Demostraciones Encanto
November 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Demostraciones Encanto...
Description
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
Pi vbgo` pnr cgs agt`açtbkgs `c`mgit`s Kcguhb Gcsbig Tnm`r D. I`cs`i
g [
N B X ` Ç t A @ X n G b A k K
[
c N
C
d P
A X [ d @ b Á
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn Pi vbgo` pnr cgs agt`açtbkgs `c`mgit`s Kcguhb Gcsbig Tnm`r D. I`cs`i
g [
N B X ` Ç t A @ X n G b A k K
[
c N
C
d P
A X [ d @ b Á
Hbr`kkbûi h`c prny`ktn? Ghncen [bccûibz Hbs`÷n? Hbr`kkbûi h` Grt` Knrpnrgtbvg h` [A Knrr`kkbûi? Ougig Ourghn @hbkbûi? E`rigihn Dgrd`rn © T`gc [nkb`hgh Agt`açtbkg @spg÷ncg y @hbkbni`s [A T`vbsbûi kb`itáebkg? E`rigihn Dgrd`rn y Cubs F`riçih`z Knrdgtn @hbtnr M`i`rgc h` cg T`gc [nkb`hgh Agt`açtbkg @spg÷ncg? Onsâ Dni`t T`spnisgdc` h` cg T`gc [nkb`hgh Agt`açtbkg @spg÷ncg h` cg knc`kkbûi? Cubs F`riçih`z Knrdgtn Knabsbûi h` cg T`gc [nkb`hgh Agt`açtbkg @spg÷ncg? Cubs F`riçih`z Knrdgtn (PKA, Aghrbh) Abmu`c Hnaáimu`z Uçzqu`z (P[K, [gitbgmn h` Knapnst`cg) Ogvb`r Er`sçi C`gc (Âknc` Zncyt`kfibqu`, Zgrbs) Agrág Anr`in ]grc`tg (B@[ Gcga`hg h` Nsuig, Aghrbh) Ûskgr Tbv`rn [gcmghn (Pibv`rsbtgt Zncbtækibkg h` Kgtgcuiyg) Ougion Tuâ Z`rig (Pibv`rsbtgt Zncbtækibkg h` Kgtgcuiyg) Dcgikg [nutn Tudbn (Knc`mbn Çmnrg, Aghrbh) H`dbhn g cg igturgc`zg hbiçabkg h` bit`ri`t, [A in pu`h` r`spnisgdbcbzgrs` pnr cns kgadbns n cgs anhbebkgkbni`s `i cgs hbr`kkbni`s y cns knit`ibhns h` cns sbtbns w`d g cns qu` s` r`abt` `i `st` cbdrn. B[DI? 2=6-68-7;7-6==2-4 H`pûsbtn c`mgc? A-77;27-4:76 Bapr`sn `i @spg÷g / Zrbit`h bi [pgbi Kugcqub`r enrag h` r`prnhukkbûi, hbstrbdukbûi, knauibkgkbûi pÿdcbkg n trgisenragkbûi h` `stg ndrg sncn pu`h` s`r r`gcbzghg kni cg gutnrbzgkbûi h` sus tbtucgr`s, sgcvn `xk`pkbûi pr`vbstg pnr cg c`y. [b i`k`sbtg entnknpbgr n `skgi`gr gcmÿi ergma`itn h` `stg ndrg,hbráogs` g K@HTN (K`itrn @spg÷nc h` H`r`kfns T`prnmrçebkns, www.k`hrn w ww.k`hrn.nrm). .nrm).
Áihbk` Zrûcnmn ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ................................... ..............
77
Bitrnhukkbûi ............................................. ...................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. .........................
70
........................................... ............................................. ................................. .......... Kgpátucn 7. Pi ogrhái h` `it`rns .....................
Iÿa`rns ebmurghns..................... ............................................ .............................................. ............................................. ............................... ......... [uags h` kughrghns, kudns y iÿa`rns trbgimucgr`s ..................... ........................................... ...................... Fgy biebibtns prbans ................... ......................................... ............................................ ........................................... ................................ ........... Iÿa`rns h` Ebdnigkkb ....................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ......................... @c t`nr`ag h` E`ragt ..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... @c t`nr`ag h` ]bcsni ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .......................... ... Iÿa`rns p`re`ktns .................... .......................................... ............................................ ........................................... .................................. ............. H`sgeáns..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ........................... .......
47 47 45 42 ;4 ;0 ;0 ;5 ;=
Kgpátucn 4. Iÿa`rns bcustr`s ........................................... .................... ............................................. ........................................ ..................
;2
4.7. Cg brrgkbnigcbhgh h` 4 .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................... 4.4. Cg brrgkbnigcbhgh h` l kugihn kugihn l in `s ui kughrghn p`re`ktn ....................... ........................... .... 4.;. Cg rgzûi çur`g ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................ 4.8. Cg kbrkuie`r`ik kbrkuie`r`ikbg bg y .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................ ...... 4.0. Cg brrgkbnigcbhgh h` .............................................. ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................... 4.5. @c knih` h` Dueeni y su gmuog ..................... ............................................ .............................................. .................................... ............. 4.=.. @c iÿa`rn ` knan cáabt`....................... 4.= ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ..................... 4.6. Pig s`rb` biebibtg pgrg ` ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ..................... 4.2. Cg brrgkbnigcbhgh h` ` ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................... 4.7:. @c prndc`ag h` [t`bi`r sndr` `c iÿa`rn ` ....................... .............................................. ..................................... ..............
8: 87 84 80 8= 86 82 04 04 0;
4.77. Cg knistgit` h` @uc`r-Agskf`rnib @uc`r-Agskf`rnib...................... .............................................. ............................................... ........................... .... 4.74. @xpni`it`s rgkbnigc`s ` brrgkbnigc`s ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ......................... ... 4.7;. H`sgeáns..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ........................... .......
0; 00 05
Kgpátucn ;. Zuitns `i `c pcgin ............................................ ..................... ............................................. .................................... ..............
02 02 57 5; 58 50 55 56
7.7. 7.4. 7.;. 7.8. 7.0. 7.5. 7.=.. 7.= 7.6.
;.7. ;.4. ;.;. ;.8. ;.0. ;.5. ;.=.. ;.=
Cg eûraucg h` Zbkl ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................ ......... Kbrkuie`r`ikbgs Kbrkuie`r`ikb gs y suags h` hns kughrghns .................... ........................................... ...................................... ............... @c t`nr`ag h` [ycv`st`r-Mgccgb ........................ ................................................. ................................................. .............................. ...... Zgrtb`ihn `i hns ui kniouitn h` kb`i abc puitns .................... ........................................... ............................ ..... Zgcnags y pgcnagr`s ....................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. .......................... ... Gsbmigihn iÿa`rns g cns puitns h`c pcgin ..................... ............................................ ..................................... .............. H`sgeáns .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ............................ .......
0
Kgpátucn 8. @c pgtbn h` cns pncámnins ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................ 8.7. 8. 4. 8.;. 8.8. 8.0.
Knadbigtnrbg pncbmnigc ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................... Hbduogr ui pncámnin kninkbhgs cgs cnimbtuh`s h` sus cghns ..................... ................................ ........... Cns t`nr`ags h` Ag`lgwg y Lgwgsglb ....................... ............................................... ........................................... ................... Kughrgturg h` pncámnins ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................ Cgs `str`ccgs h`c pgtbn h` cns pncámnins ...................... .............................................. ........................................... ...................
52 52 =4 =; =0 =5
8.5. 8.=.. 8.= 8.6. 8.2.
Cns vbmbcgit`s h` cg mgc`rág h` grt`..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................. ....... Xrbgimucgkbni`s Xrbgimucgk bni`s h` pncámnins kniv`xn kniv`xnss ....................... .............................................. ......................................... .................. Kbkcnbh`s, kbkcûmnins y kbkcnbh`s pncbmnigc`s...................... ............................................ .................................. ............ H`sgeáns ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ......................... .....
=6 6: 6; 60
Kgpátucn 0. Pi t`snrn h` t`nr`ags sndr` trbçimucns ................ ........................ ................ ............... .......
6= 6= 66 27 24 2;
0.7. 0.4. 0.;. 0.8. 0.0.
@c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ...................... Zgr`it`skns pbtgmûrbkns ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ......................... @c rghbn h` cg kbrkuie`r`ikb kbrkuie`r`ikbgg biskrbtg `i ui trbçimucn r`ktçimucn ...................... Cg m`i`rgcbzgkbûi h` Zgppus h`c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs .................... ....................................... ................... Cg kbrkuie`r`ikbg biskrbtg y cg eûraucg h` F`rûi ..................... .......................................... ............................ .......
0.5. Cg kbrkuie`r`ikbg kbrkuiskrbtg y cg h`sbmugchgh trbgimucgr h` @uc`r ................. 20 0.=.. @c trbçimucn ûrtbkn...................... 0.= ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................. ........... 25 0.6. Cg h`sbmugchgh h` @rhňs-Anrh`cc s-Anrh`cc .................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................... ......... 2= 0.2. @c t`nr`ag h` [t`bi`r-C`faus ...................... ............................................. .............................................. .................................. ........... 22 0.7:. Cgs a`hbgigs h` ui trbçimucn ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ................................... ............. 7:: 0.77. ¾[ni ndtusçimucns cg agynrág h` cns trbçimucns>..................... .......................................... ............................ ....... 7:4 0.74. H`sgeáns ....................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ......................... ..... 7:;
Kgpátucn 5. @c `adruon h`c trbçimucn `qubcçt`rn .......................................... ................... ............................ ..... 7:0 5.7. X`nr` X`nr`ags ags h` `stbcn pbtgmûrbkn..................... ............................................. ............................................... .................................... ............. 7:0 5.4. @c puitn h` E`ragt h` ui trbçimucn ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ........................... .... 7:6 5.;. 5.8. 5.0. 5.5. 5.=.. 5.= 5.6. 5.2.
@c t`nr`ag h` Ubvbgib....................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. .......................... ... 7:2 Pig t`s`cgkbûi trbgimucgr h`c pcgin y cg h`sbmugchgh h` ]`btz`i ]`btz`idõkl dõkl .............. 77: @c t`nr`ag h` Igpnc`ûi...................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................................ ..................... 774 @c abcgmrn h` Anrc`y .................... ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................. ....... 77; @c t`nr`ag h` Ugi [kfnnt`i....................... ............................................. ............................................. ...................................... ............... 770 @c trbçimucn `qubcçt`rn y cg rgzûi çur`g ..................... ........................................... ........................................... ..................... 775 H`sgeáns ....................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ........................................... ......................... ..... 77=
Kgpátucn =. @c rbikûi h` cns kughrbcçt`rns ........................................... .................... ....................................... ................ =.7. Zuitns a`hbns `i kughrbcçt`rns..................... ........................................... ............................................. .................................. ........... =. 4. Kughrbcçt`rns kákcbkns ..................... ............................................ .............................................. ............................................. ........................... ..... =.;. Bmugchgh`s y h`sbmugchgh`s `i ui kughrbcçt`rn ...................... ............................................. ............................. ......
5
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
772 772 747 74;
=.8. =.0. =.5. =.= .=..
Kughrbcçt`rns tgim`ikbgc`s y dbkâitrbkns.................... .......................................... ........................................... ..................... Cns t`nr`ags h` Gii` y I`wtni ................... .......................................... .............................................. .................................. ........... Zbtçmnrgs kni ui pgrgc`cnmrgan y trbçimucns `qubcçt`rns ...................... ................................... ............. H`sgeáns..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... ............................ .......
745 74= 742 7;:
Kgpátucn 6. Kughrghns pnr tnhgs pgrt`s ..................... ............................................ ......................................... ..................
7;; 7;; 7;0 78: 784 788 785
6.7. 6.4. 6.;. 6.8. 6.0. 6.5.
X`nr`ags kni ui kughrghn .................... X`nr`ags ........................................... .............................................. ......................................... .................. X`nr`ags X`nr `ags kni hns kughrghns ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ..................................... ............... X`nr`ags X`nr `ags kni tr`s kughrghns ..................... ............................................ ............................................. ..................................... ............... Kni kugtrn y açs kughrghns................................. kughrghns........................................................ .............................................. ........................... .... Kughrghns y agt`açtbkgs r`kr`gtbvgs ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ...................... H`sgeáns..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ........................................... ........................... .......
Kgpátucn 2. Kurvgs g cg vbstg ................................................................................... 2.7. Kughrgturgs h` cÿiucgs ...................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................................ ..................... 2.4. Cg gsnadrnsg `spbrgc h` Grquáa`h`s ...................... ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 2.;. Cg kughrgtrbz h` Fbpbgs ............................................ ...................... ............................................. .............................................. ......................... 2.8. 2.0. 2.5.. 2.5 2.=.. 2.= 2.6.
782 782 700 70=
@c kukfbccn h` zgpgt`rn y cg dnh`mg h` sgc ..................... ........................................... ........................................ .................. 706 Cgs kûibkgs s`mÿi Wu`t`c`t y Hgih`cbi ..................... .......................................... ........................................... ...................... 75: Xrbçimucns Xrbçimu cns h` Grquáa`h`s....................................... Grquáa`h`s.............................................................. ............................................. .......................... 757 Fâcbk`s....................... ............................................. ............................................. .............................................. ........................................... ........................... ....... 758 H`sgeáns..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ........................................... ........................... ....... 750
Kgpátucn 7:. Gv`iturgs Gv`iturgs kni `adgchnsghns y kncnr`ghns ................. ......................... .............. ...... 752 7:.7. @adgchnsghns @adgchnsghns y t`s`cgkbni`s h`c pcgin .................... ........................................... ............................................ ..................... 7:.4. @adgchnsghns kni trbçimucns y kughrbcçt`rns ....................... .............................................. ............................... ........ 7:.;. Biebibtgs h`anstrgkbni`s h`c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs ..................... ............................................. ........................ 7:.8. Cg rgig sgctgrbig ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................. ...........
7=: 7=8 7= 8 7== 7=2
7:.0. Cns sb`t` erbsns ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ........................................ .................. 7:.5.. H`anstrgkbni`s kncnrbhgs .................... 7:.5 ........................................... .............................................. ........................................... .................... 7:.==. @c hnh`kg`hrn y cns kgabins fgabctnibgins....................... 7:. ............................................... .................................. .......... 7:.6. H`sgeáns..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ........................................... ........................... .......
767 768 724 728
Kgpátucn 77. M`na`trág `i tr`s hba`isbni`s ....................... .............................................. .............................. ....... 72= 77.7. 77.4. 77.;. 77.8. 77.0. 77.5.
@c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs `i tr`s hba`isbni`s ....................... .............................................. ............................... ........ 726 Zgrtbkbni`s h`c `spgkbn kni pcgins ..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................ ..... 722 Xrbçimucnss knrr`spnihb`i Xrbçimucn knrr`spnihb`it`s t`s `i tr`s r`ktgs .................... ......................................... ..................................... ................ 4:7 Pi knin qu` trbs`kg çimucns ...................... .............................................. ............................................... .................................. ........... 4:7 Cg bit`rs`kkbûi h` tr`s sup`rebkb`s `seârbkgs................... ......................................... ..................................... ............... 4:4 Cg kugrtg kbrkuie`r`ikb kbrkuie`r`ikbgg....................... .............................................. ............................................. .......................................... .................... 4:8
=
77.=. @c çr`g h`c trbçimucn `seârbkn................................ 77.=. `seârbkn....................................................... ............................................. .......................... .... 4:0 77.6. Cg eûraucg h` @uc`r pgrg pncb`hrns .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................ ..... 4:5 77.2. Kgrgs y vârtbk`s h` pncb`hrns kniv`x kniv`xns ns ...................... .............................................. .......................................... .................. 4:= 77.7:. ¾Znr quâ s` r`pbt`i cgs enrags enrags h` gcmuigs kgrgs kgrgs h` cns pncb`hrns> pncb`hrns> .................... 4:2 77.77. @uc`r y H`skgrt`s ê cg Zûcyg .......................................... .................... ............................................. ......................................... .................. 47: 77.74. Kughrbkucgihn Kughrbkucgihn kughrghns y kudbkucgihn kudns ..................... ............................................ ............................. ...... 477 77.7;. H`sgeáns......................... H`sgeáns................................................ .............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...................... 47;
Kgpátucn 74. Açs y açs t`nr`ags, prndc`ags y h`anstrgkbni`s ........ ............... ....... 470 74.7. 74.4. 74.;. 74.8. 74.0. 74.5. 74.=.. 74.= 74.6.
Kniouitns iua`rgdc`s y in iua`rgdc`s .................... .......................................... ......................................... ................... 470 @c t`nr`ag h` Kgitnr-[kfrõh`r-D`rist`bi ....................... .............................................. .................................... ............. 47= Cg h`sbmugchgh h` Kgukfy-[kfwgrz ...................... .............................................. ............................................... ....................... 476 Cg h`sbmugchgh h`sbmugchgh `itr` cg a`hbg grbtaâtbkg y cg a`hbg m`naâtrbkg...................... 44: Hns p`rcgs h`c nrbmgab ..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ........................... 447 ¾Kûan hbduogr uig cái`g r`ktg>..................... ............................................ .............................................. ................................. .......... 44; Gcmuigs onygs h` cgs `kugkbni`s euikbnigc`s ..................... ............................................. ................................. ......... 440 H`sbmugchgh`s euikbnigc` euikbnigc`s..................... s........................................... ............................................. ......................................... .................. 4;: 4
/5 .................... 74.2. s`rb` h` @uc`r pgrg.................... .......................................... ............................................. .......................................... ................... 74.7:. Cg @c prnhuktn h` ]gccbs ........................................... .............................................. ............................................. ........................... ..... 74.77. Cg gprnxbagkbûi h` [tbrcbim [tbrcbim pgrg i! .................... .......................................... ............................................. ........................... .... 74.74. H`sgeáns........................... H`sgeáns................................................. ............................................. ............................................. ........................................... .....................
4;; 4;0 4;5 4;6
[ncukbni`s g cns h`sgeáns ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ....................... Kgpátucn 7...................... 7............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................. .......... Kgpátucn 4 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn ; ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 8 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 0 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ ..........
487 487 48; 48= 482 407
Kgpátucn 5 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn = ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 6 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 2 ...................... ............................................ ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 7: .................... .......................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................. .......... Kgpátucn 77 ..................... ........................................... ............................................. .............................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... Kgpátucn 74 ................... .......................................... .............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................. ..........
400 406 457 454 450 452 4=:
T`e`r`ikbgs dbdcbnmrçebkgs ............................................ ..................... ............................................... ............................................ ....................
4=;
Áihbk` pnr pgcgdrgs ...................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. .................................. ........... 46; .................... ............................................. .............................................. ......................................... .................. 462 [ndr` cns gutnr`s ..........................................
6
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
H`hbkghn g iu`strns iua`rnsns `stuhbgit`s, kni cg `sp`rgizg h` qu` hbserut`i h` cg d`cc`zg h` cgs agt`açtbkgs, y g cns qu` (qubzç sbi sgd`rcn) ins bispbrgrni pgrg `skrbdbr `st` cbdrn.
Zrûcnmn
Xrgs fgd`r p`rkbdbhn cgs kni`xbni`s, duskg cg h`anstrgkbûi, cg r`v`cgkbûi trgispgr`it` `i su enrag açs sbapc`, sbi huhgr h` qu` gmugrhgihn `i `c kgns s` `iku`itrg cg `c`mgikbg sbimucgr, cg `strukturg `târ`g y pr`kbsg, db`i h`ebibhg, h` cái`gs rçpbhgs ` bih`struktbdc`.
Cbccbgi Anrrbsni, Zn`t gs Agtf`agtbkbgi
Cns t`nr`ags y sus h`anstrgkbni`s sni `c knrgzûi h` cgs agt`açtbkgs. Fgdcgihn h` Gpncnmág nmág h` ui u i agt` a gt`-sus kugcbhgh`s –purga`it` `stâtbkgs‑, M. F. Fgrhy `skrbdbû `i su Gpnc açtbkn (Fgrhy, 7252) qu` `i cgs h`anstrgkbni`s d`ccgs –fgy aukfn h` bi`sp`rghn, bi`vbtgdc` y `kniûabkn‑. Gsá s`rçi cgs h`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn qu` gpgr`k`rçi `i `st` cbdrn. Iu`strg bit`ikbûi `s pr`s`itgr uig knc`kkbûi h` h`anstrgkbni`s intgdc`s `i agt`agt` açtbkgs `c`a`itgc`s (sndr` iÿa`rns, m`na`trág, h`sbmugchgh`s, euikbni`s, t`s`cgkbni`s) h` uig `c`mgikbg `xk`pkbnigc, sukbitgs ` bim`ibnsgs. G trgvâs nrbmgab, h` rgznigab`itns snrpr`ih`it`s n pnt`it`s r`pr`s`itgkbni`s vbsugc`s, `sp`rgans qu` cgs h`anstrgkbni`s h`anstrgkbni `s h` iu`strg s`c`kkbûi bivbt`i g hbserutgr g cns c`ktnr`s h` cg d`cc`zg h` cgs agt`açtbkgs, g knapgrtbr sus h`skudrbab`itns kni ntrns y g bivncukrgrs` `i cg kr`gkbûi h` iu`vgs pru`dgs. @c mrgi agt`açtbkn fÿimgrn Zguc @rhňs (727;-7225) sncág h`kbr qu` Hbns tb`i` ui Cbdrn bit`rabigdc` qu` knitb`i` cgs a`onr`s h`anstrgkbni`s h`anstrgkbni`s pnsbdc`s h` tnhns cns t`nr`t`nr` ags agt`açtbkns, cgs açs `c`mgit`s y p`re`ktgs. @c agynr kuapcbhn qu` @rhňs pnhág fgk`r r`ebrbâihns` gc trgdgon h` ui knc`mg `rg h`kbr qu` –`stgdg sgkghn h` @c Cbdrn‑. @rhňs tgadbâi s`÷gcgdg? –In tb`i`s qu` kr``r `i Hbns, p`rn h`d`s kr``r `i @c Cbdrn‑ (Fneeagii, 7226). @i 7226, A. Gbmi`r y M. _b`mc`r ins fbkb`rni `itr`v`r gcmn h` cn qu` X F@ DNNL D NNL , gfnrg `i su qubitg @c Cbdrn h`d`rág knit`i`r kugihn pudcbkgrni Zrnnes erna XF@
Zrûcnmn
77
H`anstrgkbn rgkbni`s i`s kni kn i `hbkbûi `i bimcâs7 (Gbmi`r y _b`mc`r, 4:78). Insntrns `sp`rgans qu` H`anst `ikgitn knapc`a`it` `c trgdgon h` Gbmi`r y _b`mc`r, gc pr`s`itgr pru`dgs qu` in r`qub`r`i açs qu` kçckucn4 y agt`açtbkg hbskr`tg `c`a`itgc. Ins pr`muitgans ¾fgy bcustrgkbni`s `i @c Cbdrn> Kr``ans qu` cg r`spu`stg `s gebragtbvg, gsá qu` `iknitrgrâbs gcr`h`hnr h` tr`skb`itgs ebmurgs y hbgmrgags `i H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn. @xbst` uig cgrmg trghbkbûi h` usgr hbduons `i agt`açtbkgs pgrg egkbcbtgr cg knapr`isbûi h` h`anstrgkbni`s. @stg trghbkbûi s` r`anitg açs h` hns abc g÷ns fgstg cg gitbmug Mr`kbg y Kfbig, y knitbiÿg fny hág kni cg pnpucgr `tbqu`tg –h`anstrgkbni`s sbi pgcgdrgs‑, er`ku`it` `i cgs pçmbigs h` Agtf`agtbks Agmgzbi`, Xf` Kncc`m` Agtf`agtbkgc Onurigc y ntrgs pudcbkgkbni`s. Pi mrgi iÿa`rn h` `ccgs gpgr`k`i `i (I`cs`i, 722; y 4:::), gadns pudcbkghns pnr cg Agtf`agtbkgc Gssnkbgtbni ne Ga`rbkg (AGG). Xgadbâi f`ans `skrbtn y pudcbkghn `i cg AGG hns cbdrns (Gcsbig y I`cs`i, 4::5 y 4::2) hnih` s` hbskut` `c prnk`sn h` kr`gkbûi h` pru`dgs vbsugc`s. @c pr`s`it` cbdrn `stç nrmgibzghn knan sbmu`? trgs uig knrtg bitrnhukkbûi `i cg qu` s` `xpcbkgi gcmuigs bh`gs dçsbkgs sndr` cn qu` sni cgs h`anstrgkbni`s y `c prnk`sn h` fgccgrcgs n –kr`grcgs‑, pr`s`itgans, pr`s`itgans, `i hnk` kgpátucns, uig gapcbg y vgrbghg s`c`kkbûi h` gcmuigs qu`, `i iu`strg npbibûi, –tb`i`i `ikgitn‑. Kghg kgpátucn knikcuy` kni h`sgeáns pgrg cns c`ktnr`s, g qub`i`s gibagans g qu` dusqu`i pnr sá absans h`anstrgkbni`s bit`r`sgit`s.
Fgy gcr`h`hnr h` kb`itn tr`bitg h` `stns h`sgeáns. @ap`zgans iu`strn vbgo` kni uig s`c`kkbûi h` t`nr`ags y h`anstrgkbni`s sndr` `it`rns y gcmuins iÿa`rns r`gc`s `sknmbhns. Zgsgans `itnik`s g hbskutbr gcmuigs ku`stbni`s sndr` m`na`trág, kna`izgihn pnr `c `stuhbn h` kniebmurgkbni`s h` puitns `i `c pcgin. Knisbh`rgans pncámnins `i m`i`rgc y tgadbâi egabcbgs h` trbçimucns, trbçimucns `qubcçt`rns, kughrbcçt`rns y kughrghns. Cu`mn, hbs`rtgans sndr` kurvgs, `i `c pcgin y `i `c `spgkbn, y knitbiugans kni gcmuigs gv`iturgs `i `c auihn h` cns `adgchnsghns y t`s`cghns h`c pcgin, r`suctghns sndr` kncnrgkbni`s y gcmn h` m`na`trág trbhba`isbnigc. X`rabigans X`rabigans kni uig p`qu`÷g knc`kkbûi h` t`nr`ags, prndc`ags y h`anstrgkbni`s `i hbstbitns kgapns h` cg agt`açtbkg. Gc knikcubr cns hnk` kgpátucns, hgans iu`strg sncukbûi g cns r`tns pcgit`ghns `i `c cbdrn. @stgans s`murns h` qu` aukfns c`ktnr`s `iknitrgrçi sncukbni`s y pru`dgs açs `c``c` mgit`s, n kni açs `ikgitn, qu` cgs iu`strgs. @c cbdrn knikcuy` kni cgs ndcbmghgs r`e`r`ikbgs dbdcbnmrçebkgs y kni ui knapc`tn áihbk` pnr pgcgdrgs. Knan `i iu`strns cbdrns git`rbnr`s pudcbkghns pnr cg AGG, `sp`rgans qu` tgitn cns prne`snr`s h` s`kuihgrbg, knan cns h` dgkfbcc`rgtn n h` uibv`rsbhgh utbcbk`i `i sus gucgs gcmuigs h` `stgs –h`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn‑ pgrg fgk`r v`r g sus `stuhbgit`s `i quâ knisbst` cg `c`mgikbg agt`açtbkg. Gcmuins pnhrçi usgr `c cbdrn knan supc`a`itn `i ui kursn bitrnhuktnrbn sndr` h`anstrgkbni`s, rgznigab`itn agt`açtbkn agt`açtbkn n r`sncukbûi h` prndc`ags. 7
Zudcbkghn `i `spg÷nc knan @c cbdrn h` cgs h`anstrgkbni`s, Ibvncg (4::0). \I. h`c X.Q
4
kçckucn Psgr`ans pgrgh`cr`e`rbrins gc târabin bimcâs kgckucus (cn qu` `i `spg÷nc h`inabigans kçckucn biebibt`sbagc ). \I. X.Q
74
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
Gmrgh`k`ans g Tnsg Igvgrrn su snd`rdbn trgdgon `i cg pr`pgrgkbûi h` cns prba`rns dnrrghnr`s h` `st` agiuskrbtn. Mrgkbgs tgadbâi g Pih`rwnnh Huhc`y y g cns ab`adrns h`c `qubpn `hbtnrbgc h` Xf` Hnckbgib Agtf`agtbkgc @xpnsbtbnis pnr su kubhghnsg c`kturg h`c dnrrghnr h`c cbdrn y sus iua`rnsgs y ÿtbc`s sum`r`ikbgs. Bmugca`it` gmrgh`k`ans g @cgbi` Z`hr`brg, D`v`rcy Tu`hb, T`d`kkg @can y Hni Gcd`rs, h`c `qubpn h` `hbkbûi h` cbdrns h` cg AGG, su p`rbkbg `i cg pr`pgrgkbûi h` `stg ndrg pgrg su pudcbkgkbûi. Ebigca`it`, hgans cgs mrgkbgs g `stuhbgit`s, prne`snr`s y gabmns `i Grm`itbig, Iu`vg _`cgihg, @spg÷g, Xurquág y @stghns Pibhns pnr `xpcnrgr kni insntrns aukfgs h` `stgs f`ransgs h`anstrgkbni`s y tgadbâi pnr `c `itusbgsan qu` fgi anstrghn pnr iu`strn trgdgon.
Kcguhb Gcsbig Pibv`rsbtgtt Zncbtækibkg h` Kgtgcuiyg Pibv`rsbtg Dgrk`cnig
Tnm`r D. I`cs`i C`wbs & Kcgrl Kncc`m` Znrtcgih, Nr`mûi
Zrûcnmn
7;
Bitrnhukkbûi
Cns anh`cns agt`açtbkns, knan cns h` cns pbitnr`s n cns h` cns pn`tgs, tb`i`i qu` s`r d`ccns< cgs bh`gs, knan cns kncnr`s n cgs pgcgdrgs, h`d`i `ikgogr h` enrag granibnsg. Cg D`cc`zg D`cc`zg `s `c prba`r r`qubsb r`qubsbtn< tn< in fgy cumgr cumgr `i `c auihn pgrg uigs uigs agt`açtbkgs agt`açtbkgs e`gs. e`gs.
M. F. Fgrhy, G Agtf`agtbkbgi‒s Agtf`agtbkbgi‒s Gpncnmy
@st` `s ui cbdrn sndr` h`anstrgkbni`s qu` ins pgr`k`i sbimucgra`it` gtrgktbvgs, g cgs qu` ccgagr`ans h`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn. Guiqu` in s` trgt` `strbktga`it` h` uig h`ebibkbûi, pnh`ans h`kbr qu` uig h`anstrgkbûi `s ui rgznigab`itn qu` p`rsbmu` kniv`ik`r g cns c`ktnr`s h` qu` uig gebragkbûi agt`açtbkg `s v`rhgh`rg. @sp`rgans qu`, açs gccç h`c a`rn kniv`ikbab`itn, kniv`ikbab` itn, aukfgs h` cgs h`anstrgkbni`s h`c cbdrn c`s r`suct`i tgadbâi egskbigit`s.
Cgs h`anstrgkbni`s? `c knrgzûi h` cgs agt`açtbkgs [gcvn pnr cg enrag `i cg qu` vb`i` `skrbtg, uig h`anstrgkbûi `c`mgit`a`it` knistrubhg `s ui pn`ag
Anrrbs Lcbi`, Agtf`agtbks bi ]`st`ri Kuctur`
Knan gebragans `i `c prûcnmn, cgs h`anstrgkbni`s sni `c knrgzûi h` cgs agt`açtbkgs. Gh`açs h` s`r euihga`itgc`s pgrg su h`sgrrnccn, ins prnpnrkbnigi iu`vgs enrags h` rgznigab`itn, y gdr`i iu`vgs p`rsp`ktbvgs pgrg cg knapr`isbûi h` cgs prneuihgs ku`stbni`s qu` ins pcgit`gi. Knan hbon Rurb Bvginvbkf Agibi, –uig du`ig h`anstrgkbûi `s gqu`ccg qu` ins fgk` açs sgdbns‑, s`itbab`itn r`p`tbhn pnr Gihr`w Mc`gsni gc gebragr qu` –cgs h`anstrgkbni`s `stçi gfá pgrg kniv`ik`rins qu` pru`d pr u`dg g y `ch`v`rdn gcmn `s kb`rtn, sbin pgrg anstrgrins pnr quâ `sinkb`rtn‑. @c sustgitbvn
Bitrnhukkbûi
70
prndgr prn dgr prnk`h`i prndgr` gr` , qu` sbmibebkg ‖`xgabigr, ouzmgr‒. @c sustgi prnk`h`i h`c v`rdn cgtbin prnd
tbvn tb`i` aukfns ntrns sbmibebkghns, gpgrt` h`c agt`açtbkn, bikcubhns cns h` `vbh`ikbg `i `c auihn h`c h`r`kfn, n cgs pru`dgs h` bapr`sbûi `i mrgdghn, entnmrgeág, bapr`itg y iuabsaçtbkg;.
H`anstrgkbni`s pnr tnhgs pgrt`s G ebigc`s h` 4::2, uig dÿsqu`hg `i bit`ri`t h` cg pgcgdrg pru`dg hgdg knan r`suctghn uins v`bitbkugtrn abccni`s h` pçmbigs w`d y uins kbiku`itg y s`bs abccni`s h` baçm`i`s. Znr supu`stn, cg agynrág h` `stgs in s` r`e`rági g h`anstrgkbni`s agt`açtbkgs, sbin g pru`dgs egragkncûmbkgs, ebcnsûebkgs, r`cbmbnsgs, c`mgc`s, enr`is`s, h` bapr`sbûi, `tk. T`kb`it`a`it` vgrbns cbdrns, p`cákucgs y ndrgs h` t`gtrn fgi `vnkghn `stg pgcgdrg uibv`rsg uibv`rsgc.c.
Gsp`ktns `stâtbkns h` cgs h`anstrgkbni`s Cgs a`onr`s h`anstrgkbni`s `i Agt`açtbkgs sni knrtgs y knikbsgs knan `pbmrgags. Cgs açs cgrmgs s` kbadr`gi kni rbtans pgr`kbhns g cns h` cg aÿsbkg.
[kntt Dukfgigi, Zn`try gih Agtf`agtbks
¾Kuçc`s sni cgs kgrgkt`rástbkgs h` uig h`anstrgkbûi qu` ins cc`vgi g h`kbr qu` tb`i` `ikgitn> @i su h`cbkbnsn `isgyn tbtucghn D`cc`zg y U`rhgh `i cgs Agt`açtbkgs, Hnrbs [kfgttskfi`bh`r ([kfgttskfi`bh`r, ([kfgttskfi`bh`r, 4::5) r`spnih` gsá? ◳ Cg `c`mgikbg? `s `sku`tg y vg hbr`ktg g cg bh`g `s`ikbgc. ◳ @c bim`ibn? knitb`i` uig bh`g inv`hnsg, inv`hnsg, ui mbrn snrpr`ih`it`. ◳ Cg bitubkbûi? ins r`v`cg pnr quâ quâ `c rgznigab`itn `s knrr`ktn, ins ins fgk` h`kbr? –¡Goç!‑. –¡Goç!‑. ◳ [us i`xns? i`xns? bcuabigi uig `sk`ig `sk`ig açs gapcbg n kni`ktgi kni`ktgi hbv`rsgs çr`gs. ◳ @c pgrghbmag? hg cumgr cumgr g uig f`urástbkg f`urástbkg eruktáe`rg y h` gapcbn çadbtn h` gpcbkgkbûi. gpcbkgkbûi. Znkns târabins agt`açtbkns gkgpgrgi tgitns gho`tbvns knan cns qu` gknapg÷gi g cg pgcgdrg h`anstrgkbûi. @itr` cns pnsbtbvns `iknitrgans d`ccg, `c`mgit`, bit`cbm`it`, prneuihg, dr`v`, knrtg, kcgrg, knikbsg, fçdbc, bim`ibnsg, drbccgit` y, igturgca`it`, `ikgitghnrg. @i cg hbr`kkbûi npu`stg, t`i`ans nskurg, biknapr`isbdc`, cgrmg, e`g, hbeákbc, knapc`og, `xt`isg, in bitubtbvg, bap`i`trgdc`, biknf`r`it`, t`hbnsg, `tk.
;
@i bimcâs\I. cgh`c pgcgdrg s` usg tgadbâi pgrg r`e`rbrs` r` e`rbrs` g cg mrghugkbûi h` cgs d`dbhgs d `dbhgs gcknfûcbkgs h`stbcghgs. X.Q prnne s`
75
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
Pi t`nr`ag, aukfgs h`anstrgkbni`s Aukfns trgdgons h` biv`stbmgkbûi duskgi h`anstrgkbni`s iu`vgs h` t`nr`ags t`nr` ags yg prndghns pnrqu` cgs qu` s` knink`i sni pnkn gtrgktbvgs. Fgy h`anstrgkbni`s agt`açtbkgs qu` sni knivbik`it`s g s`kgs< ntrgs `ikgihbcgi y gp`cgi hbr`ktga`it` g iu`strn bit`c`ktn, ins h`c`btgi ` bihuk`i `i insntrns `c brr`prbabdc` h`s`n h` h`kbr Gaâi, Gaâi.
Anrrbs Lcbi`, Agtf`agtbks bi ]`st`ri Kuctur`
Cg bapnrtgikbg h` ui t`nr`ag `apuog g a`iuhn g cns agt`açtbkns g duskgr ntrgs enrags h` h`anstrgrcn. Guiqu` `c `iuikbghn in kgadb`, cg `xbst`ikbg h` uig knc`kkbûi h` pru`dgs hbe`r`it`s pu`h` knitrbdubr g uig a`onr knapr`isbûi h` ui r`suctghn n gdrbr iu`vgs vágs h` p`isgab`itn sndr` cgs bh`gs sudygk`it`s. @c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs `s, kgsb kni k`rt`zg, `c qu` ku`itg kni ui agynr iÿa`rn h` h`anstrgkbni`s hbe`r`it`s. @itr` 7625 y 7622, gpgr`kb`rni `i cg Ga`rbkgi Agtf`agtbkgc Anitfcy hnk` grtákucns, qu` r`uiági `xgktga`it` kb`i pru`dgs, qu` eu`rni pudcbkghns gmrupghns dgon `c tátucn Ub`ogs y iu`vgs h`anstrgkbni`s h`c t`nr`ag h` Zbtçmnrgs. Dgsçihns` `i `stg knc`kkbûi y `i ntrgs, @cbsfg [kntt Cnnabs `skrbdbû `i 72:= Xf` Zytfgmnr`gi Zrn pnsbtbni, qu` eu` pudcbkghn `i 724=. Pig s`muihg `hbkbûi h` `st` cbdrn, qu` knit`iág tr`skb`itgs s`t`itg h`anstrgkbni`s, gpgr`kbû `i 728:. Eu` pnst`rbnra`it` r`hbtghn pnr `c
Igtbnigc Knuikbc ne X`gkf`rs ne Agtf`agtbks `i 7256 (Cnnabs, 7256) y fny knitbiÿg sb`ihn
ui cbdrn h` r`e`r`ikbg. Gpgr`k`i iu`vgs h`anstrgkbni`s (y gcmuigs gitbmugs r`gpgr`k`i) kni kb`rtg r`mucgrbhgh. Pig v`z qu` s` pru`dg ui t`nr`ag, g a`iuhn s` pudcbkgi iu`vgs h`anstrgkbni`s. Cg c`y h` Aurpfy gpcbkghg g cgs agt`açtbkgs gebrag qu` cg prba`rg h`anstrgkbûi pu`h` s`r cg p`nr. Cgs C gs h`anstrgkbni`s iu`vgs gdr`i `c kgabin g grmua`itgkbni`s açs s`ikbccgs, fbpût`sbs sbapcbebkghgs n knikcusbni`s açs pnt`it`s. Kugihn t`i`ans g iu`strg hbspnsbkbûi h`anstrgkbni`s h` hbstbitns tbpns (gcm`drgbkgs, knadbigtnrbgs, m`naâtrbkgs, `tk.) pnh`ans cc`mgr g iu`vgs bit`rpr`tgkbni`s h` cns r`suctghns y `iknitrgr kni`xbni`s `irbqu`k`hnrgs `itr` hbe`r`it`s rgags h` cgs agt`açtbkgs. Gcmuigs v`k`s `c prnpbn gutnr h` ui t`nr`ag hg hbstbitgs h`anstrgkbni`s h` âc. Znr `o`apcn, Kgrc Erb`hrbkf Mguss (7===-7600) pudcbkû `i vbhg s`bs pru`dgs hbe`r`it`s h` cg c`y h` r`kbprnkbhgh kughrçtbkg (qu` âc ccgaû –t`nr`ag çur`n‑) y, trgs su au`rt`, s` `iknitrgrni hns açs `itr` sus pgp`c`s. Fny hág s` knink`i uigs hnskb`itgs pru`dgs h` `st` r`suctghn. Ntrgs v`k`s `c gutnr h` ui –t`nr`ag‑ pu`h` pudcbkgr uig h`anstrgkbûi egcsg n biknapc`tg. Pi kgsn `xtr`an cn t`i`ans `i Zb`rr` h` E`ragt (75:7-7550), qu` `i uig knpbg h` cg Grbtaâtbkg h` Hbnegitn h` Gc`ogihrág `skrbdbû cn sbmub`it`? –@s bapnsbdc` s`pgrgr ui kudn `i hns kudns, n uig pnt`ikbg kugrtg `i hns pnt`ikbgs kugrtgs, n `i m`i`rgc kugcqub`r pnt`ikbg agynr qu` cg s`muihg `i hns pnt`ikbgs s`a`ogit`s. F` h`skudb`rtn uig agrgvbccnsg h`anstrgkbûi h` `ccn qu`, h`smrgkbghga`it`, in kgd` `i `st` `str`kfn agrm`i‑.
Bitrnhukkbûi
7=
W. @. H. n cg cnsg W. @. H, cg gdr`vbgturg h` qunh `rgt h`anstrgihua (‖cn qu` s` qu`rág prndgr‒) `s cg trghukkbûi cgtbig h` cg `xpr`sbûi mrb`mg û â é ( `i enrag gdr`vbghg), usghg pnr @ukcbh`s y Grquáa`h`s pgrg s`÷gcgr `c ebi h` uig h`anstrgkbûi. @stg enrag h` agrkgr `c ebigc h` uig pru`dg s` fg usghn aukfn `i bimcâs. [u trghukkbûi g c`iegccgbt hâmugs in ), `s tgadbâi `izu ergikâs t`i`ans W. `spg÷nc E. H. ( ‖k`K.qu‒bc anitr`r‒ d`w`bs`i wgr‒ ) K. )cgtbigs , `i gc`açi w. z. d.knaÿi? w. ( ‖wgs y `i W. H. (‖knan
qu`rágans h`anstrgr‒). Kni cg cc`mghg h` cns nrh`ighnr`s y h`c snetwgr` h` `skrbturg agt`açtbkg, s` fg f`kfn knaÿi `c usn h` ui sáadncn m`naâtrbkn pgrg bihbkgr `c ebi h` uig h`anstrgkbûi. Zguc Fgcans (7275-4::5) bitrnhuon cg cnsg –◳‑, qu` gfnrg knapbt` kni `c Sq`h ◼ h` X`V.
@c rbkn auihn h` cg h`anstrgkbûi Pi r`cçapgmn bcuabig ab a`it`, cn v`n tnhn, t`imn cg h`anstrgkbûi y `itnik`s a` h`spb`rtn.
Hnrbs [kfgttskfi`bh [kfgttskfi`bh`r, `r, G Agtf`agtbkgc Fgblu (get`r Hgit`)
@s pnsbdc` kcgsbebkgr aukfgs h`anstrgkbni`s kni grr`mcn g cns aâtnhns qu` s` usgi `i `ccgs. Cns tbpns açs er`ku`it`s s` `iua`rgi `i cg cbstg ‘g cg eu`rzg biknapc`tg‘ qu` hgans g knitbiugkbûi. @s bapnrtgit` t`i`r `i ku`itg qu` `i uig h`anstrgkbûi s` knadbigi g a`iuhn vgrbns aâtnhns?
H`anstrgkbûi hbr`ktg? usg h`ebibkbni`s, gxbnags, bh`itbhgh`s, h`sbmugchgh`s, c`ags y t`nr`ags prndghns pr`vbga`it`, `tk., pgrg anstrgr qu` cg knikcusbûi s` h`huk` cûmbkga`it` g pgrtbr h` cgs fbpût`sbs. H`anstrgkbûi pnr knitrghbkkbûi? (kninkbhg tgadbâi knan –h`anstrgkbûi pnr r`hukkbûi gc gdsurhn‑) au`strg qu` `s cûmbkga`it` bapnsbdc` qu` `c r`suctghn s`g egcsn. [` usg fgdbtugca`it` gsuab`ihn qu` cn qu` s` qub`r` prndgr `s egcsn y cc`mgihn g uig knitrghbkkbûi. H`anstrgkbûi h`c knitrgrr`káprnk knitrgrr`káprnkn? n? pgrg prndgr uig bapcbkgkbûi h`c tbpn –sb G, `itnik`s D‑, h`anstrgr cg bapcbkgkbûi cûmbkg `qubvgc`it` –sb in D, `itnik`s in G‑. H`anstrgkbûi pnr bihukkbûi agt`açtbkg? s` trgtg h` ui aâtnhn pgrg prndgr qu` uig prnpb`hgh h` cg enrag Z (i) `s kb`rtg pgrg tnhn `it`rn pnsbtbvn i. [` knab`izg anstrgihn qu` Z (7) (7) s` kuapc` y, gktn s`mubhn, qu` sb Z ( (i) `s v`rhgh, `itnik`s cn `s Z ( (i 7) 7).. H`anstrgkbûi pnr kgsns (n h`anstrgkbûi `xfgustbvg)? s` hbvbh` cg fbpût`sbs `i ui iÿa`rn ebibtn l h` h` kgsns, y s` fgk` uig h`anstrgkbûi h`c r`suctghn r`suctghn `i kghg uin `ccns. Cgs l h`anstrgkbni`s pu`h`i s`r hbr`ktgs, pnr knitrghbkkbûi n h` ntrnsh` tbpns.
76
H`anstrgkbni`s kni `ikgitn
76
H`anstrgkbûi knadbigtnrbg? `s ui aâtnhn h` h`anstrgkbûi pgrg bh`itbhgh`s gcm`drgbkgs `itr` iÿa`rns `it`rns pnsbtbvns (cns iÿa`rns h` knitgr). [` dgsg `i r`pr`s`itgr `sns iÿa`rns a`hbgit` kniouitns h` ndo`tns y `apc`gr uin h` cns hns prbikbpbns sbmub`it`s? 7. Knitgr cns ndo`tns h` ui kniouitn h` hns enrags hbe`r`it`s tb`i` qu` hgrins hgrins `c absan r`suctghn. 4. Hns kniouitns qu` `stçi `i knrr`spnih`ikbg, knrr`spnih`ikbg, uin g uin, tb`i`i `c `c absan iÿa`rn h` `c`a`itns.
h` Eudbib Eudbib pnr `c t`nr`ag h` Eudbib h`c kçckucn `i @c prba`rn s` knink` knan prbikbpbn h` vgrbgs vgrbgdc`s, qu` trgtg sndr` `c kgadbn `i `c nrh`i h` bit`mrgkbûi `i bit`mrgc`s bt`rghgs. Kgitnr pnrqu` @c s`muihn r`kbd` `c inadr` h` prbikbpbn h` Kgitnr pnrqu` eu` `apc`ghn kni prneusbûi pnr M`nrm` Kgitnr (7680-7276) `i sus `stuhbns sndr` cg kgrhbigcbhgh h` cns kniouitns biebibtns. [ni tgadbâi kninkbhns knan `c aâtnhn h`c hndc` r`ku`itn y `c aâtnhn h` dby`kkbûi. @i aukfns kgsns `s pnsbdc` bcustrgr uig h`anstrgkbûi kni uig bagm`i `xpcbkgtbvg qu` pu`h` dgstgr pgrg qu` cns c`ktnr`s kgpt`i su s`itbhn hbr`ktga`it`. Znr `ccn knisbh`rgans tgadbâi cgs h`anstrgkbni`s vbsugc`s, n h`anstrgkbni`s sbi pgcgdrgs, knan tâkibkg h` h`anstrgkbûi. Znr `o`apcn, `s pnsbdc` vbsugcbzgr uig h`anstrgkbûi knadbigtnrbg a`hbgit` uig r`pr`s`itgkbûi h`c kniouitn qu` vg g s`r knitghn h` hns enrags hbstbitgs n, gsbabsan, h` uig dby`kkbûi `itr` hns kniouitns. Ntrgs tâkibkgs bikcuy`i `c usn h` trgisenragkbni`s m`naâtrbkgs tgc`s knan cg r`ec`xbûi y cg rntgkbûi, `c kgadbn h` hba`isbûi, t`s`cgkbni`s y kncnrgkbni`s. Zgrg sgd`r açs sndr` tâkibkgs pgrg kr`gr h`anstrgkbni`s vbsugc`s, r`kna`ihgans iu`strn cbdrn Agtf Agh`` Ubsug Agh Ubsugc? c? Kr`gt Kr`gtbim bim Bag Bagm`s m`s enr Pih Pih`rst `rstgih gihbim bim Agtf Agtf`agt `agtbks bks (Gcsbig y I`cs`i, 4::5).
H`anstrgkbni`s `i `c gucg Cgs h`anstrgkbni`s sni `c`a`itns `s`ikbgc`s h` cgs gsbmigturgs h` agt`açtbkgs h`sh` cg X`gkf`rs `sku`cg prbagrbg y s`kuihgrbg fgstg cg `is`÷gizg sup`rbnr. sup`rbnr. @c Igtbnigc Knuikbc ne X`gkf`rs ne Agtf`agtbks8 r`knab`ihg `i su bienra` Zrbikbpc`s gih [tgihgrhs [tgihgrhs enr [kfnnc Agtf`agtbks (IKXA, 4:::) qu` cns prnmrgags h` `stuhbns h` cns kursns knapr`ihbhns `itr` cg `is`÷gizg biegitbc y `c ebigc h` cg `is`÷gizg s`kuihgrbg s`kuihgrbg (gcr`h`hnr h` cns hb`kbnkfn g÷ns) –h`d`rági kgpgkbtgr g tnhns cns `stuhbgit`s pgrg knapr`ih`r qu` cns rgznigab`itns y h`anstrgkbni`s sni ui gsp`ktn euihga`itgc h` cgs agt`açtbkgs‑. agt`açtbkgs‑. @i `st` bienra`, `c Knaabtt`` ni tf` Pih`rmrghugt` Zrnmrga bi Agtf`agtbks ne tf` AGG (KPZA, 4::8) `iua`rg uig s`rb` h` ndo`tbvns pgrg cns `stuhbgit`s h` Kb`ikbgs Agt`Agt` açtbkgs `i uibv`rsbhgh`s y k`itrns h` `is`÷gizg sup`rbnr. @i knikr`tn, s` gebrag cn sbmub`it`? –Cg kgpgkbhgh h` `it`ih`r y h`sgrrnccgr h`anstrgkbni`s agt`açtbkgs `s uin h` cns sbmins hbstbitbvns h` cg aghur`z agt`açtbkg¼, y knitbiÿgi hbkb`ihn qu` –fgy qu` pni`r cns kbab`itns h` `stg enrag h` p`isgab`itn cûmbkn `i kghg uin h` cns kursns `i cns qu` cgs agt`açtbkgs gvgizghgs h`s`ap`÷`i ui pgp`c bapnrtgit`, bikcuy`ihn `c kçckucn y cg agt`açtbkg hbskr`tg‑. 8
Knis`on Igkbnigc h` Zrne`snr`s h` Agt`açtbkgs Agt`açtbkgs h` @stghns Pibhns \I. h`c X.Q
Bitrnhukkbûi
72
Z`rn cgs h`anstrgkbni`s in sni sncn pgrg cns `stuhbgit`s `sp`kbgcbzghns `i Agt`açtbkgs. @c Knaabtt`` ni tf` Pih`rmrghugt` Zrnmrga bi Agtf`agtbks (KPZA, 4::7) tgadbâi gebragdg qu` tnhns cns `stuhbgit`s h`d`rági cc`mgr g gpr`kbgr cg igturgc`zg h` uig h`anstrgkbûi. Cgs h`anstrgkbni`s sni cn qu` fgk`i `sp`kbgc`s g cgs agt`açtbkgs‑. agt`açtbkgs‑. Znr supu`stn, `c KPZA in r`knab`ihg kursns h`c tbpn –t`nr`ag-h`anstrgkbûi‑ pgrg cns `stuhbgit`s uibv`rsbtgrbns qu` in s` vgygi g `sp`kbgcbzgr `i agt`açtbkgs, p`rn snstb`i` qu` –cns `stuhbgit`s h`d`rági knapr`ih`r cg `s`ikbg h` cg kucturg agt`açtbkg? `c vgcnr y cg i`k`sbhgh h` cns rgznigab`itns kubhghnsns, cgs h`ebibkbni`s pr`kbsgs y cns grmua`itns knikcuy`it`s‑. knikcuy`it`s‑. Knaa bssbni ni Agtf`agtbkgc Bis@i ui hnkua`itn h` trgdgon pgrg cg Bit`rigtbnigc Knaabssbni truktbni (Fgiig y H` Ubccb`rs, 4::6), Mbcg Fgiig y Abkf`c h` Ubccb`rs `skrbd`i cn sbmub`it`? –Hghn qu` cgs h`anstrgkbni`s sni `c knrgzûi h` cgs agt`açtbkgs, `s euihga`itgc qu` t`imgi ui pgp`c açs r`c`vgit` `i cgs gucgs, pgrg qu` gsá s` agit`img cg kni`xbûi `itr` cgs agt`açtbkgs `skncgr`s y cgs Agt`açtbkgs `it`ihbhgs knan hbskbpcbig‑ hbskbpcbig‑.. Xgadbâi gpuitgi qu` –\…Q pgrg cns agt`açtbkns, uig h`anstrgkbûi `s aukfn açs qu` uig suk`sbûi h` pgsns knrr`ktns. @s, euihga`itgca`it`, uig knikgt`igkbûi h` bh`gs ` bitubkbni`s kuyn ndo`ndo` tbvn `s gckgizgr cg knapr`isbûi agt`açtbkg? `it`ih`r pnr quâ uig gebragkbûi `s kb`rtg. Znr tgitn, `c r`tn pgrg cns `hukghnr`s `s ena`itgr `c usn h` cg pru`dg agt`açtbkg knan aâtnhn pgrg k`rtbebkgr in sncn qu` gcmn `s v`rhgh, sbin tgadbâi pnr quâ `s v`rhgh‑. v`rhgh‑. `s `c `spárbtu kni f`ans r`knpbcghn cgs h`anstrgkbni`s qu`gibaâbs pr`s`itgans `i `st`@st` cbdrn. @sp`rgans qu``cinqu` sncn ns pgr`zkgi `ikgitghnrgs, sbin qu` ns g duskgr `i `stgs pçmbigs h`anstrgkbni`s y h`sgeáns pgrg cc`vgr gc gucg.
View more...
Comments
