DellaPorta Etal AAPG Long Beach2012 Tue Am 201

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HOH zkexalrn dqlkqdh arln kls.rdkida renz &]i`dntrie`) xl e ficf.rdkida zkexalrn &}klzd} ?:.=?º+ 1:: n rdkida &tzzdrnl}x ]i`dntrie`.Zkid`}oemfie`)7 Zkexalrn cdlndxry mfe`cd hriqd` oy2 dvxd`}il`ek xdmxl`im} &aetkx oklmg rlxexil`) 7 ficfky zrlhtmxiqd mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d l` xfd }klzd &5:.1: n hdzxf)+ kexdrek xl }ikimdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d &1:.58: n odkls xfd zkexalrn ordeg)7 olxf aemxlrid} zrlnlxdh xfd emmrdxil` e`h }xeoikidh e ficf.rdkida e`h }xddz hdzl}ixil`ek }klzd

]du III ]i`dntrie`

]du IQ.Q Zkid`}oemfie` zz

]dut QI Tzzdr Zkid`}oemfie`

Xfd HOH Klsdr Btre}}im merol`exd zkexalrn hdnl`}xrexd} xfex2 5

nimrloiekixd} sdrd mlnnl` i` xfd Derky Btre}}im+ i` ml`xre}x sixf xfd cd`drekky emmdzxdh ihde xfex oiqekqd oilfdrn} hlni`exdh Klsdr Btre}}im zkexalrn nerci`}7

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hiaadrd`x merol`exd aemxlrid}+ arln xfd tzzdr }klzd xl xfd i``dr zkexalrn+ ml`xriotxdh xl xfd otikhi`c e`h eccrehexil` la xfd ficf.rdkida cdlndxry l` xfd fe`ci`c sekk la e` dvxd`}il`ek aetkx oklmg7

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xfd mlrek.nimrloiek zkexalrn nerci` feh xyzimek oe}i`serh hizzi`c+ ltxdr. zkexalrn ‛aekki`c odh}„7

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xfd nei` mlnzl`d`x} la Tzzdr Btre}}im rdda} sdrd ekrdehy zrd}d`x i` xfd Derky Btre}}im riax oe}i` la Nlrlmml7

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HOH rdda} e`h cdlndxry }iniker xl Tzzdr Btre}}im @lrxf Exke`xim zkexalrn} &@lqe ]mlxie+ Zlrxtcek)

Derky Btre}}im `lx e aeqlreokd xind alr rdda}+ alkklsi`c xfd d`h.Xrie}}im dvxi`mxil` dqd`x &Kdi`adkhdr dx ek+ ?::?) 

Inzlrxe`x Derky Btre}}im rdda hlnei` i` Nlrlmml aeqlrdh oy riax xdmxl`im} &}xrtmxtrek ficf}) e`h erih mkinexd 

Kdi`adkhdr dx ek &?::?)

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Klsdr Btre}}im rdda} i` Nlrlmml 2 }zl`cd nlt`h}+ mlrek rdda} &sixfltx

nimrloiekixd}) e`h kixfilxih oiqekqd oe`g}

Nimrloiekixd} sdrd e gdy adextrd la Tzzdr Btre}}im rdda}+ otx kemgdh i` mlrek rdda} htri`c xfd Derky Btre}}im &Kdi`adkhdr dx ek+ ?::?) 

Kdi`adkhdr dx ek &?::?)

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HOH2 Klsdr Btre}}im i}lkexdh merol`exd zkexalrn i` e neri`d riax oe}i` &De}xdr` Ficf Exke}+ Nlrlmml)

]iniker zkexalrn} &alr cdlndxry+ rdda mlnzl}ixil`) lmmtr i` xfd @lrxf Exke`xim htri`c xfd Kexd Btre}}im &Kt}ixe`ie` Oe}i` .Zlrxtcek+ @lqe ]mlxie Oe}i`) 

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]iv hdzl}ixil`ek }dutd`md} I.QI

]dutd`md} nlhtkexdh oy2 aetkx oklmg rlxexil` &allxsekk tzkiax,fe`ci`c sekk rlxexil`ek }to}ihd`md)+ rh lrhdr dt}xe}y+ l= l mfe`cd} i` xfd merol`exd aemxlry &Qdrsdr dx ek+ ?::97 Ndri`l.Xlné dx ek+ ?:5?) 

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]dutd`md} I.III) xl e ficf.rdkida &1:: n) zkexalrn sixf ?:.=?⁺ }klzd} &tzzdrnl}x ]i`dntrie`.Zkid`}oemfie` ” ]utd`md} IQ.QI ) l

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]ikimdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek nlt`h} &5:.?:$ erde i` mrl}} }dmxil`) ' mlexdh crei` }gdkdxek zemg}xl`d.crei`}xl`d &9:.6:$) i` nihhkd e`h ltxdr renz aemid} odkx} &}dutd`md III) 

Xfd }y}xdn nei`xei`dh e kls.rdkida cdlndxry odmet}d2 

xfd i` }ixt hddz.sexdr merol`exd aemxlry kemgdh xfd mezeoikixy xl otikh i`xl seqd. ecixexdh }fekkls }dxxi`c}7 l

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t`mdnd`xdh mlexdh crei` merol`exd }e`h} sdrd rdhi}xriotxdh oy seqd} e`h mtrrd`x}

Nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d sixf fdvemxi`dkkih }zl`cd}+ mklxxdh zdklihek e`h kdilkixim nimrloiek nimrixd e`h Xdrdodkke slrn xtod}

Nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d sixf emmrdxil`ery crlsxf alrn} la mklxxdh zdklihek nimrixd e`h nimrl}zerixd

Htri`c xfd Zkid`}oemfie` &]dutd`md Q) zrlcrehexil`2 

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xfd ficf.rdkida }xddz }klzd} ml`}i}xdh la2

}ikimdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d &arln 1: xl58: n odkls xfd zkexalrn ordeg)7 mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d ex xfd zkexalrn nerci` e`h l` xfd }klzd &arln 5: xl 1: n hdzxf)

Olxf merol`exd aemxlrid} zrlnlxdh xfd emmrdxil` e`h }xeoikidh xfd ficf.rdkida e`h }xddz hdzl}ixil`ek }klzd e}}lmiexdh sixf kixflmke}x }gdkdxek rth}xl`d e`h mlexdh crei` }gdkdxek crei`}xl`d 

Nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d sixf kdilkixim etxlnimrixd+ }ikimdlt} }zl`cd }zimtkd} e`h }xrlnexemxi}.kigd meqixid} aikkdh oy neri`d rehiek aiorlt} mdnd`x

Nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d sixf kdilkixim etxlnimrixd e`h }ikimdlt} hdnl}zl`cd}

Ore`mfi`c zfemdklih mlrek} &Zfemdklzfykkie oemeri) }trrlt`hdh oy nimrloiek nimrixd mrt}x}

Olt`h}xl`d sixf }xrlnexlzlrlih mekmerdlt} }zl`cd} e`h mklxxdh zdklihek nimrloiek nimrixd }t}xei`i`c zrinery arendslrg qlih} aikkdh oy neri`d rehiek mdnd`x

Ne}}iqd mdrilih mlrek &Emxi`e}xrde zke`e) i` ltxdr zkexalrn &:.8:: n i`serh arln zkexalrn ordeg) kemgi`c nimrloiekixd} Htri`c xfd Zkid`}oemfie` &]dutd`md Q) zrlcrehexil`2 

}zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d2 51$ erde i` mrl}} }dmxil` l` xfd klsdr zerx la tzzdr }klzd odxsdd` 1: xl58: n}ikimdlt} hdzxf &55$ la sflkd tzzdr }klzd)7 mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d2 88$ }dhind`x erde l` xfd tzzdr }klzd odxsdd` 5: xl 1: n hdzxf &56$ la sflkd tzzdr }klzd)7 

i` xfd ltxdr zkexalrn &:.8:: n i`serh arln zkexalrn ordeg) mlrek mlkl`id} sixf }mermd xl eo}d`x nimrloiekixd} erd 54. 5:$ la }dhind`x erde &mlexdh crei` }gdkdxek crei`}xl`d e`h }toxihek zdklihek zemg}xl`d 64.9:$) 

Htri`c Kexd Zkid`}oemfie` eccrehexil`. rdxrlcrehexil` &]dutd`md QI)2 mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d arln xfd tzzdr }klzd &1:.5: n hdzxf) 

dvxd`hdh l`xl xfd ltxdr zkexalrn+ =4: n i`serh la xfd zkexalrn ordeg 

Ndxdr.}mekd mlkl`id} la zfemdklih mlrek}

Zfemdklih mlrek} &Zfemdklzfykkie oemeri) sixf nimrloiek mklxxdh zdklihek mrt}x} e`h zdklihek zemg}xl`d

Xfen`e}xdrilih mlrek} &Mtiae}xrde klzexd`}i}+ Nd}lnlrzfe cremiki}) e`h ne}}iqd mdrilih mlrek} erd mlnnl` erlt`h xfd ordeg

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Mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d

Nimrloiek nimrld`mrt}xdr olt`h}xl`d

Kixfilxih oiqekqd rth}xl`d,aklex}xl`d

Meydtvie oderi`c zdklihek Keni`exdh mlktn`er zemg}xl`d,crei`}xl`d nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d

Ltxdr zkexalrn i`mkthdh e) mlrek mekmerdlt} }zl`cd nimrloiek+ o) nimrloiek nimrld`mrt}xdr+ m) kixfilxih oiqekqd olt`h}xl`d+ h) e`h Meydtvie mekmiaidh mye`loemxdrie oderi`c zemg}xl`d 

xlserh} xfd zkexalrn i`xdrilr i`xdrxihek ad`d}xrek zemg}xl`d sixf keni`exdh nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d 

Mklxxdh zdklihek nimrixd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d sixf Oemi`dkke lrhi`exe e`h nn.}id neri`d mdnd`x

aikkdh zrinery qlih}

Oemi`dkke lrhi`exe e`h mkllxdh zdklihek nimrixd nimrloiek olt`h}xl`d

Mekmiaidh mye`loemxdrie Meydtvie i` zdklihek }gdkdxek zemg}xl`d e`h crei`}xl`d arln }toxihek kls d`drcy }dxxi`c}

Mklxxdh zdklihek nimrixd e`h aikend`x} &mekmiaidh mye`loemxdrie