlph LLL. Qïbnrhoe ne Ofrjfb. Ofrjfb. Harhbhsls.
oæs prhdfdke seræ ne7
TA7 6
6) 4) 1) >)
Eb Nerofthkhcïf se nebholbf kupus perblh f ubf jhrof ne7
TA7 1
6) Kupus tuderaukhsh. 4) Kupus erlteofthsh. erlteofthsh.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
Klbjhof ne aìkukfs D. Nìstalt ne vltfolbf A. Folkhlnhsls prlofrlf. Afkalbhsls autfbehouahsf.
::
Jfahofthsls
Hrletfalñb OLT
^eof phah rebtfdke7 requlere ub esjuerzh ahbslnerfdke eb su estunlh y bh sueke precubtfrse eb ek OLT. Qerïf ahbveblebte kloltfr ek estunlh f kf beurhstdrhofthsls tlph 6 y kf esakerhsls tuderhsf, aebtræbnhse eb kfs lnefs akfve nek resth ne jfahofthsls yebnh nlreatfoebte f kf Jlcurf 6=.5.
Kfs jfahofthsls ahbstltuyeb ub cruph meterhcìbeh ne ebjeroenfnes cebìtlafs, tfodlìb ahbhalnfs ahoh sïbnrhoes beurhautæbehs, que se afrfaterlzfb phr fkterfalhbes ne khs teglnhs beurheathnìrolahs y phr ubf ofyhr prenlsphslalñb pfrf nesfrrhkkfr behpkfslfs beurhkñclafs y autæbefs. Eb kf ^fdkf 6=.6, 6=.6, ^fdkf 6=.4 y 6=.4 y ^fdkf 6=.1 se 6=.1 se ouestrfb sus afrfaterïstlafs prlbalpfkes.
Fbclhofthsls ebaejfkhtrlceolbfk (sïbnrhoe ne Qturce-Seder) (Jlcurf 6=.6) Ofbljestfalh Ofblje stfalhbes bes
Ofkjhrofalñb afplk Ofkjhrofalñb afplkfr fr (ofbamf (ofbamf ‛eb ‛eb vlbh vlbh ne Hphrth‟) Hphrth‟) eb kf prloer prloerf/secu f/secubnf bnf rfof rfof trlceolbf trlceolbfkk Fbclhof kepthoebïbceh haalpltfk ahb afkalstafalhbes ne nhdke a hbthrbh ‛eb vïf ne treb‟7 prhnuae arlsls aholalfkes Fbclhofthsls aeredekhrretlblfbf (ebjeroenfn ne Zhb Mlppek-Klbnfu)
Afrf Af rfat ater erïs ïstl tlaf afss
Merebal Mereb alf f futhsñ futhsñol olaf af nhol nholbf bfbt bte, e, arh arhoh ohsho shof f1 Fbclhofs autæbehs Meofbclhdkfsthofs retlblfbhs7 Prloerf ofbljestfalñb ne kf ebjeroenfn Hafslhbfb nesprebnlolebths retlblfbhs y nlsolbualñb ne kf fcunezf vlsufk Meofbclhdkfsthof aeredekhsh. Puene searetfr erltrhphyetlbf y nfr phklalteolf Vulstes, fnebhofs y/h afralbhofs rebfkes (M^F), pfbareætlahs, mepætlahs y ne eplnïnloh Jeharhohalthof •
•
Jlcurf 6=.6. Qïbnrhoe ne Qturce-Seder
^fdkf 6=.6. Fbclhofthsls
Esakerhsls tuderhsf (ebjeroenfn ne Prlbcke-Dhurbevlkke h ‛eplkhlf‟) Merebalf
Futhsñolaf nh nholbfbte, arhohshofs < y 6:
Nlfc Nl fcbñ bñst stla lah h
Nhs ar Nhs arlt lter erlh lhss of ofyh yhre ress h ub ubh h of ofyh yhrr y nh nhss oe oebh bhre res7 s7 Arlterlhs ofyhres7 Oæaukfs mlphoekfbñtlafs (2 4 ne fk oebhs 5 oo) Fbclhstdrhofs jfalfkes (Jlcurf 6=.4) Jldrhofs ubcuefkes •
•
•
Pkfafs eb plek ne amfcrïb (zfpf) Mfofrthofs retlblfbhs h bñnukhs sudepebnlofrlhs Tfdnholhof afrnïfah Fbclholhklphofs Arlterlhs oebhres7 Oæaukfs mlphoekfbñtlafs ‛eb ahbjetl‟ (; 5 oo) Plts nebtfkes h stdrhofs lbtrfhrfkes Vulstes rebfkes Oæaukfs farñolafs eb retlbf •
•
•
•
•
•
Jlcurf 6=.4. Esakerhsls tuderhsf. Jfales afrfaterïstlaf ahb fbclhstdrhofs
•
•
Ofbljestfalhbes autæbefs
Oæaukfs mlphplcoebtfnfs kfbaehkfnfs (mhgf ne jresbh) (Jlcurf 6=.1) Fbclhstdrhofs jfalfkes Jldrhofs perlubcuefkes Pkfafs eb plek ne amfcrïb (zfpf)
Ofbljestfalhbes beurhkñclafs
Arlsls ahbvukslvfs. Preahaes Tetrfsh oebtfk Mfofrthofs aeredrfkes pfrebqulofthshs (t÷deres ahrtlafkes). Pfthcbhoñblahs Mfofrthofs sudepebnlofrlhs cklfkes. Pfthcbhoñblahs. Fkcubhs shb fstrhalthofs clcfbthaekukfres, exakuslvhs ne estf ebjeroenfn
Ofbljestfalhbes haukfres
Mfofrthofs cklfkes retlblfbhs. Pfthcbhoñblahs
Ofbljestfalhbes rebfkes
Fbclholhklphofs dlkfterfkes o÷ktlpkes, qulstes
Ofbljestfalhbes afrnïfafs
Tfdnholhof
Jlcurf 6=.1. Esakerhsls tuderhsf. Ofbamfs mlphoekfbñtlafs eb ahbjetl
^fdkf 6=.4. Esakerhsls tuderhsf (OLT 63 6=, 6:0) 6:0)
:3
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Beurhstdrhofthsls tlph L (ebjeroenfn ne Zhb Teaiklbcmfuseb) (Jlcurf 6=.>) Merr eb Me eb al al f
Fut hsñ Fut hsño o laf laf n ho ho lb lb fb fb te te, r ek ek fal falh h bf bf nf nf ah ahb b pr ht ht eï eï bf bf su sup p re re sh sh rf rf t uo uo hr hr fk fk n ek ek ar arh h oh ohsh sho of 63 50% esphrænlahs
Nlfcbñstlah
Nedeb auopklrse nhs h oæs arlterlhs (OLT 66-64, 446)7 446)7 Qels h oæs ofbamfs afjì ahb keame (2 5 oo eb prep÷deres y 2 65 oo eb phsp÷deres) Nhs h oæs beurhstdrhofs h ub beurhstdrhof pkexljhroe Ejìklnes eb pklecues fxlkfres h lbculbfkes (slcbh ne Arhwe) Nhs h oæs mfofrthofs nek lrls (bñnukhs ne Klsam) Cklhof ñptlah •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fkterfalhbes ñsefs nlstlbtlvfs7 nlspkfslf esjebhlnfk, pseunhfrtrhsls, fnekcfzfolebth ne kf ahrtlafk ne khs mueshs kfrchs Ub jfolklfr ne prloer crfnh fjeath, sec÷b khs arlterlhs fbterlhres
Ofbljestfalh Ofblje stfalhbes bes autæbefs autæbefs
Ofbamfs afjì ahb Ofbamfs ahb keame. keame. Ek slcbh slcbh oæs preahz preahz Beurhstdrhofs. Ofbljestfalñb tfrnïf Ejìklnes fxlkfres
Ofbljestfalh Ofblje stfalhbes bes haukfres haukfres
Bñnukhs ne Klsam. Qhb Bñnukhs Qhb mfofrthofs mfofrthofs nek lrls, lrls, ouy espeaïstahs espeaïstahs ne BJ-6 yf que estæb estæb eb ek 600% ne khs pfalebtes ofyhres ne 40 föhs
Ofblje Ofb ljestf stfalh alhbes bes ñse ñsefs fs
Pseunhfrt Pseunh frtrhs rhsls ls nek ter teralh alh nls nlstfk tfk tld tldlfk lfk Nlspkfslf nek fkf ofyhr nek esjebhlnes
Ofbljestfalhbes ebnharlbfs
Pudertfn preahz Jeharhohalthofs Htrfs
Ofbljestfalhbes nlcestlvfs
Beurhstdrhofs eb trfath nlcestlvh7 estreölolebth, meohrrfclfs, hdstruaalñb
Ofbljestfalhbes afrnlhvfsaukfres
M^F phr jeharhohalthof
Ofbljestfalhbes hbahkñclafs
Prenlsphslalñb pfrf tuohr ne Slkos, rfdnholhsfrahof, oekfbhof ofklcbh, keuaeolfs, retlbhdkfsthof Beurhstdrhofthsls tlph LL
Merebalf
Tekfalhbfnf ahb ek arhohshof 44
Ofbl Of blje jest stfa falh lhbe bess
Beurlb Beur lbho hofs fs dl dlkf kfte terf rfke kess eb ZL ZLLL LL pf pfrr ar arfb fbef efk, k, oe oebl blbc bclh lhof ofss Oïblof h bukf akïblaf autæbef
^fdkf 6=.1. Beurhstdrhofthsls
Jlcurf 6=.>. Beurhstdrhofthsls tlph L
:=
6=. Jfahofthsls. NO
Beurhstdrhofthsls tlph L Arhohshof 63
Cklhof ñptlah Bñnukhs ne Klsam (ouy espeaïstahs)
Beurhstdrhofs
Ejìklnes fxlkfres (slcbh ne Arhwe)
Esakerhsls tuderhsf Arhohshof 6: y <
Jfahofs
Fbclhstdrhofs jfalfkes (Prlbcke)
Arlsls ahbvukslvfs (Qn. ne Sest) Tfdnholhofs afrnïfahs
Ofbamf ‛afjì ahb keame‟ (≥ :) M^F seaubnfrlf f jeharhohalthof
Aljhesahklhsls Beurhstdrhofthsls tlph LL Arhohshof 44 ³ ³ ³ ³ ³
Beurhdrhof Beurhdrhofss dlkfterfkes nek ZLLL PA Qhrnerf beurhsebsh beurhsebshrlfk rlfk retrhahakefr F Fjeatfalñb jeatfalñb nek jfalfk Ek tuohr surce ne kf rfof vestld vestldukfr ukfr Akïblaf ne jjhsf hsf phsterlhr
Qturce-Seder
Fbclholhklphofs Fbclholhklpho fs dlkfterfkes Jldrhofs ubcuefkes (^. ne Ihebeb)
Ofbamfs mlpharñolafs kfbaehkfnfs
Pkfaf ne plek ne zfpf (reclñb kuodhsfarf)
Zhb Mlppek-Klbnfu Arhohshof 1
^uohres aeredekhshs Fbclhofs eb plek
Meofbclhofs eb retlbf M^F seaubnfrlf f jeharhohalthof
Afralbhof rebfk y qulstes rebfkes
³ Ofbamf eb ‛vlbh ne Hphrth‟ (trlcìolbh) ³ Fbclhofthsls kepthoebïbcef ³³ Arlsls Afkalafalhbes Afkalafalhbe s eb ‛vïf ne treb‟ eplkìptlafs
Jlcurf 6=.5. Jfahofthsls
:<
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Prcubtfs OLT ➞ ➞
OLT 63-6=, 6:0 OLT 66-64, 446
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Kfs jfahofthsls h sïbnrhoes beurhautæbehs se afrfaterlzfb phr ofyhr
✞
lbalnebalf ne behpkfslfs autæbefs y beurhkñclafs. Qhb ne merebalf fu-
Kfs ofbamfs mlpharñolafs kfbaehkfnfs shb kfs keslhbes autæbefs oæs preahaes ne kf esakerhsls tuderhsf, perh bh shb espeaïstafs.
thsñolaf nholbfbte y expreslvlnfn ouy vfrlfdke. ✞ ✞
✞
Kfs ofbamfs afjì ahb keame shb ek slcbh oæs preahz ne kf beurhstdrh-
stestf eb pfalebtes ahb esakerhsls tuderhsf. Qhb jreauebtes khs fbclh-
ofthsls tlph L.
olhklphofs o÷ktlpkes rebfkes.
Kfs ejìklnes fxlkfres (slcbh ne Arhwe) y khs bñnukhs ne Klsam nek lrls shb
✞
ouy espeaïstahs ne kf beurhstdrhofthsls tlph L. ✞
Ek fstrhalthof clcfbthaekukfr es ub tuohr aeredrfk que sñkh se ofbl-
Ek cklhof ne bervlh ñptlah y ek jeharhohalthof shb tuohres f teber eb auebtf eb kf beurhstdrhofthsls tlph L.
Ek sïbnrhoe ne Qturce-Seder se nestbe phr ubf ofkjhrofalñb afplkfr eb ek terrlthrlh nek trlcìolbh y eb oeblbces9 puene prhnualr eplkepslf.
✞
Kf presebalf ne fbclhofs eb retlbf, plek y aeredekh ahb phklalteolf y qulstes h tuohres rebfkes es afrfaterïstlah ne kf ebjeroenfn ne Zhb Mlppek-Klbnfu.
✞
Kf esakerhsls tuderhsf puene expresfr eplkepslf, retrfsh oebtfk y keslhbes autæbefs ahoh khs fbclhstdrhofs jfalfkes j falfkes y stdrhofs ubcuefkes.
Afss Akïblas Eb ubf revlslñb, f ub fnhkesaebte nlfcbhstlafnh ne sïbnrhoe ne Zhb
1) Jeharhohalthof lbtrffdnholbfk.
Teaiklbcmfuseb se ke nesaudreb aljrfs fktfs ne tebslñb frterlfk slb
>) Bejrhpftïf oesfbclfk oesfbclfk fshalfnf. fshalfnf.
blbcubf htrf slbthofthkhcïf. ¸Vuì aufnrh pfthkñclah fahopföfbte ne khs slculebtes mfy que nesafrtfr8 6) Qamwfbbhof perlrrebfk. 4) Cklhof eb reclñb mlphtfkæolaf.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
30
^uohres autæbehs deblcbhs, keslhbes autæbefs y keslhbespreafbaerhsfs oekfbhaïtlafs deblcbfs
Hrletfalñb OLT
^eof phah lophrtfbte. Mfb slnh precubtfnfs kfs querfthsls sedhrrelafs y kfs keslhbes preafbaerhsfs, p reafbaerhsfs, slebnh kf querfthsls que rfthsls fatïblaf kf oæs jreauebte. ^fodlìb mfy que reahrnfr ek meofbclhof lbjfbtlk, ek bevus sedæaeh ne Gfnfsshmb y khs sïbnrhoes que hdklcfnfoebte nesfrrhkkfb behpkfslfs eb su evhkualñb (Chrklb y xerhnerof plcoebthsh) (^fdkf 6-: seofbfs ne vlnf. Presebtf ubf jfse ne arealolebth ræplnh eb khs prloerhs 1-: oeses, seculnh ne ub arealolebth oæs kebth h estfdlklzfalñb mfstf ek föh ne vlnf
6. Klbjfnebeathoïf7 f) DQCA+ (ahbtrhvertlnh, sl fkch jhafk h phaf afrcf tuohrfk bh) d) Oetæstfsls cfbcklhbfres cfbcklhbfres akïblafoebte akïblafoebte evlnebtes ↔ Qï klbjfnebeathoïf
Estloukfalñb slsteof lboubltfrlh
^fdkf 46.6. ^rftfolebth nek oekfbhof khahrreclhbfk Fbtl-PN67
• Blvhkuofd • Peodrhklzuofd
Eb aufbth fk trftfolebth ne kf ebjeroenfn nlseolbfnf (Jlcurf 46.1), 46.1), khs realebtes fvfbaes ne khs ÷ktlohs föhs eb este afoph mfb revhkualhbfnh ek ofbegh ne pfalebtes eb este estfnlh. Akæslafoebte, ek ush ne rfnlhte-
Jlcurf 46.1. ^rftfolebth nek oekfbhof nlseolbfnh
rfplf y qulolhterfplf hdtebïf esafshs resuktfnhs, ahb ub pfpek præatlafoebte pfklftlvh y slb ahbseculr fuoebtfr kf supervlvebalf f kfrch pkfzh. Fatufkoebte, se nlsphbe ne nhs hpalhbes terfpìutlafs nljerebtes, que mfb neohstrfnh fuoebtfr kf supervlvebalf f kfrch pkfzh ne jhrof ouy slcbl-
Taurnf ➞
Khs lbmldlnhres ne DTFJ shb ek veouTFJebld y nfDTFJebld. Khs lbmldlnhres ne OEI shb shb ek trfOEtlbld y ek ahdlOEtlbld.
staftlvf. ^hnfvïf se eopkefb eb ebsfyhs akïblahs eb dusaf nek fkchrltoh terfpìutlah nestbltlvh.
•
^erfplf nlrlclnf. nlrlclnf. Fat÷f nlreatfoebte jrebte f fquekkhs oekfbhofs ahb outfalhbes eb ek ceb DTFJ (50-:0% nek thtfk), phr kh que shkh estfrïf lbnlafnf eb oekfbhofs ahb nlamf outfalñb. Khs lbmldlnhres ne DTFJ shb shb veourfjebld y nfdrfjebld y ebahrfjebld. Mfdltufkoebte se fnolblstrfb eb ahodlbfalñb ahb lbmldlnhres ne OEI (trfoetlbld, (trfoetlbld,
Prcubtfs OLT OLT 63-6=, 6, 464 ➞
ahdloetlbld, dlbloetlbld), kh que perolte nlsolbulr kfs tfsfs ne pìr-
➞
nlnf ne respuestf f khs oeses ne trftfolebth, y fneoæs nlsolbuye kf fpfrlalñb ne ejeaths seaubnfrlhs que fpfreaïfb jreauebteoebte
➞
ahb khs lbmldlnhres ne DTFJ eb eb ohbhterfplf, ahoh ek nesfrrhkkh ne
➞
querfthfafbthofs y afralbhofs eplnerohlnes.
OLT 64-61, 63, 63, OLT 64-61, 6= OLT 66-64, 46<
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Ek oekfbhof es ek tuohr autæbeh oæs fcreslvh, phr su afpfalnfn ne
✞
oetfstftlzfr. ✞
Es oæs jreauebte eb ougeres gñvebes y sueke fpfreaer shdre kf plek
alolebth vertlafk). ✞
sfbf. Oebhs jreauebteoebte areae shdre ub bevus prevlh. ✞
Qe rekfalhbf ahb kf jhthexphslalñb fcunf (queofnurf shkfr eb kf lbjfb-
Ek oekfbhof que presebtf ofyhr lbalnebalf es ek oekfbhof ne extebslñb superstalfk.
Ek oekfbhof tlph kebtlch ofklcbh es ek ne oeghr prhbñstlah, tïplah ne fbalfbhs.
✞
alf) y ahb jhthtlphs autæbehs akfrhs. ✞
Ek ne pehr prhbñstlah es ek oekfbhof bhnukfr (sñkh tlebe jfse ne are-
Ek oekfbhof kebtlclbhsh farfk bh tlebe rekfalñb ahb ek shk y es ek oebhs jreauebte.
✞
Ek jfathr prhbñstlah oæs lophrtfbte eb ek oekfbhof khafklzfnh autæbeh es ek crfnh ne lbvfslñb vertlafk, oenlnh phr ek ïbnlae ne Dreskhw.
=6
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
✞
Ek nlfcbñstlah y trftfolebth ne ekeaalñb es kf exìresls qulr÷rclaf pre-
nfdrfjebld,ebahrfjebld), ceb OEI (ahdloetebld, trfoetebld, dlbloe-
ahz. Kf dlhpslf sekeatlvf ne cfbcklh aebtlbekf estæ lbnlafnf prlbalpfk-
tebld) h eb trftfolebths ne lboubhterfplf que phtebaleb kf respuestf
oebte eb fquekkhs oekfbhofs ahb Dreskhw 2 0,= oo.
fbtltuohr nek slsteof lboubltfrlh (lplklouofd, blvhkuofd, peodrhklzuofd). Fodfs hpalhbes mfb neohstrfnh fuoebtfr kf supervlvebalf
✞
Ek trftfolebth ne kf ebjeroenfn nlseolbfnf se dfsf eb ek ush ne
ckhdfk.
kfs terfplfs nlrlclnfs ahbtrf outfalhbes nek ceb DTFJ (veourfjebld,
Afss Akïblas Ubf ouger ne 30 föhs, mlpertebsf, trftfnf ahb lbnfpfolnf, fstalhbfnf
4) Fopklfalñb ne oærcebes ne 6 ao y hdservfalñb.
f thofr ek shk, presebtf eb kf oeglkk f ubf ofbamf slb rekleve, ne ahkhr
1) Fopklfalñb ne oærcebes ne 4 ao y hdservfalñb.
ofrrñb fdlcfrrfnh ahb nlversfs thbfklnfnes, ne dhrne lrrecukfr, ne
>) Fopklfalñb ne oærcebes ne 6 ao y dlhpslf sekeatlvf ne cfbcklh aebtl-
> ao ne nlæoetrh, que fpfrealñ mfae > föhs y prhcresf kebtfoebte.
bekf.
¸Vuì nlfcbñstlah ke suclere8 TA7 > 6) Mlperplcoebtfalñb phr phr jærofahs. jærofahs. 4) Kebtlch slopke.
Faune f su ahbsuktf ub pfalebte realebteoebte nlfcbhstlafnh eb
1) Kebtlch shkfr h seblk.
htrh aebtrh ne oekfbhof bhnukfr eb drfzh lzqulernh, ahb oetæstfsls
>) Kebtlch ofklcbh.
aeredrfkes, pukohbfres y eb fodfs ckæbnukfs suprfrrebfkes eb ek ohoebth nek nlfcbñstlah. Ek lbjhroe mlsthkñclah ahbstrof kf presebalf
TA7 >
ne outfalñb
Z:00E. DTFJ Z:00E.
Ek pfalebte ofbtlebe dueb estfnh ceberfk
eb ek ohoebth ne kf ahbsuktf. Qeöfke kf hpalñb terfpìutlaf fneaufnf Ub vfrñb ne :5 föhs shklaltf vfkhrfalñb ne ubf keslñb plcoebtfnf ftï-
eb estf sltufalñb7
plaf eb kf espfknf ne nurfalñb nesahbhalnf. Akïblafoebte, usten hdservf ubf keslñb fsloìtrlaf, ne dhrnes lrrecukfres, o÷ktlpkes ahkhres
6) Vulolhterfplf ahb nfafrdfzlbf.
y 6 ao ne tfoföh. ^rfs extlrpfr kf keslñb, ek lbjhroe mlsthpfthkñclah
4) ^rftfolebth ahodlbfnh ahodlbfnh ahb nfdrfjebld + trfoetlbld. trfoetlbld.
ahbstrof kf presebalf ne ub oekfbhof ne extebslñb superstalfk ahb
1) Tfnlhterfplf.
ub ïbnlae ne Dreskhw ne 6,1> oo ne espeshr, ukaerfnh y ahb ïbnlae
>) Lbterahbsuktf f ublnfn ne aulnfnhs pfklftlvhs. pfklftlvhs.
oltñtlah ekevfnh. Qeöfke kf ahbnuatf oæs fneaufnf7 TA7 4 6) Fopklfalñb ne oærcebes ne 1 ao y dlhpslf sekeatlvf ne cfbcklh aebtlbekf.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
=4
Klbjhofs autæbehs
Hrletfalñb OLT ^eof shdre ek que mf mfdlnh phafs precubtfs eb khs ÷ktlohs föhs, aebtrfnfs prlbalpfkoebte eb kf olahsls jubchlne. Ql se stgf ek estunlh eb ìstf y eb ek sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry, es phsldke pfsfr fk slculebte teof.
Eb kfs jfses oæs fvfbzfnfs ne kf ebjeroenfn puene fpfreaer fjeatfalñb extrfautæbef7 cfbcklhbfr, mepætlaf, espkìblaf, pukohbfr y ne oìnukf ñsef. Puene exlstlr fneoæs trfbsjhrofalñb dkæstlaf que ahbnlalhbf ub
Khs klbjhofs autæbehs shb prlbalpfkoebte klbjhofs bh Mhncilb ne dfgf fcreslvlnfn. Qe nlvlneb eb7
•
•
pehr prhbñstlah. Kf sepsls phr Qtf pmykhahaaus fureus y htrhs olarhhr-
Klbjhofs autæbehs prlofrlhs. prlofrlhs. Oæs jreauebtes ne aìkukfs ^, ^, ahoh kf
cfblsohs suphbe ubf ne kfs afusfs ne
olahsls jubchlne.
ouerte oæs jreauebtes.
Klbjhofs extrfautæbehs extrfautæbehs ahb fjeatfalñb seaubnfrlf eb plek. Mfdltufkoebte ne aìkukfs D. Prhnuaeb keslhbes bhnukfres, ohbhohrjfs y fslbthoætlafs.
Kfs auftrh jfses suekeb nesfrrhkkfrse ahbseautlvfoebte f kh kfrch ne föhs,
Jlcurf 44.6. Olahsls jubchlne. Jfse ne pkfafs h lbstktrftlvf
perh bh sleopre es fsï (Jlcurf 44.4). 44.4). Ek kïolte ebtre fkcubfs ebtlnfnes eb este afoph estæ phah nestblnh. Fkcu-
Mhy eb nïf se fsuoe que fquekkfs jhr-
bhs futhres ahbslnerfb que alertfs nerofthsls, ahoh kf pfrfpshrlfsls eb
ofs ne klbjhofs autæbehs ^ que nedutfb nlreatfoebte eb jfse tuohrfk
crfbnes pkfafs y kf oualbhsls jhklaukfr h fkhpealf oualbhsf, phnrïfb ser
ahrresphbneb f htrhs sudtlphs ne klbjhofs ne pehr prhbñstlah.
jhrofs preaurshrfs ne olahsls jubchlne.
44.6. Olahsls jubchlne Es ub klbjhof prlofrlfoebte autæbeh ne aìkukfs ^ y ne dfgh crfnh ne ofklc-
Taurnf ➞
Khs olarhfdsaeshs ne kf olahsls jubchlne shb phr klbjhalths y se kkfofb ne Pfutrler. Khs olarhfdsaeshs ne kf pshrlfsls shb phr beutrñstkhs y se nebholbfb ne Oubrh-Qfdhurfun.
blnfn. Quphbe afsl ek 50% ne khs klbjhofs autæbehs. Qu aursh akïblah puene ser ouy kebth y superfr khs 50 föhs ne evhkualñb. Akïblafoebte se pueneb nljerebalfr kfs slculebtes jfses7 6.
Jfse eaaeofthsf h ofaukfr . Fpfreaeb oæaukfs erlteofthsfs ne ketf, y ne föhs ne evhkualñb. Qhb seoegfbtes f ub eaaeof arñblah. Kf
44.4. Qïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry
mlsthkhcïf eb este estfnlh es lbespeaïstaf.
ahbslnerfr ahoh ub klbjhof autæ-
Jfse ne pkfafs h lbstktrftlvf. lbstktrftlvf. Prhcreslñb f pkfafs erlteofthsfs
beh ne aìkukfs ^ ahb expreslñb eb
lbstktrfnfs. Kf mlsthkhcïf es nlfcbñstlaf eb estf jfse. Qe fprealf ub
sfbcre perljìrlaf. Qe nestbe phr
lbstktrfnh nìrolah ne klbjhalths ftïplahs eb dfbnf, ahopuesth phr
kf slculebte trïfnf7 erltrhnerolf
klbjhalths ^ AN>+ ahb ub b÷akeh aeredrljhroe. Exlste ub ofrafnh
(Jlcurf 44.1), 44.1), klbjfnebhpftïfs y
eplnerohtrhplsoh ahb kf fpfrlalñb ne a÷oukhs ne klbjhalths lbtrfepl-
exlstebalf ne oæs ne 6.000 aìkukfs
nìrolahs que se nebholbfb olarhfdsaeshs ne Pfutrler (Jlcurf 44.6). 44.6).
ne Qìzfry phr olklkltrh eb sfbcre
Jfse tuohrfk. tuohrfk. Qe afrfaterlzf phr presebtfr bñnukhs exhjïtlahs erlte-
perljìrlaf (Jlcurf 44.4). 44.4). Es afrfa-
ofthshs (tuohres) ahb tebnebalf f kf ukaerfalñb. Pueneb ser ne crfb
terïstlah que ek prurlth eb esths
tfoföh. Kf mlsthkhcïf puene vhkver f ser lbespeaïstaf, yf que nesfpf-
pfalebtes sef ouy lbtebsh y nljïalk
reae ek eplnerohtrhplsoh afrfaterïstlah.
ne ofbegfr.
prenholblh ‛eb æref nek dföfnhr‟, audlertfs ne kf rfnlfalñb uktrfvlh-
4.
1.
>.
Ek sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry se puene
Jlcurf 44.1. Erltrhnerolf phr sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry
Jfse erltrhnìrolaf. erltrhnìrolaf. Qe afrfaterlzf, ahoh su bhodre lbnlaf, phr presebtfr erltrhnerolf. Fneoæs, puene presebtfr fnebhpftïfs y
Kf aìkukf ne Qìzfry es ub klbjhalth klbjhalt h ^ ftïplah ahb b÷akeh aeredrljhroe.
aìkukfs fderrfbtes eb sfbcre perljìrlaf mfalìbnhkh lbnlstlbculdke nek sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry. Kf nljerebalf rfnlaf eb que eb esths afshs ek
Kf etlhkhcïf nek sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry slcue slebnh ahbtrhvertlnf f nïf ne mhy mhy..
pfalebte mf teblnh fbterlhroebte fkcubf ne kfs htrfs jfses. Kf nlstlb-
Ek nlfcbñstlah nljerebalfk ahb jhrofs erltrhnìrolafs fvfbzfnfs ne olahsls
alñb es lophrtfbte phrque ek prhbñstlah es ouamh oeghr que eb ek
jubchlne puene resuktfr ouy ahopklafnh, y tlebe lopklafalhbes prhbñstlafs
sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry Qìzfry..
lophrtfbtes.
=1
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Preolahsls ³ Oualbhsls jhklaukfr ³ Pfrfpshrlfsls crfbnes pkfafs ³ ¸Htrfs8
Nlfcbñstlah (Pfutrler)
Qïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry Erltrhnerolf
Jfse eaaeofthsf
Jfse ne pkfafs (lbstktrftlvf)
Jfse tuohrfk
Klbjhalth ^ ³ Ahrtlahlnes tñplahs ³ Lbmldlnhres ne kf afkalbeurlbf tñplahs
³ ³ ³ ³ ³
³ Ohstfzf bltrhcebfnf ³ PUZF ³ UZD
T^ (dföh ne ekeatrhbes) ekeatrhbes) Lbterjerñb ζ Dexfrhtebh Vulolhterfplf Lboubhterfplf
+ Klbjfnebhpftïfs + 6.000 aìkukfs ne Qìzfry
³ Phklqulolhterfplf ³ Lboubhterfplf
Jlcurf 44.4. Olahsls jubchlne y sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry. Akïblaf y trftfolebth
44.1. Htrhs klbjhofs autæbehs
6.
prlofrlhs
Estfnlhs lblalfkes. lblalfkes. Qe eopkefb trftfolebths estrlatfoebte ‛nlrlclnhs f kf plek‟ ahoh ahrtlahlnes tñplahs, ohstfzf bltrhcebfnf, dexfrhtebh tñplah, PUZF, UZD, UZD, lbmldlnhres ne afkalbeurlbf tñplahs…
4.
Ebjeroenfn fvfbzfnf. fvfbzfnf. Qe utlklzfb trftfolebths oæs fcreslvhs ahoh
Exlsteb fneoæs htrhs tlphs ne klbjhofs ^. Ebtre ekkhs nestfafb ek klbjhof
kf rfnlhterfplf, dföhs ne ekeatrhbes, dexfrhtebh slstìolah, lbterjerñb
ne aìkukf crfbne fbfpkæslah AN10+ h kf pfpukhsls klbjhofthlne (tfodlìb
ζ
AN10+ y que se afrfaterlzf phr kf presebalf ne pæpukfs que se futhresuek-
auebte kf ahodlbfalñb ne vfrlhs fcebtes eb estf jfse.
, oethtrexfth, jhthjìresls extrfahrpñref, h lboubhterfplf. Es jre-
veb ne jhrof esphbtæbef) Ek ush ne recïoebes ne ohbhqulolhterfplf y phklqulolhterfplf se reservf
44.>. ^rftfolebth
pfrf jhrofs fvfbzfnfs ne olahsls jubchlne, sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry y pfrf aufbnh exlstf fjeatfalñb extrfautæbef. Fatufkoebte, exlsteb trftfolebths ahb lboubhterfplf nlrlclnhs f jhrofs j hrofs oæs fcreslvfs y fvfbzfnfs (ohcfou-
Kf ekeaalñb nek trftfolebth nepebne nek estfnlh ne kf ebjeroenfn, nek
klzuofd h drebtuxlofd, ebtre htrhs).
estfnh ceberfk y ne kf enfn nek pfalebte. Ek trftfolebth fcreslvh nesne jfses lblalfkes bh mf neohstrfnh ub fuoebth ne kf supervlvebalf ckhdfk. Fk trftfrse ne ubf ebjeroenfn arñblaf y reaurrebte pfrf kf que bh exlste ub trftfolebth aurftlvh nestbltlvh, ek fdhrnfge estæ nlrlclnh prlbalpfkoebte f
Prcubtfs OLT
oeghrfr khs sïbthofs.
➞
Bh mfy precubtfs OLT represebtftlvfs represebtftlvfs..
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Khs klbjhofs prlofrlhs autæbehs shb ofyhrltfrlfoebte ofyhrlt frlfoebte ne aìkukfs ^. ^.
✞
Ek sïbnrhoe ne Qìzfry se afrfaterlzf phr kf trïfnf erltrhnerolf, klbjfnebhpftïfs y oæs ne 6.000 aìkukfs ne Qìzfry phr olklkltrh eb sfbcre
✞
Ek klbjhof autæbeh oæs jreauebte j reauebte es kf olahsls jubchlne. Qe afrfaterlzf
perljìrlaf.
phr ub aursh lbnhkebte ne föhs ne evhkualñb y se nlstlbcueb auftrh jfses7 eaaeofthsf h ofaukfr, ne pkfafs h lbstktrftlvf, tuohrfk y erltrhnìrolaf.
✞
Ek trftfolebth fcreslvh ne kf olahsls jubchlne nesne jfses lblalfkes bh mf neohstrfnh ub fuoebth ne kf supervlvebalf ckhdfk. Qe reaholebnf ub trftfolebth nlrlclnh f oeghrfr khs sïbthofs sec÷b ek estfnlh ne kf
✞
Kf mlsthkhcïf ne kf jfse ne pkfafs ouestrf khs mfkkfzchs nlfcbñstlahs7 fa÷oukh lbtrfeplnìrolah ne klbjhalths AN>+ ftïplahs (b÷akeh aeredrljhroe) que jhrof khs olarhfdsaeshs ne Pfutrler. Estfs afrfaterïstlafs suekeb pernerse fk fkafbzfr kf jfse tuohrfk.
ebjeroenfn.
=>
44. Klbjhofs autæbehs. NO
Afss Akïblas Zfrñb ne :0 föhs que presebtf ubfs pkfafs erlteofthsfs eb ek trhbah,
1) Ubf lbjeaalñb j÷bclaf lbvfshrf. lbvfshrf.
y es nlfcbhstlafnh ne olahsls jubchlne. Ahb nlamh nlfcbñstlah, se
>) Ub klbjhof ne Mhncilb.
ebtlebne que ek pfalebte se mfkkf fjeath ne7 6) Ubf vfrlfbte ne pshrlfsls pustukhsf. 4) Ub klbjhof prlofrlh autæbeh bh Mhncilb ne jebhtlph ^. ^.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 4
=5
Htrhs tuohres autæbehs
Hrletfalñb OLT ^eof fkch oæs precubtfnh eb ek exfoeb OLT eb khs ÷ktlohs föhs (shdrethnh ofsthalthsls), ahb kh que resuktf rebtfdke. Qe nedeb reahrnfr fkcubfs ebtlnfnes afrfaterïstlafs ahoh ek bñnukh ne kf merofbf Ofrïf Ghsì, repfsfr kf akïblaf ne kfs ofsthalthsls y sus jhrofs akïblafs oæs jreauebtes. Kfs mlstlhalthsls shb trfsthrbhs ouy rfrhs, que shkh oereae kf pebf ahbhaer phr ebalof. ebalof.
autæbef. Eb ub 60%, fpfreae fjeatfalñb ne htrhs ñrcfbhs. Eb esths afshs es prealsh refklzfr ubf dlhpslf ne oìnukf ñsef pfrf nesafrtfr ubf ofsthalthsls slstìolaf. Kf trlptfsf es ub ofrafnhr usfnh pfrf ek nlfcbñstlah y ek seculolebth eb kfs ofsthalthsls slstìolafs.
Akïblaf Kf akïblaf vlebe nfnf phr kf faalñb ne kf mlstfolbf y htrhs oenlfnhres klderf-
41.6. Oetæstfsls autæbefs
nhs ne jhrof drusaf7
•
Plek7 prurlth, Plek7
nerohcrfstsoh,
Fpfreaeb mfstf eb ek föhs (Jlcurf 41.1) 41.1) (OLT 63-6=, 40) 40).
-
41.4. Ofsthalthsls
Urtlafrlf
plcoebthsf. plcoebthsf.
Jhrof akïblaf ahb ofyhr lbalnebalf. Queke nedutfr eb khs prloerhs föhs ne
Qe trftf ne ubf ebjeroenfn hafslhbfnf phr ek fa÷oukh eb nljerebtes ñrcf-
vlnf y nesfpfreaer eb kf
bhs ne ofsthalths h aìkukfs aedfnfs. Exlsteb nlvershs estïoukhs que pue-
fnhkesaebalf. Kfs jhrofs
neb mfaer que ek ofsthalth se necrfbuke klderfbnh mlstfolbf nfbnh kucfr
que perslsteb eb kf enfn
f slbthofthkhcïf. Eb ek -PN, 6>-PN, 1< ➞ OLT 63-6=, 40 ➞
Exlsteb nlstlbtfs akfslstafalhbes, fubque kf oæs fatufklzfnf phr kf nebholbfnf ‛shalenfn nek mlstlhalth‟ kfs nlvlne sec÷b ek pftrñb mlsthkñclah, jebh-
Ahaepts Akfve ✞
Khs klbjhofs slstìolahs ne aìkukfs D pueneb hafslhbfr oetæstfsls au-
✞
tæbefs eb jhrof ne bñnukhs erlteofthshs erlt eofthshs lbnurfnhs.
Kf ofsthalthsls oæs jreauebte eb blöhs es kf urtlafrlf urt lafrlf plcoebthsf. Queke nesfpfreaer eb kf fnhkesaebalf. Fquekkfs jhrofs que perslsteb eb k f enfn fnuktf se pueneb fshalfr f fjeatfalñb slstìolaf.
✞
Ek afralbhof eb ahrfzf nek tñrfx se nede f oetæstfsls ne ub afralbhof ne ofof.
✞
Kfs mlstlhalthsls shb ub cruph meterhcìbeh ne pfthkhcïfs que lbakuyeb nesne jhrofs deblcbfs (xfbthcrfbukhof guveblk, eb jhrof ne pæpukf
✞
Kf oetæstfsls perluodlklafk ne ub afralbhof cæstrlah realde ek bhodre
fofrlkkebtf) f jhrofs ouy crfves (mlstlhalthsls ne aìkukfs ne Kfbcer-
ne bñnukh ne kf merofbf Ofrï f Ghsì.
mfbs, ahb fjeatfalñb ouktlslstìolaf y kf afrfaterïstlaf fjeatfalñb ñsef arfbefk)
✞
Ek slcbh ne Nfrler es pfthcbhoñblah ne ofsthalthsls, fubque bh sleopre estæ presebte.
=3
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Afss Akïblas Faune f su ahbsuktf ub blöh ne > föhs que presebtf eb ek trhbah ubf
1) Mlstlhalthsls ne aìkukfs ne ne Kfbcermfbs. Kfbcermfbs.
pkfaf ne ahkhr ofrrhbæaeh, ne 0,= ao ne nlæoetrh, que sec÷b sus pf-
>) Urtlafrlf vfsaukltls.
nres mf presebtfnh vfrlhs eplshnlhs ne ‛lbfflfofalñb‟ eb kfs ÷ktlofs seofbfs. ^rfs kf jrlaalñb ahb kf pubtf ne ub dhkïcrfjh, usten hdservf ahoh f khs phahs secubnhs fpfreae erlteof y prurlth eb esf khafklzfalñb. Qeöfke ek nlfcbñstlah oæs prhdfdke7 6) Fdsaesh dfaterlfbh. 4) Ofsthalthof.
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 4
==
Nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs
Hrletfalñb OLT
Ek aufnrh autæbeh resphbne ne jhrof
^eof ne lophrtfbalf arealebte, nholbfnh phr ek sïbnrhoe ne Qweet, kf fafbthsls blcrlafbs y kf neroftholhsltls pfrfbehpkæslaf. Mfy que reahrnfr kf slculebte fshalfalñb7 sïbnrhoe ahbstltualhbfk + keslhbes eb plek ? shspeamfr nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslaf.
^fodlìb puene ser ÷tlk ek yhnurh phtæ-
espeatfaukfr f khs ahrtlahlnes, slebnh estf respuestf ub arlterlh nlfcbñstlah. slah.
4>.4. Htrhs tlphs 4>.6. Qïbnrhoe ne Qweet
ne nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs
Jlcurf 4>.6. Qïbnrhoe ne
Akæslafoebte nebholbfnh nerofthsls beutrhjïklaf fcunf jedrlk. Bh sleopre es ubf nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslaf. Qe mf nesarlth prlbalpfkoebte fshalfnh
Eb kf Jlcurf 4>.4 y 4>.4 y eb kf ^fdkf 4>.6 se 4>.6 se
f lbjeaalhbes, y shkh eb ub 40% ne khs afshs, f behpkfslfs, prlbalpfkoebte
pueneb ahbsuktfr htrhs tlphs ne ner-
ne hrlceb meofthkñclah (keuaeolf olekhlne fcunf y htrfs).
ofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs.
Kf akïblaf ne este aufnrh se afrfaterlzf phr fjeatfr ahb ofyhr jreauebalf f ougeres ne oenlfbf enfn que s÷dltfoebte presebtfb stedre, frtrfkclfs, ofkestfr y fpfrlalñb ne pkfafs erlteoftheneofthsfs eb afrf, trhbah y
Qweet
Prcubtfs OLT
extreolnfnes superlhres, gubth ahb beutrhstklf, tfbth eb sfbcre ahoh eb
➞
kfs keslhbes (OLT 0.6). 4>.6). Kfs pkfafs shb ne ub lbtebsh
➞
ahkhr rhgh hsaurh, pseunhveslaukhsfs eb ek aebtrh y ne superstale hbnukfbte,
OLT 63-6=, 6-65, 43, 43, OLT 6>-65, 4=, 4=, OLT 6>-65, 6>: ➞ OLT 0.4. Khafklzfalñb ne kfs nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs
=<
Ofbufk A^H ne Oenlalbf y Alrucïf, 64.ª enlalñb
Nerofthsls
Akïblaf
^uohr
Erlteof bearhkïtlah olcrfthrlh
Pfpukhvesïaukfs ne nlstrldualñb perlhrlstalfk, mlperckuaeolf, ckhsltls y pìrnlnf ne pesh
Ckuafchbhof
Farhquerfthsls ne Dfzex
Mlperquerfthsls pfkohpkfbtfr ne fpfrlalñb fdruptf fshalfnf f sïbnrhoe ahbstltualhbfk
Afralbhof eplnerohlne ne vïfs ferehnlcestlvfs fktfs
Erlteof cyrftuo Erlteof cyrftuo repebs
Pkfafs Pkf afs fbukfr fbukfres es ahbaìbt ahbaìbtrla rlafs fs eb ‛vetfs ‛vetfs ne ofnerf ofnerf‟‟
Afralbh Afra lbhofs ofs pukoh pukohbfr bfres es
Qïbnrhoe afralbhlne
Jkusmlbc , neroft ltltls pe pekfcrhlne y nlfrref
^uohres be beurhebnharlbhs (F (FPU N) N)
Neroftholhsltls pfrfbehpkæslaf
Erlteof vlhkæaeh eb pærpfnhs y bunlkkhs, ahb nedlklnfn ousaukfr prhxlofk. Oæs jreauebte eb ougeres ne >0-50 föhs (Jlcurf 4>.1)
Hvfrlh, ofof, estñofch, pukoñb
Fafbthsls blcrlafbs ofklcbf
Plek fteralhpekfnf crlsæaef eb pklecues, ahb fjeatfalñb ouahsf y querfthnerolf pfkohpkfbtfr (Jlcurf 4>.>)
Fnebhafralbhof fdnholbfk (cæstrlah)
Mlpertrlahsls kfbuclbhsf fnqulrlnf
Zekkh stb stbh (p (pfrealnh fk fk kf kfbuch je jetfk)
Pukoñb, ah ahkhb… Fb Fbhrexlf be bervlhsf, jærofahs
^rhodhffledltls olcrfbs olcrfbs (sïbnrhoe ne ^rhussefu)
Jkedlt Jke dltls ls super superstal stalfke fkess reaurre reaurrebte btess eb extreo extreolnf lnfnes nes
Fnebha Fne bhafra fralbh lbhof of ne pæbar pæbarefs efs
Latlhsls fnqulrlnf
]erhsls y nesafofalñb
Mhncilb
Pfblau Pfb lauklt kltls ls pfba pfbareæ reætla tlaf f
Bñnukhss rhglz Bñnukh rhglzhs hs eb eb kf afr afrf f fbter fbterlhr lhr ne kfs kfs pler plerbfs bfs ahb supurfalñb ne ofterlfk hkehsh. Aìkukfs jfbtfsof eb kf dlhpslf
Fnebhafralbhof ne pæbarefs
Jlcurf 4>.1. Neroftholhsltls (erlteof eb meklhtrhph)
Jlcurf 4>.>. Fafbthsls blcrlafbs blcrlafbs.. Qe hdservf plek mlperplcoebtfnf ne fspeath fteralhpekfnh eb fflexurfs (kfterhaervlafk, lbckes, fxlkfs…)
^fdkf 4>.6. Nljerebtes tlphs ne nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs 6-65, 43, 43, 4=, 6>:) pfrfbehpkæslafs (OLT 63-6=, 60-50 föhs hdklcf
cues. Puene fpfreaer eb pfalebtes ahb reslstebalf lbsukïblaf, ne jhrof
f nesafrtfr kf presebalf ne ubf behpkfslf ofklcbf ne hvfrlh, ofof,
lnlhpætlaf h ahoh nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslaf.
estñofch, pukoñb…
Kf farhquerfthsls ne Dfzex se afrfaterlzf phr kf fpfrlalñb ne ubf mlperquerfthsls pfkohpkfbtfr ne jhrof drusaf, fshalfnf f sïbnrhoe
Afss Akïblas Zfrñb ne 1= föhs, dedenhr mfdltufk, que presebtf nesne mfae 4 oe-
Pfalebte ne >0 föhs que nesne mfae ub oes presebtf nedlklnfn eb
ses keslhbes bhnukfres erlteofthsfs y nhkhrhsfs, ahb nlstrldualñb
albturf esafpukfr y pekvlfbf. Ahbsuktf phr kf fpfrlalñb ne eneof pfk-
klbefk eb ahrnñb eb fodhs oleodrhs lbjerlhres. Usten pebsfræ eb-
pedrfk y ahkhrfalñb erlteofthvlhkæaef perlhrdltfrlf, gubth ahb keslh-
ahbtrfrse fbte7
bes erlteofthnesafoftlvfs shdre prholbebalfs ñsefs ne nhrsh ne ofbhs. Qeöfkfr ek nlfcbñstlah ahrreath7
6) Erlteof ofrclbfnh. 4) Erlteof arñblah olcrfbs olcrfbs..
6) Eaaeof ne ahbtfath.
1) Erlteof bearhkïtlah bearhkïtlah olcrfthrlh.
4) Eaaeof ftñplah.
>) Fnebhafralbhof pfbareætlah.
1) Neroftholhsltls. >) Kupus erlteofthsh.
TA7 > TA7 1
. Nerofthsls pfrfbehpkæslafs. NO
Ouger ne >5 föhs que faune f ahbsuktf phr presebtfr ub aufnrh ne
6) Pekfcrf.
oeses ne evhkualñb ne pkfafs fraljhroes erlteofthesafohsfs, fkcu-
4) Farhneroftltls ebterhpætlaf.
bf ahb fophkkfs y erhslhbes, ne prenholblh perlhrlstalfk. Fneoæs, re-
1) Erlteof bearhkïtlah bearhkïtlah olcrfthrlh.
stere presebtfr ckhsltls, pìrnlnf ne pesh y nlfrref perslstebte. Eb kf
>) Pìbstch vukcfr.
fbfkïtlaf ne sfbcre nestfaf ek mfkkfzch ne mlperckuaeolf y fbeolf. Ek nlfcbñstlah oæs prhdfdke seræ7
Teaurss ne kf fslcbfturf
TA7 1
.ª en. Eksevler Qfubners, 406=.
Bftlhbfk Ahopremebslve Afbaer Betwhri. BAAB Aklblafk Prfatlae Culneklbes lb Hbahkhcy (BAAB Culneklbes). ^-aekk ^-aekk Kyopmhofs. Kyopmhofs. Zerslhb 6. 4063.
Ahbegh-Olr G, Ohrebh GA, Afofamh JO. Ofbufk ne Nerofthkhcïf. Nerofthkhcïf. Ofnrln. Fukf Oìnlaf, 4060.
Crljsttms A, Dfrier G, Dkelier ^, Amfkoers T, Arefoer N. Thhi“s ^extdhhi hj Nerofthkhcy , 7 :-30
