IN@UH\NL LE LE_E@FA W @GEM@GN ZAHÂ\G@N EP@UEHN Z_AIEPGAMNH LE LE_E@FA @U_PA; LE_E@FA \_GOU\N_GA \EBN; AOHGCN@GAM \_GOU\N_GN W LAB LABG@GHGA G@GHGA IGP@NH NU\A_; KUNM @N_HAP _AL_GCUE[ N__AWA BN_GM @N__NM[N KAPE NM\AMGA \G\\A CGH MGHLN BN_GOEH @NOEHHAP _AKNP YNMEPPN KN@DEHGM PA\ABNWA_ FUNBNMG G_FG[
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^ugera ncrnle`er n talas bgs bnestras yn que ehhas be emseþnram n vnharnr has estulgas estulgas y n supernrbe `nln lân, tnbogç tnbogçmm ncrnlez ncrnlez`a `a n Bg Inbghg Inbghgnn parque ehhas estuvgeram estuvgeram em has lâns bns lgiâ`ghes le bgs vglns `aba estulgnmte W ncrnlez`a ncrnlez`a n Lgas par lnrbe hn snh snhul ul que temca, par temer temer umn `noezn `am hn que puela pemsnr buy ogem y nlebîs um `uerpa `uer pa snma y umn bemte le ogem Estay securas que bgs betns phnmtnlns lnrîm iruta em eh iutura y par emle leoa esiarznrbe `nln lân lân pnrn ser be bekar kar em hn Umgver Umgversgln sglnll y em tala hucn hucnrr sgm ahvgln ahvglnrr eh resp respeta eta que emcrnmle`e n hn persamn.
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0. HAP BELGAP LE EV\GM@GÐM LE HN AOHGCN@GÐM \_GOU\N_GN.........................>9 0.> EH ZNCA.............. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................... ..................... >3 0.>.> MN\U_NHE[N KU_GLG@N.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................................... ................................. >3 0.>.? EH ZNCA NM\EP LEH GMG@GA LEH Z_A@ELGBGEM\A LE..................................... @AO_NM[N @AN@\GYN ............................. ............... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ....................... ?: 0.>.?.> HG^UGLE[ W EVGCGOGHGLNL.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ..........................?: ............?: 0.>.?.? PUKE\AP HECG\GBNLAP ZN_N EH ZNCA............................................................?? N. ZNCA ZA_ EH LEULA_ ............................ .......................................... ............................. .............................. ......................................... .......................... ?? O. ZNCA ZA_ \E_@E_A.............. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................ .. ?0 0.>.?.0 . AOKE\A LEH ZNCA............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................?< .........?< N. GM\E_EPEP............. ............................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................?9 ...................?9
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0. LABG@GHGA IGP@NH............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................................ .................................. ?6 0.> @AM@EZ\AP............... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................... ................. ?7 0.>.> @ALGCA @GYGH.............. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................ .......... ?7 0.>.? BALEHA LE @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA ZN_N NBÇ_G@N HN\GMN ..........................?7 0.>.0 BALEHA LE @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA LEH @GN\ ............. ............................ ............................. ..........................0> ............0> 0.>.< EH LABG@GHGA IGP@NH EM EH @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA ZE_UNMA.......................0? 0.? NM\E@ELEM\EP EM HAP @ÐLGCAP \_GOU\N_GAP ZE_UNMAP...........................0? 0.?.> Z_GBE_ @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA.............. ............................ ............................. .............................. ......................................0? .......................0? 0.?.? PECUMLA @ALGCA \_GOU\N_GA............... ............................. ............................. .............................. .................................00 ..................00 0.?.0 \E_@E_ @ALGCA \_GOU\N_GA................................................................................0< 0.?.< Znrn has eie`tas leh presemte nrtâ`u nrtâ`uha, ha, onstnrî `am gmlg`nr que, `amiarbe n ha seþnhnla par Zçrez _aya, hn nûm labgmnmte em la`trgmn , es nquehhn que sastgeme ‘que par gbperga le hns lgspasg`games marbntgvns surcem emtre eh Estnla y has `amtrgouyemtes lere`fas y leoeres re`âpra`as, que `amstgtuyem eh `amtemgla le umn rehn`gðm espe`gnh; hn rehn`gðm kurâlg`atrgoutnrgn‒. ? Le n`uerla `am este emiaque teðrg`a, hn rehn`gðm kurâlg`a-trgoutnrgn, que es le mnturnhezn `abphekn, gm`hugrân tnmta n hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn (tnbogçm `ama`gln `aba ‖aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn prgm`gpnh‗) emtemlgln, le bnmern buy resubgln, `aba ‘hn aohgcn`gðm estnohe`gln par Hey le emtrecnr n um emte pûohg`a, n tâtuha le trgouta, umn `nmtglnl le lgmera‒ `aba n has lebîs leoeres iarbnhes estnohe`glas marbntgvnbemte y vgm`uhnlas nh `ubphgbgemta le
Znrn umn resubgln, pera `hnrn, les`rgp`gðm le `nln tearân, hçnse; CGUHGNMG IAM_AUCE, @nrhas B., Lere`fa Igmnm`gera, Yahubem G, Lç`gbn Elg`gðm; Hn Hey, ?:>>, pp. ?, p. >
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lg`f lg `fnn aohg aohgcn cn`g `gðm ðm (le (lemab mabgm gmnl nlns ns ‐l ‐lee sg sgbg bghn hnrr iarbn iarbn‐‐ `a `aba ba aohgc aohgcn` n`ga games mes tr trgo gout utnrg nrgns ns n``esargns) 0
>.?. @AM@EZ\AP W GM\E__ACNM\EP Ma aostnmte ha gmlg`nla, leoebas seþnhnr que um estulga bîs praiumla leh iemðbema trgoutnrga trgout nrga (que ma es ‐pre`g ‐pre`gsnbemt snbemte‐ e‐ bntergn bntergn leh presemt presemtee nrtâ`uha) nrtâ`uha) mas hhevnrân hhevnrân n vergig`nr vergig`nr que exgstem `gertns sgtun`games kurâlg`ns, surcglns emtre eh Estnla y has pnrtg`uhnres, que palrânm `nhgig`nr `aba pnrte le lg`fa iemðbema, sgm temer hn `ntecarân le aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns prgm`gpnhes a n``esargns, `amiarbe n hns leigmg`games `hîsg`ns, es le`gr, sgm iarbnr pnrte ‐prapgnbemte‐ le hn rehn`gðm kurâlg`a trgoutnrgn .
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@am rehn`gðm n hn marbntgvn perunmn, se leoe temer presemte que ‐n lgierem`gn le atrns hecgshn`games, `aba hn espnþahn par ekebpha‐ muestra @ðlgca \rgoutnrga ma pnre`e fnoerse phecnla n hn tearân le hn ‖rehn`gðm kurâlg`a-trgoutnrgn‗6 4 `am`husgðm n hn que se nrrgon ma saha parque em nrtâ`uha nhcuma se fn`e bem`gðm n çstas tçrbgmas, a n um `am`epta le ‖rehn`gðm bnr`a‗ em `uya gmtergar se gmserte hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn y hns aohgcn`games n``esargns, sgma, parque le hn he`turn le hns prgberns hâmens le hn Marbn GG leh \âtuha Zrehgbgmnr7 , pnre`gern que eh hecgshnlar `amsglern n hns aohgcn`games prgm`gpnh y n``esargns, gmlepemlgemtes umn le hns atrns . 5
?, @NZG\UHA hh ?.> BN_@A \EA_G@A W @AM@EZ\UNH PAHE_, Asvnhla F., Lere`fa \rgoutnrga, Pecumln Elg`gðm - n`tunhgznln y nbphgnln,; Hn Hey, ?::5, p. >66 Zar saha mabornr um ekebpha, es eh `nsa le hns `gtn`games que renhgzn hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn pnrn sahg`gtnr gmiarbn`gðm n ter`eras Mg Mg n mgmcumn atrn tearân que perbgtn exphg`nr kurâlg`nbemte hns rehn`games que se iarbnm emtre eh Estnla y has pnrtg`uhnres pnrtg`uhnres `am batgva leh eker`g` eker`g`ga ga leh paler trgoutnrga. trgoutnrga. @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA ‘MA_BN GG Este @ðlgca rgce hns rehn`games kurâlg`ns argcgmnlns par has trgo trgout utas. as. Zn Znrn rn estas estas eie eie`t `tas, as, eh tç tçrb rbgm gmaa ku kurâ râlg lg`a `a tr trgo gout utaa `abpre `abpreml mlee (…)‒ (…)‒ (re (resn snht htnl nlaa ncrecnla).
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?.> HN AOHGCN@GÐM \_GOU\N_GN Hns aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns sam nquehhns que surcem `aba `amse`uem`gn le hn me`esglnl le pncnr trgoutas pnrn eh sastemgbgemta le has cnstas leh estnla. Eh gm`ubphgbgemta le hns aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns `amhhevn hn `arrespamlgemte snm`gðm trgoutnrgn. @aba `amse`uem`gn le hn aohgcntargelnl leh pnca le has trgoutas surcem aohgcn`games emtre has `amtrgouyemtes y hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm. Esta qugere le`gr que fny umn rehn`gðm emtre eh aohgcnla trgoutnrga y hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm, y par ha tnmta, eh estnla es `abpetemte pnrn re`hnbnr eh pnca le trgoutas. Eh aoketgva leh pnca le has trgoutas, es que eh `amtrgouyemte, le n` n`ue uerl rlaa `am `am su `n `npn pn`g `gln lnll e` e`am amðb ðbg` g`n, n, su suir irnc ncue ue ha hass cn cnst stas as me me`e `esn snrg rgas as pn pnrn rn eh bnmtemgbgemta le hns estru`turns e gmstgtu`games leh estnla.
?.>.>. MN\U_NHE[N Le ha seþnhnla fnstn nquâ, resuhtn que ‘hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, esta es, eh leoer le `ubphgr hn prestn`gðm, `amstgtuye hn pnrte iumlnbemtnh le hn rehn`gðm kurâlg`a-trgoutnrgn y eh igm ûhtgba nh `unh tgemle hn gmstgtu`gðm leh trgouta.‒ Em tnmta que, em tçrbgmas le Ierregra Hnpntzn, ‘eh trgouta es eh `amtemgla a, bîs exn`tnbemte, eh aoketa le hn aohgcn`gðm, hn prestn`gðm leogln‒ 9 Nfarn ogem, hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, que es hn aohgcn`gðm leh suketa pnsgva le pncnr eh trgouta nh suketa n`tgva (eh Estnla), y que em`uemtrn su iumlnbemta em um bnmlnta hecnh `amlg`gamnla par hn @amstgtu`gðm, es, `aba fn nlvertgla crnm pnrte le hn la`trgmn mn`gamnh e gmtermn`gamnh, ‘umn espe`ge leh cçmera bîs nbphga, que es hn aohgcn`gðm, nh que perteme`e tnbogçm hn aohgcn`gðm leh Lere`fa prgvnla‒ `am hn que bnmtgeme glemtglnl estru`turnh. Em `amse`uem`gn, y ma aostnmte hns pnrtg`uhnrglnles que hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn revgste, ha que leoe quelnr `hnra es que çstn `abpnrte hn bgsbn estru`turn kurâlg`n que hn aohgcn`gðm leh îbogta @gvgh. Pgemla esta nsâ, `amvgeme re`arlnr que es eh Lere`fa @gvgh hn rnbn que, fgstðrg`nbemte y nh gcunh que `am atrns `ntecarâns kurâlg`ns, se fn a`upnla `am bnyar nbphgtul, tnmta leh 9
IE__EG_A HNZN\[N, Kasç Kunm, Ðp. @gt., p. 000
lesnrrahha hecgshntgva, `aba la`trgmnrga, e gm`husa kurgsprulem`gnh, le tnh gmstgtu`gðm kurâlg`n. Zar tnh batgva, se fn seþnhnla que umn le hns `nrn`terâstg`ns iumlnbemtnhes leh Lere`fa @gvgh n`tunh es hn le `amtemer has prgm`gpgas esem`gnhes leh arlemnbgemta pasgtgva. Onka estn bgsbn hâmen le pemsnbgemta, em la`trgmn mn`gamnh, se fn resnhtnla que ‘hn bntrgz leh Le Lere` re`fa fa \rgo \rgout utnrg nrgaa es eh Le Lere` re`fa fa @g @gvg vgh, h, bîs bîs `a `am` m`ret retnb nbem emte te eh Lere Lere`fa `fa le hn hnss Aohgcn`games‒. 3
?.>.? @N_N@\E_ÂP\G@NP Ma aostnmte hn glemtglnl estru`turnh que bnmtgemem hns aohgcn`games leh Lere`fa Lere`f a @gvgh y leh Lere`fa \rgoutnrga, `amvgeme letemermas, par um babemta, em hns pnrtg`uhnrglnles que lgstgmcuem n hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn y que he lnm sus espe`gnhes `amtarmas, ehebemtas, y `nrn`terâstg`ns, que leoerebas temer presemtes nh nmnhgznr has belgas le extgm`gðm le hn bem`gamnln aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, em eh presemte `nsa, espe`âig`nbemte eh pnca, nmtes leh gmg`ga le hn `aornmzn `an`tgvn. Znrn estas eie`tas, pnrtgrebas le hn leigmg`gðm que re`goe hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn em hn hecgsh hec gshn`g n`gðm ðm mn` mn`gam gamnh, nh, gmstg gmstgtu` tu`gðm gðm que es `am `am`ept `eptunh unhgzn gznln ln em eh nrt nrtâ`u â`uha ha >º leh @ðlgca @ðlgca \rgoutnrga le hn sgcugemte bnmern; ‘Hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, que es le lere`fa pûohg`a, es eh vâm`uha emtre eh n`reelar y eh leular trgoutnrga, estnohe`gla par hey, que tgeme par aoketa eh `ubphgbgemta le hn prestn`gðm trgoutnrgn, sgemla exgcgohe `an`tgvnbemte.‒ @aba se npre`gn, `amiarbe n hn hecgshn`gðm perunmn, has rnscas esem`gnhes le hn aaohgcn`gðm ohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn gm`huyem eh ser s er umn aohgcn`gðm le Lere`fa Zûohg`a (>), estnohe`gln par hey (?), y que tgeme `aba prestn`gðm ‐exgcgohe le bnme bn mern rn `an` `an`tg tgvn vn‐‐ hn em emtr trec ecnn leh tr trgo gout utaa (0). (0). _e`a _e`acg cgeml emlaa ‐em esem` esem`gn gn‐‐ ha hass bg bgsb sbas as ehebemtas, Nhtnbgrnma reigere que hns `nrn`terâstg`ns le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn sam tres; se O_NYA @U@@G, Karce. Iumlnbemtas le Lere`fa \rgoutnrga, \er`ern Elg`gðm. Hgbn; Elgtarn Crgkhey, ?::7, p. , FUNBNMÂ @UEYN, _asemla. @ðlgca \rgoutnrga `abemtnla. ^ugmtn Elg`gðm. Hgbn; Kurgstn Elgtares, ?::3, p. >>>
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trntn le umn aohgcn`gðm ex hece (g), le lere`fa pûohg`a (gg), y `uya aoketa `amsgste em umn prestn`gðm le lnr (ggg). Pecuglnbemte, nmnhgznrebas le iarbn oreve `nln uma le estas rnscas leigmglares6
?.>.?.> AOHGCN@GÐM EV HECE Hn prgbern pnrtg`uhnrglnl le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn rnlg`n em que çstn tgeme su argcem em umn marbn kurâlg`n y ma em hn vahumtnl le hns pnrtes, `aba a`urre `am hn bnyarân le aohgcn`games leh Lere`fa @gvgh. Nsâ, em la`trgmn, `hîsg`nbemte se fn seþnhnla que hn aohgc aoh gcn` n`gð gðmm trgo trgout utnr nrgn gn es ex he hece, ce, par te teme merr su iu iuemt emtee em hn he hey4 y4 ma aos aostn tnmt mte, e, `a `aba ba exphg`nrebas n `amtgmun`gðm, `amiarbe n ha lgspuesta em hn @amstgtu`gðm Zahâtg`n, em eh Zerû se puelem estnohe`er aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns belgnmte marbns le rnmca gmiergar nh hecnh, par este batgva, preiergbas reiergrmas n que hn bgsbn tgeme su iuemte em umn marbn kurâlg`n, y ma em hn hey Paore este pnrtg`uhnr, Ierregra Hnpntzn reigere que, em Estnlas em has que hn @amstgtu`gðm fn prevgsta eh Zrgm`gpga le Hecnhglnl \rgoutnrgn, hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn serî, me`esnrgnbemte, ex hece. Em muestra pnâs, eh \rgoumnh @amstgtu`gamnh se fn em`nrcnla le n`hnrnr que has Zrgm`gpgas le Hecnhglnl y le _eservn le Hey, `amsncrnlas par eh nrtâ`uha 3760, p. 03:
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?.>.?.? AOHGCN@GÐM LE LE_E@FA ZÛOHG@A N le`gr le Ierregra Hnpntzn, hn aohgcn`gðm aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn trgoutnrgn es umn aohgcn`gðm aohgcn`gðm le Lere`fa Zûohg`a ‘em `unmta vâm`uha kurâlg`a que ume n um emte pûohg`a n`reelar, que n`tûn `aba tnh emte pûohg`a, `am um pnrtg`uhnr, a `am atra emte pûohg`a leular‒. N este respe`ta, leoebas re`arlnr que umn rehn`gðm le lere`fa pûohg`a se lgierem`gn le umn le Lere`fa Zrgvnla, em que hn prgber prgbernn ‐me`esnrgnbe ‐me`esnrgnbemte‐ mte‐ leoerî `amtnr `am eh Estnla (a umn emtglnl estntnh) estntnh) `aba pnrte, es le`gr, leoe iarbnr pnrte pnr te le lg`fn rehn`gðm kurâlg`n. Mðtese, sgm ebonrca, que umn rehn`gðm aohgcntargn `unhqugern, em hn que pnrtg`gpe `aba pnrte umn emtglnl estntnh, ma leoerân ser `nhgig`nln `aba umn aohgcn`gðm le Lere`fa Zûohg`a sg es que lg`fn emtglnl estntnh gmtervgmgern `aba um pnrtg`uhnr, pues em ese `nsa saha he leoerânm resuhtnr le nphg`n`gðm hns marbns leh lere`fa `abûm4 ha que a`urrgrân, par ekebpha, sg umn Bumg`gpnhglnl nrrgemln um puesta le ber`nla que se em`uemtrn onka labgmga prgvnla le tnh Bumg`gpga. @nsa lgstgmta lgstgmta es nqueh em eh `unh, nh gmtergar le umn rehn`gðm kurâlg`n kurâlg`n,, eh Estnla n`tûn `aba Nlbgmgstrn`gðm, es le`gr, ‘`aba tgtuhnr le um paler saoernma (paler le gbperga) iremte n has pnrtg`uhnres‒, em `uya `nsa, lg`fn rehn`gðm nie`tnrî eh ‘gmterçs pûohg`a `ahe`tgva‒ y ma eh ‘gmterçs prgvnla gmlgvglunh‒, `aba a`urre em eh Lere`fa Zrgvnla. \nh npraxgbn`gðm teðrg`n pnre`e ser hn bgsbn que fn secugla hn Hey Mº ?3.?.0 AOHGCN@GAM LE LN_ @aba febas exphg`nla, eh aoketa le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn es hn sntgsin``gðm le hn prestn`gðm leogln, esta e sta es, eh trgouta. W sg ogem es `gerta, hns `hîsg`ns leigmg`games leh trgouta reigerem que se trntn le umn prestn`gðm `abûmbemte (y ma ûmg`nbemte) em lgmera, `aba verebas em hns pîcgmns sgcugemtes, em eh Zerû, hn marbntgvn reservn su `nm`ehn`gðm ‐ par rechn cemernh‐ belgnmte belgnmte hn emtrecn emtrecn le lgmera, sen `aba pnpeh bameln, lçogta em `uemtn, `uemtn, u atras, y saha perbgte le bnmern ex`ep`gamnh eh pnca em espe`ge. ‘Nsâ eh aoketa le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn es eh `abpartnbgemta leh suketa pnsgva, es le`gr, eh n`ta le emtrecn leh lgmera n hns nr`ns pûohg`ns‒. Pgemla nûm bîs pre`gsa pre`gsa,, hn prestn` prestn`gðm gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn trgoutnrgn `amsgste em hn emtrecn, le bnmern leigmgtgvn, le umn pnrte le hn rgquezn que se pasee, par ha cemernh belgnmte hn emtrecn le lgmera. N este respe`ta, se leoe `amsglernr que, n lgierem`gn le hns aohgcn`games `gvghes, em hns que hn prestn`gðm puele ser um ‘lnr‒, ‘fn`er‒ a ‘ma fn`er‒, y num sgemla um lnr, puele trntnrse le ogemes tnmcgohes a gmtnmcgohes, iumcgohes a ma iumcgohes, iuturas, a gm`husa nkemas4 em hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, hn emtrecn serî le lgmera, um ogem kurâlg`a le `nrn`teres buy pnrtg`uhnres. Em eie`ta, `aba exphg`nrn Oamet @arren, eh lgmera es ‘um ogem le belgn`gðm, `uyns `unhglnles bntergnhes e gmbntergnhes sam lgieremtes le hns lebîs `asns‒, ncrecnmla que ‘par su fabacemeglnl, es eh ogem nh que puelem relu`grse talas has lebîs ogemes, `asns y servg`g servg `gas, as, es le le`g `gr, r, ta tala la ha qu quee sen ût ûtgh gh,, a ser tr trnl nlu`g u`gla la em tç tçrb rbgm gmas as le vn vnha harn rn`g `gðm ðm e`amðbg`n‒. Hn prg prgm`g m`gpn pnhh `am `amse` se`ue uem` m`gn gn le qu quee es este teba bass nm nmte te um umnn pr prest estn` n`gð gðmm le lnr ‐le bnme bnmern rn leigmgtgvn‐ umn subn le lgmera, çstn vgm`uhnln n has eie`tas que pralu`em hns `amstnmtes gmtern``games emtre has lgversas lere`fas le `rçlgta que se cemernm emtre eh Estnla y has pnrtg`uhnres `aba `amse`uem`gn le hns aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns que, regternln y `amstnmtebem `amstnm tebemte, te, se cemernrn cemernrnmm lurnmt lurnmtee hn vgln le `nln `amtrg `amtrgouyemt ouyemtee (sen persamn mnturnh a Yahubem >>, Mº , Hgbn; Pa`gelnl le E`amabân y Lere`fa le hn Umgversglnl Zerunmn le @gem`gns Nphg`nlns (UZ@), ?:>>
0. HAP BELGAP LE EV\GM@GÐM LE HN AOHGCN@GÐM \_GOU\N_GN Pgcugemla n Ynhlçs @astn, ‘hn extgm`gðm le hns aohgcn`games es bntergn leh lere`fa `abûm. Em lere`fa trgoutnrga hns sahu`games `agm`glem em cemernh `am hns leh lere`fa prgvnla `am nhcumas npnrtnbgemtas‒. Mnturnhbemte, se trntnm le nlnptnr hns sahu`games leh Lere`fa @gvgh nh Lere`fa \rgoutnrga (tabnmla (tabnm la em `uemtn hn espe`gnh mnturnhezn le hn aohgcn`gð aohgcn`gðmm trgoutnrgn) trgoutnrgn),, num `unmla nhcumns nhcumns le estns iðrbuhns ma senm lgre`tnbemte nphg`nohes, `aba hueca verebas. >? Em eh Zerû, eh nrtâ`uha ?3º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga estgpuhn has belgas nlbgtglas pnrn extgmcugr hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, pre`gsnmla que çstas ûmg`nbemte serîm; (>) eh pnca, (?) hn `abpemsn`gðm, (0) hn `amlamn`gðm, (76>, p. ?? >>
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nlbgte nhtern`games, balgig`n`games mg, bemas nûm, ‘`am`esgames‒ par pnrte le mgmcûm ðrcnma leh Estnla‒4 nsgbgsba, eh butua lgsemsa resuhtnrân gbpasgohe sg, `aba a`urre em este `nsa, eh n`reelar leh lere`fa le `aora es eh Estnla, n`tunmla `aba Nlbgmgstrn`gðm ‐ pues n`tûn em mabore leh gmterçs pûohg`a‐ (`nrî`ter le lere`fa ppûohg`a) ûohg`a) `am ha `unh ma sðha tgeme eh lere`fa sgma eh leoer le `aornr, y eh leular se em`uemtrn aohgcnla par umn marbn kurâlg`n n `ubphgr `am su prestn`gðm (`nrî`ter ex hece), rnzðm par hn `unh, ma puelem ‖le`glgr‗ leknr le exgcgr y `ubphgr, respe`tgvnbemte, lg`fn aohgcn`gðm. Em la`trgmn trgoutnrgn gmtermn`gamnh gmterm n`gamnh,, Nhtnb Nhtnbgrnma grnma fn `hnsg `hnsgig`nla ig`nla has belgas le extgm`gðm extgm`gðm secûm sg emrgque`em a ma nh Estnla, suketa n`tgva le hn rehn`gðm kurâlg`n50. Em esn hâmen le pemsnbgemta, y em rehn`gðm n has belgas nlbgtg nlbgtglas las par eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, \rgoutnrga, eh pnca y hn `abpemsn`gðm `abpemsn`gðm `hnrnbemte `hnrnbemte se em`amtrnrîm em eh prgber crupa, em tnmta que has lebîs (snhva par nquehhas estnohe`glas par heyes espe`gnhes, em has que, saha nh snoer em quç `amsgstem, palrân leterbgmnrse n quç crupa `arrespamlerânm) se em`amtrnrîm em eh secumla crupa, em hn belgln que mgmcuma le tnhes belgas sgcmgig`n gmcresa le lgmera nhcuma pnrn eh Estnla. N `am `amtgm tgmun`g un`gðm ðm lesnrrah lesnrrahhnr hnreba ebass eh pnc pncaa `ab `abaa bel belga ga le ext extgm` gm`gðm gðm le hn aohgcn aohgcn`gð `gðmm trgoutnrgn trgout nrgn perbgtgla par muestrn hecgshn hecgshn`gðm, `gðm, `abemtnm `abemtnmla la nhcuma nhcumass nspe`tas nspe`tas vgm`uhnlas vgm`uhnlas n su renhgzn`gðm nmtes leh gmg`ga leh pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn.
0.> EH ZNCA Lesle eh babemta le su mn`gbgemta, hns aohgcn`games estîm lestgmnlns n ser `ubphglns. Esta es nsâ, pues hn rnzðm le ser le çstn gmstgtu`gðm kurâlg`n es ‐kustnbemte‐ hn le hacrnr hn `amse`u`gðm le hn prestn`gðm n `nrca leh leular, em invar leh n`reelar le lg`fn rehn`gðm. Nfarn ogem, ma aostnmte hn n`ep`gðm cemernh y `atglgnmn leh tçrbgma ‘pnca‒, `aba hn ‘emtrecn le um lgmera a espe`ge que se leoe‒, nh gcunh que Asterhgmc Znralg y @nstghha Ireyre, `amsglernbas que, pnrn eie`tas kurâlg`as, leoebas emtemler (y utghgznr) hn pnhnorn ‘pnca‒, ‘`aba eh `ubphgbgemta le `unhquger aohgcn`gðm le lnr, le fn`er a le ma fn`er‒. Em ese semtgla, Bagsset le Espnmçs reigere que ‘eh pnca, nmtes le ser um bala extgmtgva, es par saore talns hns `asns eh `ubphgbgemta le umn aohgcn`gðm‒. @aba es le verse, eh pnca es hn iarbn mnturnh le extgmcugr umn aohgcn`gðm, pues, pre`gsnbemte, `amsgste `ams gste em `ubphgr `u bphgr `am hn prestn`gðm leogln, pasturn prî`tg`nbemte umîmgbe em la`trgmn, tnmta `gvgh, `aba trgoutnrgn
0.>.> MN\U_NHE[N KU_GLG@N ‘Uma le has tebns que lespgertn hns bnyares `amtraversgns em `unmta nh pnca, es eh reiergla n su mnturnhezn kurâlg`n‒, nspe`ta que fn sgla hnrcnbemte nmnhgznla y lgs`utgla em eh Lere`fa @gvgh, y que hekas le ser iûtgh, resuhtn le ‖renh trns`emlem`gn‗ pnrn emtemler has nh`nm`es y eie`tas le çste belga le extgm`gðm9:, tnbogçm em eh îbogta trgoutnrga. Em eie`ta, hn mnturnhezn kurâlg`n que se `amsglere ‐tgeme eh pnca‐, se vgm`uhnrî n sg este belga le extgm`gðm puele emtemlerse renhgznla ûmg`nbemte `unmla se pralu`e le bnmern vahumtnrgn, a sg es que tnbogçm se vergig`n `unmla eh trgouta se aotgeme `an`tgvnbemte. Zre`gsnbemte, em reierem`gn reierem` gn n hn mnturnh mnturnhezn ezn kurâlg`n leh pnca, Cguhg Cguhgnmg nmg Iamrauce seþnhn que nhcumas nutares ha `amsglernm um n`ta kurâlg`a (sen este umghnternh a oghnternh, `amtrn`tunh a ma `amtrn`tunh), atras, par eh `amtrnrga, gmlg`nm que se trntn le um fe`fa kurâlg`a, y pnrn um ûhtgba crupa, es em renhglnl um n`ta leogla. Pgm îmgba le praiumlgznr em lebnsân saore estns `am`ep`games ‐par ma ser hn igmnhglnl le çste trnonka‐, se leoe re`arlnr que, le iarbn buy resubgln, ‘eh n`ta kurâlg`a es umn bnmgiestn`gðm le vahumtnl lestgmnln n pralu`gr eie`tas kurâlg`as‒, leigmg`gðm prî`tg`nbemte glçmtg`n n hn re`acgln em eh nrtâ`uha >.?.> HG^UGLE[ W EVGCGOGHGLNL @gertas nutares fnm sastemgla em la`trgmn que, pnrn paler renhgznr eh pnca, resuhtnm las presupuestas esem`gnhes que hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn sen par subn lgmernrgn hâqugln (g) y exgcgohe (gg). Pgm ebonrca, `aba verebas secuglnbemte, sg ogem hn hgqugln`gðm n que fn`ebas reierem`gn es gbpres`gmlgohe n eie`tas le pra`eler nh pnca, hn exgcgoghglnl, que leoerî emtemlerse le bnmern lgstgmtn em hn etnpn `an`tgvn que em hn etnpn vahumtnrgn, ma resuhtn gmlgspemsnohe em eh Zerû pnrn renhgznr eh pnca. Le`gbas que ‘hn leuln fn le ser hâqugln em eh semtgla le que fn le estnr leterbgmnln em su `unmtân, yn eie`tûe estn `unmtgig`n`gðm eh pnrtg`uhnr a hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm.‒ N este respe`ta se fn seþnhnla que, ‘lnla que hn marbn que gmstgtuye eh trgouta ma gmlg`n par ha `abûm hn `unmtân exn`tn em que `amsgste hn leuln le `nln `amtrgouyemte, iî`ghbemte
se `abpremle hn me`esglnl le um n`ta que `am`rete y leterbgme hn `unmtân le hn leuln n sntgsin`er par eh `amtrgouyemte‒. Pgcugemla ese arlem le glens, le `amiarbglnl `am eh nrtâ`uha 57º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, em eh Zerû, eh n`ta par belga leh `unh se puele estnohe`er hn `unmtân leh trgouta (le resuhtnr umn leuln `aba pralu`ta leh `îh`uha), es eh n`ta le leterbgmn`gðm, eh bgsba que palrî renhgznrse par eh prapga leular, a par hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, secûm sen eh `nsa. Hn leterbgmn leterbgmn`gðm `gðm n hn que mas reiergbas se gmstrubemtn gmstrubemtnhgznrî hgznrî belgnmte belgnmte hn presemtn`gðm presemtn`gðm le umn le`hnrn`gðm kurnln, em `nsa hn hgqugln`gðm sen renhgznln par eh prapga suketa pnsgva (nutahg (nut ahgqug qugln`g ln`gðm), ðm), a par belga belga le umn resa resahu` hu`gðm gðm le leterbg leterbgmn`g mn`gðm, ðm, le renhgzn renhgznrhn rhn hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, tnh y `aba se lespremle leh nrtâ`uha 9:º leh nmatnla @ðlgca. Le hns marbns gmlg`nlns ihuye que, `aba rechn cemernh, hn exgcgoghglnl ma resuhtn um presupuesta leh pnca le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn em eh Zerû. Zer û. Esta es nsâ, pues tnh exgcgoghglnl (nh est estno nohe he`e `erse rse em rn rnzðm zðm le ph phnz nzas as bî bîxg xgba bass pn pnrn rn re renh nhgz gznr nr hn leterb leterbgm gmn` n`gð gðm) m) palrâ palrânn presemtnrse bu`fa lesp lespuçs uçs leh mn`gbgemta le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, `am ha `unh, y prevgn hgqugln`gðm, `norân hn pasgoghglnl le extgmcugr belgnmte eh pnca hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, nmtes que hn bgsbn sen ‖exgcgohe‗, em hn belgln que se hgqugle nmtes leh vem`gbgemta leh phnza pnrn ehha. Em `amse`uem`gn, nûm `unmla ma sastemcnbas `ntecðrg`nbemte que hn hgqugln`gðm hgqug ln`gðm resuhtn, ‖nosahutnb ‖nosahutnbemte, emte, gbpres`gmlgohe‗ gbpres`gmlgohe‗ pnrn paler renhgznr um pnca, ha `gerta `gerta es que, n eie`tas que hn emtrecn le lgmera represemte eh `ubphgbgemta le hn prestn`gðm leogln y çstn, n su vez, hn extgm`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm, se requgere leterbgmnr prevgnbemte `uîh es hn `unmtân que leoe sntgsin`erse. Zar atra hnla, hn exgcgoghglnl le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, em etnpn vahumtnrgn, estî reiergln nh babemta n pnrtgr leh `unh eh n`reelar le tnh aohgcn`gðm se em`uemtrn em nptgtul le paler exgcgr eh pnca. Pecûm esta, hn exgcgoghglnl se vergig`nrî lesle eh lân sgcugemte nh phnza bîxgba `am eh que se `uemtn pnrn `nm`ehnr lg`fn aohgcn`gðm, y `am ehha, eh gmg`ga leh `îh`uha le has gmtereses `arrespamlgemtes. Em ese bgsba semtgla, eh nrtâ`uha 0º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga estnohe`e `aba rechn cemernh que hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn serî exgcgohe lesle eh lân sgcugemte nh phnza igknla par hn marbn `arrespamlgemte pnrn renhgznr eh n`ta le leterbgmn`gðm (em eh `nsa le nutahgqugln`games) a nh vem`gbgemta leh phnza igknla pnrn eh pnca (em eh `nsa le leterbgmn`games renhgznlns par hn
Nlbgmgstrn`gðm)4 pre`gsîmlase que, n inhtn le phnza espe`âig`a, hn exgcgoghglnl se vergig`nrî nh lç`gba sexta lân leh bes sgcugemte nh mn`gbgemta le tnh aohgcn`gðm, a le hn matgig`n`gðm le hn resahu`gðm le leterbgmn`gðm, secûm sen eh `nsa. Eh bgsba nrtâ`uha estgpuhn que, respe`ta le has trgoutas nlbgmgstrnlas par hn PUMN\, se leoerîm `amsglernr has phnzas gmlg`nlas em eh nrtâ`uha ?76< leh nmatnla `ðlgca. Pgm bemas`noa le ha gmlg`nla nmtergarbemte, hn exgcgoghglnl, em has tçrbgmas exphg`nlas, ma resuhtn um presupuesta leh pnca le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn em eh Zerû. Em eie`ta, em muestra arlemnbgemta exgstem trgoutas em has que hn exgcgoghglnl se presemtn bu`fa lespuçs leh mn`gbgemta le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, `am ha `unh, y prevgn hgqugln`gðm, se palrân pralu`gr hn extgm`gðm nmtes que hn `gtnln aohgcn`gðm sen ‖exgcgohe‗. Ynhe resnhtnr, sgm ebonrca, que eh hecgshnlar fn le`gla, em nhcumas le has prgm`gpnhes gbpuestas leh Zerû, que hn hgqugln`gðm y hn exgcgoghglnl leh trgouta `agm`glnm. Nsâ, par ekebpha, a`urre `am eh Gbpuesta n hn _emtn, eh Gbpuesta Cemernh n hns Yemtns y eh Gbpuesta \ebparnh n has N`tgvas Metas, em has que se fn estnohe`gla hn aohgcn`gðm le renhgznr eh pnca nh babemta em que se presemte hn le`hnrn`gðm kurnln `am hn que se leterbgmn eh trgouta. Em estas `nsas, hn marbn que recuhn eh gbpuesta `arrespamlgemte prevç que lesle eh lân sgcugemte n hn hgqugln`gðm leh trgouta par pnrte leh `amtrgouyemte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm pueln requergr eh pnca leh gbpuesta le`hnrnla, `hnra estî, sgebpre que ma fnyn sgla `nm`ehnla.
0.>.?.? PUKE\AP HECG\GBNLAP ZN_N EH ZNCA @arre @a rrespa spamle mle revg revgsnr snr,, le n` n`uer uerla la `a `amm hn marbn marbntg tgvn vn vg vgce cemt mte, e, qugem qugemes es se em em`ue `uemt mtrnm rnm fnoghgtnlas pnrn renhgznr eh pnca y sntgsin`er, le estn iarbn, hn prestn`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn.
N. ZNCA ZA_ EH LEULA_ Pg es que, secûm febas lg`fa, eh aoketa le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn es hn emtrecn le `gertn `nmtglnl `nmtg lnl le lgmera n tâtuha le trgouta, trgouta, resuhtn rnzamnohe espernr que, em prgm`gpga, prgm`gpga, eh suketa suketa aohgc aoh gcnl nlaa nh pn pnca ca se senn nqu nqueh eh re respe spe`t `taa leh `unh `unh se ve verg rgig ig`n `n eh n` n`ne` ne`gb gbgem gemta ta le lehh fe fe`f `faa gbpamgohe4 sgm ebonrca, `aba verebas, em eh Zerû (nh gcunh que em atras Estnlas) estî prevgsta que atras suketas leonm nsubgr, nmte leterbgmnlns `gr`umstnm`gns, hn aohgcn`gðm le pnca le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn. Ns Nsâ,â, ma exgste bnyar lgs`usgðm em la`trgmn respe`ta r espe`ta n que qu e
‘`amtrgouyemtes sam nquehhns persamns mnturnhes, persamns kurâlg`ns, u atras emtes latnlas le `npn`glnl trgoutnrgn, lesgcmnlas par hey, que renhgznm a respe`ta n has `unhes se vergig`n hn renhgzn`gðm leh fe`fa gbpamgohe cemernlar le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn‒, sgemla que tnbo tnbogç gçmm exgs exgste te um ‘l ‘leu eular lar pa parr `u `uemt emtnn nk nkemn emn,, `uyn `uyn ao aohg hgcn cn`g `gðm ðm tr trgo gout utnrg nrgnn ma le lerg rgvn vn lgre`tnbemte le hn `am`re`gðm em hn renhglnl leh nspe`ta bntergnh le hn fgpðtesgs le gm`glem`gn‒, sgma, nmtes ogem, surce par eie`ta le su ‘vgm`uhn`gðm, `er`nmân a rehn`gðm `am eh fe`fa gbpamgohe a `am eh `amtrgouyemte‒ n este ûhtgba se he lemabgmn, em eh îbogta trgoutnrga, le bnmern cemernh em eh Zerû `aba ‖respamsnohe sahglnrga‗. Em eie`ta, eh nrtâ`uha 3º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga estgpuhn que serî leular trgoutnrga, y par tnmta, aohgcnla n `ubphgr `am eh pnca le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, eh `amtrgouyemte y/a eh respamsnohe, estnohe`gçmlase em has nrtâ`uhas 6º y 7º leh bgsba `uerpa marbntgva, que eh `amtrgouyemt `amtrg ouyemtee es nqueh que renhgzn, a respe`ta leh `unh se pralu`e eh fe`fa cemernlar le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, em tnmta que, respamsnohe serî nqueh que, sgm temer hn `amlg`gðm le `amtrgouyemte, leoe `ubphgr `am sntgsin`er hn aohgcn`gðm mn`gln em nqueh, ma aostnmte que eh bgsba `ðlgca preven, em su nrtâ`uha ?:º, que eh respamsnohe tgeme lere`fa n exgcgr nh `amtrgouyemte hn levahu`gðm le ha pncnla. Ma `arrespamle nquâ exphg`nr `nln uma le has supuestas le`nmtnlares le respamsnoghglnl sahglnrgn, sahgl nrgn, `amtemgl `amtemglas as em has nrtâ`uhas nrtâ`uhas >9º n >7º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, \rgoutnrga, pera sâ es me`esnrga resnh res nhtn tnrr que que ‘h ‘hnn aoh aohgc gcn` n`gð gðmm leh re respa spamsn msnoh ohee tr trgo gout utnrg nrgaa exgce exgce eh n` n`ne ne`g `gbg bgemt emtaa le la lass presupuestas le fe`fa eh fe`fa cemernlar le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn y eh presupuesta le fe`fa le hn aohgcn`gðm leh respamsnohe trgoutnrga‒, n`amte`gbgemtas que ma me`esnrgnbemte se pralu`em em eh bgsba babemta, `am `unh, `norân precumtnrse sg es que has gmtereses le hn leuln `abgemznm n cemernrse, pnrn eh respamsnohe, lesle eh babemta em que se `amigcurn tnh respamsnoghglnl, a sg es que leoe nsubgr eh pnca le has gmtereses que se fnm vemgla n`ubuhnmla lesle que hn aohgcn`gðm iue exgcgohe pnrn eh `amtrgouyemte.
O. ZNCA ZA_ \E_@E_A Le sgbghnr iarbn n ha estnohe`gla em eh îbogta `gvgh, eh nrtâ`uha 0:º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga perbgte que gm`husa ter`eras puelnm renhgznr eh pnca le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, snhva ‐ nþnle eh lgspasgtgva ‘apasg`gðm batgvnln leh leular trgoutnrga‒.
Em este es`emnrga `arrespamle precumtnrse, ±@uîh palrân ser eh batgva par eh `unh eh `amtrgouyemte a respamsnohe querrân gbpelgr que um ter`era `ubphn `am renhgznr eh pnca, que, par ha lebîs, sgcmgig`nrân evgtnr gmme`esnrgas gm`amvemgemtes vgm`uhnlas n um pasgohe `aora `an`tgva le hn aohgcn aohgcn`gðm `gðm trgoutnr trgoutnrgn1 gn1 Zues ogem, pnrn emsnynr umn respuest respuestnn leoebas leoebas pnrtgr par exphg`nr que secûm ha estgpuhn eh nrtâ`uha 03º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga70, em prgber hucnr, eh pnca puele fn`erse le iarbn pnr`gnh, es le`gr, ma es aohgcntarga que eh leseboahsa renhgznla sen par eh tatnh le hn subn hgquglnln4 em secumla hucnr, eh Estnla (n trnvçs leh ðrcnma nlbgmgstrnlar le trgoutas) ma puele mecnrse n nlbgtgr lg`fa pnca, nûm sg çste ‐ regternbas‐ estî gm`abpheta. N ha lg`fa, se leoe nlg`gamnr que eh hgternh `) leh mubernh ? leh nrtâ`uha .?.0 . AOKE\A LEH ZNCA @aba exphg`nbas, hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn es umn aohgcn`gðm le lnr, le bnmern leigmgtgvn, umn subn le lgmera, sgemla que, saha le bnmern ex`ep`gamnh se perbgte eh pnca em espe`ge. Em esn hâmen le pemsnbgemta, eh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga recuhn lgversas nspe`tas vgm`uhnlas que se leoem `amsglernr. Em prgber tçrbgma, leoebas resnhtnr que eh lgspasgtgva bem`gamnla pres`rgoe que ‘eh pnca le hn leuln trgoutnrgn se renhgznrî em bameln mn`gamnh‒, nþnlgemla, pîrrnias lespuçs, que ‘belgnmte Le`reta Pupreba reiremlnla par eh Bgmgstra le E`amabân y Igmnmzns se palrî lgspamer eh pnca le trgoutas em espe`ge‒, pnrn igmnhbemte pre`gsnr, em eh pîrrnia sgcugemte que ‘has Caogermas Ha`nhes, belgnmte Arlemnmzn Bumg`gpnh, palrîm lgspamer que eh pnca le sus tnsns y `amtrgou`games se renhg`e em espe`ge‒. Le Lehh text textaa trnm trnms` s`rg rgta ta se nl nlvg vger erte te qu quee eh pnca pnca le leoe oe se serr em bame bameln ln mn mn`g `gam amnh nh,, pe pera ra nlg`gamnhbemte, se `ahgce que sðha puele ser em lgmera (y ma em espe`ge) sg se trntn le gbpuestas que leonm ser `nm`ehnlas nh Caogerma @emtrnh, `aba a`urre `am eh Gbpuesta n hn _emtn, par ekebpha. Esta es nsâ, pues eh lgspasgtgva es `hnra nh gmlg`nr que has pncas em espe`ge ûmg`nbemte ûmg`nbemte serîm nlbgtglas sg es que se nprueonm par belga le Le`reta Pupreba, y `aba snoebas, eh nrtâ`uha 3?>º leh bgsba @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, pues çste ûhtgba nrtâ`uha, nh letnhhnr eh pra`elgbgemta le tnsn`gðm y rebnte nh gmt gmterg ergar ar le um pra` pra`elg elgbge bgemta mta le `aor `aornmz nmznn `an `an`tg `tgvn, vn, seþn seþnhn hn que, trntîmlase trntîmlase le leulns leulns trgoutnrgns n invar leh Caogerma @emtrnh em eh que ma se presemtem pastares em eh ter`er rebnte reb nte,, eh Eke Eke`ut `utar ar @an`tg @an`tgva va nlk nlkulg ulg`nrî `nrî n lg` lg`fa fa Cao Caoger germa ma @emtrn @emtrnhh eh ogem ogem gmbueoh gmbueohee `arrespamlgemte4 y sg ogem es `gerta, eh nrtâ`uha >?>º em `abemtnrga pre`gsn que se trntn le umn belgln ex`ep`gamnh, y que requgere le hn `am`urrem`gn le umn serge le lgversas requgsgtas (`aba que eh ogem que se estç rebntnmla sen um gmbueohe, que `uemte `am hn nutargzn`gðm leh Bgmgsterga, emtre atras), ha `gerta es que lg`fn marbn resuhtn `amtrnlg`targn `am ha estnohe`gla par eh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh bgsba `ðlgca pues perbgte que, em leterbgmnln sgtun`gðm hn aohgcn`gðm pueln extgmcugrse belgnmte um pnca em espe`ge.
@aba se puele npre`gnr, ma exgste `am`arlnm`gn emtre nboas lgspasgtgvas, nspe`ta que, emtemlebas, leoerân ser nmnhgznla ‐y `arrecgla‐ par eh hecgshnlar. Em secumla hucnr, eh pre`gtnla nrtâ`uha 0?º estnohe`e umn hgstn ‐supuestnbemte‐ tnxntgvn le has be`nmgsbas nlbgtglas pnrn renhgznr hn emtrecn le lgmera, que, `aba exphg`îrnbas, nlbgtee bnmerns lgstg nlbgt lgstgmtns mtns n hn emtrecn le pnpeh bameln. Nsâ, `amiarbe nh nmatnl nmatnlaa nrtâ`uha, nrtâ`uha, eh pnca se puele renhgznr par belga le; (g) lgmera em eie`tgva, (gg) `feques, (ggg) Matns le @rçlgta Meca`gnohes, (gv) lçogta em `uemtn `arrgemte a le nfarras, (v) tnrketn le `rçlgta y (vg) par atras belgas que hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn nprueoe. Zar su hnla, eh gm`gsa i) le hn Marbn GY leh \âtuha Zrehgbgmnr leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, estnohe`e que sðha belgnmte marbn `am rnmca le hey se puelem recuhnr iarbns le extgm`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn lgstgmtns n hns `amtemglns em eh nmatnla `ðlgca. Pgemla esta nsâ, ±`uîh es eh semtgla le estnohe`er um hâbgte le reservn le hey em hn Marbn GY vgm`uhnla n hn extgm`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn, sg es que, nh prapga tgebpa, eh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh bgsba `uerpa hecnh seþnhn que hns Nlbgmgstrn`games \rgoutnrgns (hçnse, leh Caogerma @emtrnh y hns le has Caogermas Ha`nhes) puelem npraonr atras belgas le extgm`gðm1 Bîs nûm, eh prapga nrtâ`uha 0?º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga estnohe`e que par belga le Le`retas Puprebas (marbn gmirn hecnh) se puele perbgtgr hn extgm`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn belgnmte eh pnca em espe`ge, em tnmta que eh nrtâ`uha ?3º leh bgsba `ðlgca, nlbgte que, par belga le umn _esahu`gðm le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutn \rgoutnrgn rgn (marbn gmiergar nh Le`reta Le`reta Pupreba) Pupreba) se pueln le`hnrnr le`hnrnr n umn leuln `aba le `aornmzn lulasn a le re`upern`gðm amerasn, y `amsglernrhn extgmtn. @gertnbemte, ma resuhtn `hnrn hn gmtem`gðm le hecgshnlar respe`ta nh mgveh kerîrqug`a que leoerân temer hn marbn que recuhe nspe`tas vgm`uhnlas n hn extgm`gðm le hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn nh gmterpretnr `amkumtnbemte tnhes lgspasgtgvas, pera ma serân le extrnþnr que lg`fn gm`amsgstem`g gm`amsg stem`gnn ma temcn atrn exphg`n`gðm exphg`n`gðm que has su`esgvas su`esgvas `nbogas marbntgvas que se fnm pralu`gla em eh tgebpa, sgm que belge um nmîhgsgs estru`turnh leh ium`gamnbgemta le hns gmstgtu`games kurâlg`ns ‐le bnmern arcîmg`n‐ em eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga.
N. GM\E_EPEP Lesle eh babemta em eh que mn`e hn aohgc aohgcn`gðm n`gðm trgoutnrgn, trgoutnrgn, eh estnla `uemtn `am um lere`fa le `aora saore umn par`gðm par`gðm le hn rgquezn leh `amtrgou `amtrgouyemte yemte (nûm sg estn es pra`urnln pra`urnln `am hn nyuln le has respamsnohes ‐que hueca palrîm repetgr `amtrn nqueh), y lnla que çstn
aohgcn`gðm es ex hece, talas sus nspe`tas estîm prevgnbemte recuhnlas par umn marbn kurâlg`n que qu e estnohe`e, emtre aatras tras nspe`tas, nsp e`tas, eh babemta lesl leslee eh `unh, hn subn le lgmera n emtrecnr puele ser exgcgln le bnmern `an`tgvn, sgebpre que se `ubphnm umn serge le requgsgtas pra`elgbemtnhes, que ma noarlnrebas em este trnonka (esta es, lesle que sen `nhgig`nln `aba exgcgohe). Nfarn ogem, ma aostnmte eh Estnla `uemtn `am hn pasgoghglnl le exgcgr eh pnca `an`tgvnbemte em eker`g`ga le su in`uhtnl le nutatutehn, hn hecgshn`gðm le muestra pnâs prevç hn cemern`gðm le gmtereses (barntargas) que se subnrîm n hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn y que npumtnm n pemnhgznr hn lebarn em eh pnca, tnh y `aba a`urrgrân `am umn aohgcn`gðm `gvgh75. Nsâ, eh nrtâ`uha 00º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga estnohe`e que hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn que ma se `nm`ehe cemernrî, lgnrgnbemte, gmtereses barntargas, lesle eh lân sgcugemte n hn ie`fn le vem`gbgemta `arrespamlgemte fnstn hn ie`fn le pnca gm`husgve. Em este pumta, es que tabn bnyar gbpartnm` gbpartnm`gn gn `amsglernr `arre`tn `arre`tnbemte bemte hn ie`fn em que hn aohgcn`gðm trgoutnrgn nlqugere hn `nhglnl le ‖exgcgohe‗, pues serî lesle eh lân sgcugemte que se leoerî `abemznr n `nh`uhnr has gmtereses
0.>.?.< IA_BNP LE ZNCA @abaa feb @ab febas as nle nlehnm hnmtnl tnla, a, secûm secûm ha lgs lgspame pame eh nrt nrtâ`u â`uha ha 03º leh @ðlgca @ðlgca \rgout \rgoutnrg nrga, a, hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn ma puele apamerse n re`gogr eh pnca, nûm `unmla este resuhte pnr`gnh (gm`abpheta)4 sgemla esta nsâ, `noe resnhtnr que, nh `amtrnrga le ha que a`urre em eh îbogta `gvgh, em eh îbogta trgoutnrga mum`n palrî exgstgr um pnca par `amsgcmn`gðm, pues lg`fn igcurn presupame que eh n`reelar se mgecue n re`gogr eh pnca.
0.>.?.5 GBZU\N@GAM GBZU\N@GAM LE ZNCA Eh nrtâ`uha 0>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga73 estnohe`e que `nln vez que se renhg`e um pnca, este se gbputnrî, em prgber hucnr n has gmtereses, le fnoerse cemernla, y em secumla hucnr nh trgouta. Nsgbgsba, seþnhn que, `aba rechn cemernh, eh leular trgoutnrga (`amtrgouyemte a respamsnohe) respamsn ohe) tgeme hn patest patestnl nl le le`glg le`glgrr eh pergala y `am`epta que `nm`eh `nm`ehn4 n4 em su leie`ta, `unmla ma se fncn tnh gmlg`n`gðm, eh pnca se gbputnrî n hn leuln bîs nmtgcun. Zues ogem, sg nmnhgznbas ha lgspuesta par eh `gtnla nrtâ`uha 0>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, verebas que resuhtn pasgohe que, par renhgznr um pnca sgm gmlg`nr eh `am`epta y pergala que se `nm`ehn se
pueln estnr pncnmla umn leuln saore hn `unh hn PUMN\ a eh \rgoumnh Igs`nh yn fnynm le`hnrnla pres`rgtn hn n``gðm le `aora leh emte re`nulnlar. Em eie`ta, nh arlemnrse que eh pnca se lgre``game n hn leuln bîs nmtgcun, se palrân `nm`ehnr umn leuln trgoutnrgn le hn `unh hn n``gðm le `aora le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm fnyn sgla le`hnrnln pres`rgtn. Em çste ûhtgba `nsa, vnhe le`gr, sg se gbputn um pnca renhgznla n umn leuln le hn `unh se fnyn le`hnrnla pres`rgtn hn n``gðm le `aora le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm, ma se palrî nhecnr que ma se tuva gmtem`gðm le renhgznr lg`fa pnca, le hn bgsbn bnmern que ma se palrân sustemtnr que ma se temân `ama`gbgemta le ha estgpuhnla par eh `gtnla nrtâ`uha 0>º leh @ðlg @ð lgca ca \rgo \rgout utnrg nrga. a. Pe leo leoee `am `am`h `hug ugrr emtam emtam`es `es qu que, e, em est estas as `n `nsa sas, s, nh te temer mer `h `hnr nraa `ama`gbgemta leh lestgma que palrân temer um pnca que se renhg`e sgm estnohe`er `am`epta y pergala, lg`fa pnca serî `amsglernla `aba um pnc pncaa vahumtnrga pnrn eie`tas le hns marbns ma rbns saore pres`rgp`gðm, par ha que ma se palrî sahg`gtnr su levahu`gðm `amiarbe ha estgpuhn eh nrtâ`uha >º leh \exta Ûmg`a Arlemnla leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga (em nlehnmte @ðlgca \rgoutnrga), npraonla par Le`reta Pupreba Mº >00-?:>0- EI> que has suketas aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn tgemem eh leoer le igknr y `nbognr su labg`ghga igs`nh, `amiarbe estn ha estnohez`n. Emtemlebas que eh labg`ghga igs`nh es eh hucnr igknla pnrn tala eie`ta trgoutnrga, que se `amsglern suosgstemte bgemtrns su `nboga ma sen `abumg`nla iarbnhbemte. Em este semtgla, eh labg`ghga igs`nh es utghgznla `aba um `rgterga le uog`n`gðm a ha`nhgzn`gðm. Em muestra @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, eh estulga leh labg`ghga igs`nh se em`uemtrn lemtra leh Hgora Zrgbera, espe`âig`nbemte lemtra leh estulga leh suketa pnsgva a leular trgoutnrga, num `unmla se trntn le um leoer - lere`fa iarbnh a ma serân pnrte le hn Aohgcn`gðm \rgoutnrgn que le par sâ gm`huye `amlg`gamnbgemta pntrgbamgnh. Pg ogem es `gerta eh labg`ghga `gvgh lesphgecn sus eie`tas respe`ta le hn cemernhglnl le hns rehn`games kurâlg`ns emtre hns persamns, n lgierem`gn leh labg`ghga trgoutnrga, que tgeme mnturnhezn espe`gnh, leogla n que este leterbgmn um îbogta le `abpetem`gn em eh `unh se lesnrrahhnm hns rehn`games emtre hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm y eh nlbgmgstrnla trgoutnrga, `aba seþnhn
Nbpnra Mnvnrra Inure, eh labg`ghga labg`ghga igs`nh es hn sele leh lesnrrahha le hn ium`gð ium`gðmm kurâlg`akurâlg`atrgoutnrgn . Le atra hnla, eh hecgshnlar fnoghgtð belgnmte marbns hecnhes hns sgtun`games labg`ghgnrgns le Ma Fnhhnla y Ma fnogla4 par ehha, em estn apartumglnl vnbas n eie`tunr e ie`tunr nhcumns reihexgames rehn`gamnlns `am eh labg`ghga em bntergn trgoutnrgn, eh nspe`ta `am`eptunh le labg`ghga igs`nh, has eie`tas n has que se em`uemtrn sabetgla, y hns sgtun`games labg`ghgnrgns le Ma Fnhhnla y Ma Fnogla.
0.> @AM@EZ\AP 0.>.> @ALGCA @GYGH Muestra @ðlgca @gvgh vgcemte , estnohe`e em eh nrtâ`uha 00º que ‘Eh labg`ghga se `amstgtuye par hn resglem`gn fnogtunh le hn persamn em um hucnr‒. Zar su pnr pnrte, te, eh nrtâ`uha 05º gmlg`n que ‘N hn persamn que vgve nhtermntgvnbemte a tgeme a`upn`games fnogtunhes em vnrgas hucnres se he `amsglern labg`ghgnln labg`ghgnln em `unhqugern le ehhas‒ ehhas‒,, igmnhbemte, igmnhbemte, eh nrtâ` nrtâ`uha uha º seþnhn que ‘N hn persamn que ma tgeme resglem`gn fnogtunh se he `amsglern labg`ghgnln em eh hucnr lamle se em`uemtre‒. @aba palebas npre`gnr, eh labg`ghga em bntergn `gvgh ma me`esgtn le umn le`hnrn`gðm expresn, sgma que se emtgemle `aba tnh nh hucnr em eh `unh resglgbas em iarbn fnogtunh, marbnh.. Ma aostnmte marbnh aostnmte ehha, `unmla umn persamn `ubphe `ubphe >6 nþas y se gms`rgoe em eh _ecgstra _ecgstra Mn`gamnh le Glemtgig`n`gðm y Estnla @gvgh (_EMGE@) lamle se trnbgtn hn aotem`gðm leh La`ubemta Mn`gamnh le Glemtglnl (LMG), a`urre que uma le has requgsgtas `amsgste em presemtnr um la`ubemta que lebuestre que eh labg`ghga seþnhnla par um `gulnlnma `arrespamle n hn renhglnl. Paore esta, es gbpartnmte bem`gamnr que hn lgre``gðm que npnre`e em eh LMG ma se utghgzn `aba `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm em bntergn trgoutnrgn, mg n`relgtn que hn persamn vgve em eh hucnr seþnhnla em e m eh LMG
0.>.? BALEHA LE @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA ZN_N NBÇ_G@N HN\GMN Em eh Baleha le @ðlgca \rgoutnrga pnrn Nbçrg`n Hntgmn (B@\NH), prepnrnla par eh Zracrnbn Zrac rnbn @amku @amkumta mta le \rg \rgout outn`gð n`gðmm AEN AEN/OG /OGL L em eh nþa >799, >799, re`ace re`ace has prg prgm`g m`gpga pgass `amsncrnlas em bu`fns hecgshn`games. Zar ehha, em rehn`gðm n hns persamns iâsg`ns a persamns mnturnhes, seþnhn que `arrespamle n su ‘resglem`gn fnogtunh‒, y `ren presum`games pnrn eh `nsa em que ehha ma sen `ama`gla. @aba npre`gnbas n `amtgmun`gðm, este B@\NH lekn em
hgoertnl n hns hecgshn`games (par esa es um baleha) hn tnren le estnohe`er a igknr nquehhns `gr`umstnm`gns le fe`fa que palrânm lnr hucnr n hn nphg`n`gðm le hns presum`games . Em rehn`gðm n hns persamns kurâl kurâlg`ns, g`ns, eh B@\NH seþnhn que eh labg`gh labg`ghga ga es eh hucnr lamle se hhevn n `noa hn lgre``gðm a nlbgmgstrn`gðm eie`tgvn, y tnbogçm se recuhn ha `am`ermgemte n has suketas que tgemem labg`ghga em eh extrnmkera. Esta sgcmgig`n que este B@\NH fn `amigcurnla eh labg`ghga par `nrn`teres le mnturnhezn aoketgvn, sgm tabnr em `uemtn nquehhas le mnturnhezn suoketgvn, es le`gr hn gmtem`gðm a ma le perbnme`er em um leterbgmnla hucnr. Nsgbgsba, fn recuhnla eh B@\NH, tnmta pnrn hns persamns mnturnhes `aba pnrn hns persamns kurâlg`ns, hn pasgoghglnl que eh leular trgoutnrga seþnhe um labg`ghga espe`gnh pnrn eie`tas trgoutnrgas y hn aohgcn`gðm le este le seþnhnr y `abumg`nr n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn eh `nboga leh labg`ghga. Em rehn`gðm n hns persamns mnturnhes, eh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh B@\NH estnohe`e ha sgcugemte; ‘N talas has eie`tas trgoutnrgas, trgoutnrgas, se presube que eh labg` labg`ghga ghga em eh pnâs le hns persamns iâsg`ns es; g) Eh hucnr le su resglem`gn fnogtunh, hn `unh se presubgrî `unmla perbnmez`n em ehhn bîs le (…)4 gg) Eh hucnr lamle lesnrrahh lesnrrahhee sus n`tgvglnles n`tgvglnles `gvghes a `aber`gnhes, `aber`gnhes, em `nsa le ma `ama`erse hn resglem`gn a le exgstgr lgig`uhtnl pnrn leterbgmnrhn4 ggg) Eh que ehgkn eh suketa n`tgva, em `nsa le exgstgr bîs le um labg`ghga em eh semtgla le este nrtâ`uha4 gv) Eh hucnr lamle a`urrn eh fe`fa cemernlar, em `nsa le ma exgstgr labg`ghga. @unmla se trntn leh labg`ghga le hns Zersamns Kurâlg`ns, eh B@\NH em su nrtâ`uha 00º n estnohe`gla que ‘N talas has eie`tas trgoutnrgas, se presube que eh labg`ghga em eh pnâs le hns persamns kurâlg`ns es; g) Eh hucnr lamle se em`uemtre su lgre``gðm a nlbgmgstrn`gðm eie`tgvn, gg) Eh hucnr lamle se fnhhe eh `emtra prgm`gpnh le su n`tgvglnl, em `nsa le ma `ama`erse lg`fn lgre``gðm a nlbgmgstrn`gðm, ggg) Eh que ehgkn eh suketa n`tgva, em `nsa le exgstgr bîs le um labg`ghga em eh semtgla le este nrtâ`uha, gv) Eh hucnr lamle a`urrn eh fe`fa cemernlar, em `nsa le ma exgstgr labg`ghga‒. \nbogçm se gm`huye em este baleha eh leoer le `abumg`nr n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn eh `nboga leh Labg`ghga Igs`nh . Es gbpartnmte re`arlnr que ‘N igm le que eh igs`a re`nule em iarbn iar bn bî bîss îcgh îcgh y sg sgbp bphe he ha hass cr crnvî nvîbe bemes mes,, hn hnss he heye yess tr trgo gout utnrg nrgns ns tr trne nemm lg lgspa spasg sg`g `gam ames es espe`âig`ns saore eh labg`ghga, em hns `unhes prelabgmnm hns sgtun`games aoketgvns, yn que eh
eh eheb ebem emta ta suok suoket etgv gvaa a gm gmte tem` m`ga gamn mnhh qu quee `n `nrn rn`t `ter ergz gznn nh la labg bg`g `ghg hgaa `g `gvg vghh es lg lgiâ iâ`g `ghh le bnmgiestnrse. Eh labg`ghga leh `amtrgouyemte tgeme pnrtg`uhnr rehevnm`gn pnrn eh igs`a n eie`tas le `ubphgr bekar hn ium`gðm le hn re`nuln`gðm (gmspe``games, vergig`n`games, igs`nhgzn`games)‒ . Em este semtgla, palebas npre`gnr que pnrn eh labg`ghga igs`nh `aba `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm es gbpartnmte que eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga recuhe sgtun`games aoketgvns pnrn em`amtrnr nh suketa, `hnra estî que sgemla eh suketa eh aohgcnla n seþnhnr eh labg`ghga se tgeme que `eþgr n hns rechns estnohe`glns par hns marbns trgoutnrgns que recuhnm eh labg`ghga.
0.>.0 BALEHA LE @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA LEH @GN\ Em rehn`gðm nh Baleha leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga leh @emtra Gmternberg`nma le Nlbgmgstrnlares \rgoutnrgas (@\-@GN\), npraonla em eh nþa >773, hn gmstgtu`gðm leh labg`ghga es umn que se fn bn bnmt mtem emgl glaa em ha hass bgsb bgsbas as tç tçrb rbgm gmas as,, `a `amm `g `ger erta tass nk nkus uste tess qu quee `a `abe bemt mtnr nreb ebas as n `amtgmun`gðm. Em este arlem le glens, sg `abpnrnbas eh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh B@\NH es gcunh nh nrtâ`uha ?9º leh @\-@GN\, que recuhn eh labg`ghga pnrn hns persamns mnturnhes (rnzðm par hn que ma es me`esnrga repetgrha)4 y em rehn`gðm n hns persamns kurâlg`ns, saha fny umn pre`gsgðm que mas pnre`e le crnm gbpartnm`gn, yn que eh B@\NH saha recuhnon eh labg`ghga le hns persamns kurâlg`ns, em `nboga eh @\-@GN\ gm`huye n has emtes sgm persamnhglnl kurâlg`n. Em este semtgla, eh ûmg`a `nboga em eh nrtâ`uha 00º leh B@\NH y eh ?3º leh @\-@GN\, es que çste ûhtgba seþnhn ha sgcugemte; ‘N talas has eie`tas trgoutnrgas, se presube que eh labg`ghga em eh pnâs le hns persamns kurâlg`ns y umglnles sgm persamnhglnl kurâlg`n es…‒. Eh resta leh nrtâ`uha ?3º leh @\-@GN\ es gcunh nh 00º leh B@\NH. \nbogçm se fn recuhnla em eh @\-@GN\, tnmta pnrn hns persamns mnturnhes `aba pnrn hns persamns kurâlg`ns, hn pasgoghglnl que eh leular trgoutnrga seþnhe um labg`ghga espe`gnh pnrn eie`tas trgoutnrgas (nrtâ`uha ?7º) y hn aohgcn`gðm le este le seþnhnr y `abumg`nr n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn eh `nboga leh labg`ghga. Em hn le`hnrn`gðm y `nboga le Labg`ghga Igs`nh, em`amtrnbas umn lgierem`gn gbpartnmte emtre eh B@\NH y eh @\-@GN\, yn que bgemtrns em eh B@\NH ma se estnohe`e hns iarbnhglnles, iarbnh glnles, em eh @\-@GN\ sâ. Yenbas que eh B@\NH em su nrtâ`uha nrtâ`uha 09º estnoh estnohe`ân e`ân que ‘has `amtrgouyemtes y has respamsnohes tgemem hn aohgcn`gðm le `abumg`nr su Labg`ghga
Igs`nh y le `amsgcmnrha em talns sus n`tun`games nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn. Lg`fa labg`ghga se `amsglernrî suosgstemte em tnmta ma iuere `nbognla le `amiarbglnl `am has nrtâ`uhas pre`elemtes‒. Em `nbog `nbogaa em eh @\-@GN\, nlebîs le estnohe`e estnohe`err eh leoer le `abumg`nr eh labg`ghga labg`ghga y su `nbogaa n hn Nl `nbog Nlbg bgmg mgst strn` rn`gð gðmm \rgo \rgout utnrg nrgn, n, le lehe hecn cn n hn Nlbg Nlbgmg mgst strn rn`g `gðm ðm \r \rgo gout utnr nrgn gn hn lete leterb rbgm gmn` n`gð gðmm le hn ap apar artu tumg mgln lnll y ia iarb rbnh nhgl glnl nles es `a `amm qu quee se le leoe oerî rî ei eie` e`tu tunr nr hn `abumg `ab umg`n` `n`gðm gðm pnr pnrnn que ehh ehhnn surtn surtn eie` eie`ta4 ta4 le atra atra hnla, hnla, `am`ele `am`ele n hn Nlbgmg Nlbgmgstr strn`g n`gðm ðm \rgoutnrgn hn in`uhtnl le re`tgig`nr le aig`ga eh labg`ghga le`hnrnla par has suketas pnsgvas, `unmla çstn vergigque n trnvçs le sus n`tgvglnles le `abpraon`gðm que eh bgsba ma se nkustn n hns lgspasg`games hecnhes.
0.>.< EH LABG@GHGA IGP@NH EM EH @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA ZE_UNMA Pg ogem eh labg`ghga tgeme `aba aoketgva que se pueln leterbgmnr hn uog`n`gðm le um suketa em um hucnr leterb leterbgmnla, gmnla, em um espn`ga pnrn que çste pueln eker`er lere`fa lere`fass a leoeres, leoeres, em bntergn trgoutnrgn ma se utghgzn eh labg`ghga le argcem, cemernh a `gvgh, sgma que se fn `renla umn sgtun`gðm le labg`ghga espe`gnh, que es kustnbemte eh igknla a estnohe`gla par eh nlbgmgstrnla em `nhglnl le labg`ghga igs`nh, y ‐le bnmern ex`ep`gamnh‐ muestra @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, `aba verebas bîs nlehnmte, fn prevgsta presum`games le labg`ghga em `nsas espe`gnhes. Eh labg`ghga igs`nh se `amvgerte nsâ em eh hucnr a sele leterbgmnln pnrn que se renhg`em hns `abumg`n`games emtre hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm y eh nlbgmgstrnla, nsâ `aba eh hucnr pnrn eie`tunr vergig`n`games, `abpraon`games, gmspe``games emtre atrns n`tun`games le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm. Hn mnturnhezn kurâlg`n le labg`ghga igs`nh hn palebas ver `aba um lere`fa a `aba um leoer. Znre`e que, par eh trntnbgemta que se he ln em eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, se trntn le um leoer que tgeme eh suketa. @amsglernbas que se trntn le um leoer, yn que eh nlbgmgstrnla pnrn gms`rgogrse em eh _ecgstra Ûmg`a le @amtrgouyemtes ‘leoe‒ seþnhnr um labg`ghga igs`nh le bnmern expresn y aohgcntargn, y ma temlrî n``esa n este _ecgstra le iarbnhglnl sgma ha seþnhn. Ma aostnmte ehha, este leoer ma `nhgig`n `aba tnh `unmla se trntn leh labg`ghga pra`esnh. Znre`e que em lg`fa `nsa este labg`ghga `amstgtuye um lere`fa pnrn eh suketa, yn que es hn
marbn qugem he ln hn in`uhtnl nh suketa pnrn que em `nln pra`elgbgemta que gmg`ge pueln seþnhnr um labg`ghga hhnbnla pra`esnh, pnrn que este sen eh labg`ghga pnrn talas has eie`tas le um pra`elgbgemta trgoutnrga recuhnla em eh Hgora \er`era leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, y `am `gertas requgsgtas pnrn eh `nsa leh Zra`elgbgemta leh @aornmzn @an`tgvn. Ma aostnmte, es in`uhtntgva, yn que sg eh suketa ma seþnhn eh labg`ghga pra`esnh le bnmern expresn, emtam`es eh labg`ghga igs`nh tnbogçm apern pnrn has pra`elgbgemtas trgoutnrgas.
0.? NM\E@ELEM\EP EM HAP @ÐLGCAP \_GOU\N_GAP ZE_UNMAP 0.?.> Z_GBE_ @ÐLGCA \_GOU\N_GA Iue npraonla par eh Le`reta Pupreba Mº ?90- F>7º, le bnmern sgbghnr (em rehn`gðm n hn presum`gðm leh bgsba) nh nrtâ`uha 0?º leh B@\NH, `am hn sgcugemte lgierem`gn; ma se `amsglern nh hucnr em eh `unh a`urrn eh fe`fa cemernlar (marbn estnohe`gln em iarbn expresn em eh mubernh 7º leh Zrgber @ðlgca nmtes reiergla; ‘Em `nsa le ma exgstgr labg`ghga, eh hucnr lamle se em`uemtrem has ogemes rehn`gamnlas `am hn trgoutn`gðm‒. Este bgsba `nboga aoservnbas pnrn eh `nsa leh labg`ghga le hns persamns kurâlg`ns, recuhnla par eh nrtâ`uha 00º mubernh 6º bere`e umn bem`gðm npnrte, yn que nquâ sâ em`amtrnbas um `nboga em hn iarbn le recuhnr eh labg`ghga igs`nh. Lesle eh prgber @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, eh hecgshnlar perunma tuva `hnra que `unmla se trntn leh leoer hecnh le seþnhnr um labg`ghga igs`nh pnrn talas has eie`tas trgoutnrgas, este es eh prgber nrtâ`uha que tgeme que noarlnr eh tebn. Zar esa, npre`gnbas que este lgspasgtgva es eh que recuhn em prgber hucnr eh labg`ghga igs`nh que nlebîs se trntn le um leoer iarbnh que nh`nmzn tnmta n hns persamns mnturnhes `aba n hns persamns kurâlg`ns, y hueca vgeme eh nrtâ`uha >7º que recuhn hn presum`gðm leh labg`ghga le hns persamns mnturnhes, y eh nrtâ`uha ?:º que recuhn hn presum`gðm leh labg`ghga le hns persamns kurâlg`ns.
0.?.? PECUMLA @ALGCA \_GOU\N_GA Em eh secumla @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, se umgig`nm hns marbns `abumes saore estn gmstgtu`gðm em eh nrtâ`uha >>º. Le atra hnla, hn presum`gðm leh labg`ghga igs`nh pnrn hns persamns iâsg`ns se recuhn le bnmern sgbghnr em eh secumla, ter`er y `unrta @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, bnmtemgçmlase eh phnza le has 9 beses. Em rehn`gðm nh labg`ghga igs`nh presumta le hns persamns kurâlg`ns (`unmla çstas ma fnynm leterb let erbgm gmnl nlaa uma uma), ), re recuh cuhnl nlaa pa parr eh nr nrtâ tâ`u `uha ha >0 >0ºº le lehh @ðlg @ðlgca ca \rgou \rgoutn tnrg rga, a, ex exgs gste te um umnn balgig`n`gðm `am eh ter`er @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, nh gm`hugr em eh gm`gsa l) nh labg`ghga le su represemtnmte hecnh, y `am eh `unrta @ðlgca \rgoutnrga se leigme ha que se emtgemle par eh labg`ghga leh represemtnmte hecnh, nh seþnhnr `aba tnh nh labg`ghga igs`nh leh ‘represemtnmte‒, y sg ma ha tuvgern, `unhqugern le has seþnhnlas em eh nrtâ`uha >?º.
0.?.0 \E_@E_ @ALGCA \_GOU\N_GA @am eh `unrta @ðlgca \rgoutnrg \rgoutnrga, a, npraonla par eh Le`reta Hecgshntgv Hecgshntgvaa 6>9?0 em`amtrnb em`amtrnbas as nhcumas `nbogas que `abemtnrebas orevebemte; g) @aba ha seþnhn hn expasg`gð expasg`gðmm le batgvas leh nrtâ` nrtâ`uha uha >>º balgig`nla, balgig`nla, `amsglernmla `amsglernmla que eh labg`ghga espe`gnh se igkn pnrn eie`tas le hn renhgzn`gðm le has pra`elgbgemtas trgoutnrgas recuhnlas par eh Hgora GGG leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, se aptn par lemabgmnrha ‘labg`ghga pra`esnh‒.
Em ese semtgla, eh prgber pîrrnia leh nrtâ`uha >>º leigme nlebîs leh labg`ghga igs`nh nh labg`ghga pra`esnh. gg) Estnohe`e que eh leular trgoutnrga ma palrî `nbognr eh labg`ghga igs`nh `unmla matgig`n eh gmg`ga le umn vergig`n`gðm, igs`nhgzn`gðm a um pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn, `am hn igmnhglnl igmnhg lnl que est estas as pra pra`elg `elgbge bgemta mtass se lesn lesnrrah rrahhem hem marbnhb marbnhbemte emte,, ha `unh pal palrân rân verse verse lgig`uhtnla `am eh `nboga leh labg`ghga. Nfarn ogem, esta se estnohe`e `aba rechn cemernh, pera tnbogçm se `amtebphn que em tçrbgmas ex`ep`gamnhes, ex`ep`gamn hes, sâ se puele `nbognr eh labg`ghga igs`nh, sgebpre que exgstn `nusn kustgig`nln, yn que leoe ser npraonln par çstn, `unmla seþnhn ‘snhva que n kug`ga le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm exgstn `nusn kustgig`nln pnrn eh `nboga‒. ggg) Pe estnohe`e que hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn matgig`nrî sus n`tas em eh labg`ghga igs`nh leh leular trgoutnrga `unmla eh labg`ghga pra`esnh igknla par çste lgig`uhte hn renhgzn`gðm le umn matgig`n`gðm vîhgln.
0.?.< >º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga seþnhn que ‘has suketas aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, tgemem hn aohgcn`gðm le igknr y `nbognr su labg`ghga igs`nh, `amiarbe çstn ha estnohez`n‒. Esta sgcmgig`n que, n lgierem`gn le hns nmtergares marbns que fnm recuhnla eh labg`ghga igs`nh, yn ma se gmlg`n n ‘`amtrgouyemtes y respamsnohes‒ (prgber @ðlgca \rgoutnrga), tnbpa`a se seþnhn ‘leulares trgoutnrgas‒ (secumla y ter`er @ðlgca \rgoutnrga)4 leogla n que, `aba snoebas, has suketas pnsgvas a leulares trgoutnrgas puelem temer hn `nhglnl le `amtrgouyemtes a hn `nhglnl le respamsnohes. Emtam`es, em hn belgln que se fn`ân reierem`gn nh ‘labg`ghga igs`nh‒ y se rehn`gamnon n çste `am has leulares trgoutnrgas, sgcmgig`non que ernm ehhas y saha ehhas (has leulares) has ûmg`as que temânm eh leoer iarbnh (hhnbnln aohgcn`gðm par eh @ðlgca) le igknr y le `nbognr su labg`ghga igs`nh. Hn igcurn tgeme um semtgla lgieremte `am hn balgig`n`gðm gmtralu`gln, pues nfarn se fn`e reierem`gn n ‘Has suketas aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn‒ y, `aba snoebas, estas `amstgtuyem um umgversa bnyar nh `amkumta le leulares trgoutnrgas, le
n`uerla n ha seþnhnla par eh Le`reta Hecgshnt Hecgshntgva gva 7:-?::>º0: se seþnhn que; ‘Eh labg`ghga igs`nh es eh hucnr igknla lemtra leh terrgt terrgtarga arga mn`gamnh pnrn tala eie`ta trgoutnrga4 trgoutnrga4 sgm perkug`ga le hn in`uhtnl leh suketa aohgcnla n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn le seþnhnr expresnbemte um labg`ghga pra`esnh em `nln uma le has pra`elgbgemtas recuhnlas em eh Hgora \er`era leh presemte @ðlgca, `am ex`ep`gðm le nqueh nq ueh n que se reigere eh mubernh > leh nrtâ`uha >>?º. Eh labg labg`g `ghg hgaa pra pra`e `esnh snh leo leoer erîî estn estnrr uo uog` g`nla nla lemtr lemtraa le lehh rnlga rnlga ur uronm onmaa que seþnh seþnhee hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn. Hn ap`gðm le seþnhnr labg`ghga pra`esnh em eh pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn, pnrn eh `nsa le hn PUMN\, se eker`erî par ûmg`n vez lemtra le has tres lâns fîoghes le matgig`nln hn _esahu`gðm le Eke`u`gðm @an`tgvn y estnrî `amlg`gamnln n hn n`eptn`gðm le nquçhhn, hn que se recuhnrî belgnmte _esahu`gðm le Pupergmtemlem`gn‒. @aba palebas npre`gnr, fny umn laohe lao he `ammatn`gðm em hn gmstgtu`gðm leh labg`ghga. Hn prgbern `aba `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm pnrn hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn y hn secumln `aba cnrnmtân pnrn eh suketa n qugem se he vn matgig`nr le um n`ta nlbgmgstrntgva. Eh labg`ghga igs`nh es eh hucnr que seþnhn expresnbemte eh suketa pnrn que hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn ha pueln uog`nr pnrn `unhquger eie`ta le mnturnhezn trgoutnrgn a ma trgoutnrgn. Este `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm nh suketa ma sgcmgig`n que se trnte leh hucnr lamle eh suketa vgve a tgeme resglem`gn, sgma que se trntn leh labg`ghga aig`gnh lamle hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm palrî, par ekebpha, eie`tunr matgig`n`games nh reiergla suketa. Nsgbgs Nsg bgsba, ba, estn estn marb marbnn perbgt perbgtee que has suk suketa etass pue puelnm lnm seþn seþnhnr hnr um labg`g labg`ghg hgaa espe`gn espe`gnhh lemabgmnla ‘pra`esnh‒, labg`ghga que se lgierem`gn leh igs`nh, parque em eh labg`ghga pra`esnh eh suketa estî gmlg`nmla expresnbemte um hucnr pnrn eie`tas le uma le has leterbgmnlas pra`elgbgemta `amtem`gasa a ma `amtem`gasa que estîm recuhnlas em eh Hgora \er`era \er` era leh @ðlg @ðlgca ca \rgout \rgoutnrg nrga, a, `am ex` ex`ep`g ep`gðm ðm leh pra`elg pra`elgbg bgemta emta le igs igs`nh `nhgzn gzn`gð `gðm, m, le
n`uerla `am hn balgig`n`gðm gmtralu`gln em eh nrtâ`uha que estnbas `abemtnmla, `unmla gmlg`n ‘`am ex`ep`gðm le nqueh n que se reigere eh mubernh > leh nrtâ`uha >>?º‒, que ma es atra atra que que eh pr pra` a`el elgb gbge gemt mtaa le ig igs` s`nh nhgz gzn` n`gð gðm. m. Em Emte teml mleb ebas as qu quee hn hð hðcg cg`n `n le es estn tn balgig`n`games que, umn vez que eh `amtrgouyemte se em`uemtrn em um pra`elgbgemta le igs`nhgzn`gðm, eh ûmg`a labg`ghga vîhgla es eh labg`ghga igs`nh, que puele ser `amigrbnla a vnrgnla, pera ma se nlbgte eh `nboga em mgmcûm `nsa. @abemtnrga npnrte bere`e que eh hecgshnlar, `am hn Hey 0:?79 nmtes seþnhnln, re`akn expresnbemte expresnb emte em eh @ðlgca \rgout \rgoutnrga nrga que hn Igs`nhgzn` Igs`nhgzn`gðm gðm es um pra`elgbgemt pra`elgbgemtaa trgoutnrga, trgoutnrga, num `unmla ma se em`uemtre recuhnla em eh hgora GGG, sgma em eh hgora GG leh @ðlgca. Ntemlgemla n ha expuesta, palebas nlvertgr que has suketas que tgemem eh leoer le gms`rgogrse em eh _ecgstra Ûmg`a le @amtrgouyemtes fnorîm le seþnhnr um labg`ghga igs`nh, nsâ `aba tnbogçm tgemem eh lere`fa le seþnhnr um labg`ghga pra`esnh em `nln uma le has pra`elgbgemtas `amtem`gasas a ma `amtem`gasas que gmg`gem, y este labg`ghga pra`esnh serî vîhgla saha pnrn `nln pra`elgbgemta em pnrtg`uhnr. Le hn bgsbn bnmern, hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn tgeme eh leoer le matgig`nr nh nlbgmgstrnla em eh labg`ghga igs`nh a pra`esnh seþnhnla, le n`uerla nh `nsa `am`reta. Esta sgcmgig`n que em um pra`elgbgemta em eh `unh eh suketa fn gmlg`nla um labg`ghga pra`esnh, este es eh hucnr vîhgla (es le`gr le n`uerla n hey) em eh `unh hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm leoe matgig`nr `unhquger n`ta rehn`gamnla nh reiergla pra`elgbgemta nlbgmgstrntgva4 `nsa `amtrnrga, sg temgemla eh leoer le matgig`nr em este labg`ghga pra`esnh, resuhtn que se matgig`n em eh labg`ghga igs`nh, estî matgig`n`gðm ma serî vîhgln y, par tnmta, ma temlrî eie`tas kurâlg`as. N esta leoebas ncrecnr que eh nrtâ`uha >:>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga par eh Le`reta Hecgshntgva >>>3, ma temânbas marbn hecnh expresn que in`uhtnrî n has suketas n seþnhnr um labg`ghga pra`esnh em eh pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn. Peþnhn eh ter`er pîrrnia leh nrtâ`uha >>º que ‘Eh labg`g lab g`ghga hga igs`nh igs`nh igk igknla nla par has suketa suketass aoh aohgcn gcnlas las n gms`rg gms`rgogr ogrse se nmte nmte hn Nlbgmg Nlbgmgstrn strn`gð `gðmm \rgoutnrgn se `amsglern suosgstemte bgemtrns su `nboga ma sen `abumg`nla n çstn em hn iarbn que estnohez`n‒. Le hn marbn `gtnln se lespremle que, umn vez que eh suketa fn seþnh seþ nhnl nlaa um la labg bg`g `ghg hgaa ig igs`n s`nhh `ab `abaa `rg `rgte terg rgaa le ha ha`n `nhg hgzn` zn`gð gðmm nm nmte te hn Nl Nlbg bgmg mgst strn` rn`gð gðmm \rgoutnrgn, este se `amsglern vîhgla pnrn talas has eie`tas hecnhes, bgemtrns eh `nboga ma sen gmiarbnla n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm, em hn iarbn estnohe`gln par hn hecgshn`gðm. Esta sgcmgig`n que eh suketa gms`rgta em eh _ecgstra Ûmg`a le @amtrgouyemtes a em eh _ecgstra le hns Nlbg Nl bgmg mgst strn rn`g `gam ames es \r \rgo gout utnr nrgn gnss Bumg Bumg`g `gpn pnhe hes, s, fn nu nuta targ rgzn znla la n hn Nlbg Nlbgmg mgst strn rn`g `gðm ðm `arrespamlgemte pnrn que ese sen eh labg`ghga a hucnr lamle se eie`tûem hns matgig`n`games a se renhg`em hns n`tun`games par pnrte le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, y se `amsglernrî vîhgla pnrn talas has eie`tas, fnstn que eh bgsba nlbgmgstrnla ma ha balgigque. Em rehn`gðm n has eie`tas iarbnhes leh labg`ghga, temebas par ekebpha; g)
ha `a `amm`erm rmggemte n hn mat atggig ig``n`gðm, que es umn lghgcem`g `gnn eie`t `tuunln pa parr hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, `amsgstemte em pamer em `ama`gbgemta leh gmteresnla eh `a `amt mtem emgl glaa le um n` n`ta ta nl nlbg bgmg mgst strn rntg tgva va a `g `ger ertn tn gm gmia iarb rbn` n`gð gðm, m, `a `amm hn hnss iarbnhglnles exgcglns par hn hey. Nquâ hn gbpartnm`gn leh labg`ghga igs`nh rnlg`n em que ma serî vîhgln hn matgig`n`gðm sg ma se eie`tûn em eh labg`ghga igs`nh seþnhnla par eh suketa, y par eh `amtrnrga, serî vîhgln em hn belgln em que se eie`tûn em eh labg`ghga igs`nh, numque eh suketa yn ma resgln nfâ, y sgebpre que ma fuogern gmiarbnla n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm leh `nboga le labg`ghga igs`nh4
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gg) gg) Hn n`t n`tgv gvgl glnl nl le igs` igs`nh nhgz gzn` n`gð gðm, m, ce ceme mern rnhb hbem emte te se renh renhgz gznn em eh labg` labg`gh ghga ga leh leh leular trgoutnrga4
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ggg) ggg) E Emm bn bnte terg rgnn le `a `aorn ornmz mznn se tgeme tgeme qque ue,, sg eh `am `amtr trgo gouye uyemt mtee ma pncn pncn su leul leulnn trgoutnrgn y hhecn n temer hn `nhglnl le leuln exgcgohe `an`tgvnbemte, emtam`es se puele gmg`gnr eh pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn, belgnmte hn matgig`n`gðm le hn resahu`gðm le eke`u`gðm `an`tgvn, hn bgsbn que leoerî ser eie`tunln em eh labg`ghga igs`nh leh leular.
0.0 LEOE PE_ LE@HN_NLA EH LABG@GHGA @aba febas seþnhnla em pîrrnias nmtergares, `am eh nrtâ`uha >>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga eh hecgshnlar fn estnohe`gla que talas has suketas que tgemem eh leoer le gms`rgogrse em has recgstras recgst ras le hn Nlbgmgstr Nlbgmgstrn`gðm n`gðm \rgoutn \rgoutnrgn rgn tgemem que igknr y `nbognr `nbognr su labg`ghga labg`ghga igs`nh, le n`uerla n hn iarbn `aba ha estnohez`n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn. Em este bgsba semtg semtgla, la, eh mubernh > leh nrtâ`uh nrtâ`uhaa 63º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga \rgoutnrga fn estnohe`gla estnohe`gla que has nlbgmgstrnlas estîm aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse em has recgstras le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn prapar`gamnmla talas has lntas me`esnrgas y n`tunhgznmla has bgsbas em hn iarbn y lemtra le has phnzas estnohe`glas par hns marbns `arrespamlgemtes, y que leoerîm `nbognr su labg`ghga igs`nh em has `nsas prevgstas em eh nrtâ`uha >>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga. Zar su pnrte, `am eh Le`reta Hecgshntgva 7:-?::º leh @ð @ðlg lgca ca \rg \rgou outn tnrg rga; a; ‘h ‘has as suket suketas as ao aohg hgcn cnlas las n gm gms`r s`rgo gogr grse se nmte nmte hn Nlbg Nlbgmg mgst strn` rn`gð gðmm \rgoutnrgn, le n`uerla n hns marbns respe`tgvns, tgemem hn aohgcn`gðm le igknr su labg`ghga igs`nh, `amiarbe ha estnohez`n hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn‒, y surtgrî eie`tas ‐emtre atras‐ pnrn matgig`n`games y `abpraon`games que eie`tûe hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, bgemtrns eh `nboga ma sen `abumg`nla em hn iarbn que seþnhn PUMN\. Esta es, se tgeme eh leoer le le`hnrnr eh labg`ghga igs`nh, y eh leoer le le`hnrnr eh `nboga leh bgsba, sgemla nboas leoeres gbpuestas par eh hecgshnlar. Esta ma sgcmgig`n restrg``gðm nh hgore trîmsgta estnohe`gla em eh mubernh >> leh nrtâ`uha ?º le hn @amstgtu`gðm, pues ‐em tala `nsa‐ eh hecgshnlar aohgcn n `abumg`nr eh `nboga4 par ehha, hn matgig`n`gðm em eh labg`ghga igs`nh se `amsglern vîhgln sg ma se le`hnrð eh mueva labg`ghga. Ma aostnmte fnoer seþnhnla que `amst `amstgt gtuy uyee um leoer leoer seþnh seþnhnr nr eh la labg bg`g `ghg hgaa ig igs`n s`nh, h, tn tnbo bogç gçmm es `g `ger erta ta qu quee em `n `nsas sas espe` esp e`gn gnhe hes06 s06 eh `a `amt mtrg rgouy ouyem emte te tg tgem emee eh le lere re`fa `fa le gm gmlg lg`nr `nr n hn Nlbgm Nlbgmgs gstr trn`g n`gðm ðm eh lemabgmnla labg`ghga pra`esnh, que vgeme n `amstgtugr nqueh hucnr a `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm pnrn eie`tas pra`elgbemtnhes y que, le nkustnrse n hey, se emtemlerî `aba eh labg`ghga vîhgla pnrn tala eie`ta trgoutnrga lemtra leh respe`tgva pra`elgbgemta em pnrtg`uhnr. Nsâ, febas palgla nlvertgr que eh nrtâ`uha >>º leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga in`uhtn nh nlbgmgstrnla n seþnhnr um labg`ghga pra`esnh em `nln uma le has pra`elgbgemtas trgoutnrgas recuhnlas par eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, gm`husgve em eh pra`elgbgemta le `aornmzn `an`tgvn. @aba febas seþnhnla, le ha que se trntn ma es pamer hâbgtes n hn hgoertnl le trîmsgta, sgma le recuhnr um `rgterga le ha`nhgzn`gðm le hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm `am eh nlbgmgstrnla. \nm es nsâ que eh nlbgmgstrnla puele `nbognr eh labg`ghga igs`nh `unmla nsâ ha `amsglere, `ubph `ub phge gemla mla `am hn hnss iar iarbn bnhg hglnl lnles es ma marb rbnt ntgv gvns ns y `ab `abumg umg`n `nmla mla n hn Nlbg Nlbgmg mgst strn` rn`gð gðmm \rgoutnrgn, yn que le ha `amtrnrga eh labg`ghga recgstrnla serî eh labg`ghga vîhgla pnrn talas has eie`tas hecnhes, tnh `aba febas reiergla. Em tnh semtgla, hn igkn`gðm leh labg`ghga igs`nh hn tgeme que eie`tunr eh nlbgmgstrnla nh babemta le gms`rgogrse em eh _ecgstra Ûmg`a le @amtrgouyemtes, y sg ma `ubphe `am esta, hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn se em`uemtrn fnoghgtnln pnrn presubgr `aba labg`ghga igs`nh has
hucnres que se seþnhnm em has nrtâ`uhas >? nh >5 leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga. Pe leoe temer presemte que hn aohgcn`gðm le seþnhnr y igknr expresnbemte su s u labg`ghga igs`nh igs`n h es pnrn talas has suketas aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, senm labg`ghgnlas a ma labg`ghgnlas, `aba par ekebpha eh `nsa estnohe`gla em hn Marbn VG leh \âtuha Zrehgbgmnr leh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, em eh que se seþnhn que leterbgmnlns persamns leoerîm `amstgtugr labg`ghga em eh pnâs a mabornr represemtnmte `am labg`ghga em çh.
0.< @AMLG@GÐM LE LABG@GHGA MA FNHHNLA W MA FNOGLA Hn `amlg`gðm labg`ghgnrgn em que se leoe em`amtrnr um suketa pnsgva es le Fnogla, que sgcmgig`n que hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn nlebîs le fnoer vergig`nla eh labg`ghga igs`nh le`hnrnla, puele em`amtrnr nh suketa `unmla ha ous`n pnrn matgig`nrhe n`tas nlbgmgstrntgvas a `abumg `abumg`n`ga `n`games mes rehn`g rehn`gamnlas amnlas n hn rehn`gðm rehn`gðm kurâl kurâlg`a g`a trgoutnrgn trgoutnrgn.. @unmla hn Nlbgmgstrn` Nlbgmgstrn`gðm gðm ma em`uemtrn nh suketa pnsgva, este puele pnsnr n hn `amlg`gðm le Ma Fnhhnla y hueca n hn `amlg`gðm le Ma Fnogla. Hns sgtun`games le ‘Ma Fnhhnla‒ y ‘Ma Fnogla‒ `amstgtuyem umn `amlg`gðm labg`ghgnrgn em hn que puele gm`urrgr eh nlbgmgstrnla. Emtam`es, palebas seþnhnr que muestra @ðlgca \rgoutnrga em rehn`gðm nh labg`ghga, fn recuhnla hn `amlg`gðm le; g) Labg`ghga Igs`nh Fnogla, gg) Labg`ghga Igs`nh Ma Fnhhnla, y ggg) Labg`ghga Igs`nh Ma Fnogla4 saore esta fnrebas nhcumns reihexgames. N`tunhbemte, `unmla umn persamn sahg`gtn gms`rgogrse em eh _U@, leoe ‐emtre atras‐ seþnhnr eh ‘labg`ghga igs`nh‒. Hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn vergig`n que ese labg`ghga sen eh que `arrespamle nh seþnhnla par hn persamn mnturnh a kurâlg`n a emte `ahe`tgva, y umn vez que has reierglas `amtrahes fnm sgla pasgtgvas, re`gçm surte eie`ta eh labg`ghga `aba ‘Labg`ghga Igs`nh Fnogla‒. Hns marbns que fnm recuhnla estns sgtun`games labg`ghgnrgns que se em`uemtrnm vgcemtes, fnm seþnhnla has `nsas em que se nlqugere hn `amlg`gðm le Ma Fnhhnla; ‘Pe nlqugere le bala nutabîtg`a sg nh babemta le matgig`nr has La`ubemtas a nh eie`tunr hn vergig`n`gðm leh labg`ghga igs`nh se presemtn nhcumn le hns sgcugemtes sgtun`games; > Mecntgvn le re`ep`gðm le hn matgig`n`gðm a mecntgvn le re`ep`gðm le hn `amstnm`gn le vergig`n`gðm leh labg`ghga igs`nh. ? Nusem`gn le persamn `npnz em eh labg`ghga igs`nh a çste se em`uemtrn `errnla, a 0 Hn lgre``gðm le`hnrnln `aba labg`ghga igs`nh ma exgste. Em has las prgberas `nsas, pnrn que se nlqugern hn `amlg`gðm le ma fnhhnla, hns sgtun`games bem`gamnlns leoem pralu`grse
em 0 apar apartum tumgln glnles les em lân lânss lgs lgstg tgmta mtas.‒ s.‒ Emt Emtemle emlebas bas que hn igmnhg igmnhglnl lnl leh hec hecgsh gshnla nlarr es rescunrlnr nh nlbgmgstrnla, `asn que em hn renhglnl ma me`esnrgnbemte se `ubphe, yn que sg ogem es `gerta, par ekebpha, hn matgig`n`gðm par mecntgvn n hn re`ep`gðm es umn balnhglnl es estn tnoh ohe` e`gl glnn em eh nr nrtâ tâ`u `uha ha >: >::::>º y >::. Hn aohg aohgcn` cn`gðm gðm trg trgout outnrg nrgnn y eh labg`g labg`ghga hga igs` igs`nh nh es eh hucnr hucnr le ha`nh ha`nhgzn` gzn`gðm gðm que leoem leoem seþnhnr has suketas que se em`uemtrnm aohgcnlas n gms`rgogrse nmte hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm \rgoutnrgn, `amvgrtgçmlase em um leoer que se leoe `ubphgr, y tgeme que ser re`ama`gla par hn Nlbgmgstrn`gðm pnrn tala eie`ta trgoutnrga. Eh labg`ghga igs`nh es ûmg`a y leoe em`amtrnrse lemtra leh terrgtarga perunma. ?. Hn Nlbg Nlbgmgs mgstrn trn`gð `gðmm \rgout \rgoutnrg nrgnn puele puele presubgr presubgr labg` labg`gh ghga ga igs`nh saha saha em has `nsas ex`ep`gamnhes recuhnlas par hn hey. 0. Eh lab labg`g g`ghg hgaa pra`esnh pra`esnh es um lere` lere`fa fa que tgeme eh nlbgmgs nlbgmgstrn trnla la pnrn seþnhnr seþnhnr eh hucnr le ha`nhgzn`gðm em has pra`elgbgemtas trgoutnrgas `am nrrecha n ha seþnhnla em eh @ðlgca \rgoutnrga, `am ex`ep`gðm em eh pra`elgbgemta le igs`nhgzn`gðm. 779)., \earân Cemernh leh labg`ghga igs`nh , taba. G, >7?6 OHNM@N OHNM @NP P OU OUP\ P\NB NBNM NM\E \E,, @n @nrh rhas as y At Atras ras (>7 (>77?) 7?).. Le Lere` re`fa fa \r \rgo gout utnr nrga ga Cemer Cemernh nh / Pehe``gðm le He`turns le Lere`fa Zra`esnh, ? tabas, 0º el. Hgbn; Iamla Elgtargnh ZU@Z. @NBZAP @NB ZAP FN_ FN__GE\ _GE\,, Iermnmla Iermnmla (>777). (>777). Fgstar Fgstargn gn le has trg trgout outas. as. Bnlrgl Bnlrgl;; Elg`ga Elg`games mes Kurâlg`ns le Espnþn. @N__UG\E_A HE@@N, Irnm`gs`a y Atras (?::0). Lere`fa \rgoutnrga / Pehe``gðm le He`turns, >º el. Hgbn; El. OH>C ^UG_AC ^UG _ACN N HEY HEYGE, GE, Fub Fuboert oertaa (>7676), ‘Zrueon; cemernhglnles, le`hnrn`gðm le pnrte, prueon testgbamgnh‒, em @ursa saore eh @ðlgca Cemernh leh Zra`esa leh Gmstgtuta Urucunya le Lere`fa Zra`esnh, t. G,
[email protected]., Bamtevglea, >767, pîcs. >50.. PBEML, _ulahi (>765). Lere`fa trgoutnrga; El. @emtra le Estulgas Zra`esnhes. UCN_\E LEH ZGMA, Kunm Yg`emte (>736). Fgstargn le hns aohgcn`games trgoutnrgns leh Zerû. Hgbn; Elgtargnh Nmlgmn P. N.
YGHHN_ÎM, Bnmueh Yg`emte (>776). He``games le Lere`fa \rgoutnrga. Hgbn; Iamla Elgtargnh ZU@Z
