Der Laboral y LIQUIDACIÓN Prestaciones 2019

 

Qr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s

Bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s sfl bfs nil`rfs mnigiflmb`s mb Wmbmrif mb Wmbmrif qu` `b `dpb`mnfr n`k` r`gflfg`r mb trmkmomnfr vilgubmnf d`nimlt` Gfltrmtf d`nimlt`  Gfltrmtf n` trmkmof pfr sus s`rvigifs pr`stmnfs. Bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s emg`l pmrt` n` bfs k`l`jigifs n` ul gfltrmtf ul gfltrmtf n` trmkmof y s` n`k`l biquinmr `l bms j`gems qu` ilnigm bm b`y, y pfr bf d`lfs s` n`k`l prfvisiflmr gmnm d`s f f quilg`lm  quilg`lm s`hÿl s`m `b p`rifnf n` pmhf mnfptmnf, pmrm bf gumb emy ulms j÷rdubms `stmlnmrizmnms y s`lgibbms qu` jmgibitml bm biquinmgi÷l. Bms pr`stmgifl`s n`k`l r`gflfg`rs` n`sn` `b prid`r näm n` bm `o`gugi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. Wi s` t`rdilm mlt`s n` qu` s` gfdpb`t` `b ti`dpf `stmkb`ginf pmrm pmhmrbfs (Pl mýf pmrm g`smltäms y vmgmgifl`s y s`is d`s`s pmrm gmnm pridm, s` n`k`l biquinmr y pmhmr n` dml`rm prfpfrgiflmb Bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s s` gfdpfl`l n` bms g`smltäms, bfs ilt`r`s`s sfkr` g`smltäms, bm pridm n` s`rvigifs, vmgmgifl`s y gmbzmnf y fv`rfb`s. G`smltäms.

@b trmkmomnfr ti`l` n`r`gef m qu` s` b` pmhu` ul Wmbmrif ul  Wmbmrif d`lsumb pfr gmnm mýf n` trmkmof f prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` m bm jrmggi÷l n` mýf trmkmomnf. Qmrm biquinmr `b muxibif n` g`smltäm s` tfdm gfdf kms` `b ÿbtidf smbmrif d`lsumb n`v`lhmnf pfr `b trmkmomnfr, si`dpr` qu` lf emym t`linf vmrimgi÷l `l bfs tr`s (7) ÿbtidfs d`s`s. @l `b gmsf gfltrmrif y `l `b n` bfs smbmrifs vmrimkb`s, s` tfdmrí gfdf kms` `b prfd`nif n` bf n`v`lhmnf `l `b ÿbtidf mýf n` s`rvigifs f `l tfnf `b ti`dpf s`rvinf si ju`r` d`lfr n` ul mýf. @l `st` gmsf tmdkiél s` ti`l` `l gu`ltm `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` gfdf kms` pmrm `b gmgubf n` bms g`smltäms. Bm biquinmgi÷l n` bms g`smltäms s` emrí `b ÿbtidf näm n` gmnm mýf f mb jilmbizmr `b gfltrmtf. Msä, bm kms` pmrm `b gíbgubf n` bm pridm n` s`rvigifs `s `b Wmbmrif `b Wmbmrif kísigf dís Muxibif dís Muxibif n` trmlspfrt`, efrms trmlspfrt`, efrms `xtrms gfdisifl`s `xtrms gfdisifl`s y gumbqui`r ftrf pmhf gflsin`rmnf smbmrif. [`sp`gtf m bfs `dpb`mnfs n`b s`rvigif nfdéstigf, nfdéstigf, bm kms` pmrm bms g`smltäms s`rí bm tftmbinmn n`b smbmrif, ilgbuinf `b smbmrif `s `sp`gi`, qu` `sp`gi`, qu` `s täpigf `l `stfs trmkmomnfr`s. @b muxibif n` g`smltäms n`k` s`r gflsihlmnf pfr `b `dpb`mnfr mlt`s n`b =0 n` j`kr`rf n`b sihui`lt` mýf `l ulm gu`ltm ilnivinumb n` gmnm trmkmomnfr `l `b jflnf qu` `b `dpb`mnf `biom. N` lf gflsihlmrs` fpfrtulmd`lt` bms g`smltäms, `b `dpb`mnfr n`k`rí pmhmr ul näm n` smbmrif pfr gmnm näm n` r`trmsf `l bm gflsihlmgi÷l f pmhf n` bms g`smltäms. Gfdf ym s` niof, `b muxibif n` g`smltäms s` biquinm `b jilmbizmr `b mýf pmrm bfs gfltrmtfs m térdilf iln`jilinf, gmsf `l `b gumb s` gflsihlm `l ul jflnf n` g`smltäms `sgfhinf pfr `b trmkmomnfr m dís tmrnmr `b => n` j`kr`rf n`b gmnm mýf, f m bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf `l bfs n`dís gmsfs. Wil `dkmrhf, `s pfsikb` emg`r r`tirfs pmrgimb`s n` bms g`smltäms si`dpr` y gumlnf `stms s`ml utibizmnms pmrm bm gflstruggi÷l f d`ofrmdi`ltf n` vivi`lnm. Ilt`r`s`s m bms G`smltäms @b `dpb`mnfr n`k` pmhmr pfr gflg`ptf n` ilt`r`s`s sfkr` bms g`smltäms ul =;% mlumb, f prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` mb ti`dpf trmkmomnf. @dpb`mnfr`s lf fkbihmnfs mb pmhf n`b muxibif n` g`smltäms. Qridm n` s`rvigifs.

 

  @s `b r`gflfgi`lnf m su mpfrt` `l bm h`l`rmgi÷l n` ilhr`sfs y utibinmn `l bm `dpr`sm f ulinmn `gfl÷digm. ^fnm `dpr`sm n`k` pmhmr m gmnm `dpb`mnf ul smbmrif d`lsumb pfr gmnm mýf n` s`rvigif, `b gumb s` pmhm `l nfs gfltmnfs, quilg` näms s` n`k`l pmhmr pfr tmrnmr `b ÿbtidf näm n`b d`s n` oulif y bfs r`stmlt`s quilg` näms `l bfs prid`rfs ;1 näms n`b d`s n` nigi`dkr`. W`hÿl `b mrtägubf 718 n`b g÷nihf sustmltivf n`b trmkmof, bm pridm n` s`rvigifs lf `s smbmrif li s` n`k` gfdputmr gfdf smbmrif `l lilhÿl gmsf, trmtmdi`ltf qu` s` b` nm m bms n`dís pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s. @l `b gmsf qu` `b `dpb`mnf fp`r` gfl ul Gfltrmtf ul Gfltrmtf n` trmkmof m térdilf jiof, bm pridm n` s`rvigifs s` gmbgubmrm `l prfpfrgi÷l mb ti`dpf bmkfrmnf, gumbqui`rm qu` `st` s`m. @l `st` gmsf tmdkiél s` ti`l` `l gu`ltm `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` gfdf kms` pmrm `b gmgubf n` bms g`smltäms. Msä, bm kms` pmrm `b gíbgubf n` bm pridm n` s`rvigifs `s `b Wmbmrif kísigf dís Muxibif n` trmlspfrt`, efrms `xtrms gfdisifl`s y gumbqui`r ftrf pmhf gflsin`rmnf smbmrif. Gmbzmnf y Fv`rfb`s. E`dfs nigef qu` `b v`stinf n` bmkfr emg` pmrt` n` bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s p`rf lf e`dfs gfbfgmnf lilhulm j÷rdubm pmrm su gíbgubf. @stf s` n`k` m qu` lf `xist` j÷rdubm pmrm `bbf, ym qu` `b vmbfr n` `stm pr`stmgi÷l pu`n` vmrimr `l gmnm gmsf pmrtigubmr y n`p`ln` n` bm pfbätigm ilt`rlm n` bm `dpr`sm.

@stí prfeikinf qu` `b `dpb`mnfr gfdp`ls` `l nil`rf `b vmbfr gfrr`spflni`lt` m bm nftmgi÷l, mulqu` `s gfstudkr` `ltr` bfs `dpb`mnfr`s, `sp`gimbd`lt` `l fjigilms y mbdmg`l`s `l bfs qu` lf s` r`qui`r` ulijfrd`, `ltr`hmr `b nil`rf mb `dpb`mnf gfl `b jil qu` `st` mnqui`rm pfr su gu`ltm y m su hustf bms pr`lnms qu` em n` utibizmr `l su buhmr n` trmkmof. Wfbf s` gfdp`lsmrm @L NIL@[F, si `b `dpb`mnfr lf gudpbi÷ gfl su fkbihmgi÷l y s` em nmnf pfr t`rdilmnf `b gfltrmtf, n`ki`lnf gfdp`lsmr `stm pr`stmgi÷l. Zmgmgifl`s Bms vmgmgifl`s lf emg`l pmrt` n` bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s p`rf pfr gfstudkr` s` ilgbuy`l mbbä, tfnm v`z qu` gflsist`l Bms vmgmgifl`s `l ul n`sgmlsf fkbihmtfrif n` =0 näms eíkib`s pfr gmnm mýf n` s`rvigif pr`stmnf pfr `b trmkmomnfr. Wfbf s` gfdp`lsmrí @L NIL@[F, si `b trmkmomnfr lf bfs pu`n` nisjrutmr `l ti`dpf, `l bfs gmsfs n` bfs gfltrmtfs ilj`rifr`s m ul mýf f ihumb`s m ul mýf qu` lf s` r`lu`v`l. Ki`l, bms j÷rdubms m utibizmr sfl Qridm n` W`rvigifs •Wmbmrif d`lsumb

(Wmbmrif +mux trmlsp+efrms `xtrms, `tg) * Näms trmkmomnfs /7:1

G`smltims •Wmbmrif d`lsumb

(Wmbmrif +mux trmlsp+efrms `xtrms, `tg) * Näms trmkmomnfs)/7:1

Ilt`r`s`s sfkr` g`smltims •G`smltäms * Näms

trmkmomnfs * 1,=;)/7:1

Zmgmgifl`s •Wmbmrif d`lsumb

kísigf * Näms trmkmomnfs)/8;1

Bm kms` n`b gíbgubf n` `stfs gflg`ptfs qu` mquä e`dfs n`lfdilmnf smbmrif d`lsumb, `s bm sudmtfrim n` tfnfs bfs pmhfs r`gikinfs pfr `b trmkmomnfr y qu` gflstituy`l smbmrif, gfdf `s `b gmsf n` bms bms gfdisifl`s,  gfdisifl`s, trmkmof  trmkmof `xtrm, r`gmrhfs `xtrm, r`gmrhfs lfgturlfs, nfdiligmb`s y

 

j`stivfs. W` pu`n`l `xgbuir n` bm kms` mqu`bbfs j`stivfs. W` kms` mqu`bbfs pmhfs qu` s` emyml pmgtmnf gfdf lf gflstitutivfs n` smbmrif smbmrif,, gflsin`rmlnf qu` `stfs qu` `stfs pmhfs lf gflstitutivfs n` smbmrif `stíl sfd`tinfs m ul bädit` b`hmb.  b`hmb. 

BI]PINMGI×L N@B GFL^[M^F N@ ^[MKMOF Gumlnf ul gfltrmtf n` trmkmof jilmbizm `s l`g`smrif prfg`n`r m biquinmr nij`r`lt`s gflg`ptfs qu` `b `dpb`mnfr mn`unm mb trmkmomnfr. M gfltilumgi÷l lfs r`j`ridfs m `bbfs. Gmsfs `l qu` s` biquinm `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. =. Jilmbizmgi÷l `b ti`dpf pmgtmnf `l `b gmsf n` bfs gfltrmtfs n` trmkmof m térdilf jiof. ;. [`tirf n`b trmkmomnfr pfr oukibmgi÷l. 7. ^`rdilmgi÷l ulibmt`rmb pfr gumbqui`rm n` bms pmrt`s `l gumbqui`r dfd`ltf. Mpbigm pmrm gfltrmtfs m térdilf jiof y pmrm iln`jilinfs. >. Gflsubt`? ^`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. Gflg`ptfs qu` s` n`k`l biquinmr m bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. Mb dfd`ltf n` biquinmr `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof s` n`k`l biquinmr bfs sihui`lt`s gflg gflg`ptfs? `ptfs? Wmbmrifs mn`unmnfs Qr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s Mpfrt`s pmrmjisgmb`s m qu` emym buhmr Mpfrt`s m s`hurinmn sfgimb Iln`dlizmgifl`ss si euki`r` buhmr m `bbms. Iln`dlizmgifl` Plm v`z t`rdilmnf y biquinmnf `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof, `b `dpb`mnfr n`k` qu`nmr m pmz y smbvf pfr tfnf gflg`ptf gfl `b trmkmomnfr. @o`dpbf n` biquinmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. Qmrm gfdpr`ln`r d`ofr `b prfg`sf n` biquinmgi÷l trmkmomr`dfs gfl ul `o`dpbf `b qu` gflt`lnrí vmbfr`s eipftétigfs. ^`li`lnf `l gu`ltm qu` mlumbd`lt` s` n`k`l biquinmr gmsi tfnfs bfs gflg`ptfs r`bmgiflmnfs gfl bm l÷dilm, `l `b `o`dpbf supflnr`dfs bm biquinmgi÷l n` ulm jrmggi÷l n` mýf.

Wupu`stfs m gflsin`rmr `l bm biquinmgi÷l Bm s`ýfrm ^mtimlm, vilgubmnm d`nimlt` gfltrmtf n` trmkmof t rmkmof m térdilf jiof gfl nurmgi÷l n` ; mýfs, gfl ul su`bnf n` $=.;11.111 t`rdilm su gfltrmtf `b 7= n` fgtukr` n` ;1=0. M 7= n` nigi`dkr` n` ;1=> s` b` biquinmrfl gfrr`gtmd`lt` tfnfs bfs gflg`ptfs n` l÷dilm gfrr`spflni`lt`s, pfr bf qu` sfbf s` b` n`k`l biquinmr bfs gfrr`spflni`lt`s mb mýf ;1=0. N`smrrfbbf. Näms m biquinmr? 1= n` `l`rf n` ;1=0 m 7= n` fgtukr` n` ;1=0 4 711 näms. Biquinmgi÷l n` bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s Qridm n` s`rvigifs? (=.;11.111*=;1)/7:1 4 >11.111 Zmgmgifl`s? (=.;11.111*711)/8;1 4 011.111 G`smltäms? (=.;11.111*711)/7:1 4 =.111.111 Ilt`r`s`s sfkr` g`smltäms. (=.111.111*711*.=;)/7:1 4 =11.111 Lftm. Bm pridm n` s`rvigifs gfrr`spfln` m bm pridm n` nigi`dkr`, pu`stf qu` bm n` oulif ym n`ki÷ emk`rs` pmhmnf. Biquinmgi÷l n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l pfr n`spinf iloustf. Qmrm mpbigmr bm biquinmgi÷l n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l pfr n`spinf iloustijigmnf iloustijigmnf supflnr`dfs nfs `sg`lmrifs, ulf nfln` `b gfltrmtf `s m térdilf jiof y ftrf nfln` `b gfltrmtf `s m térdilf iln`jilinf. Gfltrmtf m térdilf jiof. Mefrm supflhmdfs qu` `b gfltrmtf v`lgäm `b 7= 7 = n` nigi`dkr` (gfltrmtf m térdilf jiof), p`rf bm `dpb`mnm ju` n`sp`ninm sil oustm gmusm `b 7= n` fgtukr`.

 

@l `st` gmsf, gfdf s` trmtm n` ul gfltrmtf n` m t`rdilf jiof, bm iln`dlizmgi÷l gfrr`spfln` m mb vmbfr n` bfs smbmrifs jmbtmlt`s pmrm bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf. N`spinf n`b trmkmomnfr? 7= n` fgtukr`. J`gem n` v`lgidi`ltf n`b gfltrmtf? 7= n` nigi`dkr`. D`s`s qu` jmbtml pmrm jilmbizmr `b gfltrmtf? ; Zmbfr n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l? =.;11.111*; 4 ;.>11.111 Z`m gfl dís n`tmbb` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l pfr n`spinf iloustijigmnf iloustijigmnf `l `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof m térdilf jiof. Gfltrmtf m térdilf t érdilf iln`jilinf. Wupfli`lnf ul gfltrmtf iln`jilinf bm iln`dlizmgi÷l `l `st` gmsf s`rí ihumb m? m). Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ilj`rifr m ni`z (=1) smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s b`hmb`s? ^r`iltm (71) näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif lf dmyfr n` ul (=) mýf. ;. Wi `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` t uvi`r` dís n` ul (=) mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf s` b` pmhmríl v`ilt` (;1) näms mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs tr`iltm (71) kísigfs n`b lud`rmb =¿, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs n` s`rvigif suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l3 k) Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ihumb f sup`rifr m ni`z (=1), smbmrifs dälidfs b`hmb`s d`lsumb`s. =. Z`ilt` (;1) näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif lf dmyfr n` ul (=) mýf. ;. Wi `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` t uvi`r` dís n` ul (=) mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf, s` b` pmhmríl quilg` (=0) näms mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs v`ilt` (;1) näms kísigfs n`b lud`rmb =¿ mlt`rifr, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs n` s`rvigif suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l. @l lu`strf supu`stf, `b gfltrmtf n` ^mtimlm s` iligi÷ `b 1= n` `l`rf n` ;1=1, `s n`gir, qu` m 7= n` fgtukr` bb`vmkm ;; d`s`s bmkfrmlnf. Bm iln`dlizmgi÷l s`räm? W` mpbigm `b bit`rmb m pfr hmlmr d`lfs n` =1 smbmrifs dälidfs. N`b bit`rmb m, s` b` mpbigm `b lud`rmb ; pfr bb`vmr dís n` ul mýf bmkfrmlnf. @ltflg`s, 71 näms n`b lud`rmb = + =8 näms gfrr`spflni`lt`s mb lud`rmb ; (Jrmggi÷l n` =1 d`s`s). 4 >8 näms. Iln`dlizmgi÷l.(=.;11.111/71)*>8 Iln`dlizmgi÷l.( =.;11.111/71)*>8 4 =.551.111 @l térdilfs h`l`rmb`s, `stfs sfl bfs gflg`ptfs qu` s` n`k`l t`l`r `l gu`ltm `l bm biquinmgi÷l n` ul gfltrmtf n` trmkmof. Bms j÷rdubms mquä pbmlt`mnms sfl víbinms pmrm biquinmgifl`s pmrm gumbqui`r ti`dpf bmkfrmnf. ettp?//www.h`r`lgi`.gfd/biquinmgifl-n`b-gfltrmtf-n`-trmkmof.etdb 

 

GMBGPBMNF[M BMKF[MB @b Dilist`rif n`b ^rmkmof pr`s`ltm bm Gmbgubmnfrm Bmkfrmb. Plm e`rrmdi`ltm p`nmh÷higm n` jígib usf, gfl bm qu` tfnfs bfs trmkmomnfr`s y `dpb`mnfr`s n` Gfbfdkim pfnríl? pfn ríl? • Gflfg`r y gfdprfkmr sus r`sp`gtivfs n`r`gefs y n`k`r`s `l dmt`rim smbmrimb smbmrimb   • H`l`rmr `stidmtivfs n` biquinmgi÷l n` pr`stmgifl`s pr`stmgif l`s sfgimb`s • Widubmr bms prfvisifl`s d`lsumb`s qu` bfs `dpb`mnfr`s n`k`l t`l`r `l gu`ltm mb gfltrmtmr ul trmkmomnfr.   =. Wi qui`r` gmbgubmr su biquinmgi÷l, ilhr`s` bm j`gem n` iligif y n` jil n` su gfltrmtf f r`bmgi÷l bmkfrmb usmlnf `b gmb`lnmrif. ^`lhm `l gu`ltm qu` `b `stidmnf n` biquinmgifl`s y gfstfs s` gmbgubml pfr mýf gmb`lnmrif. Ilhr`s` `b vmbfr n` smbmrif d`lsumb qu` r`gik` f su prfd`nif. [`gu`rn` qu` `b gíbgubf lf ilgbuy` ilhr`sfs mnigiflmb`s ;. lf pr`stmgiflmb`s. 7. @biom ulm n` bms fpgifl`s n` gíbgubf usmlnf bfs kftfl`s ukigmnfs `l bm pmrt` ilj`rifr n` bm e`rrmdi`ltm. @b r`subtmnf `s ul nfgud`ltf QNJ qu` pu`n` n`sgmrhmr, gfdpmrtir f idpridir. Idpfrtmlt`? • Bms biquinmgifl`s s` gmbgubml y `j`gtÿml mýf m mýf. Bm Gmbgubmnfrm lf p`rdit` ilhr`smr p`rifnfs qu` sup`r`l `b mýf gmb`lnmrif. • [`gu`rn` ilnigmr si r`gik` f lf muxibif n` trmlspfrt`. Bfs trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l dís n` nfs smbmrifs dälidfs

d`lsumb`s lf ti`l`l n`r`gef m muxibif n` trmlspfrt`. • @b smbmrif n`v`lhmnf lf pu`n` s`r ilj`rifr mb Wmbmrif Dälidf. • @b gíbgubf n` vmbfr pfr efrm n` trmkmof `s víbinf pmrm ulm mgtivinmn 

@stm e`rrmdi`ltm `s víbinm pmrm tfnfs bfs trmkmomnfr`s n`b s`gtfr privmnf vilgubmnfs gfl ul gfltrmtf bmkfrmb nir`gtf. Lf mpbigm pmrm? • W`rvinfr`s pÿkbigfs  • ^rmkmomnfr`s vilgubmnfs pfr ul gfltrmtf n` pr`stmgi÷l pr `stmgi÷l n` s`rvigifs n` gmrígt`r givib. • ^rmkmomnfr`s qu` r`gik`l smbmrif ilt`hrmb, `s n`gir dís n` =1 smbmrifs dälidfs, dís ul jmgtfr pr`stmgiflmb `quivmb`lt`

m ul 71% n`b smbmrif r`gikinf, gmsf `l `b gumb sfbmd`lt` s` biquinm `b n`sgmlsf r`dul`rmnf. • ^rmkmomnfr`s LF gfkiomnfs pfr bm b`y 01 n` =991, = 991, qu` t`lhml n`r`gef mb pmhf r`trfmgtivf n` bms g`smltäms. 

@stm gmbgubmnfrm s÷bf mpbigm pmrm sidubmr biquinmgifl`s `l bfs `v`ltfs `l bfs qu` `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof t`rdilm gfl oustm gmusm f pfr gumbqui`rm n` pfr bms gmusms b`hmb`s qu` LF nml f frih`l rih`l m iln`dlizmgifl`s n` lilhulm älnfb`. [`gu`rn`? gumlnf `xistm gfljbigtf r`sp`gtf n` bfs n`r`gefs n`b trmkmomnfr, n`k`rí mgunir m bm oustigim bmkfrmb frnilmrim. ettp?//www.diltrmkmof.hfv.gf/gmbgubmnfrm-bmkfrmb.etdb BI]PINMGIFL Q[@W^MGIFL@W Gflfzgm guíb`s sfl bfs pmhfs `gfl÷digfs qu` n`k` r`gikir ul trmkmomnfr mb t`rdilmr bm r`bmgi÷l bmkfrmb gfl ulm `dpr`sm. Gumlnf s` t`rdilm bm r`bmgi÷l bmkfrmb `ltr` ul trmkmomnfr y ulm gfdpmýäm, `b `dpb`mnf r`gik` bm jmdfsm biquinmgi÷l, qu` s` pu`n` n`jilir gfdf ul gíbgubf y pmhf jilmb n` bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s y n`dís n`r`gefs y n`nuggifl`s l`g`smrims. W`hÿl bf `stmkb`ginf pfr `b mrtägubf := n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof, sukrfhmnf sukrfhmnf pfr bm B`y 01 n` =991 `b mrtägubf 0 nispfl` qu` `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof s` pu`n` t`rdilmr pfr 9 gmusms? M. Qfr du`rt` n`b trmkmomnfr K. Qfr dutuf gfls`ltidi`ltf G. Qfr `xpirmgi÷l n`b pbmzf jiof pmgtmnf N. Qfr t`rdilmgi÷l n` bm fkrm f bmkfr gfltrmtmnm @. Qfr biquinmgi÷l f gbmusurm n`jilitivm n` bm `dpr`sm f `stmkb`gidi`ltf J. Qfr susp`lsi÷l n` mgtivinmn`s pfr pmrt` n`b `dpb`mnfr nurmlt` dís n` =;1 näms H. Qfr s`lt`lgim `o`gutfrimnm E. Qfr n`gisi÷l ulibmt`rmb `l bfs gmsfs n` bfs mrtägubfs 8 n`b N`gr`tf B`y ;70= ` =90: y : n` `stm b`y. I. Qfr lf r`hr`smr `b trmkmomnfr su `dpb`f, mb n`smpmr`g`r bms gmusms n` bm susp`lsi÷l n`b gfltrmtf. N` mgu`rnf gfl Ofsé Mb`omlnrf Gírn`lms n` bm jirdm Gírn`lms & Íbvmr`z mkfhmnfs, pmrm biquinmr bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s y vmgmgifl`s n` ul trmkmomnfr s` n`k` t`l`r `l gu`ltm bfs sihui`lt`s msp`gtfs? G`smltäms ` ilt`r`s`s

 

N` mgu`rnf gfl `b mrtägubf ;07 n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof, pmrm biquinmr `b muxibif n` g`smltäm s` tfd tfdmm gfdf kms` `b ÿbtidf smbmrif n`v`lhmnf pfr `b trmkmomnfr, si`dpr` qu` lf emym t`linf vvmrimgi÷l mrimgi÷l `l bfs ÿbtidfs tr`s d`s`s. @l `b gmsf gfltrmrif y `l bfs smbmrifs vmrimkb`s, s` tfdm gfdf kms` `b prfd`nif n` bf n`v`lhmnf `l `b ÿbtidf mýf n` s`rvigifs f `l tfnf `b ti`dpf n` s`rvigif si ju`r` d`lfr n` ul mýf. Bm b`y 01 n` =991 `stmkb`g` qu` `b 7= n` nigi`dkr` n` gmnm mýf s` emrí bm biquinmgi÷l n`jilitivm n` g`smltäm pfr bm mlumbinmn f jrmggi÷l gfrr`spflni`lt`, sil p`rouigif n` bm qu` n`km `j`gtumrs` `l j`gem nij`r`lt` pfr bm t`rdilmgi÷l n` gfltrmtf. N` mgu`rnf gfl bf mlt`rifr bm g`smltäm s` gmusm y s` pmhm pfr mlumbinmn`s, n` tmb jfrdm qu` pmrm bm biquinmgi÷l n`jilitivm n`k` tfdmrs` gfdf kms` `b smbmrif n`v`lhmnf, f `b prfd`nif, s`hÿl s`m `b gmsf, n`sn` @l`rf = m bm j`gem n` t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf. Qfrqu` s` msud` qu` bm g`smltäm n` bfs mýfs mlt`rifr`s ju` gflsihlmnm `l su dfd`ltf. Bm j÷rdubm dmt`dítigm m mpbigmr `s g`smltäms `s ihumb m smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l pfr bfs näms bmkfrmnfs nivininf `l 7:1 (g`smltäms 4 smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l * näms bmkfrmnfs/7:1). Ilt`r`s`s m bms g`smltäms Plm v`z gmbgubmnf `b vmbfr n` bm g`smltäm s` prfg`n`rí mb gíbgubf n`b vmbfr n` bfs ilt`r`s`s gmusmnfs, guym j÷rdubm dmt`dítigm `s ilt`rés n` bms g`smltäms `s ihumb m g`smltäms pfr bfs näms bmkfrmnfs pfr `b =; pfr gi`ltf nivininf `l 7:1 (ilt`r`s`s g`smltäms 4 g`smltäms * näms bmkfrmnfs*=;%/7:1). Qridm n` s`rvigifs @b smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l s`rí `b prfd`nif n` bf n`v`lhmnf pfr `b trmkmomnfr nurmlt` `b r`sp`gtivf p`räfnf s`d`strmb f n` bm jrmggi÷l gfrr`spflni`lt` gfrr`spflni`lt` si `b ti`dpf n` s`rvigif ju` d`lfr. Bm j÷rdubm dmt`dítigm m mpbigmr `s pridm n` s`rvigifs `s ihumb m smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l pfr bfs näms bmkfrmnfs `l ul s`d`str` nivininf `l 7:1 (pridm n` s`rvigifs 4 smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l * näms bmkfrmnfs (s`d`str`) /7:1). Zmgmgifl`s Bm biquinmgi÷l n` vmgmgifl`s qu` lf s` eml nisjrutmnf m bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof, n`k` emg`rs` gfl kms` `l `b ÿbtidf smbmrif n`v`lhmnf, f `b prfd`nif d`lsumb n`b ÿbtidf mýf, f `l tfnf `b ti`dpf si `st` ju`s` d`lfr m ul mýf. Bm j÷rdubm dmt`dítigm m mpbigmr `s vmgmgifl`s `s ihumb m smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l pfr näms bmkfrmnfs nivininf `l 8;1 (vmgmgifl`s 4 smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l * näms bmkfrmnfs/8;1). N`nuggifl`s Bfs ÿligfs gflg`ptfs qu` `b `dpb`mnfr pu`n` r`t`l`r sfl bfs `xpr`smd`lt` `xpr `smd`lt` p`rditinfs pfr bm b`y, y tfnfs mqu`bbfs qu` pfr dutuf mgu`rnf emyml mgfrnmnf bms pmrt`s y `l bfs gumb`s d`ni` mutfrizmgi÷l pr`vim, `xpr`sm y `sgritm n`b trmkmomnfr pmrm gmnm gmsf `sp`gäjigf. Biquinmgi÷l gfl iln`dlizmgi÷l W` n`k` iln`dlizmr mb trmkmomnfr gumlnf `b `dpb`mnfr nm t`rdilmgi÷l ulibmt`rmb n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof sil oustm gmusm3 f gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr t`rdilm ulibmt`rmbd`lt` `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof gfl oustm gmusm `l bfs térdilfs n`b bit`rmb k n`b mrtägubf :; n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof. W`hÿl Ofsé Mb`omlnrf Gírn`lms n` bm jirdm Gírn`lms & Íbvmr`z mkfhmnfs, `b mrtägubf :> n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof, dfnijigmnf pfr bm B`y 859 n` ;11; r`hubm bm biquinmgi÷l y pmhf n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l msä? Gfltrmtfs m térdilf jiof? bm iln`dlizmgi÷l s`rí `b `quivmb`lt` m bfs smbmrifs gfrr`spflni`lt`s mb ti`dpf qu` jmbt` pmrm gudpbir `b pbmzf `stipubmnf `l `b gfltrmtf3 f `b bmpsf n`t`rdilmnf pfr bm nurmgi÷l n` bm fkrm f bm bmkfr gfltrmtmnm, gmsf `l `b gumb bm iln`dlizmgi÷l lf s`rí ilj`rifr m =0 näms. Gfltrmtfs m térdilf iln`jilinf? `b vmbfr n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l n`p`ln n`p`ln`rí `rí n`b dfltf n`b smbmrif kms` n` biquinmgi÷l, msä? + Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ilj`rifr m ni`z smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s b`hmb`s? M. ^r`iltm näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr t`lhm ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif ilj`rifr m ul mýf. K. Wi `b trmkmomnfr ti`l` dís n` ul mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf s` b` pmhmrml ;1 näms mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs 71 kísigfs n`b prid`r mýf, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l. + Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ihumb f sup`rifr m ni`z (=1) smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s b`hmb`s? M. ;1 näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr t`lhm ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif ilj`rifr m ul mýf K. Wi `b trmkmomnfr tr mkmomnfr ti`l` dís n` ul mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf s` b` pmhmrml quilg` =0 mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs v`ilt` ;1 kísigfs n`b prid`r mýf, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l. Iln`dlizmgi÷l n`spinf sil oustm gmusm `l p`räfnf n` prft`ggi÷l m bm dmt`rlinmn Bm prft`ggi÷l m bm dmt`rlinmn `stí gflsmhrmnm `l bfs mrtägubfs ;7: m ;>: n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof ` ilgbuy`? `b `stmnf n` `dkmrmzf, bm big`lgim n` dmt`rlinmn y `b p`räfnf n` bmgtmlgim, `b gumb vm n`sn` bm j`gem n`b pmrtf emstm qu` `b eiof gudpb` bfs prid`rfs : d`s`s n` `nmn.

 

@s msä gfdf `b mrtägubf ;79 ;7 9 n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof `stmkb`g` qu`? 6=. Lilhulm trmkmomnfrm pu`n` s`r n`sp`ninm pfr dftivf n` `dkmrmzf f bmgtmlgim6. Qfr bf mlt`rifr gumlnf s` nm bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof sil oustm gmusm nurmlt` `b p`räfnf n` prft`ggi÷l m bm dmt`rlinmn. @b `dpb`mnfr ti`l` qu` msudir `b pmhf tmltf n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l m qu` tti`l` i`l` n`r`gef bm trmkmomnfrm pfr `b tipf n` gfltrmtf susgritf, gfdf n` bm iln`dlizmgi÷l `quivmb`lt` `quivmb`lt` m :1 näms n` smbmrif y `b pmhf n` bms =; s`dmlms n` big`lgim n` dmt`rlinmn, si lf bms em tfdmnf, `l virtun n`b lud`rmb 7 n`b mrtägubf ;79 n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof. Wil p`rouigif n` bf mlt`rifr, n` n`dfstrmrs` qu` `b n`spinf s` eizf pfr dftivf n`b `stmnf n` dmt`rlinmn, bm trmkmomnfrm pfnrí sfbigitmr `b r`ilt`hrf m su trmkmof, ilgbusf pfr väm n` tut`bm. Qbmzf b`hmb N` mgu`rnf gfl Ofsé Mb`omlnrf Gírn`lms n` bm jirdm Gírn`lms & Íbvmr`z mkfhmnfs, bm B`y lf `stmkb`g` `xpr`smd`lt` ul pbmzf pmrm qu` `b @dpb`mnfr gmlg`b` mb trmkmomnfr t rmkmomnfr `b vmbfr gfrr`spflni`lt` m bm biquinmgi÷l n`jilitivm n` pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s. Wil `dkmrhf y n` mgu`rnf gfl `b mrtägubf :0 n`b G÷nihf Wustmltivf n`b ^rmkmof? Wi m bm t`rdilmgi÷l n`b gfltrmtf, `b `dpb`mnfr lf pmhm mb trmkmomnfr tr mkmomnfr bfs smbmrifs y pr`stmgifl`s n`kinms, smbvf bfs gmsfs n` r`t`lgi÷l r `t`lgi÷l mutfrizmnfs pfr bm B`y f gflv`linfs pfr bms pmrt`s, n`k` pmhmr mb msmbmrimnf, gfdf iln`dlizmgi÷l, ulm sudm ihumb mb ÿbtidf smbmrif nimrif pfr gmnm näm n` r`tmrnf, emstm ;> d`s`s f emstm gumlnf s` v`rijiqu` `b pmhf si `b p`räfnf `s d`lfr6. Qfr bf mlt`rifr y n` lf `xistir r`t`lgi÷l `l virtun n` ulm lfrdm b`hmb f s`hÿl mgu`rnf n` bms pmrt`s, n`k` `lt`ln`rs` qu` `b pmhf n` bm biquinmgi÷l n`jilitivm n` pr`stmgifl` pr`stmgifl`ss sfgimb`s n`k` emg`rs` `b disdf näm qu` s` t`rdilm `b gfltrmtf n` trmkmof, sf p`lm n` ilgurrir `l bms smlgifl`s ym `xpu`stms. ettp?//www.`b`dpb`f.gfd/gfbfdkim/lftigimsVbmkfrmb`s/biquinmgifl-ul-n`r`gef-gumlnf-s`-jilmbizm-`b-gfltrmtf------------/:058:>1 

J×[DPBMW P^IBI_MNMW @L BM BI]PINMGI×L N@ BM LFDILM Qmrm biquinmr bfs nij`r`lt`s gflg`ptfs qu` s` pu`n`l n`rivmr n` ul Gfltrmtf n` trmkmof, s` utibizml bms sihui`lt`s jfrdubms? G`smltäms? (Wmbmrif d`lsumb * Näms trmkmomnfs)/7:1 Ilt`r`s`s sfkr` g`smltäms? (G`smltäms * Näms trmkmomnfs * 1,=;)/7:1 Qridm n` s`rvigifs? (Wmbmrif d`lsumb * Näms trmkmomnfs `l `b s`d`str`)/7:1 Zmgmgifl`s? (Wmbmrif d`lsumb kísigf * Näms trmkmomnfs)/8;1 Efrm `xtrm niurlm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * =,;0 Efrm lfgturlm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * =,70 Efrm `xtrm lfgturlm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * =,80 Efrm frnilmrim nfdiligmb f j`stivm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * =,80 Efrm `xtrm niurlm nfdiligmb f j`stivm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * ; Efrm `xtrm lfgturlm nfdiligmb f j`stivm? Zmbfr efrm frnilmrim * ;,0

Qridm n` W`rvigifs

G`smltims

•Wmbmrif d`lsumb *

•Wmbmrif d`lsumb *

Näms trmkmomnfs `l `b s`d`str`)/7:1

Näms trmkmomnfs)/7:1

Ilt`r`s`s sfkr` g`smltims •G`smltäms * Näms

trmkmomnfs * 1,=;)/7:1

Zmgmgifl`s •Wmbmrif d`lsumb

kísigf * Näms trmkmomnfs)/8;1

 

ILN@DLI_MGIFL@W Gfltrmtf n` trmkmof m térdilf jiof? @l bfs gfltrmtfs m térdilf jiof, `b vmbfr n` bfs smbmrifs gfrr`spflni`lt`s mb ti`dpf qu` jmbtmr` pmrm gudpbir `b pbmzf `stipubmnf n`b gfltrmtf3 f `b n`b bmpsf n`t`rdilmnf pfr bm nurmgi÷l n` bm fkrm f bm bmkfr gfltrmtmnm, gmsf `l `b gumb bm iln`dlizmgi÷l lf s`rí ilj`rifr m quilg` (=0) näms Gfltrmtf n` trmkmof m térdilf iln`jilinf? @l bfs gfltrmtfs m térdilf iln`jilinf bm iln`dlizmgi÷l s` pmhmrí msä? m) Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ilj`rifr m ni`z (=1) smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s b`hmb`s? =. ^r`iltm (71) näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif lf dmyfr n` ul (=) mýf. ;. Wi `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` t uvi`r` dís n` ul (=) mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf s` b` pmhmríl v`ilt` (;1) näms mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs tr`iltm (71) kísigfs n`b lud`rmb =¿, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs n` s`rvigif suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l3 k) Qmrm trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhu`l ul smbmrif ihumb f sup`rifr m ni`z (=1), smbmrifs dälidfs b`hmb`s d`lsumb`s. =. Z`ilt` (;1) näms n` smbmrif gumlnf `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` ul ti`dpf n` s`rvigif lf dmyfr n` ul (=) mýf. ;. Wi `b trmkmomnfr tuvi`r` t uvi`r` dís n` ul (=) mýf n` s`rvigif gfltiluf, s` b` pmhmríl quilg` (=0) näms mnigiflmb`s n` smbmrif sfkr` bfs v`ilt` (;1) näms kísigfs n`b lud`rmb =¿ mlt`rifr, pfr gmnm ulf n` bfs mýfs n` s`rvigif suksihui`lt`s mb prid`rf y prfpfrgiflmbd`lt` pfr jrmggi÷l. Lftm. =. @b trmkmof niurlf vm n`sn` bms s`is n` bm dmýmlm emstm bms ni`z n` bm lfge`. ;. Qfr r`hbm h`l`rmb s` `lti`ln` pfr Wmbmrif bm msihlmgi÷l kísigm `l nil`rf f `l `sp`gi` dís gfdisifl`s, eflfrmrifs y ftrfs gflg`ptfs pmgtmnfs gfdf tmb.

 

MPUIBIF N@ ^[MLWQF[^@ @s muxibif n` trmlspfrt` `s ulm jihurm gr`mnm pfr bm b`y =0 n` =909, y r`hbmd`ltmnf pfr `b n`gr`tf =;05 n` =909, gfl `b fko`tivf n` suksinimr `b gfstf n` dfvibizmgi÷l n` bfs `dpb`mnfs n`sn` su gmsm mb buhmr n` trmkmof, tr mkmof, `b gumb pmrm `b ;1=: ju` jiomnf `l $88.811 y qu` s` pmhm m bfs trmkmomnfr`s qu` n`v`lhml emstm nfs smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s. @b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` lf emg` pmrt` n`b smbmrif, pu`stf qu` lf gflstituy` ilhr`sfs pmrm `b `dpb`mnf, `b muxibif ti`l` pfr fko`tf jmgibitmr mb `dpb`mnf bb`hmr mb sitif n` bmkfr p`rf lf gflstituy` ulm r`dul`rmgi÷l pfr su trmkmof. Wi`lnf msä bms gfsms, `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` tr mlspfrt` lf s` ilgbuy` gfdf kms` pmrm `b gíbgubf n` bfs mpfrt`s pmrmjisgmb`s li n` s`hurinmn sfgimb. Qfr r`hbmr h`l`rmb s` `lt`ln`räm qu` mb lf s`r jmgtfr smbmrimb, lf s` ti`l` `l gumltm gfdf smbmrif pmrm lilhÿl `j`gtf b`hmb, p`rf pfr `xpr`sm n`pfsigi÷l b`hmb, `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` s` n`k` t`l`r `l gu`ltm m bm efrm n` gmbgubmr bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s, `stf s`hÿl `b mrtägubf 8¿ n` bm b`y =ª n` =.9:7 qu` `x `xpfl`? pfl`? s` gflsin`rm ‒ilgfrpfrmnf mb smbmrif pmrm tfnfs bfs `j`gtfs n` biquinmgi÷l n` pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s—.  N`sn` `b pultf n` vistm trikutmrif, `s ul ilhr`sf gflstitutivf n` r`ltm, rmz÷l pfr bm gumb `ltrm m s`r pmrt` n` bm kms` pmrm `j`gtfs n` bm r`t`lgi÷l `l bm ju`lt`, gfsm qu` ti`l` pfgf s`ltinf si s` ti`l` `l gu`ltm qu` bm r`t`lgi÷l `l bm ju`lt` sfbf fp`rm pmrm smbmrifs mbtfs, y `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` sfbf s` pmhmrm `l `b `v`ltf n` qu` `b `dpb`mnf p`rgikm ul ilhr`sf ihumb f d`lfr m nfs smbmrifs dälidfs b`hmb`s d`lsumb`s, pfr bf qu` lulgm s` pr`s`ltmrm `b gmsf `l qu` s` t`lhm qu` mpbigmr r`t`lgi÷l `l m bm ju`lt` sfkr` nigef pmhf. Mlumbd`lt` `b `stmnf, d`nimlt` n`gr`tf jiom `b dfltf n` tmb muxibif `b gumb `l térdilfs h`l`rmb`s nig` qu` s` b` pmhmrm m tfnf `dpb`mnf qu` t`lhm ul su`bnf n` emstm nfs smbmrifs dälidfs, p`rf si `xmdilmdfs n`t`linmd`lt` `b n`gr`tf r`hbmd`ltmrif, `b gumb mÿl `stí vih`lt`, s` pu`n` n`t`rdilmr qu` `l `b gmsf n` qu` `b `dpb`mnf vivm m d`lfs n` = cib÷d`trf n`b sitif n` trmkmof lf ti`l` n`r`gef mb muxibif n` trmlspfrt`, ihumbd`lt` `l `b `v`ltf `l qu` bm `dpr`sm disdm pr`st` `b s`rvigif n` trmlspfrt` m sus `dpb`mnfs. B`y = n` =9:7. =9:7 . Mrtägubf 8. Gflsin`rms` ilgfrpfrmnf mb smbmrif pmrm tfnfs bfs `j`gtfs n` biquinmgi÷l n` pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s, `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` n`gr`tmnf pfr bm b`y =0 n` =909 y n`gr`tfs r`hbmd`ltmrifs. Gmk` mlftmr pfr fkvims rmzfl`s, r mzfl`s, qu` `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` lf s` ilgbuy` pmrm `b gíbgubf n` bms vmgmgifl`s, y gfdf ym s` eizf d`lgi÷l tmdpfgf pmrm bfs mpfrt`s pmrmjisgmb`s li pmrm s`hurinmn sfgimb, p`rf si pmrm bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s. M gfltilumgi÷l s` trmlsgrik` bf p`rtil`lt` n`b n`gr`tf r`hbmd`ltmrif n`b muxibif n` trmlspfrt`. t rmlspfrt`.

N@G[@^F =;05 N@ =909 (mkrib 71) Nimrif Fjigimb Lf. ;9.90>, n`b ;= n` dmyf n` =909 Qfr bm gumb s` r`hbmd`ltm bm b`y =0 n` =909 sfkr` ‒Ilt`rv`lgi÷l n`b @stmnf `l `b ^rmlspfrt`— y ‒Gr`mgi÷l n`b Jflnf n` Wuksinif n` ^rmlspfrt`— 

@B Q[@WIN@L^@ N@ BM [@QPKBIGM N@ GFBFDKIM, N@G[@^M? (….) 

GMQI^PBF II. MPUIBIF N@ ^[MLWQF[^@ M[^IGPBF ;f. @b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` n` qu` trmtm bm B`y =0 r`hirí, `l k`l`jigif n` tfnf trmkmomnfr n`p`lni`lt`, guym r`dul`rmgi÷l d`lsumb lf s`m sup`rifr m dib quili`ltfs p`sfs ($=.011.11) y qu` r`sinm f trmkmo` `l bfs sihui`lt`s duligipifs? Kfhftí, D`n`bbäl, Gmbi, Kmrrmlquibbm, Gmrtmh`lm, Dmlizmb`s, Kugmrmdmlhm, Ikmhué, Gÿgutm, Qmstf, Wmltm Dmrtm, L`ivm, Qfpmyíl, Q`r`irm, Qmbdirm, Mrd`lim y ^ubum. M[^IGPBF 7f. @b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` s` pmhmrí `l tfnf gmsf n` mgu`rnf gfl bm tmrijm r`hubmr dís kmom qu` riom pmrm bfs v`eägubfs gfb`gtivfs n`b s`rvigif pÿkbigf urkmlf `l bm giunmn nfln` `b trmkmomnfr r`sinm f pr`st` sus s`rvigifs. M[^IGPBF >f. @xgbusivmd`lt` t`lnríl n`r`gef m `st` muxibif bfs trmkmomnfr`s qu` r`sinml m ulm nistmlgim n` dib (=111) d`trfs f dís n`b buhmr n`b trmkmof. M[^IGPBF 0f. @b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` s` pmhmrí ÿligmd`lt` `l bfs näms `l qu` `b trmkmomnfr pr`st` sus s`rvigifs mb r`sp`gtivf pmtrflf, y gukrirí `b lÿd`rf n` vimo`s qu` tuvi`r` qu` emg`r pmrm ir mb buhmr n` trmkmof y r`tirmrs` n` éb, s`hÿl `b efrmrif n` trmkmof. Q`rf si `b trmkmomnfr, pmrm trmsbmnmrs` mb buhmr n`b trmkmof f n` ést` m su r`sin`lgim, l`g`sitmr` nfs f dís v`eäg v`eägubfs, ubfs, `b pmtrflf sfbf `stmrí fkbihmnf m pmhmr `b vmbfr n`b pmsmo` n` ulf n` `bbfs, y s`hÿl bm tmrijm ilnigmnm `l `b mrtägubf 7f n` `st` N`gr`tf.

 

M[^IGPBF :f. Wi `b pmtrflf pr`stmr` s`rvigif n` gfd`nfr`s y `b trmkmomnfr tfd tfdms` ms` mbbä su mbid`ltmgi÷l, lf t`lnrí n`r`gef mb muxibif `l `b ilt`rvmbf qu` nivin` bm ofrlmnm n` trmkmof. M[^IGPBF 8f. @b pmhf n`b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` s` rih` pfr bfs p`rifnfs r`hubmr`s n` bfs smbmrifs y s` b` emrí nir`gtmd`lt` mb trmkmomnfr. M[^IGPBF 5f. Qmrm bfs `j`gtfs n`b mrtägubf ; n` bm B`y qu` s` r`hbmd`ltm, `b smbmrif gumlnf s`m vmrimkb`, s` n`t`rdilmrí pfr `b prfd`nif n` bf n`v`lhmnf `l éb d`s ild`nimtmd`lt` mlt`rifr, f `l tfnf `b ti`dpf n` sus s`rvigifs, si éstfs lf mbgmlzmr`l m ul d`s. M[^IGPBF 9f. @l gmsf n` gf`xist`lgim n` gfltrmtfs n` trmkmof, pmrm `j`gtfs n` `stmkb`g`r bms fkbihmgifl`s n` gmnm pmtrflf, s` t`lnrí `l gu`ltm bm l`g`sinmn n` dfvibizmgi÷l qu` pmrm `b trmkmomnfr idpbiqu` `b gfltrmtf bmkfrmb r`sp`gtivf. Wil `dkmrhf, pmrm `j`gtfs n` bm biditmgi÷l n`b n`r`gef mb muxibif, pfr rmz÷l n` bm r`dul`rmgi÷l, s` mgudubmríl bms gfrr`spflni`lt`s m bfs nistiltfs gfltrmtfs n` trmkmof. M[^IGPBF =1. Bfs pmtrflfs qu` pr`st`l hrmtuitmd`lt` `b s`rvigif n` trmlspfrt` m sus trmkmomnfr`s, ym `l jfrdm nir`gtm f d`nimlt` gfltrmtfs g`b`krmnfs gfl `dpr`sms n` `stm mgtivinmn, pfnríl s`ýmbmr rutms y efrms pmrm r`gfh`rbfs. Bfs trmkmomnfr`s n`k`ríl sfd`t`rs` m tmb r`hbmd`ltmgi÷l, p`rf gfltilumríl t`li`lnf n`r`gef mb muxibif mqu`bbfs guym r`sin`lgim nist` dís n` dib (=.111) d`trfs n`b pultf dís g`rgmlf n` bm rutm. M[^IGPBF ==. @b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` tr mlspfrt` pmrm bfs trmkmomnfr`s fjigimb`s qu`nmrí sfd`tinf m bms nispfsigifl`s nispfsigifl`s n`b pr`s`lt` N`gr`tf. M[^IGPBF =;. Bm vihibmlgim n`b gudpbidi`ltf n` bms lfrdms sfkr` muxibif pmtrflmb n` trmlspfrt` gfrr`spfln` m bms mutfrinmn`s mndilistrmtivms n`b trmkmof. GMQI^PBF III. M[^IGPBF >=. @st` N`gr`tf r`hirí m pmrtir n` bm j`gem n` su `xp`nigi÷l, y n`rfhm tfnms t fnms bms nispfsigifl`s qu` b` s`ml gfltrmrims. Gfduläqu`s` y gÿdpbms`. Nmnf `l Kfhftí, m 71 n` mkrib n` =909. =9 09. MBK@[^F BB@[MW. @b Dilistrf n` Jfd`ltf, [FN[IHF BBF[@L^@ DM[^IL@_. @b Dilistrf n` ^rmkmof, F^^F DF[MB@W K@LI^@_. @b Dilistrf n` Dilms y Q`tr÷b`fs, Q `tr÷b`fs, MBJ[@NF M[MPOF H[MP. B@Y = N@ =9:7 (=9 n` j`kr`rf) Qfr bm gumb s` nigtml lfrdms sfkr` r`moust`s n` smbmrifs, s` gflg`n`l ulms mutfrizmgifl`s mb Hfki`rlf y s` nigtml ftrms nispfsigifl`s. @b Gflhr`sf n` Gfbfdkim, N@G[@^M? Mrtägubf =. Gfl r`trfmgtivinmn mb =¿ n` `l`rf n` =9:7, `b hfki`rlf prfg`n`rí m n`gr`tmr ul r`moust` n` su`bnfs y smbmrifs, tmltf `l `b p`rsflmb givib n` bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm, gfdf `l `b n` bfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs pÿkbigfs n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs y `l `b s`gtfr privmnf, `l bm sihui`lt` gumltäm? Qmrm bms r`hifl`s y giunmn`s nfln` `b smbmrif dälidf vih`lt` s`m n` tr`sgi`ltfs p`sfs ($ 711) d`lsumb`s, `stfs dälidfs y bfs n`dís smbmrifs s` mud`ltmríl `l gi`ltf v`ilt` p`sfs ($ =;1) pfr d`s, emstm su`bnfs n` tr`s dib p`sfs ($ 7.111) d`lsumb`s. Bfs ftrfs smbmrifs dälidfs urkmlfs ` ilnustrimb`s n` zflms nij`r`lt`s m bms s`ýmbmnms mlt`rifrd`lt`, s` mud`ltmríl `l ul gumr`ltm pfr gi`ltf (>1%). Bfs n`dís smbmrifs sup`rifr`s m bfs dälidfs mgtumb`s s` mud`ltmríl `l bm sudm qu` r`subt` mb biquinmr `b gumr`ltm p pfr fr gi`ltf (>1%) sfkr` bfs smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s `l gmnm r`hi÷l.

 

  QM[MH[MJF =¿. @b Hfki`rlf emrí bfs mud`ltfs n` smbmrif pmrm `b s`gtfr mhr mhrägfbm, ägfbm, y n`jilirí pmrm bfs `j`gtfs n` `stm b`y, bms `dpr`sms mhrägfbms f dixtms. Ihumbd`lt` jiomrí `b smbmrif dälidf pmrm `b s`rvigif nfdéstigf. (N`gr`tf ;>1 n` =9:7). QM[MH[MJF ;¿. @b Hfki`rlf jiomrí bfs mud`ltfs y r`hbmd`ltmrí bfs gmsfs n` smbmrifs f su`bnfs fkt`linfs pfr ofrlmnms frnilmrims n` trmkmof ilj`rifr`s m bm díxidm b`hmb, f gumlnf s` pmhu` smbmrif `l `sp`gi` y `l tfnfs bfs n`dís lf gflt`dpbmnfs `l `b pr`s`lt` mrtägubf. QM[MH[MJF 7¿. @l bfs gmsfs n` smbmrifs pfr ulinmn n` trmkmof f mb n`stmof, `b r`moust` s` pmhmrí gfdf sudm jiom. @l bms `dpr`sms nfln` `xistm silnigmtf n` trmkmomnfr`s s` r`moustmríl pr`vif mgu`rnf gfl `b silnigmtf, bfs jmgtfr`s n` biquinmgi÷l n` bm ulinmn n` trmkmof, `l tmb jfrdm qu` `b pfrg`ltmo` n` mud`ltf gfrr`spflnm m bf n`gr`tmnf `l `st` mrtägubf. Ihumb prfg`nidi`ltf s` mpbigmrí m bms tmrijms n` gfltrmtf silnigmb qu` rih`l pmrm mstibb`rfs mst ibb`rfs y pmrm gmrhu` y n`sgmrhu` `l bfs pu`rtfs n`b räf Dmhnmb`lm y t`rdilmb`s dmrätidfs. Mrtägubf ;. Lf `stíl fkbihmnfs m v`rijigmr bfs mlt`rifr`s mud`ltfs bfs pmtrflfs qu` m pmrtir n`b =¿ n` `l`rf n` =9:7 emyml mud`ltmnf smbmrifs `l ulm prfpfrgi÷l ihumb f dmyfr m bm jiomnm `l `stm b`y, smbvf bf qu` sfkr` `b pmrtigubmr t`lhml `stmkb`ginf gflv`lgifl`s gflv`lgifl`s gfb`gtivms n` trmkmof, pmgtmnms gfl mlt`rifrinmn. @l gmsf n` qu` `b mud`ltf emym sinf dmyfr, s` mt`lnríl m éb3 si em sinf d`lfr, n`k`rí moustmr mb `stmkb`ginf `l `b mrtägubf prid`rf. Bfs pmtrflfs qu` t`lhml `stmkb`ginms pridms n` gmr`stäm n` vinm, n` mgu`rnf gfl bfs älnig`s n`b N`pmrtmd`ltf Mndilistrmtivf Lmgiflmb n` @stmnästigm, pfnríl idputmr mb mud`ltf n` smbmrifs qu` frn`lm `b mrtägubf prid`rf, bm pmrt` n`b vmbfr n` bm pridm d÷vib qu` gfrr`spflnm mb mud`ltf n`b älnig` `l `b d`s n` `l`rf n` =9:7. Mrtägubf 7. Bms p`lsifl`s n` oukibmgi÷l ` ilvmbin`z, tmltf `l `b s`gtfr privmnf gfdf n`b pÿkbigf, s`ríl mud`ltmnms sfkr` su vmbfr mgtumb, `l bm disdm sudm `stmkb`ginm pmrm bfs smbmrifs `l `b mrtägubf prid`rf. @b mud`ltf s` mpbigmrí m pmrtir n`b prid`rf n` `l`rf n` =9:7. QM[MH[MJF. Mudéltms` m s`is p`sfs ($ :) `b suksinif qu` mgtumbd`lt` r`gik`l gfl gmrhf mb t`sfrf lmgiflmb, bfs `lj`rdfs n` b`prm y bfs bbmdmnfs "gurmnfs sfgimb`s". Mrtägubf >. M pmrtir n`b prid`rf n` oubif n` =9:7, y emstm `b 71 n` oulif n` =9:0, `b Hfki`rlf Lmgiflmb, pr`vim gflsubtm gfl `b Gfls`of Lmgiflmb n` Wmbmrifs, emrí r`moust`s s`d`strmb`s n` smbmrifs y p`lsifl`s, gumlnf `b älnig` tftmb lmgiflmb n` pr`gifs mb gflsudinfr mrrfo` ul mbzm n`b gilgf pfr gi`ltf (0%) f dís, mb jilmb n`b s`d`str`. Bfs mud`ltfs lf `stmríl sfd`tinfs m bf `stmkb`ginf pfr bm b`y =58 n` =909. Mrtägubf 0. @b N`pmrtmd`ltf Mndilistrmtivf Lmgiflmb n` @stmnästigm (Nml`), r`mbizmrí mlt`s n`b 71 n` oulif n` =9:7, ulm r`visi÷l n` bm `strugturm n` bfs älnig`s d`lsumb`s n`b gfstf n` vinm y n` bfs détfnfs pmrm gmbgubmrbfs, gfl `b fko`tf n` gfrr`hir n`jigi`lgims y mn`gumrbfs m bm r`mbinmn. Mrtägubf :. @bévms` m bm gmltinmn n` dib s`isgi`ltfs p`sfs ($ =.:11) bm gflgurr`lgim `ltr` su`bnf y p`lsi÷l n` oukibmgi÷l. Mrtägubf 8. Gflsin`rms` ilgfrpfrmnf mb smbmrif pmrm tfnfs bfs `j`gtfs n` biquinmgi÷l n` pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s, `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt` n`gr`tmnf pfr bm b`y =0 n` =909 y n`gr`tfs r`hbmd`ltmrifs. Mrtägubf 5. @b Hfki`rlf `stmkb`g`rí bms smlgifl`s qu` hmrmltig`l `b gudpbidi`ltf n` bms lfrdms sfkr` smbmrifs y p`lsifl`s. Bms dubtms qu` s` jio`l pfr `st` gflg`ptf, y `l h`l`rmb tfnms bms nispu`stms pfr bms mutfrinmn`s bmkfrmb`s y bms idpu`stms pfr vifbmgifl`s mb gfltrfb n` pr`gifs y pfr mgmpmrmdi`ltf f `sp`gubmgi÷l s` gfkrmríl pfr ourisniggi÷l gfmgtivm, y su vmbfr n`k`rí gflsihlmrs` pr`vimd`lt` m bm ilt`rpfsigi÷l n` gumbqui`r r`gursf sfkr` `bbms. Bfs nil`rfs r`gmunmnfs pfr `stms dubtms bfs `ltr`hmrí `b Hfki`rlf pfr pmrt`s ihumb`s mb W`rvigif Lmgiflmb n` Mpr`lnizmo` (W`lm), y mb Ilstitutf Gfbfdkimlf n` W`hurfs Wfgimb`s (IGWW). Mrtägubf 9. Lilhulm msihlmgi÷l ilgbuy`lnf ilhr`sfs n` niv`rsm älnfb` qu` t`lhml gmrígt`r p`rdml`lt`, n` bfs trmkmomnfr`s n` gfrpfrmgifl`s r`hiflmb`s f n` `stmkb`gidi`ltfs pÿkbigfs n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs, y n` bfs julgiflmrifs n` bm

 

mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm, pÿkbigm, `xg`pgi÷l n`b Qr`sin`lt` n` bm [`pÿkbigm y n`b gu`rpf nipbfdítigf, pu`n` s`r sup`rifr m bm n` bfs dilistrfs n`b n`spmgef `o`gutivf. QM[MH[MJF. @b Hfki`rlf s`ýmbmrí bfs r`quisitfs `l gumltf m gmbinmn`s y msihlmgifl`s pmrm bfs gmsfs `l qu` ju`r` ilnisp`lsmkb` gfltrmtmr prfj`siflmb`s `sp`gimbizmnfs f s`rvigifs `sp`gimb`s, tmltf mndilistrmtivfs gfdf tégligfs, `l bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm y `l bfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs y gfrpfrmgifl`s r`hiflmb`s. Gumlnf bm msihlmgi÷l r`subt` sup`rifr m bf `stmkb`ginf `l `b pr`s`lt` mrtägubf, `b gfltrmtf n`k`rí s`r mprfkmnf pfr r`sfbugi÷l `o`gutivm. Mrtägubf =1. @l lilhÿl gmsf bms jmgubtmn`s qu` pfr `stm b`y s` nml mb Hfki`rlf s` `lt`ln`rí pmrm r`kmomr su`bnfs pfr n`kmof n`b liv`b dilist`rimb mgtumb. Mrtägubf ==. Gfl `b fko`tf n` ms`hurmr qu` `b s`gtfr kísigf n`b tr trmkmof mkmof lmgiflmb s` k`l`jigi` `j`gtivmd` `j`gtivmd`lt` lt` n` bms d`ninms frn`lmnms `l bm pr`s`lt` b`y, jmgÿbtms` mb Qr`sin`lt` Q r`sin`lt` n` bm [`pÿkbigm emstm `b ;1 n` oubif n` =9:7, pmrm bf sihui`lt`? m) @j`gtumr bms mnigifl`s y trmsbmnfs pr`supu`stmb`s l`g`smrifs pmrm nmr gudpbidi`ltf m bm pr`s`lt` b`y, y `l `sp`gimb pmrm gukrir `b gfstf n`b r`moust` n` su`bnfs n` bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm y bms mprfpimgifl`s ilnisp`lsmkb`s ilnisp`lsmkb`s pmrm dmlt`l`r `b lÿd`rf mn`gumnf n` visitmnfr`s - ilsp`gtfr`s n` smbmrifs3 k) [`moustmr bm `strugturm n`b Dilist`rif n`b ^rmkmof, `l frn`l m fkt`l`r `b `jigmz gudpbidi`ltf n` bms julgifl`s qu` ti`l` m su gmrhf? g) ^fdmr bms d`ninms l`g`smrims pmrm rmgiflmbizmr `b d`rgmn`f n` hél`rfs `s`lgimb`s n` gflsudf pfpubmr, y smlgiflmr `b mgmpmrmdi`ltf y bms utibinmn`s usumrims y `sp`gubmtivms `l bm prfnuggi÷l y nistrikugi÷l n` nigefs hél`rfs, n) [`jfrdmr y mgtumbizmr bm b`hisbmgi÷l sfkr` gffp`rmtivms3 frhmlizmr y jilmlgimr bm sup`rilt`ln`lgim r`sp`gtivm, y gr`mr bfs frhmlisdfs n` jfd`ltf y `nugmgi÷l gffp`rmtivfs l`g`smrifs, ms`hurmlnf su jilmlgimgi÷l y julgiflmdi`ltf, m jil n` bfhrmr `b n`smrrfbbf tégligf n`b gffp`rmtivisdf Mrtägubf =;. Jmgÿbtms` mb Qr`sin`lt` n` bm [`pÿkbigm pmrm r`moustmr r `moustmr bfs su`bnfs n`b p`rsflmb n` bms Ju`rzms Mrdmnms, tmltf dibitmr gfdf givib, QM[MH[MJF. @b Hfki`rlf qu`nm jmgubtmnf pmrm mkrir bfs grénitfs y emg`r bfs trmsbmnfs l`g`smrifs pmrm nmr gudpbidi`ltf m bf qu` s` nispfl` `l `st` mrtägubf. Mrtägubf =7. Bfs mud`ltfs m qu` s` r`ji`r` bm pr`s`lt` b`y lf s` mpbigmríl mb s`rvigif nfdéstigf, li m bfs smbmrifs pmgtmnfs `l dfl`nm `xtrmlo`rm. Gumlnf `b smbmrif s` pmhu` pmrt` pmrt ` `l dfl`nm `xtrmlo`rm y pmrt` `l dfl`nm lmgiflmb, `b mud`ltf s` mpbigmrí ÿligmd`lt` m bm pmrt` pmgtmnm `l dfl`nm lmgiflmb. @l `stfs gmsfs n`b smbmrif `l nfs (;) dfl`nms, bms sfkr`rr`dul`rmgifl`ss pfr trmkmof `xtrm sfkr`rr`dul`rmgifl` `xtr m f supb`d`ltmrif, y bms pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s, sfgimb`s, s` pmhmríl `l bm disdm jfrdm y prfpfrgi÷l `l bms r`sp`gtivms dfl`nms gfdf s` pmhm `b smbmrif kísigf (N`gr`tf 977 n` =9:0). Mrtägubf =>. @l lilhÿl gmsf ul trmkmomnfr pfnrí n`v`lhmr d`lfr r`dul`rmgi÷l n` bm qu` mgtumbd`lt` r`gik`, ilgbuy`lnf `b suksinif jmdibimr, Mrtägubf =0. Gréms` ulm Gfdisi÷l Gffrnilmnfrm n` bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm, ilstitutfs n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs y gfrpfrmgifl`s r`hiflmb`s, pmrm qu` gfl bm ms`sfräm n` bms `ltinmn`s tégligms n`b Hfki`rlf pr`s`lt` `l `b mýf n` =9:7 r`gfd`lnmgifl`s qu` `b Hfki`rlf qu`nm jmgubtmnf pmrm pfl`r `l prígtigm emstm `b 7= n` nigi`dkr` n` =9:7, sfkr` bfs sihui`lt`s msp`gtfs? m) @stunimr bm pfsikb` nupbiginmn n` julgifl`s `l bms nistiltms rmdms r mdms n` bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm, `l bfs nistiltfs liv`b`s, lmgiflmb, n`pmrtmd`ltmb y duligipmb. k) @stunimr bm pfsikb` nupbiginmn n` gmrhfs, su r`julnigi÷l y bm `bidilmgi÷l n` bfs qu` r`subtmr`l `xg`sivfs d`nimlt` r`visi÷l n` bm l÷dilm, gfl `b fko`tf n` gfrr`hir n`s`quibikrifs. g) @stmkb`g`r ul `sgmbmj÷l n` smbmrifs pmrm tfnm bm mndilistrmgi÷l pÿkbigm y bfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs n`sg`ltrmbiz n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs. mnfs. n) [`hbmd`ltmr bms tmrijms y gflnigifl`s qu` bfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs `stmkb`gidi`ltfs n`sg`ltrmbizmnfs pu`nml mpbigmr pmrm su p`rsflmb, y jiomr bfs r`quisitfs r`qu`rinfs pmrm qu` pu`nml mutfrizmrs` vimo`s mb `xt`rifr n` julgiflmrifs n` tmb`s `stmkb`gidi`ltfs. QM[MH[MJF =¿. Bm gfdisi÷l gr`mnm `l `b pr`s`lt` mrtägubf s`rí pmritmrim y `stmrí ilt`hrmnm pfr nfs s`lmnfr`s y nfs r`pr`s`ltmlt`s `b`hinfs pfr tmb`s gfrpfrmgifl`s `l bm jfrdm qu` r`hbmd`lt` `b Hfki`rlf, y pfr nfs n`b`hmnfs n`b Qr`sin`lt` n` bm [`pÿkbigm.

 

  QM[MH[MJF ;¿. Bfs moust`s qu` eigi`r` `b Hfki`rlf `l gudpbidi`ltf n` bms r`gfd`lnmgifl`s r`gfd`lnmgifl`s n` bm gfdisi÷l, `l lilhÿl gmsf `xg`n`ríl mb dfltf n` bm l÷dilm mgtumb, ilgbuinfs bfs mud`ltfs n` qu` trmtm bm pr`s`lt` b`y. Mrtägubf =:. Qmrm bm mnfpgi÷l n` bms d`ninms qu` emym n` tfdmr `b Hfki`rlf `l usf n` bms jmgubtmn`s gflj`rinms pfr bm pr`s`lt` b`y, s` r`qui`r` bm mprfkmgi÷l n`b gfls`of n` dilistrfs. Mrtägubf =8. @b Hfki`rlf Lmgiflmb iljfrdmrí mb Gflhr`sf n`ltrf n` bfs tr`iltm (71) prid`rfs näms n` gmnm p`räfnf n` s`sifl`s frnilmrims, sfkr` bfs n`gr`tfs y d`ninms qu` emym nigtmnf `l gudpbidi`ltf n` bf nispu`stf `l bm pr`s`lt` b`y. Mrtägubf =5. @stm b`y r`hirí r `hirí n`sn` su smlgi÷l. Nmnm `l Kfhftí, N.@., m =9 n` j`kr`rf n` =9:7. GMWF =? Plm `dpb`mnm nfdéstigm nfdéstigm `xt`rlm, em sinf gfltrmtmnm n` jfrdm v`rkmb `b näm =5 n` `l`rf n` ;.1=:, pmrm bmkfrmr n` bul`s m vi`rl`s, n` : n` bm dmýmlm m : n` bm tmrn`, t mrn`, n`v`lhmlnf ul smbmrif n` $:11.111, ilgbuinf `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt`. -@sp`gijigmr bm gbms` n` n`r`gefs bmkfrmb`s qu` mdpmrml m `stm trmkmomnfrm. Zmgmgifl`s G`smltäms ` ilt`r`s`s n` bms g`smltäms Nftmgi÷l 7 v`g`s mb mýf gmnm gumtrf d`s`s s`hÿl bm b`y == n` =95> mrtigubf 8. -[`mbizmr bm biquinmgi÷l n` sus pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s sfgimb`s m ;1 n` nigi`dkr` n` ;.1=:. - Mlmbizmr ouränigmd`lt`, `b tipf n` gfltrmtmgi÷l gfltrmtmgi÷l r`mbizmnm, r`mbizmnm, su efrmrif n` trmkmof trmkmof y näms bmkfrmnfs bmkfrmnfs m bm s`dmlm. - ]ué sug`n`räm si `s n`sp`ninm n`sp`ninm sil oustm gmusm, `b nä nämm 5 n` fgtukr` n` ;.1=: ¶m qué ti`l` n`r`gef6 n`r`gef6 GMWF ;. Bm s`ýfrm NF[M DM[^ÄL@_, DM[^ÄL@_, gfltrmtm m Wibvim B÷p`z, gf gfdf df `dpb`mnm nfdéstigm `xt`rlm ul näm m bm s`dmlm, gfl ul efrmrif n` 8 n` n` bm dmýmlm m 0 n` n` bm tmrn`, pfr ul pmhf n` tr`iltm tr`iltm dib p`sfs d`ls d`lsumb`s umb`s ($71.111,11), ilgbuinf `b muxibif n` trmlspfrt`. @b p`rifnf bmkfrmnf gfdpr`ln` gfdpr`ln` n`sn` `b = n` `l`rf n` n` ;.1=: mb =9 n` nigi`dkr` n` ;.1=:. ;.1=:. -@sp`gijigmr bm gbms` n` n`r`gefs bmkfrmb`s qu` mdpmrml m `stm trmkmomnfrm. Zmgmgifl`s G`smltäms ` ilt`r`s`s n` bms g`smltäms Nftmgi÷l 7 v`g`s mb mýf gmnm gumtrf d`s`s s`hÿl bm b`y == n` =95> mrtigubf 8. -[`mbizmr bm biquinmgi÷l n` sus pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s sfgimb`s m =9 n` nigi`dkr` n` ;.1=:. GMWF :? Wi HFL_MBF QM[[M trmkmomnfr ilt`rlf n` bm jilgm n` `xpbftmgi÷l mhrfp`gumrim BM EFOM, n`v`lhm nfs smbmrifs dälidfs d`lsumb`s b`hmb`s vih`lt`s3 ¶guíltf b` gfrr`spfln` pfr bfs n`r`gefs bmkfrmb`s `gfl÷digfs n` tfnf `b mýf6 GMWF 8? Wi GM[BFW KP^I[MHF, ti`l` ul gfltrmtf n` pr`stmgi÷l n` s`rvigifs prfj`siflmb`s gfl bm `dpr`sm BPC WMW, `l bm r`gfb`ggi÷l n` r`sinufs s÷binfs s÷binfs n` dml`rm iln`p`lni`lt`, `o`rg` su mgtivinmn n`b = n` j`kr`rf n` ;1=: mb =5 n` oulif n`b disdf mýf. ¶Guíltf n`k` r`gikir pfr pr`stmgifl`s pr`stmgifl`s sfgimb`s y vmgmgifl`s pfr tfnf `b mýf6 Mrhud`lt` su r`spu`stm.