Derecho Corporativo

October 10, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

Short Description

Download Derecho Corporativo...

Description

@LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G LJ]RLTI [ CI  L

Rgblrtg Tiargjéa Iriaì Iaoëckdi Druz Orloo

@LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G [ CI   LJ]RLTI

Rgblrtg Tiargjéa Iriaì Iaoëckdi Druz Orloo

ustricki••Briskc Iustricki Briskc••Dgrli Dgrli••Lspiùi Lspiùi••Lsti`gs Lsti`gs\ak`gs Lsti`gs \ak`gs••Eipôa Eipôa••Jëxkdg Jëxkdg••Rlkag Rlkag\ak`g \ak`g••Tkaoipur Tkaoipur

@lrldhg dgrpgritkvg dgrpgritkvg y ci ljprlsi Rgblrtg Tiargjéa Iriaì Iaoëckdi Druz Orloo

]rlsk`latl `l Dlaoiol Clirakao Citkagijërkdi5 Eivklr J. Irlcciag Outkërrlz @krldtgr olalric Jëxkdg y Dlatrgijërkdi5 Hëdtgr Larkqul Oicka`g Kturrkbirrêi @krldtgr l`ktgrkic Citkagijërkdi5 Egsë Pgjés ]ërlz Bgakcci @krldtgr `l prgùddkôa5 Riõc @. Ula`leis Lsplelc L`ktgr slakgr5 Eivklr Rlyls Rlyls Jirtêalz L`ktgr `l prgùddkôa5 Ocgrki Cuz Gcouêa Tirjklatg @kslùg `l pgrtiì5 Jiroirktg Téadhlz Dibrlri Dgjpgskdkôa tkpgorénkdi5 Hlrkblrtg Oidhõz Dhivlz

© @.R. 2==8 pgr Dlaoiol Clirakao L`ktg L`k tgrls, rls, T.I. `l D.^., uai Dgjpiùêi `l Dlaoiol Clirakao, Clirakao, Kad. Dgrpgritkvg Tiati Nl Iv. Tiati Nl, aõj. Dcisls `l ljprlsis > Ci ljprlsi y su lstu`kg `ls`l `kstkatis `ksdkpckais 8 9.>.9 Ldgagjêi 8 9.>.2 Tgdkgcgoêi 8 9.>.4 Ëtkdi 8 9.>.0 ]gcêtkdi ; 9.>.< I`jkakstridkôa 9= 9.>.> @lrldhg 9= Idtkvkì`ls `l iprla`kziel 94

Dipêtucg Ci ljprlsi2y lc `lrldhg ldgaôjkdg 9< 2.9 Rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci ljprlsi 9? 2.2 Tustlatg dgastktudkgaic `l ci ckbrl ljprlsi 2= 2.4 Rlcidkôa latrl ci pgcêtkdi ldgaôjkdi y ci ljprlsi 2= 2.4.9 Lsti`g ckblric 29 2.4.2 Lsti`g katlrvlatgr 29 2.4.4 Lsti`g algckblric 22 2.0 Rloucidkôa `l ci dgjpltladki ldgaôjkdi la lc Lsti`g jlxkdiag (Cly `l Dgjpltladki Ldgaôjkdi) 22 Idtkvkì`ls `l iprla`kziel 2>

vk

@LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G  [ [  CI  LJ]RLTI

Dipêtucg 4 Rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic 2; 4.9 4.2 4.4

4.0

Ci plrsgai jgric 49 4.9.9 y iatldl`latls 49 49 4.9.2 Dgadlptg Itrkbutgs `l ci plrsgai jgric Isgdkidkôa y sgdklì` dkvkc 44 Lc dgjlrdkiatl y ci idtkvkì` jlrdiatkc 4< 4.4.9 Idtgs `l dgjlrdkg 4> 4.4.2 Gbckoidkgals `l tg`g dgjlrdkiatl 48 4.4.4 Iuxkckirls jlrdiatkcls 4; Tgdklì`ls jlrdiatkcls 4; 4.0.9 Tgdklì` la agjbrl dgcldtkvg 04 4.0.2 Tgdklì` la dgjia`kti skjpcl 04 4.0.4 Tgdklì` la dgjia`kti pgr iddkgals 00

4.0.0 rlspgasibkckì` ckjktiì 00 4.0.< Tgdklì` Tgdklì` `l iaôakji 0< 4.0.> Tgdklì` `l dipktic virkibcl Jirdg eurê`kdg eur ê`kdg `l ci idtkvkì` biadirki la Jëxkdg ?? ]rkadkpicls gplridkgals biadirkis ?8 0.0.9 Gplridkgals piskvis ?;

0.0.2 Gplridkgals idtkvis 8= 0.0.4 Gplridkgals alutricls 82 0.< \sgs y prédtkdis biadirkis y jlrdiatkcls 84 0.> Ci biadi la Jëxkdg 8< 0.>.9 Biadi jõctkpcl 8< 0.>.2 Biadi `l `lsirrgccg 8> 0.>.4 Biadg `l Jëxkdg (Biaxkdg) (Biaxkdg) 88 0.>.0 Kastktutg `l ]rgtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg (K]IB) 8; 0.>.< Lc AK] la lc usg biadirkg jlxkdiag 8; 0.>.> Tldrltg biadirkg y civi`g `l `kalrg ;= 0.? Groiakzidkgals iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg ;2 0.?.9 Icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg y uakgals `l drë`ktg ;4 0.?.2 Idtkvkì`ls iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg ;4 0.8 Cis plqulùis y jl`kiais ljprlsis (]yjls) ;? 0.8.9 Diridtlrêstkdis olalricls `l cis ]yjls ;8 0.8.2 Lc prgbclji `lc nkaiadkijklatg la Jëxkdg ;; 0.; Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y Bgcsi `l îcgrls 9== 0.;.9 Ci ljprlsi y lc jlrdi`g `l vicgrls 9== 0.;.2 Lc jlrdi`g prkjirkg y lc jlrdi`g slduaìrkg 9=9 0.;.4 ]irtkdkpiatls `lc jlrdi`g `l vicgrls 9=2 0.9= Ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic piri ci @lnlasi `l cgs \suirkgs `l `l cgs Tlrvkdkgs Nkaiadklrgs (Dgaùsln) 9=4 Idtkvkì`ls `l iprla`kziel 9=<

Dipêtucg ^ 9=? Rëokjla nksdic `l ci ljprlsi .>

Cgs kadgtlrjs la lc dgjlrdkg Irbktriel katlraidkgaic 948 katlraidkgaic 94? Kavlrskôa lxtriaelri 90= >.>.9 Idtkvkì`ls rlslrviìs ic Lsti`g 902 >.>.2 Idtkvkì`ls rlslrviìs i aidkgaicls 902 >.>.4 Idtkvkì`ls dga ua pgrdlatiel `l kavlrskôa lxtriaelri sga cis skouklatls 904 >.>.0 Idtkvkì`ls dga ua pgrdlatiel jiygr `l kavlrskôa lxtriaelri qul rlquklrla rlsgcudkôa nivgribcl `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri 900 Idtkvkì`ls `l iprla`kziel 90>

Dipêtucg ? ]rgpklì` katlcldtuic 90; ?.9

@lrldhgs `l iutgr 9 9?> 8.4.9 Dgatritg ka`kvkùic 9?? 8.4.2 Dgatritg dgcldtkvg `l tribieg 98= 8.4.4 Dgatritg cly 98= Tusplaskôa `l ci rlcidkôa cibgric 989 8.0.9 Rlsdkskôa `l ci rlcidkôa `l tribieg 989 8.0.2 Diusis `l rlsdkskôa cibgric ska rlspgasibkckì` piri lc tribiei`gr 984 8.0.4 Diusis `l tlrjkaidkôa `l cis rlcidkgals `l tribieg 980 Rlocijlatg katlrkgr `l tribieg 980

8.0

8.<

8.> ska`kditg, 8.? Lc Hulcoi 98

D I]ÊP\CG 9 @LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G  [ [  CI  LJ]RLTI

Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul lc vêaducg latrl cgs subgr`kai`gs y lc ljprlsirkg dgastktuyl uai rlcidkôa eurê`kdi qul olalri `lrldhgs y gbckoidkgals la jitlrkis cibgric y dkvkc ic tritirsl `l ci rlspgasibkckì` pgr cgs idtgs y hldhgs qul gdiskgala ìùgs y plreukdkgs. Cgs lcljlatgs gbeltkvgs sl k`latknkdia dga cgs bklals y `lrldhgs qul katloria lc pitrkjgakg `l ci ljprlsi. ]gr leljpcg, cgs bklals dgastktuk`gs pgr ci jiqukairki, kjpcljlatgs, lqukpg y jitlrkic `l gnkdkai y cgs `lrldhgs dgjg pitlatls, jirdis, dcklatls, agjbrl dgjlrdkic, ltdëtlri.

9.0 Diridtlrêstkdis `l ci ljprlsi Dgjg uakì` ldgaôjkdi `l prgùddkôa `l bklals y slrvkdkgs, la tgì ljprlsi lstéa prlslatls cis diridtlrêstkdis skouklatls5 Tl dgjbkaia lc dipktic y lc tribieg, nidtgrls `l prgùddkôa, pgr jl`kg `l cgs tribieg, `l cis rlcidkgals tëdakdis y sgdkicls `l ci prgùddkôaprgdlsgs dgjg ci`l i`jkakstridkôa. Rlickzi idtkvkì`ls ldgaôjkdis rlnlrlatls i ci prgùddkôa, `kstrkbudkôa `l bklals y slrvkdkgs. Dgjbkai nidtgrls `l prgùddkôa pgr jl`kg `l cgs prgdlsgs `l tribieg, `l cis rlcidkgals tëdakdis y sgdkicls `l ci prgùddkôa. ]iri rlickzir sus idtkvkì`ls sl ipgyi la rldursgs hujiags, `l dipktic, tëdakdgs y nkaiadklrgs. Tu prgpôsktg ls ci sitksniddkôa `l aldlskì`ls hujiais y `l dgasujg. ]ciaknkdi sus idtkvkì`ls dga bisl la cgs gbeltkvgs qul `lsli cgorir. Ls uai groiakzidkôa sgdkic juy kjpgrtiatl qul dgangrji lc ijbklatl ldgaôjkdg y sgdkic `l ua piês. Tl k`latknkdi dgjg nidtgr `l drldkjklatg y `lsirrgccg ldgaôjkdg y sgdkic. Ic lstir kajlrsi la ua ijbklatl dgjpltktkvg sl cl lxkol jg`lrakzidkôa, ridkgaickzidkôa y prgorijidkôa. Lc jg`lcg `l `lsirrgccg ljprlsirkic sl sustlati la cis agdkgals `l rklsog, blalnkdkg y jlrdi`g. j lrdi`g. Rldkbl kanculadki `lc dgatlxtg, yi sli pgcêtkdg, sgdkic, ducturic y `ls`l culog ldgaôjkdg.

9.< Dcisls `l ljprlsis Ci ljprlsi sl k`latknkdi dga`lcicgs kakdkitkvi prkviì, duiatg i qul ls olalriì ci idtkvkì` ljprla`l`gri pirtkducirls. Lc la surokjklatg `l uai ljprlsipgr sl

9.< DCITLT @L LJ]RLTIT

?

ì tiatg la lc jirdg `lc `lrldhg dkvkc, dgjg la cgs ckalijklatgs ck alijklatgs `lc `lrldhg jlrdiatkc. Ësti ls ci rizôa `l qul i`gptla ngrjis `kvlrsis, dgjg cg sga uai sgdklì` dkvkc y uai isgdkidkôa dkvkc, rlouciìs pgr lc Dô`kog Dkvkc, g uai ngrji jlrdiatkc, latrl cgs `kvlrsgs tkpgs rlouci`gs pgr ci Cly Olalric `l Tgdklì`ls Jlrdiatkcls (COTJ).

Dcisls `l ljprlsi Dkvkcls (Dô`kog Dkvkc) • Tgdklì` dkvkc • Isgdkidkôa dkvkc

Jlrdiatkcls (COTJ ) • Tgdklì` la agjbrl dgcldtkvg • Tgdklì` la dgjia`kti skjpcl • Tgdklì` `l rlspgasibkckì` ckjktiì • Tgdklì` la dgjia`kti pgr iddkgals • Tgdklì` iaôakji • Tgdklì` dggplritkvi

]iri ibgrìr lc lstu`kg `l cgs `knlrlatls tkpgs `l sgdklì`ls, `ls`l su dgastktudkôa, nuadkgaijklatg, `ksgcudkôa y ckqukìdkôa, cl rljktkjgs ic dipêtucg 4 qul triti sgbrl ci rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic. Ls aldlsirkg prldksir qul ci idtkvkì` ldgaôjkdi ag ls lxdcuskvi `lc sldtgr prkvi`g, yi qul lc Lsti`g dgjg latkì` sgblriai kadurskgai la lc `lsirrgccg `l ci ldgagjêi pgr jl`kg `l ci ljprlsi põbckdi. @kdhi ljprlsi ls drliì y sgstlakì pgr lc pg`lr põbckdg, ci dgastktuyl ua ôroiag `lc Lsti`g piri rlickzir idtkvkì`ls dgjlrdkicls, kaùstrkicls g `l prlstidkôa `l slrvkdkgs `l jialri hibktuic y plrskoul ua nka põbckdg. Lstis ljprlsis sl dgankouria dga bisl la cgs ckalijklatgs `lc `lrldhg prkvi`g, yi qul la judhgs disgs lstéa dgastktukìs dgjg sgdklì`ls iaôakjis, duyis iddkgals lstéa la pg`lr `lc Lsti`g g tijbkëa dga pirtkdkpidkôa `l pirtkducirls, dgjg cis ljprlsis `l pirtkdkpidkôa lstitic, pgr leljpcg Agtkjlx. Ls plrtkalatl idcirir qul cis ljprlsis põbckdi y prkviì dulatia dga cgs jksjgs lcljlatgs, cis `kstkaoul lc rëokjla eurê`kdg ipckdibcl qul, la lc disg `l cis põbckdis, rlspga`l i ua katlrës põbckdg y la sus nkals ag prlvicldl lc cudrg. Leljpcgs `l ljprlsis põbckdis sga ]ltrôclgs Jlxkdiags (]ljlx) y ci Dgjkskôa Nl`lric `l Lcldtrkdkì` (DNL), ljprlsis pirilstiticls qul tklala i su dirog ci prgùddkôa y dgjlrdkickzidkôa `l rldursgs lalroëtkdgs. I diusi `l ci tla`ladki algckblric y lc langqul ocgbickzi`gr qul ngjlati ci ckbrl dgjpltladki y lc dgjlrdkg lxtlrkgr, la ci idtuickì` lc Lsti`g hi gpti`g pgr ci prkvitkzidkôa `l aujlrgsis ljprlsis põbckdis, pgr cg qul diì vlz hiy jlags.

8

D I]ÊP\CG 9 @LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G  [ [  CI  LJ]RLTI

9.> Ci ljprlsi y su lstu`kg lstu`kg `ls`l `kstkatis `ksdkpckais Ci idtkvkì` drli`gri y ljprla`l`gri `lc hgjbrl, rlncleiì la ci ljprlsi, tklal rlcidkôa dga `knlrlatls `ksdkpckais `lc dgagdkjklatg, sloõa lc langqul qul sl isuji. Ci ldgagjêi, ci sgdkgcgoêi, ci ëtkdi, ci pgcêtkdi, ci i`jkakstridkôa y lc `lrldhg sga dkladkis hujiaêstkdis kjpgrtiatls qul ibgrìa ispldtgs `lc qulhidlr `l ci ljprlsi y qul i pirtkr `l sus prkadkpkgs y tlgrêis ls pgskbcl latla`lr lc dgatlxtg `l ci ljprlsi.

9.>.9 Ldgagjêi Pgì ci vkì ldgaôjkdi `l ci sgdklì` idtuic `lsdiasi la ci ljprlsi, lcljlatg béskdg qul dgaeuoi aldlskì`ls, oustgs `l dgasujk`grls l katlrlsls y jgtkvidkgals `l prgùdtgrls6 ci nulrzi `lc dipktic y `lc drë`ktg6 ci prgùdtkvkì` `l cgs bklals `l dipktic, dgjg cis kavlrskgals, k avlrskgals, isê dgjg ci prlstidkôa `l slrvkdkgs. @ls`l lstl puatg `l vksti, ci ljprlsi dujpcl ua piplc prlpga`lriatl dgjg olalri`gri `l bklals y slrvkdkgs qul tkla`la i sitksnidlr aldlskì`ls `lc jlrdi`g, i ci vlz qul drli nulatls `l ljpclg dga ci prgùddkôa kaùstrkic y dgjlrdkickzidkôa `l `kdhgs bklals, cg qul tril dgjg dgaslduladki rkqulzi i cgs piêsls.

9.>.2 Tgdkgcgoêi Ci ljprlsi, dgjg groiakzidkôa sgdkic katloriì pgr slrls hujiags qul sl vkaducia dga ua prgpôsktg `ltlrjkai`g, ls uai rlnlrladki piri ci dkladki qul lstu`ki cgs orupgs sgdkicls y sus rlcidkgals la ci sgdklì` la qul sl `lslavulcvla. Ls `l su katlrës lc lstu`kg `l cis rlcidkgals qul sl prgùdla ic katlrkgr `l ci ljprlsi, pgr leljpcg, latrl olrlatls y subgr`kai`gs, y ic lxtlrkgr la ci `kaéjkdi sgdkic dga gtrgs (prgvll`grls, dcklatls, dgasujk`grls). Pijbkëa lstu`ki cis rlcidkgals latrl cgs slrls hujiags qul ci dgangrjia, ls `ldkr, ci `kaéjkdi `l cgs orupgs `l tribieg, yi sli pgr nidtgrls plrsgaicls g pgr ci kanculadki `l gtrgs, dgjg ldgaôjkdgs, lùdidkgaicls, `l nkckidkôa pgcêtkdi, ltdëtlri, y dôjg sl lstrudturi ci vkì sgdkic la lsis dgjuakì`ls hujiais.

9.>.4 Ëtkdi Dgjg yi sl jladkgaô, ci nkaickì` `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic ls ci sitksniddkôa `l cis aldlskì`ls ci lcpulsti la drldkjklatg jirdhi `l ua la lcljprlduic lc nidtgr hujiag lshujiais lsladkic,jl`kiatl pgr cg qul ôptkjg `ldipktic, ci idtkvkì`

9.> C I  LJ]RLTI   [ [  T\ LTP\@KG @LT@L @KTPKAPIT @KTDK]CKAIT

;

sirkic plrjktl `lsirrgccir ic jéxkjg cis dipidkì`ls `l sus dgcibgri`grls, jlti qul sl cgori jl`kiatl ci prgjgdkôa `l vicgrls `l ckblrti`, kouicì` y sgckìrkì` latrl cgs lcljlatgs plrsgaicls `l ci ljprlsi. Lsti plrspldtkvi dgadulrì dga ci iprldkidkôa `l I`lci Dgrtkai5 ci ëtkdi `l ci ljprlsi tklal pgr vicgrls krrlauadkibcls ci dickì` `l cgs prgùdtgs y la ci olstkôa ci hgari`lz la lc slrvkdkg, lc jutug rlspltg la cis rlcidkgals katlrais y lxtlrais i ci ljprlsi, ci dggplridkôa dggplridkôa pgr ci qul dgaeuatijlatl ispkrijgs ispkrijgs i ci dickì`, ci sgckìrkì` ic iczi, qul dgaskstl la lxpcgtir ic jéxkjg cis prgpkis dipidkì`ls `l jg`g qul lc dgaeuatg `l plrsgais pulì blalnkdkirsl `l lccis, ci drlitkvkì`, ci kakdkitkvi, lc lspêrktu `l rklsog.4

9.>.0 ]gcêtkdi @ls`l lc éjbktg `lc pg`lr põbckdg cgs drktlrkgs `lc Lsti`g, sloõa su grklatidkôa hkstôrkdi, sga `ltlrjkaiatls piri jirdir lc rujbg `l ci idtkvkì` ldgaôjkdi. Isê, ci ëpgdi ckblric sl diridtlrkzô pgr lc pclag lelrdkdkg `l cis ckblrti`ls la lc gr`la rlckokgsg, la lc pgcêtkdg, la ci prgnlskôa y la lc prl`gjkakg `l ci k`li `lc –Lsti`g olaìrjl g pgckdêi‚, cg qul prgvgdô ci iplrturi `l ci ckbrl ljprlsi y la dgaslduladki ci iutgrkì` lstitic sôcg sl gdupô `l vkokcir qul sl dujpcklri dga lc rlspltg i cis ckblrti`ls, sl ccloô ic lxtrljg `l uai `lsrloucidkôa pgr pirtl `l ci iutgrkì` y i uai auci pirtkdkpidkôa `lc Lsti`g la ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic. Ic tërjkag `l ci Tlouaì Oulrri Jua`kic, lc `lsoistl `lc –`lei` hidlr, `lei` pisir‚ trieg dgjg dgaslduladki lc katlrvladkgaksjg, ipckdi`g la ci aidkgaickzidkôa `l idtkvkì`ls lstritëokdis (lalroëtkdgs, dgjuakdidkgals, triaspgrtls). Lc Lsti`g sl isujl dgjg ljprlsirkg, drli y i`jkakstri ljprlsis põbckdis, duyi nkaickì` ls ci prlstidkôa `l bklals y slrvkdkgs, ska éakjg `l lsplducidkôa. Ic i`jkakstrir `kdhis ljprlsis, lc Lsti`g prltla`l olalrir bklals y slrvkdkgs grklati`gs i sitksnidlr cis aldlskì`ls jés iprljkiatls `l ci pgbcidkôa6 pgr lccg tijbkëa sl cl hi `lagjkai`g –Lsti`g blalnidtgr‚. @lspuës ipirldl lc algckblricksjg, la qul lc Lsti`g kjpucsi ci ckbrl dgjpltladki `l jlrdi`g y cis ljprlsis põbckdis sl sgjltla i ua prgdlsg `l vlati i cgs pirtkducirls, ìa`g cuoir i ci prkvitkzidkôa, lstg la lc gr`la katlrag. ]gr gtri pirtl, la cg lxtlrag, ic ibrkr cis nrgatlris i ci kjpgrtidkôa y lxpgrtidkôa `l jlrdiadêis y i ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri jl`kiatl triti`gs ldgaôjkdgs katlraidkgaicls, la icouags disgs dga orivls iskjltrêis6 i`ljés sulcl diridtlrkzirsl pgr ci `lsrloucidkôa 4

I`lci Dgrtkai, Ëtkdi `l ci ljprlsi, .< I`jkakstridkôa ^kvkjgs la uai dkvkckzidkôa la ci qul lc lsnulrzg dggplritkvg `lc slr hujiag ls ci pkl`ri iaoucir `l ci sgdklì` dgatljpgréali. La lsl slatk`g, ci tirli béskdi `l ci i`jkakstridkôa ls ci `l rlickzir cis dgsis i trivës `l cis plrsgais, yi sli la ci kaùstrki, dgjlrdkg, slrvkdkgs põbckdgs, kastktudkgals prkviìs, g `l duicquklr gtri êa`gcl. Lc iviadl tldagcôokdg y lc `lsirrgccg `lc dgagdkjklatg ag prgùdla lnldtgs la ci i`jkakstridkôa sgbrl cis groiakzidkgals `l plrsgais, sk ag ls pgr jl`kg `l ci dickì` `l ci i`jkakstridkôa lnldtuiì la cgs ljpcli`gs y ci grklatidkôa lnldtkvi `lc nidtgr hujiag. Cis ljprlsis, piri dujpckr sus gbeltkvgs, rlquklrla `l uai groiakzidkôa y `krlddkôa i`lduiì, pgr jl`kg `l ckalijklatgs y prgorijis ljprlsirkicls g kastktudkgaicls la lc disg `l ljprlsis põbckdis g `l pirtkdkpidkôa lstitic6 dga ci i`jkakstridkôa sl cgori ua jialeg ôptkjg `l cgs rldursgs hujiags dga cgs qul dulati ci ljprlsi.

9.>.> @lrldhg Ci `kvlrskì` `l rlcidkgals qul surola ic katlrdijbkir bklals y slrvkdkgs, qul dgastktuyla ci pirtl nuaìjlatic `l ci idtkvkì` ldgaôjkdi, kjpckdi ci aldlskì` `l qul sl rlickdla la ua jirdg `l gr`la, kouicì` y slourkì` eurê`kdi. Lc gr`la eurê`kdg ls lc sgjltkjklatg `l uai idtkvkì` i ua dgaeuatg g skstlji `l agrjis pgr cgs jkljbrgs `lc orupg sgdkic, kadcukìs cis iutgrkì`ls, dga lc nka `l icdiazir ci piz y lc bklalstir sgdkic. Ci kouicì` eurê`kdi skoaknkdi qul lc skstlji `l agrjis gtgroul ska lxdcuskôa lc jksjg tritg (`lblrls y `lrldhgs) i tgìs cis plrsgais i cis qul sl `krkol. La duiatg i ci slourkì` eurê`kdi, dgaskstl la ci dlrtlzi qul tklal lc ka`kvkùg `l qul lc gr`laijklatg eurê`kdg sli ipckdi`g la duicquklr sktuidkôa prlvksti la ci agrji.

9.> C I  LJ]RLTI   [ [  T\ LTP\@KG @LT@L @KTPKAPIT @KTDK]CKAIT

99

]gr cg qul sl rlquklrl `l cis agrjis y `kspgskdkgals eurê`kdis qul plrjktia rlickzir ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic bieg lc prkadkpkg `l cloickì`5 –ci iutgrkì` sôcg pul`l hidlr iqulccg qul lsté niducti`g pgr ci cly y cloicjlatl plrjktk`g‚, y lc pirtkducir –pul`l hidlr tg`g cg qul ag lsté prghkbk`g‚. Dgavklal tlalr prlslatl qul cis `kspgskdkgals eurê`kdis ipckdibcls i ci ljprlsi ag sl cgdickzia la ua sgcg tlxtg cloic, lc rëokjla eurê`kdg `l ci ljprlsi sl ladulatri la juctktu` `l clyls y gr`laijklatgs `l êa`gcl dkvkc, jlrdiatkc, cibgric, nksdic, i`jkakstritkvg, biadirkg, katlraidkgaic, i`ljés `l qul ci eurkspru`ladki dgatklal tlsks ipckdibcls i ci ljprlsi y sus lcljlatgs. Dgjg sl pul`l gbslrvir, lc sustlatg eurê`kdg `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic sl autrl `l tlgrêis, kastktudkgals, prkadkpkgs, tlxtgs agrjitkvgs `l `kstkatis rijis `lc `lrldhg, cis duicls dgankouria ic `lrldhg dgrpgritkvg. Lc lsqulji `l lsti nulatl ls5 @lrldhg põbckdg 5 dgastktudkgaic, i`jkakstritkvg, nksdic, plaic, prgdlsic, katlraidkgaic

põbckdg. @lrldhg 5 dkvkc, jlrdiatkc, katlraidkgaic prkvi`g. sgdkic ijbklatic, ducturic. @lrldhg prkvi`g sgdkic 5 ldgaôjkdg, cibgric, iorirkg, slourkì`

Ic lstu`kir lc jirdg cloic `l ci ljprlsi, ls kjpgrtiatl tritir cgs ispldtgs sgbrlsicklatls rlcidkgai`gs dga lc `lrldhg dgrpgritkvg y ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic. La lc dipêtucg 2 sl ibgrìré ci rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci ljprlsi `ls`l lc `lrldhg ldgaôjkdg, riji qul sl gdupi `l cis katlrrlcidkgals rldêprgdis latrl lc `lrldhg y ci ldgagjêi. Ispldtgs dgjg ci ckbrl dgjpltladki, cis prédtkdis jgagpôckdis, cis dgadlatridkgals y cis nuskgals iyuìréa i dgjprla`lr pgr quë lc Lsti`g tklal qul katlrvlakr piri dgatrgcir ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic, ic tlalr prlslatls ci aldlsirki dgadkckidkôa `l cgs katlrlsls `l dgasujk`grls y prgvll`grls. ]iri dgagdlr cgs nuaìjlatgs `l ci dgastktudkôa `l cis sgdklì`ls dkvkcls y jlrdiatkcls, sl tritiréa la lc dipêtucg 4 cis `kstkatis ngrjis `l drlidkôa `l ci plrsgai jgric dgjg sustlatg `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic la ci vkì eurê`kdi, isê dgjg su dgastktudkôa, nuadkgaijklatg, `ksgcudkôa y, la su disg, lc dgadursg jlrdiatkc, jitlrki `l `lrldhg jlrdiatkc qul prgpgrdkgai cgs lcljlatgs piri ci rlocijlatidkôa `l cis jksjis. ]gr cg qul tgdi ic skstlji nkaiadklrg jlxkdiag, ci gplridkôa `l cis kastktudkgals `l biadi y drë`ktg6 cis prédtkdis y usgs biadirkgs qul dga jiygr nrlduladki sl rlickzia6 lc drë`ktg dgjg nulatl `l nkaiadkijklatg kjpgrtiatl piri lc ljprlsirkg6 lc rëokjla `l cis jkdrg, plqulùis y jl`kiais ljprlsis6 lc rëokjla eurê`kdg `l ci biadi dgjlrdkic y ci biadi `l `lsirrgccg sga ispldtgs jlùcirls qul lstu`ki lc `lrldhg biadirkg, y qul sl ibgrìréa la lc dipêtucg 0. lc dipêtucgdgjg < sl dgatrkbuylatl, lstu`ki cg qul lc dgrrlspga`l i cgs cis `lrldhgs gbckoidkgals `lcLa ljprlsirkg `lrldhg nksdic, agrjisy rlcitkvis i ci

92

D I]ÊP\CG 9 @LRLDHG DGR]GRIPK^G  [ [  CI  LJ]RLTI

`ltlrjkaidkôa `l cgs drë`ktgs nksdicls kahlrlatls i ci rlcidkôa trkbutirki y iatl lc kadujpckjklatg `l cis jksjis, cis siadkgals dgasldulatls. La vkrtu` `l qul lc dgjlrdkg hi trisdla`k`g cis nrgatlris sl vl ci aldlskì` `l rloucir cis triasiddkgals dgjlrdkicls dga gtrgs piêsls, pgr cg qul la lc dipêtucg > sl rlvksiréa cis `kspgskdkgals eurê`kdis `lc dgjlrdkg lxtlrkgr, `lrkviìs `l ci clokscidkôa `l ci jitlrki, isê dgjg icouags ispldtgs rlclviatls `l cgs idulr`gs y triti`gs katlraidkgaicls. Iskjksjg sl ibgrìré lc jirdg eurê`kdg ipckdibcl i ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri, dga lc gbeltg `l ìr slourkì` y prgtlddkôa i ci aidkgaic. Iatl ci aldlskì` `l rlsouirìr y dgatir dga ci tktucirkì` `l cgs `lrldhgs `l iutgr, rlokstrg `l pitlatls y jirdis, sl lstu`kiréa la lc dipêtucg ? cgs c gs kastrujlatgs eurê`kdgs qul rloucia ci prgpklì` katlcldtuic, isê dgjg cgs groiaksjgs lstiticls qul oiriatkzia `kdhgs rlokstrgs (Kaìutgr), dgjg lc Rlokstrg Aidkgaic `l @lrldhgs `l Iutgr y lc Kastktutg Jlxkdiag `l ci ]rgpklì` Kaùstrkic (KJ]K). ]gr õctkjg, dga jgtkvg `l cis rlcidkgals cibgricls qul surola pgr lc tribieg, sl rlvksiréa la lc dipêtucg 8 cgs dgatritgs, prlstidkgals, groiakzidkgals `l tribi ei`grls y pitrgals, jksjgs qul tklala rlcidkôa dga ci ljprlsi, dgjg uakì` `l prgùddkôa y `kstrkbudkôa `l bklals y slrvkdkgs.

I DPK^K@I@LT DPK^K@I@LT @L  I]RLA@KUIEL I]RLA@KUIEL

94

IDPK^K@ IDPK^K@I@LT I@LT @L I]RLA@KUIEL Dgatlstl Dgatls tl `l jial jialri ri dgrrld dgrrldti ti cis prloua prlouatis tis `l idulr`g idulr`g i cg qul sl cl pk`l. pk`l. 9. Groiakzi`gs la lqukpgs `l tribieg vksktla ua `lspidhg `l `lrldhg `lrldhg dgrpgritkvg y latrlvkstla i ua ibgoi`g la rlcidkôa dga su dijpg `l tribieg.

2. @lspuës

`l dgasuctir i `knlrlatls iutgrls sgbrl sgbrl lc dgadlptg `l ljprlsi y sus lcljlatgs, ngrjucl su prgpki `lnkakdkôa.

4. K`latknkqul `gs leljpcgs `l ljprlsi prkviì y põbckdi y slùicl sus `knl-

rladkis.

0. Cgdickdl la ua plrkô`kdg icouai agtkdki agtkdki rlcidkgaiì dga uai prgbcljétkdi

ljprlsirkic vkaduciì ic dijpg `lc `lrldhg.

. @lsdrkbi cgs vicgrls qul ouêia i uai ljprlsi qul plrskoul lc `lsirrgccg

sustlatibcl.

?. Kavlstkoul sk cgs itrkbutgs sga prgpkgs `l `l uai ljprlsi sgdkicjlatl rlspga-

sibcl.

?. Lcibgrl ua jipi dgadlptuic `l cis `kstkatis `ksdkpckais qul rloucia i ci

ljprlsi.

CI LJ]RLTI [ LC @LRLDHG LDGAÔJKDG Dipêtucg 2

GBELPK^GT Ic dgadcukr lc lstu`kg `l lstl dipêtucg ustl` slré dipiz `l5 • Rlvksir ci rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci ljprlsi. • Iaickzir lc sustlatg dgastktudkgaic `l ci ckbrl ljprlsi. • Dgjprla`lr ci rlcidkôa qul lxkstl latrl ci pgcêtkdi ldgaôjkdi y ci ljprlsi. • Lxijkair lc dgatlak`g `l ci Cly `l Dgjpltladki Ldgaôjkdi.

2.9 R LO\CIDKÔA LO\CIDKÔA  E\RÊ@KDI E\RÊ@KDI  @L CI  LJ]RLTI

9?

2.9 Rloucidkôa eurê`kdi `l ci ljprlsi ljprlsi Lc `lrldhg dgrpgritkvg ag lxkstl dgjg uai riji `lc `lrldhg6 ag gbstiatl, cis `kvlrsis idtkvkì`ls qul sl rlickzia la ci ljprlsi kjpckdia uai juctkpckdkì` `l gr`laijklatgs eurê`kdgs piri su rloucidkôa, cg qul hidl aldlsirkg lstibcldlr ua dgatlxtg cloic piri lc `lsljplùg `l cis idtkvkì`ls ldgaôjkdis. Isê, `kdhg dgatlxtg tklal lc nka `l prgpgrdkgair ic ljprlsirkg slourkì` y dlrtlzi eurê`kdi la lc jialeg y gplridkôa `lc alogdkg. Ci ljprlsi, dgjg uakì` ldgaôjkdi `l prgùddkôa y `kstrkbudkôa `l bklals y slrvkdkgs, ls uai kastktudkôa `l oria kjpgrtiadki piri ci vkì sgdkic, y ic rlqulrkr `l nulrzi `l tribieg olalri ljpclgs qul `kaijkzia lc drldkjklatg ldgaôjkdg `lc piês. Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul ci pcitingrji `l ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic sl dgj pgal `l lcljlatgs `l cis skouklatls rijis `lc `lrldhg5

@lrldhg ldgaôjkdg. Ls lc dgaeuatg `l vicgrls, prkadkpkgs, agrjis y prgdl`kjklatgs eurê`kdgs tla`klatls i rlqulrkr, pgskbkcktir y dgatrgcir ci katlrvladkôa `krldti g ka`krldti katlridtkvipgr`lcjl`kg Lsti`g la tg`gs ycgs ispldtgs jidrg y jkdrgsdôpkdgs `l cilldgagjêi `l jl`kìs idtkvkì`ls dgidtkvis y plrsuiskvis, lstkjuciatls y `ksuiskvis, i nka `l prgpgrdkgair y oiriatkzir cis dga`kdkgals y cgs gbeltkvgs `l kjpciatidkôa, lstrudturidkôa, nuadkgaijklatg, rlprgùddkôa, drldkjklatg y `lsirrgccg `l `kdhi ldgagjêi y, pgr cg tiatg, ci prgùddkôa, `kstrkbudkôa y usg g dgasujg `l bklals, slrvkdkgs l kaorlsgs.9 Dgjg sl pul`l gbslrvir, ci nkaickì` ls cgorir lc lqukckbrkg latrl cgs iolatls ldgaôjkdgs pgr jl`kg `l ci rlocijlatidkôa, yi sli `lc Lsti`g g `l cgs pirtkducirls, y grklatir lc nuadkgaijklatg `l ci ljprlsi la ua jirdg eurê`kdg piri qul sl `lslavulcvi tiatg la lc jlrdi`g katlrag dgjg la lc lxtlrag. ]gr leljpcg, ci rloucidkôa `l ci dgjpltladki,ycicgs prôroiags prghkbkdkôa ghkbkdkôai dirog `l jgagpgckgs y dgadlatridkgals, `lckbrl cgs dgasujk`grls `l ci prgtlddkôa y `lnlasi `lcgs cgs`lrldhgs jksjgs, dgjg ci Dgjkskôa Nl`lric `l Dgjpltladki (DND) y ci ]rgduriùrêi Nl`lric `lc Dgasujk`gr (]rgnldg).

@lrldhg jlrdiatkc. Ls ci riji `lc `lrldhg prkvi`g qul rlouci ci idtkvkì` `l cgs dgjlrdkiatls y cgs idtgs `l dgjlrdkg, isê dgjg cis sgdklì`ls jlrdiatkcls, qul sga cis plrsgais jgricls la qul sl ipgyi lc dgjlrdkiatl piri rlickzir ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic. 9

@lrldhg dhg ldgaôjkdg, Ladkdcgpl`ki Eurê`kdi Jlxkdiai, tgjg KKK, Jëxkdg, ]grrõi- \AIJ, 2==2, Jirdgs Fipcia. @lrl

p. 2?;.

98

D I]ÊP\CG 2 C I  LJ]RLTI   [ [  LC @LRLDHG LDGAÔJKDG

Lstl `lrldhg dgastktuyl ua gr`la eurê`kdg `l dirédtlr olalric qul sl ipckdi i5 i) cgs idtgs `l dgjlrdkg (rlcidkôa jlrdiatkc)6 b) i cis plrsgais qul cg rlickzia (sueltgs `l ci rlcidkôa jlrdiatkc)6 d) i cis dgsis g bklals jitlrki `l cgs idtgs `l dgjlrdkg (gbeltg `l ci rlcidkôa jlrdiatkc)6 ` ) i cgs prgdl`kjklatgs eu`kdkicls g i`jkakstritkvgs (eukdkgs jlrdiatkcls, dgadursgs jlrdiatkcls), ltdëtlri.2 @lrldhg biadirkg. Ci ljprlsi, piri nuadkgair `ls`l lc puatg `l vksti ldgaôjkdg, rlquklrl ua pitrkjgakg duyi i`jkakstridkôa, jialeg l kadrljlatg tklal rlcidkôa dga cis kastktudkgals `l biadi y drë`ktg, pgr cg qul lc `lrldhg biadirkg ls ua nidtgr kjpgrtiatl piri ci rlickzidkôa `l kavlrskgals, gbtladkôa `l drë`ktgs, triasnlrladkis jgaltirkis y tg`g tkpg `l katlrjl`kidkôa dijbkirki. ]iri ci rloucidkôa `l lstgs rubrgs lxkstla groiaksjgs ticls dgjg ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic `l @lnlasi `l cgs \suirkgs `lc Tlrvkdkg Nkaiadklrg (DGA@\TLN), Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls ( DAB^) latrl gtrgs. @lrldhg nksdic. Ls ci riji `lc `lrldhg põbckdg qul rlouci cis rlcidkgals latrl cgs dgatrkbuylatls y lc Lsti`g, dgatklal `kspgskdkgals duyg dgagdkjklatg y gbslrviadki sga ka`ksplasibcls piri qul ci ljprlsi nuadkgal la tërjkags `l ci cly dgrrlspga`klatl. ]gr jitlrki nksdic `lbl latla`lrsl cg rlcitkvg i ci `ltlrjkaidkôa, ckqukìdkôa, piog, `lvgcudkôa, lxladkôa, prlsdrkpdkôa g dgatrgc `l cgs drë`ktgs nksdicls g cg rlnlrlatl i cis siadkgals qul sl kjpgaoia pgr jgtkvg `l kanrkaokr cis clyls trkbutirkis. @lrldhg plaic. Ls ci riji `lc `lrldhg põbckdg qul `lnkal cgs `lcktgs, siadkgals y jl`kìs `l slourkì`6 pgr cg qul ls aldlsirkg dgagdlr cis dgaslduladkis `l cgs hldhgs kcêdktgs la qul pul`l kadurrkr ua ljprlsirkg y sus subgr`kai`gs, prkadkpicjlatl la cgs `lcktgs pitrkjgakicls, dgjg rgbg, nriu`l, ibusg `l dgankiazi, civi`g `l `kalrg, latrl gtrgs6 hibkì dulati `l cgs `lcktgs nksdicls dgatljpci`gs la ci cly rlspldtkvi. @lrldhg cibgric. Lstu`ki cis agrjis qul rloucia cis rlcidkgals qul `krldti l ka`krldtijlatl `lrkvia `l ci prlstidkôa ckbrl, subgr`kaiì y rljualriì `l slrvkdkgs plrsgaicls, duyi nuadkôa ls prgùdkr lc lqukckbrkg `l cgs nidtgrls n idtgrls la eulog, jl`kiatl ci rlickzidkôa `l ci eustkdki sgdkic,4 qul kjpckdi ci rloucidkôa

2 4

^ëisl Lcvki Irolcki I`rkiag Yukatiai. @lrldhg jlrdiatkc, p. 494. Aëstgr `l Bula. @lrldhg `lc tribieg. @kddkgairkg Eurê`kdg Jlxkdiag. ^gc. 2, Jëxkdg, ]grrõi-Kastktutg `l Kavlstkoidkgals Eurê`kdis-\AIJ, 2==

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

0.2 @lrldhg biadirkg Lc drldkjklatg kauskti`g `l cis rlcidkgals dgjlrdkicls ‐y pgr cg tiatg lc surokjklatg `l ci idtkvkì` `l biadi y drë`ktg, la ua kakdkg gbeltg `l lstu`kg `lc `lrldhg jlrdiatkc‐ y ci juctkpckdkì` `l `kspgskdkgals cloicls prgpkis `l ci rloucidkôa `l cis katlriddkgals dijbkirkis, trila dgjg dgaslduladki ci aldlskì` `l katlorir cis agrjis `l nuadkgaijklatg `lc skstlji biadirkg, isê dgjg `l cis gplridkgals qul sl rlickzia dga jgtkvg `l ci idtkvkì` dgjlrdkic, cg duic dgankouri ic `lrldhg biadirkg dgjg ci riji qul sl gdupi `lc lstu`kg `l ci idtkvkì` biadirki y nkaiadklri. nk aiadklri. La ci idtuickì` cis kastktudkgals k astktudkgals nkaiadklris `lsljplùia ua piplc juy kjpgrtiatl la lc jua`g `l cgs alogdkgs, ic kouic qul cgs biadgs rlickzia gplridkgals jlrdiatkcls, ticls dgjg `lpôsktgs, prëstijgs, ltd. Latrl `kdhis kastktudkgals lstéa ci biadi jõctkpcl, ci biadi `l `lsirrgccg, cis ljprlsis `l nidtgriel, cis sgdklì`ls nkaiadklris `l gbeltg ckjkti`g (Tgngcls), cis c is sgdklì`ls nkaiadklris `l gbeltg jõctkpcl (Tgngj) y cis uakgals `l drë`ktg. I`ljés hiy ua oria aõjlrg `l plrsgais qul rlickzia triasiddkgals, pgr lelj pcg drë`ktgs, i trivës `l katlrjl`kirkgs nkaiadklrgs, kastktudkgals dgjg biadgs dgjlrdkicls, dgjpiùêis `l slourgs, nga`gs `l kavlrskôa, uakgals `l drë`ktg y nga`gs `l plaskôa. @kdhis kastktudkgals iyuìa i prgjgvlr ci ldgagjêi dga jés lnkdkladki y `kaijksjg. Ci idtkvkì` `l biadi y drë`ktg ibirdi judhis nidltis, latrl lccis ci lstrudturi eurê`kdi ‐gr`laijklatgs cloicls qul rloucia su qulhidlr‐ i`ljés sl vkaduci dga `kstkatis dkladkis, tëdakdis y jëtg`gs5 ci dgatibkckì` ipgrti ci bisl piri cis gplridkgals biadirkis6 ci kangrjétkdi plrjktl ci dlclrkì` y ci `kvlrsknkdidkôa `l cgs slrvkdkgs `l biadi y drë`ktg6 ci ngrjidkôa `l plrsgaic qul sl `l`kdi i lsti idtkvkì` y, cg jés kjpgrtiatl, cgs usgs y prédtkdis biadirkis dgjg cgs nkaiadkijklatgs, triasnlrladkis `l dipktic, `lpôsktgs y `knlrlatls dgatritgs biadirkgs. Lc `lrldhg biadirkg ls lc dgaeuatg `l agrjis eurê`kdis tla`latls i rloucir ci idtkvkì` `l ci biadi y ci katlrjl`kidkôa la gplridkgals `l drë`ktg6 lc gbeltg `l lstu`kg `l ci jitlrki sga cgs sueltgs qul katlridtõia la cis `kstkatis gplridkgals biadirkis y cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg. Tloõa ]igcg Orldg ls lc dgaeuatg `l prkadkpkgs y agrjis qul sl rlnklrla i ci ljprlsi y i cis gplridkgals `l biadi, sl triti `l uai riji `lc `lrldhg dgjlrdkic y ag uai riji iutôagji `lc `lrldhg, lc jksjg iutgr dgask`lri qul cis diridtlrêstkdis `l ci biadirkislsga dgjuals ic `lrldhg dgjlrdkic5 lc `lslavgcvkjklatg `l lstrudturi aulvgs alogdkgs rlouci dga `kvlrsis rijis `lc dgjlrdkg, sl

0.4 J IRDG  E\RÊ@KDG E\RÊ@KDG @L CI   IDPK^K@I@ IDPK^K@I@ BIADIRKI  LA JËXKDG

??

dgatljpcia nkouris dgjg ci ljprlsi y ci alogdkidkôa, ci uakôa `l `lrldhg põbckdg y `lrldhg prkvi`g.2 ]ibcg Jla`gzi y Lùir`g ]rldki`g i`vklrtla qul lc `lrldhg biadirkg ls uai jitlrki juy `kaéjkdi y qul dgjg pirtl `lc `lrldhg nkaiadklrg sl dgask`lri

ua dgaeuatg `l agrjis eurê`kdis `l `lrldhg põbckdg, prkvi`g y sgdkic qul rloucia ci prlstidkôa `lc slrvkdkg `l biadi y drë`ktg6 ci iutgrkzidkôa, dgastktudkôa, nuadkgaijklatg, gplridkôa, nuskôa, `ksgcudkôa y ckqukìdkôa `l cgs katlrjl`kirkgs nkaiadklrgs biadibiadi rkgs, isê dgjg ci prgtlddkôa `l cgs katlrlsls `lc põbckdg, `lckjktia`g cis nuadkgals y niducti`ls qul la jitlrki biadirki `ltlatia cis iutgrkì`ls nkaiadklris jlxkdiais.4

Latgadls, ls pirtl `lc `lrldhg põbckdg, la vkrtu` `l qul ci Tldrltirêi `l Hidklaì y Drë`ktg ]õbckdg ls lc ôroiag lstitic qul gtgroi ci iutgrkzidkôa piri lstibcldlr uai kastktudkôa `l drë`ktg0 y ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls îcgrls suplrvksi y rlouci su gplridkôa y nuadkgaijklatg dga lc nka `l prgdurir su bula `lsljplùg6 `lc `lrldhg prkvi`g pgrqul cis idtkvkì`ls `l katlrjl`kidkôa biadirki y `l drë`ktg tklala cuoir latrl plrsgais `l `lrldhg prkvi`g dgjg cis sgdklì`ls iaôakjis qul sga rlouciìs pgr lc `lrldhg jlrdiatkc, y cgs pirtkducirls, ci Cly Olalric `l Pêtucgs y Gplridkgals `l Drë`ktg tijbkëa rlouci gplridkgals `l ci biadi6 `lc `lrldhg sgdkic pgrqul prgtlol cgs katlrlsls `l cgs usuirkgs `l ci biadi i trivës `l ci Dgaùsln. La rlsujla5 @lrldhg põbckdg5 iutgrkzidkôa i kastktudkgals biadirkis pgr pirtl `lc Lsti`g. @lrldhg prkvi`g5 ls pirtl `lc `lrldhg `lrldhg jlrdiatkc, rlouci ci dgastktudkôa `l sgdklì`ls jlrdiatkcls y cis gplridkgals `l drë`ktg. @lrldhg sgdkic5 prgtlol cgs katlrlsls `l cgs usuirkgs `l ci Biadi i trivës `l ci Dgaùsln y ci DAB^.

0.4 Jirdg eurê`kdg `l ci idtkvkì` biadirki la Jëxkdg I jl`kì qul cis triasiddkgals biadirkis sl `kvlrsknkdia, lxkstl ci aldlskì` `l rloucir `kdhis gplridkgals pgr jl`kg `l `kspgskdkgals eurê`kdis qul `la dlrtlzi y 2

Dkti`g pgr Icblrtg Nibkéa Jga`rioôa ]l`rlrg. @lrldhg biadirkg, Ladkdcgpl`ki Eurê`kdi Jlxkdiai, tgjg KKK, Jëxkdg, L`ktgrkic ]grrõi-\AIJ, 2==2, p. 224. 4 Dkti`g pgr Hujblrtg Larkqul Rukz Pgrrls. Pgrrls. @lrldhg biadirkg, Dgclddkôa Plxtgs Eurê`kdgs \akvlrsktirkgs , Jëxkdg, Gxngr` \akvlrskty ]rlss, 2==4, pp. 2< y 2>. 0

`l Dgjlrdkg Dô`kog (D.`l Dg.) irt. >0=5 –Cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktgla sl cirlokréa pgr uai lspldkic, y jklatris j klatris ësti sl lxpk`l, akaouai `kdhis kastktudkgals pg`ré lstibcldlrsl Rlpõbckdi skacly prlvki iutgrkzidkôa `l ci Tldrltirêi `l Hidklaì y ska lc dgatritg rlspldtkvg iprgbi`g, la diì disg, pgr lc Dgaorlsg `l ci \akôa‚.

?8

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

slourkì` tiatg i cgs prlsti`grls `lc slrvkdkg dgjg i cgs dcklatls, latrl cgs qul sl ladulatria cgs ljprlsirkgs qul utkckzia `l jialri dgastiatl cgs slrvkdkgs biadirkgs. ]gr lccg ci clokscidkôa biadirki ls juy ijpcki y lsté dgastktukì pgr jõctkpcls gr`laijklatgs qulbiadirkis. groiakzia, rlocijlatia y ìa slatk`g i cis `kvlrsis kastktudkgals y gplridkgals Latrl gtrgs, `lstidia cgs skouklatls5 Cly `l Kastktudkgals `l Drë`ktg (CKD). Cly Olalric `l Groiakzidkgals y Idtkvkì`ls Iuxkckirls `l Drë`ktg (COGIID). Cly Olalric `l Pêtucgs y Gplridkgals `l Drë`ktg (COPGD). Cly y Rlocijlatgs `lc Biadg `l Jëxkdg (CBJ). Cly `l ]rgtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg (C]IB). Cly `l ]rgtlddkôa y @lnlasi ic \suirkg `l Tlrvkdkgs Nkaiadklrgs (C]@\TN). Cly Nl`lric `l Kastktudkgals `l Nkiazis ( CNKN). Cly piri Rloucir cis Iorupidkgals Iorupidkgals Nkaiadklris (CRIN). Cly Olalric `l Kastktudkgals y Tgdklì`ls Jutuickstis `l Tlourgs (COKyTJT). Cly sgbrl Dgatritg `l Tlourg (CTDT). Cly `l Tgdklì`ls `l Kavlrskôa ( CTK). Cly sgbrl lc Jlrdi`g îcgrls (CJ^). Cly Groéakdi `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls (CGDAB^). Cly `l cgs Tkstljis `l Ihgrrg piri lc Rltkrg (CTIR ). ). Cly `l Dgadursgs Jlrdiatkcls (CDJ). Dô`kog `l Dgjlrdkg (DDg). I jl`kì sl `kvlrsknkdia cis rlcidkgals dgjlrdkicls sl kadrljlatia gplridkgals, cgs qul kastrujlatgs biadirkgs y cgs sueltgs qul prlstia cgs slrvkdkgscis‐pgr leljpcg cis Tgngcls‐ pgr cg qul lc jirdg eurê`kdg qul rlouci `kdhi idtkvkì` (prkadkpicjlatl i pirtkr `l ci prkvitkzidkôa `l ci biadi) rlquklrl uai dgastiatl i`lduidkôa y rlngrjis i cis clyls piri iìptirsl i cgs dijbkgs ldgaôjkdgs y nkaiadklrgs idgr`ls dga ci `kaéjkdi `l cis gplridkgals tiatg aidkgaicls dgjg katlraidkgaicls.

0.0 ]rkadkpicls gplridkgals biadirkis Dga lc nka `l rlickzir ci nuadkôa `l katlrjl`kidkôa la lc dgjlrdkg `lc `kalrg y `lc drë`ktg, cgs biadgs cclvia i dibg uai virklì` virk lì` `l gplridkgals g triasiddkgals, qul sl dcisknkdia la piskvis, idtkvis y alutricls.

0.0 ]RKADK]ICLT G]LRIDKGALT BIADIRKIT

?;

Ci skouklatl tibci julstri su dcisknkdidkôa5 Gplridkgals piskvis Diptidkôa `l `kalrg (@lpôsktgs) • Rldlpdkôa `l `lpôsktgs • Ljkskôa `l bgags biadirkgs • Ljkskôa `l gbckoidkgals subgr`kaiìs

Gplridkgals idtkvis ]rëstijgs (Drë`ktgs) • ]rëstijg g drë`ktg • Iplrturi `l drë`ktg • Drë`ktg `gdujlatirkg • Drë`ktg hkpgtldirkg • Drë`ktg `l hibkcktidkôa g ivêg • Drë`ktg rlniddkgairkg • Dirti `l drë`ktg

Gplridkgals alutricls Tlrvkdkgs • Gplridkgals dga grg, pciti y `kvksis • Dieis `l slourkì` • Hidlr lnldtkvgs drë`ktgs y piogs pgr dulati `l sus dcklatls • Nk`lkdgjksgs, jiaìtgs y dgjkskgals • ]iog `l slrvkdkgs

• Pirelti `l`ldrë`ktg • Kavlrskôa vicgrls

0.0.9 Gplridkgals piskvis Tga cgs `lpôsktgs qul hidl lc põbckdg dga lc nka `l tlalr i rlsouir`g y dga dklrti `kspgakbkckì` ua dipktic qul bieg `ltlrjkaiìs dga`kdkgals olalri ua katlrës, la lstl slatk`g ci biadi rlickzi uai idtkvkì` `l diptidkôa `l `kalrg (ihgrrg). La lsti dcisl `l gplridkgals lc biadg i`quklrl ci prgpklì` `lc `kalrg y ag tklal ci gbckoidkôa `l `lvgcvlr lc jksjg `kalrg `lpgskti`g, skag gtrg tiatg `l ci jksji lspldklkrrloucir y dickì` la su la disg, cgs iddlsgrkgs ]gr lsg `l sl cciji –`lpôsktg `l y, `kalrg‚, lc `lpôsktg rloucirnkaiadklrgs. lxkstl ci gbckoidkôa `lvgcvlr lc jksjg bkla `lpgskti`g.

R LDL]DKÔA LDL]DKÔA @L @L]ÔTKPGT BIADIRKGT Cgs `lpôsktgs biadirkgs `l `kalrg prlslatia `kvlrsis jgìckì`ls5 I ci vksti (dga g ska dhlqulri) g bkla isgdki`gs i tirelti `l `ëbktg. Tl ccijia –i ci vksti‚ pgrqul lc tktucir g cgs blalnkdkirkgs pul`la rltkrir, la duicquklr jgjlatg, ci suji `lpgsktiì y sus iddlsgrkgs. Rltkribcls la `êis prllstibcldk`gs. @l ihgrrg. I pcizg g dga prlvkg ivksg.

8=

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

LJKTKÔA @L BGAGT BIADIRKGT ( ]IOIRËT ]IOIRËT ) @kdhgs bgags sga têtucgs `l drë`ktg qul rlprlslatia ci pirtkdkpidkôa ka`kvkùic `l su tlal`gr la ua drë`ktg dgcldtkvg i dirog `lc biadg ljksgr `l lsgs têtucgs, latrl sus jgìckì`ls ls qul sga5 Gbckoidkgals i jl`kiag pcizg (latrl 4 y < iùgs). Dga uai rlatibkckì` prllstibcldkì. Pêtucgs `l rlati nkei. ]rgùdtgs nkaiadklrgs ljktk`gs pgr ci biadi, isê dgjg pgr dieis `l ihgrrg.

LJKTKÔA @L GBCKOIDKGALT T\BGR@KAI@IT Tga têtucgs `l drë`ktg dga diridtlrêstkdis skjkcirls i cgs bgags biadirkgs. Tl cls cciji –subgr`kaiìs‚ pgrqul la disg `l ckqukìdkôa pgr pirtl `lc biadg ljksgr, lc piog sl hiré i prgrriti (la pirtls prgpgrdkgaicls) `lspuës `l dubrkr tgìs cis `ljés `luìs `l ci kastktudkôa, plrg iatls `l rlpirtkr lc hiblr sgdkic i cgs tktucirls `l cis iddkgals g `l cgs dlrtknkdi`gs `l ipgrtidkôa pitrkjgakic.

0.0.2 Gplridkgals idtkvis Isê sl dcisknkdi i cis gplridkgals qul prlstia nkaiadkijklatg i cgs dcklatls, pgr lc qul ci kastktudkôa biadirki dgbri ua katlrës. I `kdhis gplridkgals cis rlouci ci Cly Olalric `l Pêtucgs y Gplridkgals `l Drë`ktg.

]RËTPIJGT G DRË@KPGT Lstis gplridkgals cis gtgroia cgs biadgs i sus dcklatls.

I ]LRP\RI ]LRP\RI   @L DRË@KPG Ls ua dgatritg pgr lc qul uai plrsgai (idrl`ktiatl) sl gbckoi dga gtri (idrl`kti`g) i dgcgdir i su `kspgskdkôa uai diatkì` `l `kalrg `ltlrjkaiì g i ljpclir su drë`ktg la blalnkdkg `l iquëc.

DRË@KPG @GD\JLAPIRKG Gplridkôa jl`kiatl ci duic ua biadg gbri i pltkdkôa `l ua gr`laiatl y sl gbckoi i pioir i ua tlrdlrg uai diatkì` `l `kalrg dgatri ci latrloi `l ci `gdujlatidkôa rlqulrkì.

0.0 ]RKADK]ICLT G]LRIDKGALT BIADIRKIT

89

DRË@KPG HK]GPLDIRKG Ls ua prëstijg qul sl gtgroi i cgs dcklatls piri ci i`qukskdkôa `l bklals kajul bcls, sloõa cis dga`kdkgals lstibcldkìs la lc dgatritg.

DRË@KPG @L HIBKCKPIDKÔA G  I^ÊG I^ÊG Gplridkôa `lnkakì dgjg lc dgatritg la qul lc idrl`kti`g (hibkckti`g g ivki`g) qulì gbckoi`g i kavlrtkr lc kjpgrtl `lc drë`ktg qul cl gtgroi lc idrl`ktiatl (hibkckti`gr g ivki`gr), la ci i`qukskdkôa `l cis jitlrkis prkjis g la lc piog `l cgs sicirkgs, oistgs `krldtgs `l lxpcgtidkôa ka`ksplasibcls piri cgs nkals `l ci ljprlsi

DRË@KPG RLNIDDKGAIRKG Dgatritg qul gbckoi ic idrl`kti`g (rlniddkgai`g) i kavlrtkr lc kjpgrtl `lc drë`ktg qul cl gtgroi lc idrl`ktiatl (rlniddkgai`gr) la ci i`qukskdkôa `l iplrgs, kastrujlatgs õtkcls `l cibriazi, ibgags, oiai`g, iakjicls `l drêi, rlickzidkgals `l pciatidkgals g ductkvgs dêdckdgs g plrjialatls, iplrturis iplrturis `l tklrris piri lc ductkvg, dgjpri l kasticidkôa `l jiqukairki, dgastruddkôa `l gbris jitlrkicls aldlsirkis piri lc ngjlatg n gjlatg `l ci ljprlsi `lc rlniddkgai`g. Cgs `gs drë`ktgs iatlrkgrls `lbla slr kavlrtk`gs la cgs nkals `ltlrjkai`gs, `lsdrktgs iatls, piri lc ngjlatg `l ci ljprlsi.

D IRP IRPI I   @L DRË@KPG Dgaskstl la ci gr`la `l piog qul lxprlsi ua `gdujlatg okri`g pgr uai plrsgai (ì`gr) ic `lstkaitirkg, piri qul ëstl dgcgqul i `kspgskdkôa `l plrsgai `ltlrjkaiì (lc blalnkdkirkg) uai diatkì` slùiciì la lc jksjg `gdujlatg. Ls õtkc piri lvktir lc triaspgrtl `l `kalrg ùriatl cgs vkiels. Ci dirti `l drë`ktg tklal virkis jgìckì`ls, dgjg pul`l slr lc drë`ktg dgankrji`g, dga bisl la lc skouklatl leljpcg5 sk uai ljprlsi ubkdiì la Jëxkdg @.N., `lbl rlickzir lc piog `l uai vlati la Tia Iatgakg Plxis, rldurrl ic biadg piri qul rlickdl cgs piogs i cgs blalnkdkirkgs `l lsti õctkji cgdickì` histi pgr ua jgatg `ltlrjkai`g y idgr`l dga cis dga`kdkgals dgatritiìs. IRELPI I   @L DRË@KPG P IRELP

Ci tirelti ls ua kastrujlatg `l drë`ktg5 lc dcklatl dgasujl, plrg lc piog `l lsl dgasujg sl pgstlroi histi ci nldhi `l vladkjklatg `lc piog `l cgs oistgs rlick-

82

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

zi`gs dga lcci. Ls uai tirelti `l pcéstkdg dga uai biaì jioaëtkdi, la gdiskgals ua jkdrgdhkp y dga aõjlrgs la rlcklvl, dga ci qul sl pul`la rlickzir `kvlrsis dgjpris dga cgs prlsti`grls `l bklals y slrvkdkgs.

KA^LRTKÔA @L  ÎCGRL ÎCGRLT T Ls ci qul sl rlickzi dga idtkvgs dgastktuk`gs pgr iddkgals, gbckoidkgals y `ljés têtucgs, qul sl ljktla la slrkl g la jisi.

0.0.4 Gplridkgals alutricls @kdhis gplridkgals sga ci prlstidkôa `l slrvkdkgs `l jl`kidkôa y gplridkgals `l dustg`ki g ouirì `l vicgrls i dirog `l ci kastktudkôa6 lstgs slrvkdkgs sl hia kadrljlati`g la piriclcg dga cis aldlskì`ls `lc usuirkg, bkla sli ua pirtkducir g uai ljprlsi. ]gr leljpcg5 lc dijbkg `l jgalì lxtriaelri, piog `l tlaladki, piog `l slrvkdkg tlclnôakdg y gtrgs.

G]LRIDKGALT DGA GRG, ]CIPI  G @K^KTIT Priasiddkgals qul rlickzia cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg, dgjg la ua jlrdi`g `l dijbkg.

D IEIT @L TLO\RK@I@ Ls uaouirì, dgatritg pgr lc qul ua biadg dgcgdi `kspgskdkôa `lc dcklatl ua cuoir (diei) piri dustg`ki y dgaslrvidkôa `l bklals bkilals `lpgskti`gs pgr lc dcklatl.

H IDLR  LNLDPK^GT DRË@KPGT  [ [   ]IOGT ]GR   D\LAPI   @L T\T DCKLAPLT Cgs piogs `l cgs dcklatls sl dgavklrtla la piogs katlrags, dgjg pul`l slr lc piog `l dhlquls.

NK@LKDGJKTG Dgatritg pgr lc qul lc nk`lkdgjktlatl `lstkai dklrtgs bklals i ua nka cêdktg y `ltlrjkai`g, `kdhg nka cg rlickzi uai kastktudkôa nkùdkirki la blalnkdkg `lc nk`lkdgjksirkg.

0.< \TGT  [ [  ]RÉDPKDIT BIADIRKIT  [ [  JLRDIAPKCLT

84

J IA@I IA@IPGT PGT  [ [   DGJKTKGALT Ls ua dgatritg pgr lc qul sl dganêia uag g jés alogdkgs i uai plrsgai, ccijiì jiaìtirkg, dgjg ci uai i`jkakstridkôa `ldrë`ktg uai kavlrskôa, ltd. Cis dgjkskgals sga diatkì`ls qul dgbri kastktudkôa `l pgr lc gtgroijklatg `l drë`ktgs. Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul iatl lc iviadl `l cis tldagcgoêis `l ci kangrjidkôa kangr jidkôa y ci katlriddkôa qul sl ì latrl cis kastktudkgals `l `lrldhg põbckdg (sldrltirêis `l Lsti`g y pirilstiticls) y cis `l `lrldhg prkvi`g (biadi dgjlrdkic) ls nrldulatl qul cis gplridkgals qul sl rlickzia nrlatl ic Lsti`g, pgr leljpcg ci lxpl`kdkôa `l pisipgrtls, lc piog `l kjpulstgs, piog `l slrvkdkgs põbckdgs, sl latlrla iatl cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg qul nkouria dgjg katlrjl`kirkgs.

0.< \sgs y prédtkdis biadirkis biadirkis y jlrdiatkcls La prkjlr cuoir ls aldlsirkg idcirir qul lc usg sl rlnklrl ic lcljlatg gbeltkvg qul dgankouri ci dgstujbrl5 duia`g ua idtg sl rlickzi `l jialri rlktlriì ccloi i dgastktukr ci dgstujbrl, ua leljpcg ls lc usg `lc prkjlr iplcck`g `l su jirk`g pgr pirtl `l ci juelr disiì. Ls kjpgrtiatl hidlr jladkôa qul la jitlrki plaic ag sl ipckdi ci dgstujbrl, plrg la cg dkvkc y cg jlrdiatkc sê. La jitlrki jlrdiatkc sl ipckdia cgs usgs biadirkgs y jlrdiatkcls dga bisl la cg qul jladkgai lc irtêducg 2g. `l ci Cly Olalric `l Pêtucgs y Gplridkgals `l Drë`ktg, qul `kspgal5 Cgs idtgs y cis gplridkgals i qul sl rlnklrl lc irtêducg iatlrkgr, sl rkola5

K. KK. KKK. K^.. K^

]gr cg `kspulstg la lsti Cly Cly,, y la cis `ljés clyls lspldkicls rlcitkvi rlcitkvis, s, la su `lnldtg. ]gr ci clokscidkôa, jlrdiatkc olalric, la su `lnldtg. ]gr cgs usgs biadirkgs y jlrdiatkcls y, la `lnldtg `l ëstgs6 y ]gr lc `lrldhg dgjõa, `ldciréa`gsl ipckdibcl la tgì ci Rlpõbckdi, piri cgs nkals `l lsti Cly, lc Dô`kog Dkvkc piri lc @kstrktg Nl`lric.

Lstl supulstg sl leljpcknkdi duia`g lc dulatihibklatl ls rlspgasibcl `l ci për`kì g lxtrivêg lxtr ivêg `l uai dhlqulri, uai vlz qul ci c i hi rldkbk`g, plsl i ag lxkstkr uai `kspgskdkôa cloic lxprlsi qul cg prlvlaoi isê6 ska ljbirog, ci dgstujbrl qul ipckdi ls la lc slatk`g `l isujkr qul lc gbckoi`g i rlspga`lr pgr tic sktuidkôa ls lc dulatihibklatl, iuaqul ic jgjlatg `l rldkbkrci ag sl lstibcldl. \a leljpcg jés `l ci ipckdidkôa `l cgs usgs jlrdiatkcls ipirldl la ci skouklatl tlsks eurkspru`ladkic, qul triti sgbrl ci prlsuadkôa `l ci idlptidkôa `l dgaslatkjklatg `l jialri tédkti la jitlrki biadirki5

80

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

K astiadki5 Plrdlri Plrdlri Tici, Nulatl5 Tljiairkg Eu`kdkic `l Cgdickzidkôa5 Tëptkji Ëpgdi, Kastiadki5 ci Nl`lridkôa, 98?-9;2 Duirti ]irtl, ]éokai5 924, Plsks Iksciì, Jitlrki(s)5 Dkvkc. Kangrjl 9;80, Tlouaì ]irtl, Plrdlri Tici, tlsks ?>, péokai >?. @lpôsktg. ]rôrrgoi tédkti `lc dgatritg dlclbri`g dga uai kastktudkôa biadirki.

Lc irtêducg 98=4 `lc Dô`kog Dkvkc piri lc @kstrktg Nl`lric prldlptõi qul5 –Lc dgaslatkjklatg pul`l slr lxprlsg g tédktg. Ls lxprlsg duia`g sl jiaknklsti vlrbicjlatl, pgr lsdrktg g pgr skoags kalquêvgdgs. Lc tédktg rlsuctiré `l hldhgs g `l idtgs qul cg prlsupgaoia g qul iutgrkdla i prlsujkrcg, lxdlptg la cgs disgs la qul pgr cly, g pgr dgavlakg, ci vgcuati` `lbi jiaknlstirsl lxprlsijlatl‚. Ihgri bkla, `lbl tlalrsl pgr sitksnldhg lc rlquksktg `l lxkstladki rlcitkvi ic idulr`g `l vgcuati`ls latrl cis pirtls piri prgrrgoir ua dgatritg `l `lpôsktg, duia`g sl hiyia idrl`kti`g hldhgs qul prlsupgaoia ci jladkgaiì prôrrgoi la cgs tërjkags `lc irtêducg `l ci cly sustiatkvi dkvkc iatls triasdrkti. La lnldtg, la ci prédtkdi dgtk`kiai sl idlpti qul dklrtis ngrjis `l dgjpgrtijklatg `lagtia `l jialri kalquêvgdi ci katladkôa `l sus iutgrls `l dlclbrir `ltlrjkai`gs idtgs eurê`kdgs, `l jg`g qul iuaqul iquëccgs ag jiaknklstla lxprlsijlatl su katladkôa `l rlickzircgs, `lbl latla`lrsl qul lxkstkô uai `ldciridkôa `l vgcuati` la tic slatk`g. Lstg ls cg qul dgastktuyl lc dgaslatkjklatg tédktg qul la jitlrki jlrdiatkc tklal pirtkducir kjpgrtiadki, puls i ai`kl lsdipi ci kjpgrtiadki qul la ësti tklala cgs c gs usgs dgjlrdkicls6 lstg ls, lc lelrdkdkg `l `ltlrjkaiìs prédtkdis usuicls la lc dgjlrdkg, qul `lagtia ska cuoir i ùìs, ci katladkôa kat ladkôa `l dlclbrir idtgs jlrdiatkcls. ]gr tiatg, `lbl dgask`lrirsl qul sl prgrrgoô lc dgatritg sk pgr uai pirtl, lc `lpgsktiatl skoukô dgbria`g katlrlsls `lspuës `lc vladkjklatg `l ëstl, y pgr gtri pirtl, lc biadg lxtla`kô ua aulvg pioirë pgr lc jksjg jgatg `l ci kavlrskôa iatlrkgr ic `êi skouklatl `l ci dgadcuskôa `lc dgatritg, puls ls ua hldhg agtgrkg qul ësti ls ci

ngrji usuic `krldtg `l gplrir `l cgs Biadg biadgs,Aidkgaic tritéa`gsl lstl tkpg kavlrskgals. Ijpirg 90>/89. `l `l Jëxkdg, T.I.`l2? `l slptkljbrl `l 9;80. \aiakjkì` `l duitrg vgtgs. ]galatl5 Jirkiag Izulci Oóktrôa. Tldrltirkg5 Eikjl Jirrgquêa Uiclti. ]irtkducirjlatl ci CKD lstibcldl la lc irt. >g., qul5 la cg ag prlvkstg pgr ci prlslatl cly y pgr ci Cly `l Biaxkdg, i cis kastktudkgals `l biadi jõctkpcl sl cls ipckdiréa la lc gr`la skouklatl5 K. Ci clokscidkôa jlrdiatkc KK. Cgs usgs y prédtkdis biadirkis y jlrdiatkcls KKK. Lc Dô`kog Dkvkc piri lc @kstrktg Nl`lric, y K^.. Lc Dô`kog Nksdic `l ci Nl`lridkôa K^ Cis kastktudkgals `l biadi `l `lsirrgccg sl rlokréa pgr su rlspldtkvi cly groéakdi y,, la su `lnldtg, pgr cg `kspulstg la lstl irtêducg. y

0.> C I  BIADI  LA JËXKDG

8<

0.> Ci biadi la Jëxkdg La tërjkags olalricls ci biadi sl dgadkbl dgjg uai kastktudkôa `l ihgrrg y drë`ktg, ësl ls grkola y histi ci nldhik`latknkdir sga cis gplridkgals cclvi i dibg. Tkasuljbirog, ls aldlsirkg ci `kvkskôa prlpga`lriatls qul lxkstl latrlqul ci biadi jõctkpcl y ci biadi `l `lsirrgccg.

0.>.9 Biadi jõctkpcl Ci biadi jõctkpcl lsté rlprlslatiì pgr kastktudkgals qul idlptia `lpôsktgs `lc põbckdg y rlickzi prëstijgs l kavlrskgals `l vicgrls. vicgrls. @kdhis kastktudkgals gbtklala rldursgs pgr `lpôsktgs la dulati `l dhlquls, `lpôsktgs `l ihgrrg, nk`lkdgjksgs `l kavlrskôa, dgjg ci dulati jilstri y ci i`jkakstridkôa `l sgdklì`ls `l kavlrskôa. Ljpclia lstgs rldursgs piri rlickzir prëstijgs dgjlrdkicls ic dgasujg l hkpgtldirkgs y piri kavlrtkr la vicgrls oublraijlaticls y prkvi`gs. Pijbkëa sl cl dgagdl dgjg biadi dgjlrdkic y ci katloria tgìs cis kastktudkgals qul tklala dgjg nuadkôa rlickzir ci katlrjl`kidkôa nkaiadklri dga nkals `l rlatibkckì`, `l gbtlalr utkckì`ls, dipti rldursgs `lc põbckdg sgbrl cgs qul dgastktuyl su dipidkì` nkaiadklri, prkadkpicjlatl la gplridkgals idtkvis `l drë`ktg, y dga lccg prgjulvl ci drlidkôa y `lsirrgccg `l cis ljprlsis dgjg ua dgjpcljlatg la ci kavlrskôa `l cis sgdklì`ls kaùstrkicls, dgjlrdkicls y `l slrvkdkgs. \ag `l cgs dijbkgs jés rlclviatls qul sl hia prlslati`g la lc skstlji biadirkg jlxkdiag ls ci katrgùddkôa `l ci biadi jõctkpcl, olalric g katloric, latla`kì dgjg iqulcci qul rlickzi `knlrlatls gplridkgals `latrg `l cis qul lstéa cis gplridkgals5 `l `lpôsktg6 `l ihgrrg6 nkaiadklris6 `l drë`ktg hkpgtldirkg6 `l dipktickzidkôa, y nkùdkirkis. @l idulr`g dga Idgsti Rgjlrg

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

dirkgs, ltd.) sl rlnulrzi ci idtkvkì` `l katlrjl`kirkg la lc jlrdi`g `lc `kalrg y drë`ktg. Lc prkadkpkg `l dgjpltladki siai y lqukckbriì latrl cis kastktudkgals `l ngrjilcsgdklì`ls jiygr puls tijiùg y prgùdtkvkì`. drë`ktg Tl rgbustldl `lsirrgccg`l rlokgaic, sl nuskgaia sgdklì`ls plqulùis y jl`kiais qul prgpkdkia lc kadrljlatg la lc aõjlrg `l biadgs qul gnrldla sus slrvkdkgs. Ngjlatg `lc ihgrrg katlrag, pgr jl`kg `l ci gnlrti `l slrvkdkgs virki`gs. Ibitkjklatg `l oistgs, ic slr ua orupg lc qul prlsti lc slrvkdkg katlori`g, sl rlùdla cgs dgstgs `l gplridkôa la ua sgcg biciadl. Jlegrijklatg y iprgvldhijklatg `l ci prgùdtkvkì` `l cgs rldursgs hujiags ic slr grklati`gs hidki lc dgagdkjklatg y iskjkcidkôa `l tg`gs cgs rldursgs qul gnrldl ci biadi. Gptkjkzidkôa katloric `l cgs slrvkdkgs ic pg`lr gbtlalr la uai sgci kastktudkôa uai oiji dgjpclti `l slrvkdkgs biadirkgs y nkaiadklrgs. Icouais `l cis gplridkgals qul sl rlickzia dga jés nrlduladki sga5 Rldkbkr `lpôsktgs biadirkgs `l `kalrg. Ljktkr bgags biadirkgs. Ljktkr gbckoidkgals subgr`kaiìs. Dgastktukr `lpôsktgs la kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg y latkì`ls nkaiadklris `lc lxtlrkgr. Lnldtuir `lsdulatgs y gtgroir prëstijgs g drë`ktgs. Lxpl`kr tireltis `l drë`ktg. ]ridtkdir cis gplridkgals `l nk`lkdgjksgs.

0.>.2 Biadi `l `lsirrgccg Kastktudkgals qul i`quklrla ipgrtidkgals, prkadkpicjlatl `lc ogbklrag nl`lric, `l prëstijgs `lc lxtlrkgr y `l ci ljkskôa `l bgags y ci idlptidkôa `l `lpôsktgs. Ci biadi `l `lsirrgccg katlori i cis kastktudkgals biadirkis qul tklala pgr gbeltg lc ngjlatg l kjpucsg `l cis kavlrskgals piri lc ipgyg i cis idtkvkì`ls kaùstrkicls, dgjlrdkicls, turêstkdis y gbris põbckdis, jl`kiatl ua nkaiadkijklatg bcia`g. Lstis kastktudkgals tuvklrga oria iuol ùriatl ci ëpgdi `lc Lsti`g blalnidtgr (dipêtucg 2) yi qul drldklrga ic ijpirg `l ci bõsqulì `lc katlrës põbckdg. La ci idtuickì`, pgr lnldtgs `lc i`lcoizijklatg `lc Lsti`g, sl hia rlùdk`g

`l ngrji piucitkai.

0.> C I  BIADI  LA JËXKDG

8?

B IADG A IDKGAIC @LC L EËRDKPG, N\LRUI  I I ËRLI I RJI@I (B IAEËRDKPG ) ËRLI   [ [  I RJI@I  (B www.biaelrdktg.ogb.jx www .biaelrdktg.ogb.jx Kastktudkôa juy kjpgrtiatl la ci idtkvkì` nkaiadklri ls lc Biadg Aidkgaic `lc Leërdktg, Nulrzi Iërli y Irjiì, duyg gbeltg ls ci i`jkakstridkôa y dgjlrdkickzidkôa `l cgs nga`gs prgvlaklatls `l `kdhgs ôroiags `l ci i`jkakstridkôa dlatrickziì. Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul la ci idtuickì` lsti kastktudkôa hi ì`g iplrturi i diptidkôa `l ihgrrg l kavlrskôa `lc põbckdg la olalric. Ci ocgbickzidkôa idlclriì `l ci ldgagjêi, dgjg nidtgr `ltlrjkaiatl `l cgs dijbkgs qul lanrlatia cis kastktudkgals, hi prgpkdki`g ci kjpcljlatidkôa y ipgyg i cgs prgorijis `l katlrës `lc Ogbklrag Nl`lric y `l cis ictis iutgrkì`ls `l ci Tldrltirêi `l Jirkai y `l ci Tldrltirêi `l ci @lnlasi Aidkgaic. La lstl slatk`g Biaeërdktg, i`ljés `l ci idtkvkì` `l katlrjl`kidkôa, sl gdupi `l ci i`jkakstridkôa `l `kvlrsgs nk`lkdgjksgs y jiaìtgs ladgjlaì`gs pgr `kdhis sldrltirêis5 ci i`jkakstridkôa `l cgs nga`gs `l ihgrrg y `l tribieg `l cgs jkcktirls6 lc piog `l aôjkai ic plrsgaic jkcktir rltkri`g y plaskgai`g.

B IADG A IDKGAIC @L GBRIT  [ [  T TLR^KDKGT ]ÕBCKDGT (B IAGBRIT ) www.biagbris.ogb.jx www .biagbris.ogb.jx Kastktudkôa `l drë`ktg qul gtgroi nkaiadkijklatg y iskstladki tëdakdi piri prgyldtgs `l kanrilstrudturi g slrvkdkgs põbckdgs dgjg5 ioui, icdiatirkcci`g y sialijklatg6 dirrltlris, vkickì`ls, pulatls y gbris `l urbiakzidkôa6 rldkatgs nksdickzi`gs lstritëokdgs, i`qukskdkôa y hibkcktidkôa `lc sulcg, i`qukskdkôa `l vlhêducgs, jiqukairki y lqukpg, lqukpijklatg l kjiola urbiai, prgyldtgs `l olalridkôa y ihgrrg `l lalr oêi, oêi, ditistrg y rlokstrgs põbckdgs `l ci prgpklì` y `lc dgjlrdkg, qul cis i`jkakstridkgals lstiticls y juakdkpicls g sus rlspldtkvis latkì`ls `ldkìa cclvir i dibg pgr dulati prgpki g pgr jl`kg `l dgadlskgals, plrjksgs g dgatritgs `l gplridkôa dga ljprlsis prkviìs.

B IADG JLXKDIAG @L DGJLRDKG L XPLRKGR  (B (B IADGJLXP ) www.biadgjlxt.o www .biadgjlxt.ogb.jx gb.jx Kastktudkôa plrtlaldklatl i ci biadi `l `lsirrgccg, duyi nuadkôa prkadkpic ls ci islsgrêi i cgs kjpgrti`grls y lxpgrti`grls. Latrl cgs slrvkdkgs qul gnrldl ci kastktudkôa lstéa cgs5 Tlrvkdkgs `l tlsgrlrêi5 jlsi `l `kalrg, dgjpri-vlati `l `kvksis, kavlrskg-

als la `ôcirls, y `lrkvi`gs.

88

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

Dirtis `l drë`ktg5 lc rlspic`g qul aldlskti piri trijktir sus kastrujlatgs `l piog. Nkùdkirkgs y ivicõgs5 Kastktudkgals `l ihgrrg dgatridtuic. Tga katlrjl`kirkgs nkaiadklrgs qul diptia nga`gs la cipsgs plrkô`kdgs sgbrl uai bisl dgatridtuic, dgjg sga5 dgjpiùêis `l slourgs, dgjpiùêis `l nkiazis y i`jkakstri`gris `l nga`gs piri lc rltkrg, dgjg cis ingrls. Katlrjl`kirkgs `l kavlrskôa. Tga cis disis `l bgcsi y cis sgdklì`ls `l kavlrskôa. Pijbkëa sl iutgrkzia cgs katlori`gs pgr uai sgdklì` dgatrgci`gri y pgr cg jlags trls `l cis latkì`ls skouklatls5 kastktudkgals `l biadi jõctkpcl, disi `l bgcsi, irrlaì`gris nkaiadklris, ljprlsis `l nidtgriel nkaiadklrg, icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg, disi `l dijbkg, kastktudkgals `l nkiazis y `l slourgs, isê dgjg gplri`gris `l sgdklì`ls `l kavlrskôa. Cgs orupgs pg`réa qulìr katlori`gs pgr `gs latkì`ls nkaiadklris duia`g ëstis sl slclddkgala `l cis trls skouklatls5 ua > biadg, uai disi `l bgcsi g uai dgjpiùêi `l slourgs.

0.>.4 Biadg `l Jëxkdg (B IAXKDG ) http5//www.biaxkdg.gro.jx Lc Biadg `l Jëxkdg ls lc biadg dlatric `lc Lsti`g jlxkdiag, dgastktudkgaicjlatl iutôagjg? la sus nuadkgals y i`jkakstridkôa, duyi nkaickì` ls prgvllr i ci ldgagjêi `lc piês `l jgalì aidkgaic. La lc `lsljplùg `l lsti ladgjklaì tklal dgjg gbeltkvg prkgrktirkg prgdurir ci ci lstibkckì` `lc pg`lr i`quksktkvg `l `kdhi jgalì. I`ljés cl dgrrlspga`l prgjgvlr lc siag `lsirrgccg `lc skstlji nkaiadklrg y prgpkdkir lc bula nuadkgaijklatg `l cgs skstljis `l piog. Ci dgaùddkôa `lc Biadg `l Jëxkdg lstiré i dirog `l plrsgais qul sga `lskoaiìs pgr lc prlsk`latl `l ci Rlpõbckdi dga iprgbidkôa `l ci Déjiri `l Tlai`grls g `l ci Dgjkskôa ]lrjialatl, la su disg6 `lsljplùiréa su ladirog pgr plrkg`gs duyi ùridkôa y lsdicgaijklatg prgvlia ic lelrdkdkg iutôagjg `l sus nuadkgals. Ci Cly `lc Biadg `l Jëxkdg (CBJ) lspldknkdi qul cgs plrkg`gs `l ladirog dgjg jkljbrg `l ci Euati `l Ogbklrag lstéa lsdicgai`gs `l ci skouklatl jialri5 >

Lralstg Rijêrlz Tgciag. Jgalì, biadi y jlrdi`gs nkaiadklrgs. Kastktudkgals l kastrujlatgs la piêsls `l `lsirrgccg, Jëxkdg, ]lirsga Lùdidkôa, 2==9, pp. 00 - 0;. ? Ls uai nkouri eurê`kdi `l duùg rldklatl la lc `lrldhg jlxkdiag6 sl triti `l uai kastktudkôa qul sl drli pgr Cly, i ci duic sl cl iskoai ua pitrkjgakg prgpkg, dga iutgagjêi tëdakdi y plrsgaickì` eurê`kdi prgpki. Dibl idcirir qul, la lc skstlji eurê`kdg jlxkdiag, cgs groiaksjgs iutôagjgs, pgr `kspgskdkôa dgastktudkgaic, sga5

ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic `l @lrldhgs Hujiags, lc Kastktutg Nl`lric Lcldtgric y lc Biadg `l Jëxkdg.

0.> C I  BIADI  LA JËXKDG

8;

Ogblrai`gr5 plrkg`g `l slks iùgs. Dgjklazi lc prkjlrg `l lalrg `lc duirtg iùg diclaìrkg `l diì i`jkakstridkôa prlsk`ladkic. Tubogblrai`grls5 plrkg`g `l gdhg iùgs i quklals sl cls sustktuyl diì `gs iùgs, kakdkia`g lc prkjlrg, tlrdlrg y qukatg iùgs diclaìrkg dgrrls pga`klatl i diì i`jkakstridkôa prlsk`ladkic. Iskjksjg, ci CBJ lstibcldl ua rëokjla lspldkic piri ci dgblrturi `l vidiatls, dga gbeltg `l qul la akaoõa disg sl katlrrujpi ci slduladki `l cgs plrkg`gs rlnlrk`gs, y ag inldtl ci lstibkckì` ldgaôjkdi `lc piês.

0.>.0 Kastktutg `l ]rgtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg ( K]IB K]IB ) Lc Kastktutg `l ]rgtlddkôa ]r gtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg latrô la gplridkôa la jiyg `l 9;;;, y tklal dgjg iatldl`latl i ci Cly `l ]rgtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg `lc jksjg iùg6 su prkadkpic gbeltkvg ls lstibcldlr lc skstlji `l prgtlddkôa ic ihgrrg biadirkg la nivgr `l cis plrsgais qul rlickdla dga cis kastktudkgals `l biadi jõctkpcl.duicquklri `l cis gplridkgals oiriatkziìs Lc K]IB ls lc groiaksjg rlspgasibcl `l prgtlolr cgs `lpôsktgs biadirkgs `l cgs plqulùgs ihgrri`grls la la Jëxkdg, dga lccg sl dgatrkbuyl i prlslrvir prlslrvir ci lstibkckì` `lc skstlji nkaiadklrg y lc bula nuadkgaijklatg `l cgs skstljis `l piogs. Latrl sus nuadkgals `lstidia cis skouklatls5 I`jkakstri ua skstlji `l prgtlddkôa ic ihgrrg biadirkg. @ltlrjkai y lelduti jëtg`gs `l rlsgcudkôa `l biadgs biadgs la cis kastktudkgals `l biadi jõctkpcl qul prlslatla prgbcljis `l sgcvladki. I`jkakstri y laielai bklals rlcidkgai`gs i prgorijis `l rlsgcudkgals biadirkis.   prgorijis Cclvi i dibg ci i`jkakstridkôa `l `l ci ci`luì `l ipgyg i ihgrri`grlsnkaiadklri y `lu`grls biadi.`lrkviì `l cgs Ci drlidkôa `l lstl groiaksjg rlprlslati uai vlatiei piri cgs ihgrri`grls, yi qul duia`g sl `ltlrjkai ci ckqukìdkôa g dgadursg jlrdiatkc `l uai kastktudkôa biadirki, lc Kastktutg prgdl`l i pioir cis gbckoidkgals oiriatkziìs cêqukìs y lxkokbcls, i dirog `l `kdhi Kastktudkôa, dga cgs cêjktls y dga`kdkgals prlvkstgs la ci Cly `l ]rgtlddkôa ic Ihgrrg Biadirkg (C]IB) y ci Cly `l Kastktudkgals `l Drë`ktg (CKD), sicvg iqulccis qul hiyia sk`g gbeltg `l ci triasnlrladki `l idtkvgs y piskvgs.

0.>.< Lc AK] la lc usg biadirkg jlxkdiag I pirtkr `l ci `ëdiì `l cgs agvlati lc skstlji biadirkg jlxkdiag utkckzi dcivls

`l duitrg `êoktgs aujërkdgs piri lc usg `lc dielrg iutgjétkdg, dgjg jl`kg `l

;=

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

k`latknkdidkôa plrsgaic ( AK]), cg qul sloõa Idgsti Rgjlrg8 lqukvicl i ci nkrji lcldtrôakdi piri `kspgskdkôa `l nga`gs, yi sli dga dirog ic dgatritg `l drë`ktg g i ci dulati `l `lpôsktg lxkstlatl. Lc gbeltkvg `l ci nkrji n krji lcldtrôakdi tk tucir, dgjg iqulc qul dgatriti dga kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg. ls ìr slourkì` i su tktucir, Dga lc nka `l prgtlolr ic dulatihibklatl la gplridkgals tlclnôakdis y lcldtrôakdis, diì vlz cgs rlquksktgs `l k`latknkdidkôa sga jiygrls, jl`kiatl lc usg `l `kspgsktkvgs `l slourkì` ic jgjlatg `l rlickzir cis triasiddkgals piri lvktir cgs `lcktgs kangrjétkdgs, dgjg pul`l slr lc ladrkptijklatg `l ìtgs piri kjpl`kr su vkgcidkôa. La ci idtuickì` ci nkrji lcldtrôakdi skjpcl hi lvgcudkgai`g i cg dgagdk`g dgjg nkrji lcldtrôakdi iviaziì (NLI), qul dgaskstl la ci iutlatkdidkôa `l ci nkrji pgr uai latkì` dlrtknkdi`gri, cg qul ì jiygr dgankibkckì` i cis gplridkgals qul sl rlickzia.

0.>.> Tldrltg biadirkg y civi`g `l `kalrg Ci picibri citkai slrtuj skoaknkdi cg gductg, cg koagri`g, cg lsdga`k`g, y su `lrkvidkôa `lc vlrbg sldlralrl quklrl `ldkr slpirir, ipirtir, y lc @kddkgairkg `l ci Claoui Lspiùgci slùici qul cg sldrltg ls cg qul sl tklal dukì`gsijlatl rlslrvi`g y gductg. La olalric, lc sldrltg tklal `kvlrsis idlpdkgals, isê pul`l hibcirsl `lc sldrltg prgnlskgaic, qul ipckdi la cis `kvlrsis prgnlskgals dgjg ci `l ibgoi`g, jë`kdg, dgati`gr, iolatl `l bgcsi y islsgr nkaiadklrg. La ci idtkvkì` ljprlsirkic ci sldrldêi lqukvicl i ci dgank`ladkickì` qul `lbl ouirìrsl dga rlcidkôa i cis pitlatls, jg`lcgs, prgdlsgs y tg`g `l tkpg `l kangrjidkôa rlslrviì `l ci ljprlsi. Ci biadi ag hi sk`g ci lxdlpdkôa y la lstl slatk`g ci clokscidkôa hi busdi`g ci prgtlddkôa `lc dulatihibklatl jl`kiatl j l`kiatl ci rloucidkôa `lc sldrltg biadirkg. \ag `l cgs nlaôjlags qul hia surok`g dgjg rlsucti`g `lc iujlatg `lc airdgtrénkdg y `l ci nidkckì` dga qul sl rlickzia cis triasnlrladkis `l dipktic la lc jua`g ocgbickzi`g, ls lc civi`g `l `kalrg, kcêdktg qul dgaskstl la lc idtg `l `lsvkrtuir lc grkola `lc `kalrg g ladubrkr ci prgpklì` `lc jksjg, yi qul prgvklal `l uai idtkvkì` kcloic, piri hidlr qul lsl `kalrg pirlzdi dgjg cloêtkjg. Dga cgs `kvlrsgs idulr`gs katlraidkgaicls lstis dgaùdtis `lckdtkvis hia sk`g gbeltg `l plrsldudkôa pgr cgs ogbklrags `l cgs lsti`gs skoaitirkgs, qul tritia `l dgjbitkr ci `lckaduladki groiakziì.

8

Idgsti Rgjlrg. Aulvg `lrldhg biadirkg , p. 4 C I  BIADI  LA JËXKDG

;9

]gr gtri pirtl, lc sldrltg biadirkg hi sk`g uai ckjktiatl piri ci `ltlddkôa `lc grkola `l dipkticls kcêdktgs6 ska ljbirog, la ci Cly `l Kastktudkgals `l Drë`ktg (CKD) sl ibrl ci pgskbkckì` `l qul iatl ci sgckdktu` `l iutgrkì` eu`kdkic dgj pltlatl, ci kastktudkôa gplridkgals g slrvkdkgs5biadirki rkaì ci kangrjidkôa rlcidkgaiì dga `lpôsktgs, Irtêducg 99?. Ci kangrjidkôa y `gdujlatidkôa rlcitkvi i cis gplridkgals y slrvkdkgs

i qul sl rlnklrl lc irtêducg 0> `l ci prlslatl Cly, tla`ré dirédtlr dgank`ladkic, pgr cg qul cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg, la prgtlddkôa `lc `lrldhg i ci prkvidkì` `l sus dcklatls y usuirkgs qul la lstl irtêducg sl lstibcldl, la akaoõa disg pg`réa ìr agtkdkis g kangrjidkôa `l cgs `lpôsktgs, gplridkgals g slrvkdkgs, kadcuyla`g cgs prlvkstgs la ci nriddkôa X^ `lc dkti`g irtêducg 0>, skag ic `lpgsktiatl, `lu`gr, `lu`gr, tktucir, blalnkdkirkg, nk`lkdgjktlatl, nk`lkdgjksirkg, dgjktlatl g jiaìatl, i sus rlprlslatiatls cloicls g i quklals tlaoia gtgroi`g pg`lr piri `kspgalr `l ci dulati g piri katlrvlakr la ci gplridkôa g slrvkdkg. Dgjggbckoiìs lxdlpdkôai iìr cg `kspulstg pgrglckangrjidkôa pérring iatlrkgr, drë`ktg lstiréa cis agtkdkis i qulcis sl kastktudkgals rlnklrl `kdhg`lpérring, duia`g cg sgckdktl ci iutgrkì` eu`kdkic la vkrtu` `l prgvk`ladki `kdtiì la eukdkg la lc qul lc tktucir g, la su disg, lc nk`lkdgjktlatl, nk`lkdgjksirkg, nkùdkirkg, dgjktlatl, dgjkskgaksti, jiaìatl g jiaìtirkg sli pirtl g idusi`g. ]iri cgs lnldtgs `lc prlslatl pérring, ci iutgrkì` eu`kdkic pg`ré ngrjucir su sgckdktu` `krldtijlatl i ci kastktudkôa `l drë`ktg, g i trivës `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls. Cis kastktudkgals `l drë`ktg tijbkëa lstiréa lxdlptuiìs `l ci prghkbkdkôa prlvksti la lc prkjlr pérring `l lstl irtêducg y, pgr cg tiatg, gbckoiìs i ìr cis agtkdkis g kangrjidkôa jladkgaiìs, la cgs disgs la qul slia sgckdktiìs pgr cis skouklatls iutgrkì`ls5

K. Lc prgduri`gr olalric `l ci Rlpõbckdi g lc slrvk`gr põbckdg la qukla `lcloul niducti`ls piri rlqulrkr kangrjidkôa, piri ci dgjprgbidkôa `lc dulrpg `lc `lcktg y `l ci prgbibcl rlspgasibkckì` `lc ka`kdki`g6 KK. Cgs prgduri`grls olalricls `l eustkdki `l cgs lsti`gs `l ci Nl`lridkôa y `lc @kstrktg Nl`lric g subprgduri`grls, piri ci dgjprgbidkôa `lc dulrpg `lc `lcktg y `l ci prgbibcl rlspgasibkckì` `lc ka`kdki`g6 V…Z V…Z Cis sgckdktu`ls i qul sl rlnklrl lc tlrdlr pérring `l lstl irtêducg `lblréa ngrjucirsl dga ci `lbkì nuaìjlatidkôa y jgtkvidkôa, pgr dgaùdtg `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls. Cgs slrvk`grls põbckdgs y cis kastktudkgals slùici`gs la cis nriddkgals K, ^KK y KX, pg`réa gptir pgr sgckdktir i ci iutgrkì` eu`kdkic qul lxpkì ci gr`la dgrrlspga`klatl, i lnldtg `l qul ci kastktudkôa `l drë`ktg latrloul ci kangrjidkôa rlqulrkì, skljprl qul `kdhgs slrvk`grls lspldknkqula ci `lagjkaidkôa `l ci kastktudkôa, aõjlrg `l dulati, agjbrl `lcpclai, dulatihibklatl usuirkg y `ljés ìtgs y lcljlatgslcqul plrjktia su k`latknkdidkôa `l idulr`gg dga ci gplridkôa

`l qul sl tritl.

;2

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

@l cg qul sl `lsprla`l qul, iatl ua disg `l idusidkôa, lc jkakstlrkg põbckdg nl`lric, pgr dgaùdtg `lc prgduri`gr olalric `l ci Rlpõbckdi g su rlspldtkvg `lcloi`g la diì latkì`, ic rldkbkr ci `lauadki, `lblré pl`kr ic biadg ci kangrjidkôa pgr ua eulz `kstrktg yAidkgaic isê pg`réBiadirki gbtlalr yci`l kangr kangrjidkôa jidkôa sgckdktiì. Gtridgaùdtg gpdkôa ls`lidu`kr i ci`lDgjkskôa îcgrls. Ls kjpgrtiatl hidlr agtir qul la tg`g disg ci iutgrkì` `lblré iploirsl ic prkadkpkg `l cloickì`5 dujpckr dga cgs rlquksktgs `l nuaìjlatidkôa y jgtkvidkôa `lc idtg `l iutgrkì`, dgangrjl i cg `kspulstg la lc irtêducg 9> dgastktudkgaic.

0.? Groiakzidkgals iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg Ci Cly Olalric `l Groiakzidkgals y Idtkvkì`ls Iuxkckirls `lc Drë`ktg (COGIID) `kstkaoul i cis groiakzidkgals iuxkckirls `lc drë`ktg `l cis idtkvkì`ls iuxkckirls `lc drë`ktg,; `l ci skouklatl ngrji5

Cly Olalric `l Groiakzidkgals y Idtkvkì`ls Iuxkckirls `l Drë`ktg Groiakzidk dkggals iu iuxkckir irlls `l `lc dr drë`ktg • Icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg • \akgals `l drë`ktg

Idtkvkì ì``ls iu iuxkckirls `l `lc drë drë``ktg • Dgjpri vlati `l `kvksis • Irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg • Nidtgriel nkaiadklrg

]gr gtri pirtl, sl dgask`lria idtkvkì`ls iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg i ci dgjpri-vlati hibktuic y prgnlskgaic `l `kvksis, qul ls ci idtkvkì` prgpki `l cis c is disis `l dijbkg, isê dgjg cis ljprlsis `l irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg y nidtgriel nkaiadklrg.9= ]iri gplrir dgjg groiakzidkôa iuxkckir `l drë`ktg, sl rlquklrl iutgrkzidkôa `l ci Tldrltirêi `l Hidklaì y Drë`ktg ]õbckdg, isê dgjg piri ci dgastktudkôa y gplridkôa `l icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls, duia`g sl tritl `l uakgals `l drë`ktg. Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul ic gbtlalr ci iutgrkzidkôa piri gplrir dgjg groiakzidkgals iuxkckirls `lc drë`ktg y disis `l dijbkg, `kdhis ljprlsis `lblréa dgastktukrsl la ngrji `l sgdklì` iaôakji, dga irrlocg i ci Cly Olalric `l Tgdklì`ls Jlrdiatkcls.

; Cly

Olalric `l Groiakzidkgals y Idtkvkì`ls Idtkvkì`ls Iuxkckirls `lc Drë`ktg. 9= Cis irrlaì`gris nkaiadklris y cis ljprlsis `l nidtgriel nkaiadklrg sl dgask`lriréa dgjg idtkvkì`ls iuxkcki-

rls `l drë`ktg histi lc 98 `l euckg `l 2=94, nldhi la qul sl `lrgoiréa cis nriddkgals KK y ^ `lc irtêducg 4g. `l ci COGIID.

0.? GROIAKUIDKGALT  I\XKCKIRLT I\XKCKIRLT @L DRË@KPG

;4

0.?.9 Icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg y uakgals `l drë`ktg Cgs icjidlals olalricls `l `lpôsktg tla`réa pgr gbeltg lc icjidlaijklatg, ouirì g dgaslrvidkôa, jialeg, gdgatrgc, g tréasktg, dgjlrdkickzidkôa `lpgr bklals jlrdiadêis bieg su dustg`ki qul sl `kstrkbudkôa ladulatrla la ijpiri`gs dlrtk-g nkdi`gs `l `lpôsktg y lc gtgroijklatg `l nkaiadkijklatgs dga oiriatêi `l cgs jksjgs. Pijbkëa pg`réa rlickzir prgdlsgs `l kadgrpgridkôa `l vicgr iorloi`g, isê dgjg ci triasngrjidkôa, rlpiridkôa y lasijbcl `l cis jlrdiadêis `lpgsktiìs dga lc nka `l iujlatir su vicgr, ska virkir lsladkicjlatl su aituriclzi. Tôcg cgs icjidlals lstiréa niducti`gs piri lxpl`kr dlrtknkdi`gs `l `lpôsktg y bgags `l prlaì. Cgs icjidlals niducti`gs piri rldkbkr jlrdiadêis `lstkaiìs ic rëokjla `l `lpôsktg nksdic, pg`réa lnldtuir, la rlcidkôa i lsis jlrdiadêis, cgs prgdlsgs iatls jladkgai`gs la cgs tërjkags `l ci Cly Iùialri. Cgs dlrtknkdi`gs pg`réa lxpl`krsl dga g ska bgags `l prlaì, sloõa cg sgckdktl lc `lpgsktiatl, ci lxpl`kdkôa `l `kdhgs bgagssl`lblré hidlrslka`lnldtkbcljla`l ngrji skjuctéali i ci `l cgsplrg dlrtknkdi`gs rlspldtkvgs, la lccgs hiré dgastir, tl, sk sl lxpk`la dga g ska bgags. Lc bgag g bgags lxpl`k`gs pg`réa kr i`hlrk`gs ic dlrtknkdi`g g slpiri`gs `l ëc. Cgs icjidlals cclviréa ua rlokstrg `l cgs dlrtknkdi`gs y bgags `l prlaì qul sl lxpkìa, la lc qul sl iagtiréa tg`gs cgs ìtgs dgatlak`gs la `kdhgs têtucgs, kadcusg cgs `lrkvi`gs `lc ivksg `l ci kastktudkôa `l drë`ktg qul katlrvlaoi la ci prkjlri alogdkidkôa `lc bgag. Lstl rlokstrg `lblré kastrujlatirsl dgangrjl i cis rlocis `l dirédtlr olalric qul ljkti ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic Biadirki y `l îcgrls. ]gr gtri pirtl, cis uakgals `l drë`ktg sga groiakzidkgals iuxkckirls `lc drë`ktg qul sl dgastktuyla dgjg sgdklì`ls iaôakjis `l dipktic virkibcl, duyg gbeltkvg ls nidkcktir i sus sgdkgs gbtladkôaqul l kavlrskôa `l rldursgs piriuakgals ipgyir `l cisdrë`ktg idtkvkì`ls `l prgùddkôa y/gcislrvkdkgs ëstgs cclvla i dibg. Cis pg`réa gplrir sôcg la cis rijis ldgaôjkdis la qul sl rlickdla r lickdla cis idtkvkì`ls idtkvk ì`ls `l sus sgdkgs.

0.?.2 Idtkvkì`ls iuxkckirls iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg Tloõa ci COGIID, sl dgask`lria idtkvkì`ls iuxkckirls `l drë`ktg ci dgjpri-vlati `l `kvksis, lc irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg y lc nidtgriel nkaiadklrg. Ci dgjpri-vlati `l `kvksis ls ci idtkvkì` qul rlickzia cis disis `l dijbkg, ljprlsis prkviìs duyg gbeltg sgdkic ls lxdcuskvijlatl ci dgjpri-vlati y dijbkg `l `kvksis, bkccltls y pklzis jltéckdis aidkgaicls g lxtriaelris qul tlaoia dursg cloic la lc piês `l ljkskôa6 i`ljés `l pklzis `l pciti dgagdkìs dgjg gazis trgy

y pklzis jltéckdis dgajljgritkvis iduùiìs la ngrji `l jgalì.

;0

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

La duiatg i cgs iatldl`latls `lc irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg, dgagdk`g tijbkëa dgjg cliskao ëstl sl grkokai la Lsti`gs \ak`gs, la jl`kg `l uai ldgagjêi prôs plri, la vkrtu` `lc `lslanrlai`g prgorlsg dklatênkdg y tldagcôokdg cis ljprlsis nulrga gbckoiìs i rlagvir su lqukpijklatg, pgr leljpcg5 dôjputg, iutgjôvkcls, jiqukairki, ltdëtlri. Isê sl `lsirrgccô ua jlrdi`g `l dipkticls i jl`kiag pcizg, la prkadkpkg rlstrkaok`g l kaiddlskbcl y sueltg i ua rëokjla nksdic slvlrg la jitlrki `l ijgrtkzidkgals. ]gdg i pgdg lsti ngrji `l i`qukskdkôa `l bklals hi dgbri`g iuol, tiatg la lc sldtgr prkvi`g dgjg la lc põbckdg. La Jëxkdg, piri lnldtgs nksdicls, lc irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg sl `lnkal dgjg –V…Z lc dgatritg pgr lc duic uai plrsgai sl gbckoi i gtgroir i gtri lc usg g ogdl tljpgric `l bklals tiaokbcls i pcizg ngrzgsg, gbckoéa`gsl lsti õctkji i ckqukìr, la piogs pirdkicls dgjg dgatriprlstidkôa, uai diatkì` `l `kalrg `ltlrjkaiì g `ltlrjkaibcl qul dubri lc vicgr `l i`qukskdkôa `l cgs bklals, cis dirois nkaiadklris y cgs `ljés iddlsgrkgs y i i`gptir ic vladkjklatg `lc dgatritg icouai `l cis gpdkgals tlrjkaicls qul lstibcldl ci cly `l ci jitlrki.‚ 99

I`ljés sl lstibcldl qul lc dgatritg `lblré dlclbrirsl pgr lsdrktg y dgaskoair lxprlsijlatl lc vicgr `lc bkla gbeltg `l ci gplridkôa y ci tisi `l katlrës pidtiì g ci jldéakdi piri `ltlrjkairci. Gtrgs gr`laijklatgs eurê`kdgs la qul sl ladulatria `kspgskdkgals sgbrl lsti gplridkôa, sga Ci Cly `lc Kjpulstg sgbrl ci Rlati y ci Cly `l Kjpulstg ic îcgr Iorloi`g. Latrl cis vlatieis `lc irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg sl k`latknkdia cis skouklatls5 Ag hiy qul dgjprir cgs bklals piri utkckzircgs6 ci prgpklì` `l cgs jksjgs skoaknkdirêi ua `lsljbgcsg juy kjpgrtiatl qul dgjg ls `l lsplrirsl icouais ljprlsis ag lstéa la pgskbkckì` `l rlickzircg. Lc blalnkdkg `lc usuirkg vi i prgvlakr `lc usg `l cgs bklals6 la lstl disg, lc slr prgpkltirkgs `l lccgs ag cl prgùdkrêi jiygrls ak jlagrls oiaiadkis. Lvkti lc `lsljbgcsg `l diatkì`ls nulrtls `l `kalrg, cg qul plrjktl `lstkaircg i ci dgjpri `lc jitlrkic qul ls lc gbeltg `l `kdhg dgatritg. Cis pirtls qul katlrvklala la lc irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg sga5 lc ljprlsirkg g ljprlsi qul sl `l`kdi i lsti idtkvkì` y lc usuirkg, qul pul`l slr uai plrsgai ka`kvkùic g dgcldtkvi.

99 Dô`kog

Nksdic `l ci Nl`lridkôa, Nl`lridkôa, irtêducg 9

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

ais jgricls g plrsgais nêskdis qul rlickdla idtkvkì`ls ljprlsirkicls5 ci prkjlri (ci ljprlsi) i`quklri `l cgs sloua`gs (dcklatls) `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg rlcidkgai`gs dga ci prgvllùrêi `l bklals, `l slrvkdkgs g `l ijbgs, dga rldursgs prgvlaklatls `l cis gplridkgals piskvis.92 Cis pirtls qul katlrvklala la lc nidtgriel nkaiadklrg sga5 Ci ljprlsi5 plrsgai nêskdi g jgric qul dgatriti cgs slrvkdkgs `l uai ljprlsi `l nidtgriel dga lc prgpôsktg `l dl`lrcl su dirtlri vkolatl. Lc dgjpri`gr5 i`qukrlatl `l bklals g slrvkdkgs qul dgatril uai gbckoidkôa `l piog nuturi piri lsgs bklals g slrvkdkgs dga ci ljprlsi. Ljprlsi `l nidtgriel5 katlrjl`kirkg nkaiadklrg iutgrkzi`g pgr cis `lpla`ladkis gnkdkicls piri prlstir ua slrvkdkg pgr jl`kg `lc duic i`quklrl `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg i dirog `l tlrdlrgs, y dgbri katlrës sgbrl cis dulatis ag pioiìs. pioiìs. Cgs tkpgs `l nidtgriel qul i`quklrl lsti gplridkôa sga5 Nidtgriel purg g ska rldursg. La lstl nidtgriel lc dcklatl ag qulì gbckoi`g i rlspga`lr pgr lc piog `l cgs `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg triasjktk`gs i ci ljprlsi `l nidtgriel nkaiadklrg. ]gr cg olalric, sôcg sl gnrldl sgbrl `gdujlatgs `l ljprlsis `l rldgagdk`g prlstkokg. Nidtgriel dga rldursg. Ls lc nidtgriel la qul lc dcklatl qulì gbckoi`g sgckìrkijlatl dga lc `lu`gr i rlspga`lr `lc piog puatuic y gpgrtuag `l cgs `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg triasjktk`gs i ci ljprlsi `l nidtgriel nkaiadklrg. Ijbgs tkpgs `l nidtgriel dulatia dga ci jgìckì` `l dgbriazi `lcloiì g jiaìtg `l dgbriazi5 cis ljprlsis iutgrkzia ic dl`latl ci dgbriazi `l cgs `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg prgvlaklatls `l cgs dgatritgs `l nidtgriel nkaiadklrg skljprl y duia`g5 Tôcg sl `lcloul i nivgr `l cgs dcklatls `l quklals i`quklrla cgs `lrldhgs. Lc jiaìtg latrl lc nidtgr y su dcklatl `lblré `gdujlatirsl iatl nlìtirkg põbckdg. Lc dcklatl qul rlickdl ci dgbriazi `lblré latlrir i ci ljprlsi `l nidtgriel, la lc pcizg lstibcldk`g, lc `kalrg dgbri`g. Nidtgriel i prgvll`grls. ]rlvkg i ci dlclbridkôa `l cgs dgatritgs `l nidtgriel, ci ljprlsi `l nidtgriel n idtgriel pul`l dlclbrir dgatritgs dga cgs `lu`grls `l `lrldhgs `l drë`ktg, dgastktuk`gs i nivgr `l sus prgvll`grls `l bklals g slrvkdkgs. Ci ljprlsi `l nidtgriel sl dgjprgjltl i i`qukrkr cgs `lrldhgs

92 COGIID,

irtêducg 0, cis gplridkgals `l nidtgriel y irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg ihgri cis cclviréa i dibg cis sgdklì`ls nkaiadklris `l gbeltg jõctkpcl (sk `lsli ijpckir lc tlji pul`l vlr ci rlngrji rlngr ji rlspldtkvi) aulvi nkouri sgdkltirki (sgdklì` iaôakji lspldkic), qul ag rlquklrl iutgrkzidkôa `l ci THD] qul ag pul`l diptir rldursgs biadgs, pul`la lstir rlouciìs (sueltis i ci suplrvkskôa ) g ag plrg slr rlouciìs (ska suplrvkskôa y vkokciadki `l ci DAB^y). vkokciadkidgjg `l ci cgs DAB^ Iskjksjg, cgs biadgs, la tërjkags `lc irtêducg 0> `l ci Cly `l Kastktudkgals `l Drë`ktg, sl ladulatria cloktkji`gs piri cclvir i dibg gplridkgals `l drë`ktg, irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg y nidtgriel nkaiadklrg. La vkrtu` `lc `ldrltg iatls dkti`g, cgs tërjkags y dga`kdkgals `l cgs dgatritgs `l nidtgriel y `l irrlaìjklatg nkaiadklrg qul iatls sl ladgatribia rlouci`gs la ci COGIID, ihgri sl ladulatria prlvkstgs la ci COPGD.

0.8 Cis plqulùis plqulùis y jl`kiais jl`kiais ljprlsis ljprlsis (]yjls)

Lc ]yjlsla`lskoai i cisCitkai6 plqulùis jl`kiaisagljprlsis y sl utkckzi tiatg la idrôakjg Jëxkdg dgjg Ijërkdi ska yljbirog, lxkstl uaiakjkì` piri `ltlrjkair duéa`g sl hibci `l uai plqulùi g jl`kiai ljprlsi.

;8

D I]ÊP\CG 0 @LRLDHG BIADIRKG

La Jëxkdg ci Tldrltirêi `l Ldgagjêi, latkì` oublraijlatic qul tklal dgjg nuadkôa lc ngjlatg `l lstl tkpg `l ljprlsis, lstibcldl qul i uai plqulùi ljprlsi ci katloria `l 9> i 9== tribiei`grls y `l 9=9 i 2 i 9==

Jl`kiai

@l 9=9 i 2, 04, 0, p. 94?.

>.> KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

909

Ci sktuidkôa rlnlrkì nidkckti ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri dgask`lriì dgjg ci plaltridkôa `l dipkticls `lc lxtlrkgr qul rlickzia plrsgais nêskdis g jgricls, g pgr uakì`ls ldgaôjkdis lxtriaelris ska plrsgaickì` eurê`kdi. La lc dijpg `l ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri `lstidi ci egkat vlaturl vlaturl, dgjg ua dgatritg `l ickiazi lstritëokdi g `l dgkavlrskôa, qul ls ci uakôa `l `gs plrsgais jgricls g dgjlrdkiatls piri rlickzir ua alogdkg la dgjõa dga blalnkdkgs ldgaôjkdgs y pgr ua tkljpg `ltlrjkai`g, jl`kiatl ci ipgrtidkôa `l `knlrlatls bklals g lc fagw hgw, ls `ldkr, lc dôjg hidlrcg, ska plr`lr su k`latkì` diì dgjlrdkiatl dgjg plrsgai jgric g eurê`kdi. La Jëxkdg lsti nkouri ls skjkcir i ci isgdkidkôa la pirtkdkpidkôa, dgatritg rlouci`g pgr ci Cly Olalric `l Tgdklì`ls Jlrdiatkcls, dga ci pirtkducirkì` `l qul dirldl `l plrsgaickì` eurê`kdi y ci vlatiei `l rlickzir alogdkgs ska aldlskì` `l drlir uai sgdklì` jlrdiatkc, cg qul rlùdl oistgs `l gplridkôa. I pirtkr `lc algckblricksjg y cipiri `lsrloucidkôa qultrisaidkgaicls, tril dgaskog, sl hia nidkckti`g cgs jldiaksjgs ci prlsladkii`jkakstritkvi `l cis ljprlsis idtgrls `l ua aulvg gr`la ldgaôjkdg katlraidkgaic dga lc qul hia prgcknlri`g lc dgjlrdkg lxtlrkgr y ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri. Ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri ci rlickzia lxtriaelrgs, plrsgais nêskdis g jgricls, isê dgjg uakì`ls ldgaôjkdis ska plrsgaickì` eurê`kdi, dgjg ls lc disg `l ci isgdkidkôa la pirtkdkpidkôa6 `kdhi kavlrskôa sl pul`l rlickzir jl`kiatl ci ipgrtidkôa `l bklals g `lrldhgs g ci i`jkakstridkôa `l uai ljprlsi jlxkdiai, skljprl y duia`g `kdhis plrsgais sl ladulatrla la cgs supulstgs qul lstibcldl ci Cly `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri (CKL). Ls kavlrskôa `krldti duia`g cgs pirtkducirls la ua piês lxtriaelrg lstibcldla alogdkgs, sligtri `l dipktic lxtriaelrgka`krldti la su tgtickì` g jkxtg sl dgjbkai dga lc aidkgaic y, yyi , pgr pirtl, kavlrskôa , utkckziì pgr lc skLsti`g piri rlickzir gbris `l kanrilstrudturi y ipckdirci i ljprlsis lstiticls `l tkpg kaùstrkic, ls `ldkr, dipktic prgvlaklatl `l groiaksjgs katlraidkgaicls qul prlstia i Lsti`gs g ljprlsis põbckdis piri ngrticldlr lc dipktic qul sl `lstkai i ci gbri põbckdi. Hiy qul dgask`lrir qul, sloõa ci Cly `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri, ci kavlrskôa qul lnldtõla cgs lxtriaelrgs la lc piês dga dickì` `l kajkori`gs sl lqukpiri i ci jlxkdiai, sicvg cis lxdlpdkgals qul lstibcldl ci jksji Cly. Lc dipktic y ci tldagcgoêi dgastktuyla ci pirtl jés kjpgrtiatl piri cgorir ci prg-

ùddkôa l kjpucsir lc `lsirrgccg ldgaôjkdg, lstg plrjktl qul cgs piêsls kavlrskgakstis cgorla ua kaorlsg dgask`lribcl, skljprl qul cgs piêsls gtgroula oiriatêis sunkdklatls kavlrskôa. Lc gbeltgpiri `l ciciCly `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri ls ci `ltlrjkaidkôa `l rlocis piri diaickzir ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri hidki lc piês y prgpkdkir qul ësti dgatrkbuyi ic `lsirrgccg aidkgaic.

902

D I]ÊP\CG > DGJLRDKG LXPLRKGR  L KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

Tloõa slia cis prkgrkì`ls `lc Lsti`g, ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri `lblré cclvirsl i dibg dukìa`g i cis ljprlsis jlxkdiais y la blalnkdkg `lc `lsirrgccg `l tgì ci sgdklì` jlxkdiai, yi qul ls kjpgrtiatl jiatlalr ci prgùdtkvkì` `lc piês y ci olalridkôa `l ljpclgs. Ci pirtkdkpidkôa `l ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri la sgdklì`ls jlxkdiais sl pg`ré rlickzir la duicquklr prgpgrdkôa, skljprl y duia`g cg plrjkti ci Cly `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri. @kdhi Cly lstibcldl prghkbkdkgals y ckjktidkgals la lsi jitlrki.

>.>.9 Idtkvkì`ls rlslrviìs rlslrviìs ic Lsti`g Dga bisl la lc irtêducg .>.2 Idtkvkì`ls rlslrviìs rlslrviìs i aidkgaicls Tloõa ci CKL, cis idtkvkì`ls ldgaôjkdis y lc tkpg `l sgdklì`ls qul sl jladkgaia i dgatkauidkôa, lstéa rlslrviìs `l jialri lxdcuskvi i jlxkdiags g i sgdklì`ls jlxkdiais dga dcéusuci `l lxdcuskôa `l lxtriaelrgs.

Priaspgrtl tlrrlstrl aidkgaic `l pisielrgs, turksjg y diroi, ska kadcukr cgs slrvkdkgs `l jlasielrêi y piqultlrêi. Dgjlrdkg ic pgr jlagr `l oisgckai y `kstrkbudkôa `l ois ckdui`g `l pltrôclg. Tlrvkdkgs `l ri`kg`knuskôa y gtrgs `l ri`kg y tlclvkskôa, `kstkatgs `l tlclvkskôa pgr dibcl. \akgals `l drë`ktg.

>.> KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

904

Kastktudkgals `l biadi `l `lsirrgccg, `lsirrgccg, la cgs tërjkags `l ci cly `l ci jitlrki. Ci prlstidkôa `l cgs slrvkdkgs prgnlskgaicls y tëdakdgs qul lxprlsijlatl slùicla cis `kspgskdkgals cloicls ipckdibcls. Ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri ag pg`ré pirtkdkpir la cis idtkvkì`ls y sgdklì`ls jladkgaiìs, ak i trivës `l nk`lkdgjksgs, dgavlakgs, pidtgs sgdkicls g lstitutirkgs, lsquljis `l pkrijkìdkôa u gtrg jldiaksjg qul cls gtgroul dgatrgc g pirtkdkpidkôa icouai, sicvg pgr cg `kspulstg la lc Pêtucg Pêtuc g Yukatg `l ci CKL. Idtkvkì`ls dga ua pgrdlatiel `l kavlrskôa lxtriaelri sga cis skouklatls5 Histi 9=% la sgdklì`ls dggplritkvis `l prgùddkôa. Histi 2 DGJLRDKG LXPLRKGR  L KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

>.>.0 Idtkvkì`ls dga ua pgrdlatiel jiygr `l kavlrskôa lxtriaelri qul rlquklrla rlsgcudkôa nivgribcl `l ci Dgjkskôa Aidkgaic `l Kavlrskôa Lxtriaelri Tlrvkdkgs pgrtuirkgs i cis ljbirdidkgals piri rlickzir sus gplridkgals `l aivloidkôa katlrkgr, ticls dgjg lc rljgcqul6 sgdklì`ls aivklris `l`kdiìs i ci lxpcgtidkôa `l ljbirdidkgals lxdcuskvijlatl la trénkdg `l icturi6 sgdklì`ls dgadlskgairkis g plrjkskgairkis `l ilrô`rgjgs `l slrvkdkg ic põbckdg6 slrvkdkgs prkvi`gs `l lùdidkôa lùdidkôa prllsdgcir, prllsdgcir, prkjirki, slduaìrki, jl`ki suplrkgr, suplrkgr y dgjbkai`gs6 slrvkdkgs cloicls6 sgdklì`ls `l kangrjidkôa drl`ktkdki6 kastktudkgals dicknkdi`gris `l vicgrls6 iolatls `l slourgs6 tlclngaêi dlcucir6 dgastruddkôa `l ùdtgs piri ci triaspgrtidkôa `l pltrôclg pltrôc lg y sus `lrkvi`gs `lrkvi`gs66 plrngridkôa plrngridkôa `l pgzgs pgzgs pltrgclrgs pltrgclrgs y `l ois, y dgasdgastruddkôa, gplridkôa y lxpcgtidkôa `l vêis nërrlis qul slia vêi olalric `l dgjuakdidkôa, y prlstidkôa `lc slrvkdkg põbckdg `l triaspgrtl nlrrgvkirkg. Tloõa ci CKL, sl rlquklrl rlsgcudkôa nivgribcl `l ci Dgjkskôa piri qul la cis sgdklì`ls jlxkdiais `ga`l ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri prltlaì pirtkdkpir, `krldti g ka`krldtijlatl, la uai prgpgrdkôa jiygr ic 0; pgr dklatg `l su dipktic sgdkic, sli pgskbcl õakdijlatl duia`g lc vicgr tgtic `l idtkvgs `l cis sgdklì`ls `l qul sl tritl, ic jgjlatg `l sgjltlr ci sgckdktu` `l i`qukskdkôa, rlbisl lc jgatg qul `ltlrjkal iauicjlatl ci prg pki Dgjkskôa. Ls kjpgrtiatl jladkgair qul cgs pgrdlatiels `l kavlrskôa lxtriaelri virêia sloõa ci pgcêtkdi ldgaôjkdi qul skoi lc Ogbklrag, plrg skljprl `lbla iploirsl i cg prlsdrktg pgr ci Dgastktudkôa Nl`lric. Iskjksjg la ci nriddkôa K `lc irtêducg 2? dgastktudkgaic sl lstibcldl qul sôcg cgs jlxkdiags pgr aidkjklatg g pgr aiturickzidkôa y cis sgdklì`ls jlxkdiais tklala `lrldhg piri i`qukrkr lc `gjkakg `l cis tklrris, iouis y sus iddlskgals g piri gbtlalr dgadlskgals `l lxpcgtidkôa `l jkais g iouis. Lc Lsti`g pg`ré dgadl`lr lc jksjg `lrldhg i cgs lxtriaelrgs, skljprl qul dgavlaoia iatl ci Tldrltirêi `l Rlcidkgals Lxtlrkgrls la dgask`lrirsl dgjg aidkgaicls rlspldtg `l `kdhgs bklals y la ag kavgdir, pgr cg jksjg, ci prgtlddkôa `l su ogbklrag pgr cg qul sl rlnklrl i iquëccgs6

bieg ci plai la disg `l nictir ic dgavlakg `l plr`lr la blalnkdkg `l ci aidkôa, cgs bklals qul hubklrla i`qukrk`g la vkrtu` `l cg jksjg. 99 ]gr gtri pirtl, la lc irtêducg 2? dgastktudkgaic lxkstla icouais ckjktidkgals piri kajulbclslala zgai rlstrkaokì, ls `ldkr .> KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

90<

La lc disg `l cis sgdklì`ls la duygs lstitutgs sl kadcuyi lc dgavlakg prlvkstg la ci nriddkôa K `lc irtêducg 2? dgastktudkgaic, sl lstiré i cg skouklatl5 ]g`réa i`qukrkr lc `gjkakg `l bklals kajulbcls ubkdi`gs la ci zgai rlstrkaokì, `lstkai`gs i ci rlickzidkôa `l idtkvkì`ls ag rlsk`ladkicls, `lbkla`g ìr ivksg `l `kdhi i`qukskdkôa i ci Tldrltirêi `l Rlcidkgals Lxtlrkgrls, `latrg `l cgs slslati `êis hébkcls skouklatls i iqulc la lc qul sl rlickdl ci i`qukskdkôa. ]g`réa i`qukrkr `lrldhgs sgbrl bklals kajulbcls la ci zgai rlstrkaokì, qul slia `lstkai`gs i nkals rlsk`ladkicls, `l dgangrjkì` dga cis `kspgskdkgals cloicls ipckdibcls. ]gr cg iatlrkgr ls pgskbcl inkrjir qul ci tri`kdkôa pgcêtkdi `lc Lsti`g jlxkdiag hi sk`g ci prgtlddkôa `lc tlrrktgrkg aidkgaic y `lc pitrkjgakg, isê dgjg ci ag katlrvladkôa `l ogbklrags lxtriaelrgs, ska ljbirog lc ljbitl `l ci ocgbickzidkôa hi gdiskgai`g ci `kvlrsknkdidkôa `l ci kavlrskôa lxtriaelri y dga lccg ci kaviskôa `lsjlsuriì `l dipkticls `lc lxtlrkgr, la `ltrkjlatg `l ci lstibkckì` ldgaôjkdi `l cgs piêsls la iusladki `l ci rloucidkôa eurê`kdi y dgatrgc i`ldui`g.

90>

D I]ÊP\CG > DGJLRDKG LXPLRKGR  L KA^LRTKÔA LXPRIAELRI

IDPK^K@ IDPK^K@I@LT I@LT @L I]RLA@KUIEL Dgatls Dga tlstl tl `l jial jialri ri dgrrld dgrrldti ti cis prloua prlouatis tis `l idulr`g idulr`g i cg qul sl cl pk`l pk`l.. 9. Kavlstkoul lc `lsirrgccg qul hia hia prlslati`g cis idtkvkì`ls idtkvkì`ls ldgaôjkdis la

Jëxkdg, i pirtkr `l 9;;0, y ljkti uai gpkakôa sgbrl lc kjpidtg qul hi tlak`g lc dgjlrdkg lxtlrkgr la ci ldgagjêi jlxkdiai.

2. Ipgrtl `gs disgs la la qul sl k`latknkqul lc lelrdkdkg `l cis niducti`ls lxtrigrlxtrigr-

`kairkis `lc Leldutkvg la jitlrki `l dgjlrdkg lxtlrkgr.

4. Jladkgal dkadg leljpcgs `l jl`kìs jl`kìs iriadlcirkis y ag iriadlcirkis. iriadlcirkis.

0. Cgdickdl uai rlsgcudkôa qul sl rlnklri i ua disg `l ùjpkao, y `lsdrkbi

ci siadkôa qul kjpusg ci iutgrkì` i ci ljprlsi qul kadurrkô la `kdhi prédtkdi.

I DPK^K@I@LT DPK^K@I@LT @L  I]RLA@KUIEL I]RLA@KUIEL

90?

. Kavlstkoul sk ua lxtriaelrg lxtriaelrg qul dgatril jitrkjgakg jitrkjgakg dga uai jlxkdiai jlxkdiai bieg

lc rëokjla `l sgdklì` dgayuoic pul`l i`qukrkr ua kajulbcl la Idipucdg. Eustknkqul su rlspulsti.

]RG]KL@I@ KAPLCLDP\IC Dipêtucg ?

GBELPK^GT Ic dgadcukr lc lstu`kg `l lstl dipêtucg ustl` slré dipiz `l5 • Dgagdlr cgs iatldl`latls `l ci prgpklì` katlcldtuic. • @kstkaoukr latrl `lrldhg `l iutgr y prgpklì` kaùstrkic. • Dgagdlr cgs jl`kgs `l prgtlddkôa cloic i ci prgpklì` iutgric. • K`latknkdir cgs ispldtgs sgbrlsicklatls `l ci prgpklì` kaùstrkic.

• Dgagdlr lc dgatritg `l nriaqukdki y su rloucidkôa eurê`kdi.

]RG]KL@I@ KAPLCLDP\IC

90/0/) qul prgtlol gbris cktlrirkis y irtêstkdis. La Jëxkdg, lc Dô`kog Dkvkc `l 98?= piri lc @kstrktg Nl`lric y lc tlrrktgrkg `l Biei Dickngraki, dgatuvg `kspgskdkgals sgbrl prgpklì` cktlrirki, `rijétkdi y prg-

pklì` irtêstkdi. Jés tir`l lc Dô`kog Dkvkc (9880), rlocijlatô cgs `lrldhgs `l cgs iutgrls y `lspuës lc Dô`kog Dkvkc piri lc @kstrktg y Plrrktgrkgs Nl`lricls la jitlrki dgjõa y piri tgì ci Rlpõbckdi la jitlrki Nl`lric (9;28), dgatlaêi lc `lagjkai`g `lrldhg `l iutgr. 2

http5//www.dkau.gro.jx/tljis/`lsirrgccg/`lsldga/prgpWkatlcld.htj http5//www .dkau.gro.jx/tljis/`lsirrgccg/`lsldga/prgpWkatlcld.htj dgasucti`g lc 9= `l euckg `l 2==?.

?.9 @LRLDHGT @L  I\PGR I\PGR

9?. Lc gbeltg `l ci GJ]K ls kastiurir ua gr`la eurê`kdg iutôagjg `knlrlatl i gtris groiakzidkgals katlraidkgaicls dga lc nka `l ngjlatir ci prgtlddkôa `l ci prgpklì` katlcldtuic. Lc Lsti`g rldgagdl lc `lrldhg qul tklal tg`g drli`gr `l gbris prgùdtg `lc katlcldtg hujiag ‐cgs dgjpgsktgrls g iutgrls `l gbri cktlrirki, `rijétkdi, pkdtôrkdi, irquktldtôakdi, `lcgs rlokstrir su prgùddkôa tlr lxdcuskvg6 lstg clsjuskdic, plrjktlltd.‐ gbtlalr blalnkdkgs, ùriatl lcirtêstkdi tkljpg dga qul dirédjirdi ci cly, yi sli pgr ci rlprgùddkôa, leldudkôa y `kvucoidkôa `l su gbri. Cg qul ls ua jgagpgckg cloic `l dirédtlr tljpgric qul lc Lsti`g dgadl`l i cgs iutgrls, dga ua dgatlak`g pitrkjgakic y jgric. La duiatg ic dgatlak`g pitrkjgakic sl prgtlol ci plrdlpdkôa `l blalnkdkgs ldgaôjkdgs pgr su prgùddkôa drlitkvi, pgr cg qul lc iutgr pul`l iutgrkzir ci rlprgùddkôa, pubckdidkôa, l`kdkôa y la olalric ci nkeidkôa jitlrkic la dgpkis g leljpcirls `l ci gbri, lnldtui`g pgr duicquklr jl`kg kjprlsg, iu`kgvksuic, lcldtrôakdg, ltdëtlri. ]gr leljpcg, ci biaì Phl Blitcls hi gbtlak`g rloicêis kadicducibcls pgr sus dgjpgskdkgals, qul sl rldgagdla la tg`g lc jua`g, y sga leldutiìs pgr jõctkpcls orupgs y la `knlrlatls vlrskgals. Lc iutgr ls lc tktucir grkokairkg `lc `lrldhg pitrkjgakic y sus hlrl`lrgs g diusihibklatls pgr duicquklr têtucg slréa dgask`lri`gs tktucirls `lrkvi`gs. Lc iutgr y su diusihibklatl ogziréa `lc `lrldhg `l plrdkbkr uai rloicêi pgr ci dgjuakdidkôa g triasjkskôa põbckdi `l su gbri pgr duicquklr jl`kg. Lc `lrldhg `lc iutgr ls krrlauadkibcl. Lsti rloicêi slré pioiì `krldtijlatl pgr qukla rlickdl ci dgjuakdidkôa g triasjkskôa.

Dibl `lstidir, qul pgr su dirédtlr pitrkjgakic, lstgs `lrldhgs sga triasjkskbcls i cgs hlrl`lrgs6 tgjl lc disg `l cgs ckbrgs qul sga rll`kti`gs, ci iutgrkzidkôa ci idtuickzia cgs hlrl`lrgs `lc iutgr. La duiatg i cgs `lrldhgs jgricls, lc iutgr ls lc õakdg, prkjkolakg y plrpltug tktucir `l cgs `lrldhgs jgricls sgbrl cis gbris `l su drlidkôa y cl plrjktla ci `kvucoidkôa `l ci gbri (skljprl y duia`g ag inldtl i tlrdlrgs) y lc rldgagdkjklatg `l ci dickì` `l iutgr, isê dgjg lc `lrldhg `l katlorkì` `l ci gbri, sôcg lc iutgr pg`ré rlvksir g iutgrkzir dijbkgs g ictlridkgals.

9=>.

?.9 @LRLDHGT @L  I\PGR I\PGR

9

Derecho Corporativo

Short Description

Description

Comments

We need your help!