DegreeTutors Guide To Shear and Moment Diagrams - v1

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O Mudhf ti Zlfor Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes www.HfmrffXutirs.jie

Dktrihujtdik Dk tlds mudhf wf—rf midkm ti to`f o cii` ot slfor okh eiefkt hdomroes dk hftodc. Hftfredkdkm slfor slf or okh eiefkt eiefkt hdomro hdomroes es ds ok fssfkt fssfktdoc doc s`dcc s`dcc gir oky fkmdkf fkmdkffr fr.. Vkgirtu Vkgirtukot kotfcy fcy dt— dt—s s pr prib ibobc obcy y tlf ikf strujturoc okocysds s`dcc stuhfkts strummcf wdtl eist.  Xlds ds o pribcfe. ]dtliut ukhfrstokhdkm tlf slfor girjfs okh bfkhdkm eiefkts hfvfcipfh dk o strujturf strujturf yiu jok—t jiepcftf jiepcftf o hfsdmk. hfsdmk. Zlfor Zlfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt hdomroes hdomroes tfcc us obiut tlf ukhfrcydkm ukhfrcydkm stotf ig strfss strfss dk tlf strujturf. strujturf. Zi koturoccy koturoccy tlfy—rf tlf stortdkm pidkt dk oky hfsdmk prijfss. Okitlfr rfosik fvfry mrohuotdkm fkmdkffr kffhs ti lovf o sicdh mrosp ig slfor girjfs okh bfkhdkm eiefkts ds bfjousf tlfy—rf obsicutfcy midkm ti bf tfstfh dk oceist fvfry mrohuotf dktfrvdfw dktfrv dfw.. Xlf qudj`fst qudj`fst woy ti tfcc o mrfot mrfot JW wrdtfr wrdtfr grie o mrfot mrfot mrohuotf mrohuotf fkmdkffr fkmdkffr ds ti os` tlfe ti s`ftjl o quocdtotdvf bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe gir o mdvfk strujturf okh cioh jiebdkotdik! Zi dk tlds mudhf wf—cc mdvf yiu o tliriuml dktrihujtdik ti slfor girjfs, bfkhdkm eiefkts okh liw ti hrow slfor okh eiefkt hdomroes. ]f wik—t bf obcf ti jivfr fvfrytldkm dk tlds ikf mudhf but lipfguccy yiu—cc rfojl tlf fkh `kiwdkm eirf tlok wlfk yiu stortfh! Dg yiu wokt o hffpfr hdvf dkti tlds, jlfj` iut ey jiursf ik Eostfrdkm ik  Eostfrdkm Zlfor Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes.. Hdomroes

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Jiktfkts

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Jiktfkts ? ]lot ]lot ds o Bfkhdk Bfkhdkm m Eie Eiefkt fkt9 9

 

2 ]lot ]lot ds o Zlfor Zlfor Girj Girjf9 f9

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7

: Jocjucotdk Jocjucotdkm m Dktfrkoc Dktfrkoc Zlfor Girjfs Girjfs okh Bfkhdkm Bfkhdkm Eiefkts Eiefkts 8 Budchdkm Budchdkm Zlfor Zlfor ok okh h Eiefkt Eiefkt Hdomroes Hdomroes

 

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8.? Gdkhdkm tlf cijotdik cijotdik ig tlf eoxdeue bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Hrowdkm Hrowdkm Zlfor Girjf Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes Hdomroes - Ok Fxoepcf

 

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6.? Jocjucot Jocjucotdkm dkm sup suppirt pirt rfojtdiks rfojtdiks   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6.2 Hrowdkm Hrowdkm tlf slfor slfor girjf hdomroe hdomroe   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6.: Hrowdkm Hrowdkm tlf bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt hdomroe hdomroe   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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? ]lot ds o Bfkhdkm Eiefkt9

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]l ]lot ot dds soB Bfk fkhd hdkm km E Eie iefk fkt9 t9

Cft—s Cft—s stort wdtl o bo bosdj sdj qufstdi qufstdik0 k0 wlot wlot ds o bfkhdk bfkhdkm m eiefkt eiefkt9 9 Xi okswf okswfrr tlds tlds wf kffh ti jiksdhfr wlot—s loppfkdkm dktfrkoccy dk o strujturf ukhfr cioh. Jiksdhfr o sdepcy suppirtfh bfoe subnfjt ti o ukdgirecy hdstirtfh cioh, Gdm.   ?.

Gdmurf ?>  Zdepcy suppirtfh bfoe ukhfr tlf dkflufkjf ig o ukdgirecy hdstrdbutfh cioh.

 Xlf bfoe wdcc hfflfjt ukhfr tlf cioh. Dk irhfr gir tlf bfoe ti hfflfjt os sliwk, tlf ﬏brfs dk tlf tip ig tlf bfoe eust jiktrojt ir mft slirtfr. Xlf ﬏brfs dk tlf bittie ig tlf bfoe eust mft cikmfr. ]f jok soy tlf tip ig tlf bfoe ds dk jieprfssdik wldcf tlf bittie ds dk tfksdik (kitdjf tlf hdrfjtdik hdrf jtdik ig tlf orriws orriws ik tlf ﬏brfs dk tlf hfflfjtfh bfoe bfoe). ). Kiw, ot sief pisdtdik pisdtdik dk tlf hfptl ig tlf bfoe, jieprfssdik eust turk dkti tfksdik. Xlfrf ds o pcokf dk tlf bfoe wlfrf tlds troksdtdik troksdtdik bftwffk bftwffk tfksdik okh jieprfssdik jieprfssdik ijjurs. ijjurs. Xlds pcokf ds joccfh joccfh tlf kfutroc kfutroc pcokf ir sieftdefs tlf kfutroc oxds. Deomdkf to`dkm o vfrtdjoc jut tlriuml tlf bfoe ot sief hdstokjf  x  ocikm tlf bfoe. ]f jok rfprfsfkt tlf strodk okh strfss vordotdik tlriumliut tlf hfptl ig tlf bfoe wdtl strodk okh strfss hdstrdbutdik hdomroes, Gdm.   2. Rfefebfr, strodk ds nust tlf jlokmf dk cfkmtl ir o ﬏brf ir fcfefkt hdvdhfh by tlf irdmdkoc cfkmtl. Dk tlds josf wf—rf jiksdhfrdkm tlf cikmdtuhdkoc strodk ir strodk pfrpfkhdjucor (kireoc) ti tlf jut gojf. Jieprfssdik strodks obivf tlf kfutroc oxds fxdst bfjousf tlf cikmdtuhdkoc ﬏brfs dk tlf bfoe

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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? ]lot ds o Bfkhdkm Eiefkt9

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Gdmurf 2>  Ztrodk okh strfss hdstrdbutdik rfvfocfh by eo`dkm ok deomdkory jut tlriuml tlf bfoe ot o hdstokjf x  ocikm tlf bfoe.

orf mfttdkm slirtfr. Xfksdcf strodks ijjur dk tlf bittie bfjousf tlf ﬏brfs orf fxtfkhdkm ir mfttdkm cikmfr. Dg wf jok ossuef tlds bfoe ds eohf ig o cdkforcy fcostdj eotfrdoc tlf strfssfs orf cdkforcy pripirtdi pri pirtdikoc koc ti tlf strodks. strodks. Xlds sdepcy sdepcy efoks efoks wf kffh ti euctdpcf euctdpcf tlf strodk ot sief pidkt dk tlf bfoe by tlf Tiukm—s eihucus (eihucus ig fcostdjdty) ti mft tlf jirrfspikhdkm strfss ot tlot pidkt dk tlf bfoe. ]f `kiw tlot dg wf euctdpcy o strfss by tlf orfo ivfr wldjl dt ojts, wf mft tlf rfsuctokt girjf ik tlot orfo. orfo. Xlf soef ds truf gir tlf strfss ojtdkm ojtdkm ik tlf jut gojf ig tlf bfoe. bfoe. Xlf jieprfssdik strfssfs jok bf rfprfsfktfh by o jieprfssdik girjf (strfss rfsuctokt) wldcf tlf tfksdcf strfssfs jok bf rfpcojfh by ok fqudvocfkt tfksdcf girjf, Gdm.   :.

G j  5

              ϊt Ý

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ovfromf strfss



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orfo

Os o rfsuct ig tlf fxtfrkoc ciohdkm ik tlf strujturf okh tlf hfflfjtdik tlot tlds dkhujfs, wf Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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? ]lot ds o Bfkhdkm Eiefkt9

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Gdmurf :>  Kireoc strfssfs huf ti bfkhdkm tlf tlfdr strfss rfsuctdkm giredkm o jiupcf.

fkh up wdtl twi girjfs ojtdkm ik tlf jut jriss-sfjtdik. Xlfsf girjfs orf>



 fquoc dk eomkdtuhf (eust bf ti eodktodk girjf fqudcdbrdue)



 poroccfc ti fojl itlfr (okh pfrpfkhdjucor ti tlf jut gojf)



 ojtdkm dk ippisdtf hdrfjtdiks



 sfporotfh by o hdstokjf ir cfvfr ore,  z

 T  Tiu iu edmlt rfjimkdsf tlds podr ig girjfs os giredkm o jiupcf ir eiefkt E .

E   5  G j Ý z  5  5 G   G t Ý z

 

(?.2)

 Xlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt   E , ds tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt wf rfprfsfkt dk o bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt hdomroe. hdomroe. Xlf bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt hdomroe sliws sliws liw E  (okh tlfrfgirf strfss) vordfs ojriss o strujturf. Zdkjf tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt ds cdk`fh hdrfjtcy ti tlf jirrfspikhdkm strfssfs, iur bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe ds o prixy gir liw tlf strfssfs vory tlriumliut tlf strujturf. Kiw, dg wf `kiw tlf stotf ig cikmdtuhdkoc (kireoc) strfss huf ti bfkhdkm ot o mdvfk sfjtdik dk o strujturf wf jok wir` iut tlf jirrfspikhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt. Liwfvfr, eirf igtfk dt—s tlf josf tlot wf `kiw tlf vocuf ig tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt ot o pidkt okh usf tlds ti wir` iut tlf eoxdeue vocufs ig kireoc strfss ot tlot cijotdik. ]f hi tlds usdkm tlf Eiefkt-Jurvoturf fquotdik o.`.o. tlf Fkmdkffr—s Bfkhdkm Fquotdik... Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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2 ]lot ds o Zlfor Girjf9

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ϊ  5

Ey D 

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...wldjl rfcotfs tlf strfss,  ϊ  ot o hdstokjf y  grie tlf kfutroc oxds, ti tlf eiefkt,  E . ]lfrf D  ds   ds tlf sfjikh eiefkt ig orfo gir tlf jriss-sfjtdik. Lipfguccy kiw yiu jok jcforcy sff liw bfkhdkm eiefkts ordsf0

2



 fxtfrkoc girjfs dkhujf hfflfjtdiks



 strodks hfvfcip (wldjl wf sff ot o cormfr sjocf os strujturoc hfflfjtdiks)



 wlfrf wf lovf strodks, wf eust lovf strfssfs (rfefebfr Tiukm—s eihucus)



 tlfsf strfssfs, jok bf rfprfsfktfh wdtl tlfdr girjf rfsuctokts tlot uctdeotfcy gire o jiupcf ir dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt,  E 

]l ]lot ot ds o Z Zlf lfor or Gir irjf jf9 9

]f jok kiw turk iur ottfktdik ti slfor girjfs okh stort wdtl o sdepcf hf﬏kdtdik0 O slfor girjf ds oky girjf ojtdkm pfrpfkhdjucorcy ti tlf cikmdtuhdkoc oxds ig  tlf strujturf. ]f—rf typdjoccy dktfrfstdkm dk dktfrkoc slfor girjfs tlot orf tlf rfsuctokt ig dktfrkoc slfor strfssfs hfvfcipfh dk tlf strujturf. Budchdkm ik iur hdsjussdik ig bfkhdkm eiefkts, tlf slfor girjf rfprfsfktfh dk tlf slfor girjf hdomroe ds ocsi tlf rfsuctokt ig slfor strfssfs ojtdkm ot o mdvfk pidkt dk tlf strujturf. Jiksdhfr tlf jut gojf ig tlf bfoe hdsjussfh obivf, Gdm.   8.

Gdmurf 8>   Zlfor strfss strfss ojtdkm poroccfc poroccfc ti tlf vfrtdjoc jut gojf ig tlf bfoe

 Xlf slfor strfss,  ψ  ojtdkm ik tlds jut gojf ds fvfkcy hdstrdbutfh ojriss tlf wdhtl ig tlf gojf okh ojts poroccfc poroccfc ti tlf jut gojf. Xlf ovfromf ovfromf vocuf vocuf ig tlf slfor strfss, strfss,  ψ oovm vm  ds sdepcy tlf

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: Jocjucotdkm Dktfrkoc Zlfor Girjfs okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkts

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slfor girjf ot tlds pidkt dk tlf strujturf,  W  , hdvdhfh by tlf jriss-sfjtdikoc orfo ivfr wldjl dt ojts, O,

ψ oovm vm   5

  W  O

 

(2.?)

Liwfvfr Liw fvfr,, tlds ds nust tlf ovfromf vocuf vocuf ig tlf slfor strfss strfss ojtdkm ik tlf gojf. Xlf slfor strfss ojtuoccy vordfs porobicdjoccy tlriuml tlf hfptl ig tlf sfjtdik ojjirhdkm ti tlf gicciwdkm fquotdik,

ψ   5

 W _ Db

 

(2.2)

wlfrf,  _  ds tlf ﬏rst eiefkt ig orfo ig tlf orfo obivf tlf cfvfc ot wldjl tlf slfor strfss ds bfdkm hftfredkfh, hftfredkfh,  D  ds tlf sfjikh eiefkt ig orfo ig tlf jriss-sfjtdik okh  b  ds tlf wdhtl ig  tlf sfjtdik, Gdm.  Gdm.   6.

Gdmurf 6>  Wordotdik ig slfor strfss tlriuml tlf hfptl ig tlf bfoe sfjtdik

Zi, nust os wdtl bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkts hdsjussfh hdsjussfh prfvdius prfvdiuscy, cy, slfor slfor strfssfs strfssfs ordsf huf ti tlf oppcdjotd oppc djotdik ik ig fxtfrko fxtfrkocc girjfs girjfs ikti tlf bfoe. Xlfsf Xlfsf girjfs girjfs dkhujf dkhujf slfor strfss strfss wdtldk wdtldk tlf bfoe tlot jok bf rfprfsfk rfprfsfktfh tfh by tlf (slfor) (slfor) girjf rfsuctokt. rfsuctokt. Dt ds tlds slfor girjf tlot wf rfprfsfkt ik o slfor girjf hdomroe wldjl dkhdjotfs liw tlf slfor girjf vordfs ojriss tlf strujturf.

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Jocju Jocjucotdk cotdkm m Dktfr Dktfrkoc koc Zl Zlfor for G Girjf irjfs s okh Bf Bfkhdkm khdkm E Eiefk iefkts ts

Vp ti tlds pidkt wf—vf jiksdhfrfh tlf cdk` bftwffk tlf kireoc (bfkhdkm) strfss okh ossijdotfh bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt okh tlf slfor slfor strfss strfss okh ossijdotfh ossijdotfh slfor girjf. girjf. Bosfh Bosfh ik tlds yiu sliuch bf jiegirtobcf wdtl tlf dhfo tlot `kiwdkm tlf vocuf ig bfkhdkm eiefkt okh slfor girjf ot o pidkt ds depirtokt gir ukhfrstokhdkm tlf strfssfs dk tlf strujturf ot tlot pidkt. Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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: Jocjucotdkm Dktfrkoc Zlfor Girjfs okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkts

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Kiw wf—rf midkm ti jiksdhfr tlf pribcfe ig jocjucotdkm slfor girjfs okh bfkhdkm eiefkts kit grie tlf pidkt ig vdfw ig dktfrkoc strfssfs but by jiksdhfrdkm fqudcdbrdue ig tlf strujturf. Dk rfocdty, tlds ds projtdjoccy liw wf hftfredkf tlf slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt ot o pidkt dk tlf strujturf. Omodk, cft—s jiksdhfr tlf sdepcy suppirtfh bfoe grie obivf, subnfjt ti o ukdgirecy hdstrdbutfh cioh, w  `K/e, Gdm.  Gdm.   7. Zdepcf stotdjs tfcc us tlot dg tlf bfoe ds dk o stotf ig stotdj fqudcdbrdue, tlf cfgt okh rdmlt sdhf suppirt rfojtdiks orf,

W o  5  5 W   W b  5

  wC 2

 

(:.?)

Gdmurf 7>  Zdepcy suppirtfh bfoe subnfjt ti o ukdgirecy hdstrdbutfh cioh wdtl dktfksdty  w `K/e

Dg tlf strujturf ds dk o stotf ig stotdj fqudcdbrdue (wldjl dt ds), tlfk oky sub-strujturf ir port ig tlf strujturf eust ocsi bf dk o stotf ig stotdj fqudcdbrdue ukhfr tlf stobdcdsdkm ojtdik ig  tlf dktfrkoc strfss rfsuctokts. Xlds ds o `fy pidkt!  Deomdkf to`dkm o jut tlriuml tlf strujturf okh sfporotdkm dt dkti 2

sub-struj sub-st rujtur turfs. fs. ]lfk ]lfk wf jut tlf strujt strujturf urf,, wf —rfvfo —rfvfoc— c— tlf dktfr dktfrkoc koc strfss strfss rfsuct rfsuctokt okts s (bfkh (bfkhdkm dkm eiefkt okh slfor girjf), Gdm.  Gdm.   =.

E C   okh E R  orf tlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkts ik fdtlfr sdhf ig tlf deomdkory jut wldcf  W C okh W R  orf tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjfs ik fdtlfr sdhf ig tlf deomdkory jut. E R   okh   W R   rfprfsfkt tlf dkflufkjf ig tlf cfgt lokh sdhf ig tlf strujturf (sub-strujturf ?) ik tlf rdmlt lokh sdhf ig tlf strujturf (sub-strujturf 2) okh vdjf vfrso. ]f—vf nust sodh tlot fojl ikf ig tlfsf sub-strujturfs ds stobdcdsfh by tlf dkflufkjf ig tlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt okh slfor girjf rfvfocfh by tlf deomdkory juts.  Xlds efoks, dg wf wokt ti ﬏kh tlf vocuf ig dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt ir slfor girjf ot oky pidkt dk o strujturf, wf sdepcy jut tlf strujturf ot tlot pidkt ti fxpisf tlf dktfrkoc strfss rfsuctokts (E   okh W  ). Xlfk jocjucotf wlot vocufs tlfy eust lovf ti fksurf tlf sub-strujturf

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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: Jocjucotdkm Dktfrkoc Zlfor Girjfs okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkts

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Gdmurf =>  Deomdkory jut jrfotdkm twi sub-strujturfs okh rfvfocdkm tlf dktfrkoc strfss rfsuctokts

rfeodks dk fqudcdbrdue! Gir fxoepcf tlf sub-strujturf bfciw, Gdm.  Gdm.  





 tlf fxtfrkoc hdstrdbutfh cioh ojtdkm ik tlf sub-strujturf  tlf cfgt lokh rfojtdik, W O  (kitf dt los kit bffk rfhujfh nust bfjousf wf—rf jiksdhfrdkm tlf sub-strujturf. Dt rftodks ot dts irdmdkoc vocuf)



 tlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt ot tlf jut,  E C



 tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjf ot tlf jut,  W C

 Xlds storts ti eo`f eirf sfksf wlfk wf pcum sief kuebfrs dkti ok fxoepcf. Gir tlf bfoe  C  5 7  e, oppcdfh ciohdkm ig   w 5 w  5 ?1  `K/e okh deomdkf wf obivf, cft—s deomdkf dt los o spok  C 5  o 5  5 2  e grie tlf cfgt lokh suppirt. jut tlf bfoe ot  o  Xlf cfgt lokh rfojtdik, W O   ds,

W O  5

  wC   ?1 Ý 7   5 :1 `K  5 2 2

(:.2)

Kiw to`dkm tlf sue ig tlf eiefkts obiut tlf jut okh ossuedkm jcij`wdsf eiefkts orf pisdtdvf,

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8 Budchdkm Zlfor okh Eiefkt Hdomroes

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Gdmurf  Zub-strujturf ? stobdcdsfh by tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt rfvfocfh by tlf jut.

E jjut ut  5 1

 

(:.:)

(:1 `K Ý 2 e) − (?1 `K/e Ý 2e Ý ?e) − E C  5 1 ∸   E C  5 81 `Ke



 

(:.8) (:.6)

Zi, tlf dktfr dktfrkoc koc bfk bfkhdk hdkm m eiefkt eiefkt rfqudr rfqudrfh fh ti eodkto eodktodk dk eiefkt eiefkt fqudcd fqudcdbrd brdue ue ig tlf sub-st sub-struj rujtur turf f ds   81  `Ke. Zdedcorcy Zdedcorcy,, dg wf to`f to`f tlf sue ig tlf vfrtdjoc vfrtdjoc girjfs ojtdkm ik tlf sub-struj sub-strujturf turf,, tlds wiuch ydfch W C  5 ?1  `K.

8

Bud Budchd chdkm km Z Zlfo lfor r okh Eie Eiefkt fkt Hdomro Hdomroes es

Dk tlf cost sfjtdik wf wir`fh iut liw ti fvocuotf tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt eief kt ot o hdsjrftf cijotdik cijotdik usdkm deomdkory deomdkory juts. But ti hrow o slfo slforr girjf okh bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe, wf kffh ti `kiw liw tlfsf vocufs jlokmf ojriss tlf strujturf. ]lot wf rfoccy wokt ds ok fquotdik tlot tfccs us tlf vocuf ig tlf slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt os o gukjtdik ig   x. ]lfr ]lfrf f   x   ds tlf pisdtdik ocikm ocikm tlf bfoe. bfoe. Jiksdhfr Jiksdhfr eo`dkm eo`dkm ok deomdkory jut, nust cd`f obivf, fxjfpt kiw wf jok eo`f tlf jut ot o hdstokjf  x   ocikm tlf bfoe, Gdm.  Gdm.   4. Kiw tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt rfvfocfh by tlf jut orf gukjtdiks ig   x, tlf jut pisdtdik. Lfrf, wf—cc hftfredkf ok fxprfssdik gir  E   E ((x). But tlf prijfhurf ds fxojtcy tlf soef ti hftfredkf W (  W  (x).  X  Xo`dkm o`dkm tlf sue ig tlf eiefkts obiut tlf jut okh omodk ossuedkm jcij`wdsf eiefkts orf pisdtdvf,

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

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8 Budchdkm Zlfor okh Eiefkt Hdomroes

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Gdmurf 4>  Zub-strujturf ? stobdcdsfh by tlf dktfrkoc slfor girjf okh bfkhdkm eiefkt rfvfocfh by tlf jut.



E jjut ut  5 1

 

(8.?)

wC x   x − wx   − E ( E (x) 5 1 2 2

E ( E (x) 5

  wCx   2

E ( E (x) 5



wx2 2

 

 

  wx   (C − x) 2

(8.2)

(8.:)

 

(8.8)

Kiw wf jok usf fquotdik (8.8 (8.8)) ti hftfredkf tlf vocuf ig tlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt gir oky vocuf ig   x x  ocikm tlf bfoe. Qcittdkm Qcittdkm tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt hdom hdomroe roe ds sdepcy sdepcy o eottfr eottfr ig  pcittdkm tlf fquotdik.

Gdmurf ?1>  Bfkhdkm eiefkt fvocuotfh ot ? e dktfrvocs ocikm tlf bfoe.

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

??

 

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8 Budchdkm Zlfor okh Eiefkt Hdomroes

v?

8.? Gdkhdkm Gdkhdkm tlf cijotdik cijotdik ig tlf tlf eoxdeue eoxdeue bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt Dk tlf fxoepcf obivf, tlf strujturf okh ciohdkm ds syeeftrdjoc si dt—s prftty fosy ti rfjimkdsf tlf cijotdik ig tlf eoxdeue eiefkt okh tlfk subsfqufktcy ti fvocuotf dt. Liwfvfr tlds eoy kit ocwoys Liwfvfr ocwoys bf tlf josf. Zi dt—s lfcpguc ti lovf lovf o tfjlkdquf tfjlkdquf ti dhfktdgy dhfktdgy tlf cijotdik ig tlf eoxdeue eiefkt wdtliut kffhdkm ti pcit tlf gucc bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe. Dk tlds fxoepcf, tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt gir tlf wlicf strujturf ds hfsjrdbfh by o sdkmcf fquotdik, fquotdik (8.8 (8.8). ). Tiu edmlt rfefebfr grie bosdj jocjucus tlot ti dhfktdgy tlf cijotdik ig  tlf cijoc eoxdeue pidkt dk o gukjtdik wf sdepcy hdggfrfktdotf tlf gukjtdik ti mft tlf fquotdik gir tlf scipf. Xlfk dt—s nust o eottfr ig sfttdkm tlds gukjtdik fquoc ti zfri okh sicvdkm gir x, Gdm.  Gdm.   ??.

Gdmurf ??>  Lirdziktoc tokmfkt dhfktdgydkm cijotdik ig eoxdeue eiefkt.

Dk itlfr wirhs, ot tlf cijotdik ig tlf eoxdeue bfkhdkm eiefkt, tlf scipf ig tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt eie fkt hdomro hdomroe e ds zfri. zfri. Zi wf nust kff kffh h ti sicvf sicvf gir tlds cijotd cijotdik. ik. Ikjf Ikjf wf lovf lovf tlf cijotdik wf jok fvocuotf tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt usdkm fquotdik (8.8 ( 8.8). ). Zi, ti hfeikstrotf cft—s ﬏rst fvocuotf tlf hdggfrfktdoc ig fquotdik (8.8 (8.8), ),

  wC h E ( E (x) 5   2 hx



wx

 

(8.6)

Rfefebfr, fquotdik (8.6 (8.6)) rfprfsfkts tlf scipf ig tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe. Zi wf kiw cft dt fquoc ti zfri okh sicvf gir x .

wC   2





wx 5 wx  5 1

 x  x 5  5

 

 C 2

 

(8.7)

(8.=)

Os wf wiuch fxpfjt, tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt ds o eoxdeue ot tlf edh-spok,  x 5  x  5 C/  C/22. Kiw wf jok fvocuotf fquotdik (8.8 (8.8)) ot  x  x 5  5 C/  C/22 5 :  e.

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

?2

 

www.HfmrffXutirs.jie

 

6 Hrowdkm Zlfor Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes - Ok Fxoepcf

E ( E (x  5 C/  5  C/2) 2) 5



 E eox eox  5

  wC 2   8



] C2 <

v?

 

  wC2   ?1 Ý 72   5   5 86 `Ke < <

(8.  Zdepcy suppirtfh bfoe fxoepcf qufstdik.

 T  Tiu iu jok jiktdkuf rfohdkm tlriuml tlf t lf sicutdik bfciw, ir dg yiu prfgfr vdhfi, yiu jok wotjl ef woc` tlriuml tlf sicutdik lfrf sicutdik  lfrf..

6.? Jocjucotdkm Jocjucotdkm suppirt suppirt rfojtdiks rfojtdiks  Xlf ﬏rst stfp dk okocysdkm oky stotdjoccy hftfredkotf strujturf ds wir`dkm iut tlf suppirt rfojtdiks rfojt diks.. ]f jok `dj`-igg `dj`-igg by to`dkm to`dkm tlf sue ig tlf eiefkts eiefkts obiut pidkt O, ti hftfredkf hftfredkf tlf uk`kiwk vfrtdjoc rfojtdik ot B,  W B ,

Hr Zfïk Jorricc

 

?:

 

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6 Hrowdkm Zlfor Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes - Ok Fxoepcf



v?

E O  5 1   (ossuef jcij`wdsf pisdtdvf)

(6.?)

(41`K Ý :e) + 61`Ke + (?1`K/e Ý 4e Ý



  ot H ti hftfredkf hftfredkf tlf cijoc cijoc pfo` - Jut ?-?



  ot F ti hftfredkf tlf vocuf ik tlf biukhory bftwffk tlf strodmlt strodmlt okh jurvfh sfjtdiks ig tlf bfkhdkm eiefkt hdomroe - Jut 2-2



  ot B ti hftfredkf hftfredkf tlf cijoc cijoc pfo` - Jut :-:

Jut ?-?

Os wf—vf wf—vf sffk sffk obivf, obivf, ti hftfr hftfredk edkf f tlf dktfr dktfrkoc koc bfkhdkm bfkhdkm eiefkt eiefkt ot H,   E H , wf jut tlf strujturf ti rfvfoc tlf dktfrkoc bfkhdkm eiefkt ot tlds pidkt,   ?6.   Xlfk by jiksdhfrdkm jiksdhfrdkm eiefkt fqudcdbrdue ig tlf sub-strujturf wf jok sicvf gir tlf vocuf ig  E   E H .

Gdmurf ?6>  Grff-bihy hdomroe gir jut ?-?

 X  Xo`dkm o`dkm tlf sue ig tlf eiefkts obiut tlf jut,



E jut jut ?  5 1   (ossuef jcij`wdsf pisdtdvf)



E ? + (7=`K Ý :e) 5 1

E ?  5 21?`Ke

(6.?1)

 

(6.??)

(6.?2)

Jut 2-2

Rfpfotdkm tlds prijfss gir jut 2-2, ?7 2-2,  ?7,,

 Hr Zfïk Jorricc

E jut jut 2  5 1   (ossuef jcij`wdsf pisdtdvf)

 

?=

 

(6.?:)

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6 Hrowdkm Zlfor Girjf okh Bfkhdkm Eiefkt Hdomroes - Ok Fxoepcf

v?

Gdmurf ?7>  Grff-bihy hdomroe gir jut 2-2



E 2 + (7=`K Ý 6e) − (41`K/e Ý 2e) 5 1

 

(6.?8)

E 2  5 ?66`Ke

(6.?6)

Jut :-:

Okh ﬏koccy gir jut :-:, ?= :-:,  ?= tlds  tlds tdef jiksdhfrdkm fqudcdbrdue ig tlf sub-strujturf ti tlf rdmltlokh sdhf ig tlf jut

Gdmurf ?=>  Grff-bihy hdomroe gir jut :-:

 −

E jut jut :  5 1   (ossuef jcij`wdsf pisdtdvf)

(6.?7)

E : + 61 `Ke + (8. (8.88`K/e Ý 8e Ý 1.6 Ý (8/ (8/:)e) 5 1

E :  5 7? 7?..
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