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FOY@IUÏYDFB8 OUCOMIB ZOX_P@X UOCDU@X COY@UDO8 Jdtbpotbnbaão. Arupb 1;0-@ COYÃOV COYÃ OV UBC@UB OZ@MIOßB BOWOFO, O ?4 I@ V@[YD@CEU@ I@N 5;5;. 5;5; . [rön. Cdau`n Gdionab # ?0?4, Fbn. F`mtrb, F[. 4:40;, 4:40; , H`søs H`søs Forromzo Forromzo,, Z`r Z`r.. Y`n. y Jox (459) 59 9;449 www.dtshf.`iu.cx www.dtshf.`iu.cx
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Dmtrbiuffdöm8 ............................................................................................................................. 6 ?.5 Dcpb cpbrtomfdo rtomfdo i` no Jdtbpotbnba Jd tbpotbnbaãão ` m no prbi prbiuffdöm uffdöm oar oarããfb fbno. no. ..... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... 9 ?.6 Joftbr`s J oftbr`s q u` fouso fousomm `mj`rc`io `mj`rc`ioi`s i`s ` m nos pno pnomt mtos os.. ...... .......... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... .... : ?.6.? Edötdfbs. ........................................................................................................................... : @mj`rc`io @mj`r c`ioi` i`ss edötdf ed ötdfos.............. os..................... ............. .............. ............... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ........ : ?.6.5 Oedötdfbs. ......................................................................................................................... : @mj`rc`io @mj`r c`ioi` i`ss oed oedötd ötdfos fos88 ...... ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ............... .............. ............. .............. ........... ... : Y`cp`roturo. ........................................................................................................................ 1 Guc`ioi. .............................................................................................................................. 7 Eoho guc`ioi. ..................................................................................................................... 7 Ontb fbmt`md fb mt`mdib ib i` guc`ioi. guc`io i....... ............. .............. ............. .............. ............... .............. ............. ............. ............... .............. ............. .............. ............. ...... 7 Abnp` i` oauo. ..................................................................................................................... 7 Eoho Eo ho fbmf` mtrof mtrofdö dömm i` b xãa` xãa`mb. mb. ............. .................... ............. .............. ............... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ...... 7 Fbrozöm vofdö....................................................................................................................... 7 Nuz. ......................................................................................................................................... 4 I`jdf I` jdfd` d`mfdo mfdo i` nuz. ....... .............. .............. ............. .............. ............... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ......... 4 @xf`sb i` nuz. ...................................................................................................................... 4 [rïftd [rï ftdfos fos oarã oar ãfbnos fbno s dmoi dmoi`f `fuoios uoios.. ...... ............. .............. ............. .............. ............... .............. ............. ............. ............... ............... ............. .......... .... 4 ?.9 [orosdtdscb y I`sorrbnnb i` no @mj`rc`ioi.................................................................. 4 ?.9.? [o [orosd rosdtds tdscb cb y potb potba` a`mdfd mdfdioi ioi.. .............. ..................... .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ............. ............... ............... ............. .......... ?; ?.9.5 [o [orosd rosdtds tdscb cb y omto omtoab abmdscb mdscb ....... .............. ............. ............. ............... .............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............ ..... ?? ?.9.6 Uomab i` gbsp`iomt`s i` nbs potöa`mbs. .............................................................. ?6 ?.9.9 @stoib i` i`sorrbnnb i` umo `mj`rc`ioi................................................................ ?9 ?.9.0 Dmj`f Dmj`ffd fdöm öm y ioÿb io ÿb ``mm nos p nomtos. no mtos. ............ .................. ............. ............... .............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ...... ?1 ?
?.9.: @j`ftb @j`f tb i` nbs potöa potöa`` mbs ``mm nos jumfdbm`s ju mfdbm`s ii`` nos pnomt pno mtos os.. ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ?4 @j`ftb i` nbs potöa`mbs sber` no jbtbsãmt`sds............................................................... ?4 ?.9.1 C`fomdscbs C`fo mdscbs i` i`j` i`j`mso mso i` nos ppnomtos nomtos o jdtbpotöa jdtbpotöa`` mbs.... mbs. ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ..... 5; ?.9.1.? ?.9.1 .? C`fo C`fomdscb mdscbss jãsdf jãs dfbs bs i` i`j` i` j`mso. mso. ....... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. .............. ............... ....... 5? ?.9.1.5 C`fomdscbs edbquãcdfbs i` i`j`mso. .................................................................. 56 ?.9.7 U`spu`sto i` no pnomto otofoio (Vãmtbcos). .......................................................... 5: ?.9.4 Joftbr`s Jo ftbr`s q u` oj`ftom oj`f tom `n i`so i`sorrbnnb rrbnnb i` nos `mj`r `mj`rc`ioi c`ioi`s. `s. ....... .......... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ 57 ?.9.4.? ?.9.4 .? Y`cp` Y`cp`rot roturo uro .............. ..................... ............. .............. ............... ............. ............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ............. ...... 57 ?.9.4.5 ?.9.4 .5 Guc`i Guc`ioi oi r`notd vo. vo........ .............. .............. ............. .............. ............... .............. ............. ............. ............... .............. ............. .............. ............... ........... ... 57 ?.9.4.6 Nuz. ............................................................................................................................. 54 ?.9.4.9 Zd`mtb.......................................................................................................................... 54 ?.9.4.0 Vu`nb V u`nb (p (pG, G, `s `strufturo trufturo jãsdfo, B5, fbcpbs fbcpbsdfd dfdöm öm qquãcdfo). uãcdfo). ........ ............ ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ... 6; ?.9.4.: Oauo............................................................................................................................ 6? ?.9.4.1 [rïftdfos oarãfbnos dmoi`fuoios. .......................................................................... 6? ?.9.4.7 Co Com`hb m`hb y opndfo opndfofdö fdömm dmoi`f d moi`fuoio uoio i` oarbq oarbquãcdfbs uãcdfbs.. .... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... .... 69 ?.9.4.4 ?.9.4 .4 Z`ftb Z` ftbr`s. r`s. ............. .................... ............. .............. ............... ............. ............. .............. ............... .............. ............. .............. ............. .............. ............... ............. ...... 60 Fbmfnusdöm8 ............................................................................................................................. 6: Edendbarojão .............................................................................................................................. 61
5
Dmtrbiuffdöm8
No jdtbpotbnbaão `s `n `stuidb i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s i` nos pnomtos. Fbcpr`mi` no dmv`stdaofdöm i` oa`mt`s dmj`ffdbsbs (gbmabs, vdrus, eoft`rdos, m`cotbibs) y fbmidfdbm`s oced`mton`s oiv`rsos (t`cp`roturo, nuz, pG, oauo, mutrd`mt`s i`n su`nb) qu` bfosdbmom `mj`rc`ioi`s. Nbs jdtbpotönbabs `stuidom nos `mj`rc`ioi`s fousoios pbr gbmabs, eoft`rdos, cdfbpnoscos, pnomtos sup`rdbr`s porïsdtbs, vdrus, vdrbdi`s m`cotbibs y prbtbzbordbs. @stuidom tocedäm nos ont`rofdbm`s qu` s` prbiuf`m `m nos pnomtos pbr `xf`sb, i`s`qudnderdb b for`mfdo i` fd`rtbs joftbr`s jãsdfbs b quãcdfbs, fbcb no t`cp`roturo, no gguc`ioi uc`ioi y nbs mu mutrd`mt`s. trd`mt`s. Nbs ioÿbs qu` sujr`m nos pnomt pnomtos os o fouso i` nbs nbs dms`ftbs dms`ftbs,, `n gbcer` u btrbs omdcon`s, pbr nb a`m`ron mb s` dmfnuy dmfnuy`m `m `m `n focpb i` `stuidb `stuidb i` no jjdtbpo dtbpotbnbaão. tbnbaão. No jdtbpotbnbaão utdndz utdndzoo nos täfm täfmdfo dfoss eïsdfos eïsd fos y nbs fbmbfdcd`mtbs i` no ebtïmdfo, cdfbnbaão, eoft`rdbnbaão, vdrbnbaão, G`cotbnbaão, omotbcãoo v`a`ton, jdsdbnbaão vv`a`ton, omotbcã `a`ton, a`mätdfo a`mätdfo,, edb edbquã quãcdfo, cdfo, gbrtdfunt gbrtdfunturo, uro, `iojbnba `iojbnbaãão , sdnvdfunturo, quã sdnvdfunturo, quãcdfo, cdfo, jãjãsdf sdfo, o, c`t`brbnba c`t`brbnbaãão y cufg cufgos os btros rocos i` no fd` fd`mfdo. mfdo. No jdtbpotbnbaão s` e`m`jdfdo i` nbs ovomf`s i` fuonqud`ro i` `sos fd`mfdos. @n eu`m fbmbfdcd`mtb i`, pbr nb c`mbs, nbs fbmf`ptbs eïsdfbs i` nos fd`mfdos ojdm`s `s dmidsp `msoen` poro no eu dmidsp`msoen` eu`mo `mo pr`porofdö pr`porofdömm i` tbib jdtbpotönbab. (MGAUD (MGAUD,, 5;?? 5;??). ). V` pnomt`o Fbcb Beh`tdvb a`m`ron8 Fbcpr`mi`r Fbcpr` mi`r no dcpbrtomfdo i` no jdtbpotbnbaão y nos r`nofdbm`s potöa`mb-funt potöa `mb-funtdvb, dvb, oced oced`mt`s `mt`s y fbmbf`r fbmbf`r nos g`rr g`rrocd`mtos ocd`mtos poro nnoo tbco i` i`fdsdbm`s `m `n usb y ids`ÿb i` täfmdfos, tïftdfos y `strot`ados i` com`hb i` `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nbs funtdvbs i`mtrb i`n fbmt`xtb i` sust`mtoedndioi y eu`mos prïftdfos oarãfbnos. Fbcb Beh`tdvb `sp`fãjdfbs8 `sp`fãjdfbs8 o) di`mtdjdfor no Dcpbrtomfdo i` no Jdtbp Jdtbpotbnbaão otbnbaão `m no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno. e ) di`mtdjdfor di` mtdjdfor Joftbr` Joftbr`ss qu` fousom `mj`rc`ioi`s `m ` m nos pnomtos. f ) di`mtdj di`mtdjdfor dfor [ [orosdtdscb orosdtdscb y I`so I`sorrbn rrbnnb nb i` no @mj`rc @mj`rc`ioi `ioi I`jdmdfdöm i` tärcdmbs tärcdmbs jdtbpotbnöadfbs. @m jdtbpotbnbaão, s` gof` r`j`r`mfdo o tbios oqu`nnos potbnbaãos qu` oj`ftom o nbs v`a`ton`s. @m `n fopã fopãtu tunb nb omt`rdbr, ss`` ggoo ggoenoib oenoib i` no `mtbcbnbaão `mtbcbnbaão fbcb fd`mfdo qu` `stuido o nbs dms`ftbs< d ms`ftbs< `m `st`, s` vvoo o ggof`r of`r r`j`r`mfdo o no no potbnbaão, qu` `s no fd`mfdo qu` `stuido nos `mj`rc`ioi`s i` nos pnomtos< `m `n sdaud`mt`, s` goenorï i` conos gd`reos. V` V ` pu`i` ojdrcor, pbr tom tomtb, tb, qu` ii`mtr `mtrbb i` no jdtbpotbnbaão s` s ` dmfnuy dmfnuy`m `m tr`s aromi`s rocos i` `stuidb8 no `mtbcbnbaã `mtbcbnbaão, o, no potbnbaão y no cong`rebnbaão. cong`rebnbaão. Pm Pmoo pnomto 6
i`e` nn`vor o foeb umo s`rd` i` prbf`sbs poro su i`sorrbnnb. V` idf` qu` umo pnomto `stï somo fuomib r`ondzo sus jumfdbm`s i`mtrb i` umo com`ro mbrcon y qu` `stï `mj`rco fuomib mb r`ondzo sus jumfdbm`s fbrr`ftoc`mt`. ([`r`ardmo). ?.5 Dcpbrtomfdo i` no Jdtbpotbnbaão `m no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno.
@n `stuidb i` no `mj`rc`ioi`s i` nos pnomtos `s i` vdton dcpbrtomfdo poro `n cumib oftuon, fbm umo umo pbenofdöm pbenofd öm gucomo gucomo `m ouc`mt ouc`mtb, b, `stb ` stb ofbcpo ofbcpoÿoib ÿoib i` foio v`z v`z c`mbs c`mbs `spofdb poro nn`vor o foeb nos oftdvdioi`s prbiuftdvos prdcordos dmidsp`msoen`s poro no vdio vdio,, fbcb nnoo oardf oardfun untu turo, ro, eos` i`n sust`mt sust`mtbb ondc`mtdfdb ondc`mtdfdb.. @n i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnbb ii`` `sto oftdvdioii s` v` jr`fu`m oftdvdio jr`fu`mt`c`mt` t`c`mt` oj`ftoib pbr `n otoqu` i` oa`mt`s qu` mb s` v`m o sdcpn` vdsto, ton`s fbcb nbs gbmabs, nos eoft`rdos, nbs vdrus y m`cotbibs, nbs qu` fousom r`iuffdb r`iuffdbm`s m`s fbmsdi`roen`s `m nbs r`midcd`mtbs r`midcd `mtbs i` nos fbs` fbs`fgos, fgos, `m fosbs `xtr`cbs `xtr `cbs nn`aomib gosto nnoo pärid päridio io ttbton bton i` no prbiuffdö prbiuffdöm. m. Foio oÿb nbs prbiuftbr`s oarãfbnos dmvd`rt`m arom oarãfbnos aromi`s i`s sucos sucos i` idm`rb `m prbiuftbs qu quããcdfbs töxdfbs poro fbmtrbnor `n ioÿb fousoib pbr nbs potöa`mbs potöa` mbs o nos pnomtos, `st` cätbib i` fbmtrbn mb sbnb oj`fto `n ebnsdnnb i` nbs prbiuftbr`s sdmb qu` oi`cïs fouso ioÿbs on oced`mt` oced `mt` y o nbs fbmsu fbmsucdibr` cdibr`ss pb pbrr nnoo dma`sto i` troz trozos os pr`s`mt`s ``mm nbs ondc`mt ondc`mtbs bs ii`` prbf`i prbf`i`mfdo `mfdo oarãfbno, nn`aomib gosto fousor fïmf`r `m no pbenofdöm pbr `n fbmsucb r`aunor i` ondc`mtbs fbm ontos fbmf`mtrofdbm`s i` prbiuftbs oarãfbnos töxdfbs< oÿoid`mib fbcb oarovomt` no r`sd r`sdst`mfdo st`mfdo qu` oiqud` oiqud`r`m r`m nbs potöa`mbs potöa` mbs o nbs prbiuftbs pbr nnoo sber` ibsdjdfofdöm, iomib fbcb r`suntoib `n ouc`mtb i` nbs fbstbs i` prbiuffdöm y cïs dcpbrtomt`, no `xpbsdfdöm i`n fbmsucdibr o fbmf`mtrofdbm`s cïs ontos i` trozos tbxdfos. Fbcb ont`rmotdvo o com`hbs i` `mj`rc`ioi`s i` pnomtos s` r`sonto no pr`v`mfdöm fbcb `n cätbib cïs s`mfdnnb, `fbmöcdfb y ocdaoen` fbm `n oced`mt`, goy vordos jbrcos i` pr`v`mdr pr`v`mdr `n otoqu` i` potöa` potöa`mbs mbs o um funt funtdvb, dvb, ffbcb bcb no sd` sd`cero cero i` cot`rdon v`a`ton i`sdmj`ftoib, umo `strdfto os`psdo `m nos noebr`s i`n funtdvb (fbm nb qu` r`sp`fto o g`rrocd`mtos y bp`rordbs) y aoromtdzor umo `xf`n`mt` mutrdfdöm i` nos pnomtos (um braomdscb ed`m mutrdib fu`mto fbm eu`mos i`j`msos)< p`rb `mtr` tbios nos jbrcos i` pr`v`mfdöm s` i`stofo no r`sdst`mfdo a`mätdfo, no fuon gof` umo `xfnusdöm i` no pr`s`mfdo i` um potöa`mb `m umo pbenofdöm i` pnomtos, oyuiomib osã o idscdmudr `n usb usb i` dmsucbs quã quãcdfbs cdfbs töxdfbs poro `n fbmtrbn i` `m `mj`rc`ioi`s j`rc`ioi`s.. @sto `strot`ad `strot`adoo i` fbmtrbn fbmtrbn `s fbc fbcpndfoio pndfoio `m `n s`m s`mtdib tdib i` qu` o c`idio qu` `n ïr`o i` sd`cero i` 9
umo vord`ioi r`sdst`mt` ouc`mto nbs potöa`mbs pbr c`idb i` tromsjbrcofdbm`s b cutofd cut ofdbm`s bm`s a`mätdfos, a`mätdfos , rbcp`m no r`sds r`sdst`mfdo t`mfdo dmiufdio `m nos pnomtos, iomib fbcb r`suntoib `pd r`suntoib `pdi`cdo i`cdoss i`vostoibros ``mm uumo mo r`adöm, r`ad öm, qu` fousom p`ridios p`rid ios i` cdnnbm`s cdnnbm`s ii`` us $. [br `stb nbs fd`mtãjdfbs tbibs nbs iãos troeohom pbr `mfbmtror pbenofdbm`s i` pnomtos r`sds r`sdst`mt`s t`mt`s o prben`cos potbaämdf potbaämdfbs, bs, poro nb fuon s` r`qud`r` dmjro`strufturo dmjro`strufturo,, edendbarojão ede ndbarojão y sber` tbib oy oyuios uios jdmomfd`ros i`n `stoib. (Pmlmbwm, (Pmlmbwm, 5;?? 5;??). ). @m r`spu`sto o `st` i`sojãb, s` brdadmö no oarbmbcão, idsfdpndmo qu` opndfo fbmbfdcd`mtbs i`rdvoibs i` fd`mfdos fbcb no edbnbaão, quãcdfo, jãsdfo y cot`cïtdfo `m `n i`sorrbnnb i` t`fmbnbaãos t`fmbnbaãos y prïftdf prïftdfos os fbmiuf`mt fbmiuf`mt`s `s o bptdcdzorno prbiuffdömm y utdndz prbiuffdö utdndzofd ofdöm öm i` prbiuftbs oarã oarãfbnos. fbnos. @mtr` nnos os ïr`os i` `stu `stuidb idb qu` dmfnuy` dmfnuy` y qu` gom p`rcdtdi p`rcdtdibb ouc`m ouc`mtor tor no prbi prbiuffdöm uffdöm oa oarã rãfbno fbno `stïm `n c`hbrocd`mtb c`hbrocd`mtb,, j`rtdndzofdöm, rd`ab, c`fomdzofdö c`fomdzofdöm, m, pbs fbs`f fbs`fgo go y prbt`ffd prbt`ffdöm öm i` funtdvbs funtdvbs fbmtro pnoaos, `mj`rc`ioi`s
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r`spbmsoe n` i` f`rfo i`n 0; pbr fd`mt r`spbmsoen` fd` mtbb i` nbs ouc`mtbs ouc`mtbs i` r`midcd`mtb `m nbs funt funtdvbs dvbs i` coybr dcpb dcpbrtom rtomfdo fdo iu iuromt` romt` `n øn øntdcb tdcb sdanb. I` g`fgb, `n usb i` vord`ioi `s v`a`ton`s c`hbroios ju` vord`ioi`s ju` umb umb i` nbs pdnor`s jumioc`mt jumioc`mton`s on`s i` i ` no U`vbnufdöm U`vbn ufdöm Z`ri` Z`ri`,, y qu` p` p`rcdtd`rbm rcdtd`rbm ouc`mtor ouc`mtor no prbiuffdöm oarã oarãfbno fbno o mdv`n mdv`n`s `s pbr sber` no i`comio i` ondc`mtbs dcpu`sto pbr `n fr`fd fr`fdcd`mtb cd`mtb i` no pbenofdöm. pbe nofdöm. @n c`hbrocd`mtb v`a`ton `s um umoo oftdvdio oftdvdioii cun cuntdid tdidsfd sfdpndmordo pndmordo,, qu` q u` dmfnuy dmfnuy`` idsfdp ids fdpndmos ndmos fbcb no a`mätdfo a`mätdfo,, `stoiãstdfo, oarbmbcã oarbmbcão, o, jjdsd dsdbnbaão bnbaão v`a`ton, `mtbcbnbaão, `mtbcbnbaão, potbnbaão y ebtïmdfo, `mtr` btros. Vu prdmfdpo prdmfdponn beh`tdvb `s `cpn`or nbs r`fursbs a`mätdfbs v`a`ton`s poro `n i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnbb i` vord`ioi` vord`ioi`ss fbm fd` fd`rtos rtos foroft`rãstdfos, qu` voy voyom om `m e`m`jdfdb i`no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno y `n ed`m`stor i` nos p`rsbmos. @n c`hbrocd`mtb go sdi b y s`audrï sd` sdib sd`mib mib umo umo ids idsfdp fdpndmo ndmo fnov` `m no fopo fopofdi fdioi oi i` no oardf oardfun untu turo ro poro r`spbmi`r o nbs mu`vbs mu`vbs i`so i`sojãjãbs bs dcpu`stbs pbr `n fr`fd fr`fdcd`mtb cd`mtb i` no pbenofd pbenofdöm, öm, r`strdffd öm i` r`fursbs y foced r`strdffdöm focedbb anbeon. Vu dcpb dcpbrtom rtomfdo fdo poro no prbiuffdö prbiuffdömm oarãfbno tdfofdöm, tdfofd öm, dmtrbiuffdöm y s`n`ffd s`n`ffdöm öm i` funt funtdvbs, dvbs, `n i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnbb i` täfmdfos i` oebmoib oebmoib,, rd`ab y prbt`ffdöm i` pnomtos. (Z`ro, 5;?1).
0
?.6 ?.6 Joftbr`s qu ` fousom `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nos pnomtos.
@xdst`m `mj`rc`ioi`s qu` pu`i`m otofor o nos pnomtos qu` `stocbs funtdvomib. Ästos s` foroft`rdzom foroft`rdzom pbr s`r i` brda`m dmj`ffdbsb (edötdfbs b vdvbs) vdvbs) y mb dmj`ffdbsb dmj`ffdbsb (oedötdfbs b mb vdvbs). Nbs oa`mt`s dmj`ffdbsbs sbm fousoibs pbr eoft`rdos, gbmabs, cdfbpnoscos, m`cotbibs y vdrus< cd`mtros qu` nbs oa`mt`s mb dmj`ffdbsbs prbvd`m`m i` i`se i`seonomf`s onomf`s mu mutrdfdbmon`s, trdfdbmon`s, `sträs oced`mton y tbxdfdioi tbxdfdio i quãcdfo quãcdfo (fousoio ppbr br pnoaudfdios pnoaudfd ios y fbmtocdmomt fbmtocdmomt`s `s i`n odr`). ?.6. ?.6.? ? Edö tdfbs. tdfb s. @mj`rc`ioi`s @mj`rc` ioi`s edötdfos.
Ästos s` prbiuf`m pbr no dmj`ffdöm qu` bfosdbmo um potöa`mb `m umo pnomto, `n fuon s` r`prbiuf` rïpdioc`mt` y `s fopoz i` dmj`ftor o btros pnomtos< o `st` braomdscb s` n` i`mbcdmo porïsdtb. I` no arom idv`rsdioi i` braomdscbs vdvbs sönb umbs fuomtbs porosdtom pnomtos8 gbmabs, eoft`rdos, jdtbpnoscos, pnomtos porïsdtos, prbtbzbordbs, m`cotbibs, dms`ftbs d ms`ftbs y vdru vdrus. s. Nb Nbss cïs fbcum`s s` pu pu`i`m `i`m tromscdtdr pbr dms`ftbs fbcb nbs ïjdibs, ïjdibs , sd sdmm `ceorab ``nn vd`mtb vd`mtb y btrbs omdcon`s (d(dmfnu mfnuy`m y`mib ib on ggbcer`) bcer`) tocedäm toce däm ssbm bm um joftbr i` tromscdsdöm i` `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nos pnomtos. Nbs joftbr`s i`n c`idb oced`mt` qu` oj`ftom `n fbcd`mzb, i`sorrbnnb y ids`cdmofdöm i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nos pnomtos sbm no t`cp`roturo, guc`ioi, nuz, mutrd`mt`s y `n pG. Nbs porïsdtbs pu`i`m s`r8 Bendaoibs8 Bendaoib s8 Fr`f`m y s` i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnom om `m ` m fd` fd`rtb rtb ttdpb dpb i` pnomtos, pnomtos, mb i`stru i`struy`m y`m nos fänunos i` sus sus gbsp gbsp`iomt`s `iomt`s y betd` betd`m`m m`m sus mmutr utrd`mt`s d`mt`s o portdr i` fänunos fänunos vdvos. Jofuntotdvbs8 Otofom y s` i`sorrbnnom `m idstdmtos pnomtos, s`fr`tom tbxdmos y `mzdcos qu` i`struy`m i`struy`m nos fänunos, fänunos, utdndzom utdndzom sus fbmt fbmt`mdib `mdib y mu mutrd`mt`s trd`mt`s fbmjbrc` nbs dmv dmvoi`m. oi`m. ?.6. ?.6.5 5 Oedö tdfb s. @mj`rc`ioi`s @mj`rc` ioi`s oedötdfos8
Fuomib Fuom ib s` goeno goeno i` um umoo `mj `mj`rc`ioi `rc`ioi oedötdfo s` r`j r`jd`r` d`r` o no jonto jonto b ``nn `xf`sb i` onaøm joftbr m`f`sordb m`f`so rdb poro no vvdio dio ii`` no pnomt pnomto. o. Mb `xdst`m potöa` potöa`mbs, mbs, pbr nb nb tomt tomtbb mb pu pu`i`m `i`m s`r tromscdtdios i` pnomtos `mj`rcos o pnomtos somos. Nos pnomtos pu`i`m s`r oj`ftoioss `m fuonqud`ro i` sus `topos i` i`so oj`ftoio i`sorrbnn rrbnnb8 b8 s`cdnno, pnïm pnïmtun tuno, o, fr`fdcd fr`fdcd`mtb `mtb y :
coiurofdöm b jrutbs. Oi`cïs, pu`i`m bfosdbmor ioÿbs iuromt` `n funtdvb, `n oncof`mocd`mtb ` dmfnusb dmfnusb iurom iuromt` t` no fb fbc`rfdondzofd c`rfdondzofdöm. öm. @stbs sã sãmt mtbcos bcos vorã vorãom om `m tdpb y s`v`rdioi i` ofu`rib on joftbr oced`mton y no dmt`msdioi i` i`svdofdöm qu` portdfdp` i` äst`. [u`i`m s`r i`si` nda`rbs gosto s`v`rbs y goy rd`sab i` cu`rt` `m nos pnomtos oj`ftoios. I`t`ftor onaumo `mj`rc`ioi oedötdfo pu`i` s`r cuy jïfdn. @xdst`m sãmtbcos qu` sbm cuy cuy foroft`rãstdfbs pbrqu` s` s ` i`e` on `xf`sb b jonto i` onaø onaømm joftbr oced `mton. @m btrbs fosbs, `s m`f`sordb `xocdmor fudioibsoc`mt` fuïn`s ju`rbm nos fbmidfdbm`s fndcïtdfo s qu` pr`von`fã fndcïtdfos pr`von`fãom om omt`s i` no no opord opordfdö fdömm i` nnoo `mj`rc`ioi, nbs focedbs fo cedbs `m nnbs bs mdv`n`s i` fbmtocdmofdöm i`n su`nb y i` no otcösj`ro, nos prïftdfos oarãfbnos y nbs dmfdi`mt`s qu` s` prbiuh`rbm. @s jr`fu`mt jr`fu`mt`` qu` nnbs bs sã sãmtbcos mtbcos s` fbm fbmju jumiom miom fbm nnbs bs fousoibs pb pbrr vdrus vdrus y cdfrbbraomdscbs, pbr nb tomtb `s m`f`sordb i`sfortor no pr`s`mfdo i` tbibs nbs potöa`mbs pbsden`s y i`spuäs `xpbm`r nos pnomtos somos o nbs joftbr`s qu` s` pd`msom sbm nbs fousomt`s. Nbs prdmfdpon`s joftbr`s oced`mton`s qu` fousom `mj`rc`ioi`s sbm8 Y`cp`roturo.
-Onto8 I`sgdirotofdöm, päridio i` jdrc`zo y sbpbrt`.
-Eoho8 Ioÿbs pbr `mjrdocd`mtb y fbma`nofdöm.
1
Guc`ioi.
-Guc`ioi U`notdvo8 Fuomib `s eoho mb fouso ioÿb, `xf`ptb fuomib s` fbcedmo fbm btrbs joftbr`s fbcb jonto i` oauo `m `n su`nb, ontos t`cp`roturos y vd`mtbs ju`rt`s. -Guc`ioi i`n su`nb8 @s no cïs dcpbrtomt` i`edib o qu` nos pnomtos oesbre`m oauo, humtb fbm nos son`s cdm`ron`s idr`ftoc`mt` i`n su`nb, o troväs i` no roãz. Eoho gu c`ioi.
No eoho guc`ioi prbvbfo i`si` um c`mbr i`sorrbnnb `m nos pnomtos, gosto su cu`rt`. A`m`ronc`mt` A`m`ronc `mt` oj`ftom su fr`fd fr`fdcd`mtb, cd`mtb, pr`s`mtom umo fb fbnbrofdöm nbrofdöm i` v`ri` v`ri` pïndib pï ndib o ocordnnb fnorb, jbrcom gbhos p`qu`ÿos, prbiuf`m pbfos jnbr`s y jrutbs, s` corfgdtom y cu`r`m. Ontb fb m t`mdi t`m dib b i` g uc`ioi uc `ioi .
@n ontb fbmt`mdib i` guc`ioi prbvbfo ioÿbs dmc`idotbs y i` coybr fbmsdi`rofdöm qu` nos s`quãos, dmfnusb pu`i` fousor no cu`rt` i` no pnomto. O fbms`fu`mfdo i` `stb, nos pnomtos pd`ri`m vdabr, s` corfgdtom, pr`s`mtom umo fbnbrofdöm qu` vo i` v`ri` pïndib on v`ri` ocordnn`mtb, sus roãf`s cu`r`m y s` puir`m. Abnp ` i` oauo. oau o.
V` prbiuf` fuomib nos pnomtos fr`f`m fbm pbfo guc`ioi pbr um p`rdbib norab y r`p`mtdmoc`mt` s` n`s oicdmdstro oauo iuromt` no coiurofdöm. @stb bfosdbmo oard`tocd`mtb i` jrutbs y öraombs `marbsoibs sufun`mtbs. Eoho fbmf`mtrofdöm i ` bxãa`mb. bxãa`mb.
@stï r`nofdbmoio fbm no onto t`cp`roturo y `n `xf`sb i` guc`ioi `m `n su`nb. Fouso no cu`rt` i` no roãf`s pbr osjdxdo `m tueärfunbs, jrutbs formbsbs, gbrtondzos sufun`mtos, `mtr` btrbs. @m t`cp`roturos ontos `m `n focpb b oncof`mocd`mtb, fousom jonto i` bxãa`mb `m `n fbrozöm prbiufd`mib cu`rt` f`nunor y um foroft`rãstdfb fbnbr m`arb. Fbrozöm vofdö.
Fuomib nbs tueärfunbs aromi`s s` j`rtdndzom fbm `xf`sb i` mdtröa`mb y s` td`m` um `xf`sb i` guc`ioi guc`ioi `m `n su`nb, s` oard`tom dmt`rm dmt`rmoc`mt`. oc`mt`. (@h`cpnb8 no popo). 7
Nuz. I`jdfd`mfdo i` nuz.
V` bes`rvo `m pnomtos qu` fr`f`m f`rfo i` ïrebn`s u btrbs beh`tbs qu` prbiuf`m sbcero. @m pnomtos höv`m`s bfosdbmo `tdbnofdöm (focedb i` fbnbr) y sbm susf`ptden`s on ofoc` (ibenoib i`n tonnb)< `m pnomtos `m i`sorrbnnb prbvbfo fnbrbsds (ocordnnocd`mtb), `sfosb i`sorrbnnb y foãio pr`coturo i` jnbr`s y gbhos.
@xf`sb i` nuz .
[br nb a`m`ron mb fouso ioÿb p`rb ` m fd`rtbs nuaor`s s` n` otrdeuy` on „qu`coib i`n sbn– qu` prbvbfo comfgos fojä rbhdzb `m jrutbs. @m pnomtos qu` mb sbpbrtom `n sbn
(pnomtos i` sbcero b s`cd-sbcero) prbiuf` comfgos pnot`oios b fojä fnorb sber` nos gbhos. [rïftdfos [rï ftdfos oarãfbnos oarãfbnos dmoi`fuoios.
No opndfofdöm dmfbrr`fto i` fbcpu`stbs quãcdfbs fbcb dms`ftdfdios, jumadfdios y j`rtdndzomt`s, j`rtdndzom t`s, `m äpbfo äpbf o dmi`ed dmi`edio io yy/b /b `m ontos ibsd ibsdss pu`i` prbvbfor p rbvbfor qu`coiuros `m nos gbhos, comfgoib y bsfur`fdcd`mtb i`n jrutb, `mtr` btros fbsos. (GDIUB @MZDUBMC@MY, 5;5;). ?.9 [orosdtdscb y I`sorrbnnb i` no @mj`rc`ioi.
@n porosdtdscb `m tärcdmbs a`m`ron`s s` i`jdm` fbcb umo r`nofdöm `m no fuon umb i` nbs portdfdpomt`s, `n porïsdtb, ioÿo o su guäsp`i b vdv` o `xp`msos i` än. Pm guäsp`i (gbsp`i`rbs `s `n pnur pnuron) on) `s fuonqud`r braomdscb b raomdscb i`n fuon s` ondc`mt ondc`mtoo um po porïsdtb. rïsdtb. Pm potöa`mb `s um porïsdtb qu` prbiuf` umo `mj`rc`ioi `m su guäsp`i (mb tbibs nbs porïsdtbs prbiuf`m `mj`rc`ioi`s), tocedäm `s fbmbfdib fbcb oa`mt` fouson i` no `mj`rc`ioi. No `mj`rc`ioi `s um `stoib i` i`s`qudnderdb `m no sonui i` um 4
braomdscb, idfgb `stoib pu`i` s`r prbiufdib pbr oa`mt`s dmj`ffdbsbs (potöa`mbs) b mb dmj`ffdbsbs (dmtbxdfofdöm quãcdfo-`mv`m`mocd`mtb). Nbs porïsdtbs porïsd tbs rr`pr`s` `pr`s`mt mtom om `n tdpb i` vvdio dio cïs `xdtbsb `xdtbsb `m ` m no no Yd`rro, ioib qu` s` `stdco qu` cïs i`n 0;% i` nbs braomdscbs sbm porïsdtbs. @n porosdtdscb go `vbnufdbmoib b opor`fdib `m no Yd`rro on c`mbs :; v`f`s i` com`ro dmi`p`mid`mt` `m omdcon`s tomtb v`rt`eroibs (`h`cpnb8 ov`s, noaortdhos, prdcot`s) fbcb dmv`rt`eroibs (`h`cpnb8 dms`ftbs, oroÿos, forofbn`s). (FBMOFTY, 5;5;). ?.9.? [orosdtdscb y potba`mdfdioi.
Pm porïsdtb `s `n braomdscb qu` vdv` i` btrb braomdscb i`n fuon betd`m` su ondc`mtb, yo s`o ju`ro b i`mtrb i` än. O no r`nofdöm qu` s` `stoen`f` `mtr` um porïsdtb y su gbsp`i`rb s` n` i`mbcdmo porosdtdscb. Pm jdtbporïsdtb `s um braomdscb qu` s` osbfdo i` com`ro `str`fgo fbm umo pnomto y qu` s` r`prbiuf` b i`sorrbnno o `xp`msos i` `nno. [br nb fbcøm no bet`mfdöm i` nnbs bs mu mutrd`mt`s trd`mt`s y `n oauo i` no pnomto gbsp`i`ro gbsp` i`ro pbr `n porïsdtb porïsd tb bfos bfosdbmo dbmo um umoo c`mbr `jdfd `jdfd`mfdo `mfdo `m `n i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnbb mbrcon i` nnoo pnomto y prbvbfo um i`trdc`mtb `m su pbst`rdbr i`sorrbnnb y r`prbiuffdöm. Fuomib `n porosdtdscb dcpndfo umo umo ont`rofdöm jdsd jdsdbnöadf bnöadfoo i` no pnomto, pbr uumo mo ddrrdtofdö rrdtofdömm fbmt fbmtdmuoio, dmuoio, s` troiuf` `m `m `mj`rc`ioi. Osã, `m no coybrão i` nbs fosbs, `n porosdtdscb s` `mfu`mtro `str`fgoc`m `str`fg oc`mt` t` r`nofdbm r`nofdbmoib oib fbm no potba`mdfdioi, i`edib o qqu` u` no fopofdioi qu` td`m` `n porïsdtb i` dmvoidr y `stoen`f`rs` `m su gbsp`i`rb pbr nb a`m`ron prbvbfo `n i`sorrbnnb i` no `mj`rc`ioi `m `st` øntdcb. Pmo `xf`pfdöm Pmo `xf`pf döm o `sto r`nofdöm potöa` potöa`mb-porïsdto mb-porïsdto no fbm fbmstdtuy stdtuy`m `m nos ju jucoadmos. coadmos. V` troto troto i` umbs gbmabs (osfbcdf`tbs) qu` s` ondc`mtom i` no c`nozo s`ar`aoio pbr dms`ftbs (jumioc`mt (ju mioc`mtonc`mt` onc`mt` gbcöpt`rbs) qqu` u` o su v`z s` ondc`mtom i` nnoo pnomto guäsp`i. @n r`suntoib `s qu` sber` no c`nozo qu` r`fuer` no gbho s` i`sorrbnnom `stbs gbmabs i` fbnbr bsfurb (pbr `nnb o no `mj`rc`ioi s` n` nnoco "m`ardnno") dmt`rjdrd`mib `m no jbtbsãmt jbtbsã mt`sd `sdss y fousomib pb pbrr nb nb tom tomtb tb um umoo d rrdtofdö rrdtofdömm fbmtdmu fbmtdmuo. o. No jucoadmo jucoadmo `s potöa`mb, potöa` mb, p`rb mb porïsdtb i` no pnomto guäsp`i. On fousomt` i` no `mj`rc`ioi s` i`mbcdmo oa`mt` potöa`mb, y s` di`mtdjdfo fbcb `mj`rc`ioi o no r`nofdöm i` porosdtdscb `mtr` `n potöa`mb y no pnomto susf`ptden`. O no ?;
pnomto qu` sdrv` i` ondc`mtb on potöa`mb s` n` i`mbcdmo guäsp`i. Vdm `ceorab, oumqu` `sto i`mbcdmofdöm `stï cuy a`m`rondzoio (y `s no qu` utdndzor`cbs `m nb suf`sdvb), `m r`ondioi `n mbcer` fbrr`ftb i`e`rão s`r "gbsp`ioibro". ?.9.5 [orosdtdscb y omtoabmdscb
Pm tdpb i` dmt`roffdöm idr`fto `mtr` nbs omtoabmdstos y nbs potöa`mbs `s `n porosdtdscb. @n porosdtdscb `s no offdöm i` um cdfrbbraomdscb porosdtomib o btrb y pu`i` s`r i`jdmdib fbcb umo sdcedbsds omtoaömdfo `mtr` braomdscbs. @st` fbmsdst` `m no utdndzofdö utdndzofdömm i`n potöa` potöa`mb mb fbcb ondc`mtb pbr su omtoabmdsto. A`m`ronc`mt`, A`m`ronc`mt`, `stïm dcpndfoios `mzdcos `xtrof`nunor`s ton`s fbcb qudtdmoso, f`nunoso, e?, 6-anufomoso y prbt`oso,, qu` rbcp`m nos `stru prbt`oso `struftur fturos os i` nbs gbmabs porosdtoi po rosdtoibs. bs. Nbs `h`cpnbs cïs fbmbfdibs i` gbmabs gdp`rporïsdtbs sbm Yrdfgbi`rco y Andbfnoiduc. Ocebs `h`rf`m su offdöm c`idomt` vordbs c`fomdscbs, `mtr` nbs fuon`s td`m` um rbn dcpbrtomt` `n porosdtdscb. Nbs gbmabs i`n aäm`rb Yrdfgbi`rco gom sdib cuy `stuidoibs fbcb omtoabmdstos i` potöa`mbs i` su`nbs fbcb Ugdzbftbmdo sbnomd, Vfn`rbtduc rbnjsdd y Vfn`rbtduc f`pdvbruc y `xdst`m vordos jbrcunofdbm`s fbc`rfdon`s i`sorrbnnoios o portdr i` `nnbs. Cdfrbbraomdscbs omtoabmdstos Eoft`rdos omtoabmdstos Nos eoft`rdos i`n arupb i` [s`uibcbmos jnubr`sf`ms y nos i`n aäm`rb Eofdnnus sbm fbmsdi`roios nos cïs `jdfof`s poro fbmtrbnor `mj`rc`ioi`s jbndor`s y i` nos roãf`s. Ioio no idv`rsdioi a`mätdfo `m `n aäm`rb Eofdnnus, tomtb `m `n su`nb fbcb `m no rdzbsj`ro, s` fbmsdi`ro o `stbs cdfrbbraomdscbs cdfrbbraomdscbs fbcb fbnbm fbnbmdzoibr`s dzoibr`s `jdfof`s. N o s pbt`mfdondioi`s i`n aäm`rb Eofdnnu Eofd nnuss sber` [.j [.jnu nubr`sf` br`sf`ms ms gom sd sdib ib s`ÿ s`ÿonoios onoios,, qud`m`s `mfbmt `mfbmtrorbm rorbm coybr `c`ra`mfdo y fbmtrbn i` potöa` potöa`mbs mbs i`n trdab fuomib ut utdndzorbm dndzorbm `st` aäm`rb. a äm`rb. @stos eoft`rdos eoft`rd os s` gom `vonu `vonuoib oib poro `n fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s jumabsos, i`t`rcdmïmibs` qu` nos opndfofdbm`s i` Eofdnnus suetdnds pr` y pbsfbs`fgo `m oauofot` td`m`m um `j`ftb sdcdnor on i` nbs jumadfdios fbc`rfdon`s. Nbs c`hbr`s r`suntoibs ju`rbm nbaroibs fbm um trotocd`mtb trotocd`mtb dmt`aroib qu` dmfnu dmfnuãão opndfo opndfofdb fdbm`s m`s i` e`mbcdn y bx bxdfn dfnbrurb brurb ii`` fber` y fbmtrbn edbnöadfb, sd`mib `st` `n prdc`r dmjbrc` i` fbmtrbn edbnöadfb pr`-fbs`fgo `m oauofot`. @m dmv`stdaofdbm`s juturos i`e`rïm `vonuors` `n cbib i` offdöm i` E. suetdnds, goedtomt` moturon moturon i`n jdnbpnomb jdnbpnomb i` i`nn ïrebn i` oauofot`. U`fd`mt`c`mt`, U`fd `mt`c`mt`, s` i`sorrbnnö umo jbrcunofdöm i` E.suetdnds poro fbmtrbnor no puirdfdöm roidfunor i`n jrdhbn, no fuon s` `vonuö fbcporomib idj`r`mt`s sustrotbs y s` i`t`rcdmö qu` `m fbmidfdbm`s ??
i` noebrotbrdb `n trotocd`mtb fbm tureo ju` `n cïs `jdfoz. Mb bestomt`, `m fbmidfdbm`s i` focpb no jbrcun jbrcunofd ofdöm öm o eos` i` p`ftdmo p`ftd mo jju` u` no qu` nbarö nbarö c`hbr fb fbmt mtrbn. rbn. V V`` i`t`rcdmö `n `j`ftb i` Eofdnnus sp. Vber` no a`rcdmofdöm y `n i`sorrbnnb i` s`cdnnos i` tbcot` dmj`ftoios fbm Jusorduc bxyspbrduc vor fue`msds< tocedäm s` r`ondzorbm pru`eos dm vdtrb fbm [s`uibcbmos sp. T E. suetdnds odsnoibs i` pnïtomb y orrbz, r`sp`ftdvoc`mt` (Ybrr`s `t on. 5;;?).@stbs cdfrbbraomdscbs cbstrorbm no fopofdioi i` dmgdedr `n fr`fdcd`mtb fr`fd cd`mtb i` ggbmabs bmabs jdtbpotöa` jdtbpotöa`mbs mbs i`n su`nb, ton ton`s `s fbcb Jusorduc bxy bxyspbrd spbrduc, uc, j. s. nyfbp`rsdfd, [ytgduc untdcum, U. sbnomd, V. rbnjsdd, [gytbpgtbro mdfbtdomo`, Jusorduc cbmdndjbrc` y Jusordum Jusordum ssbnomd. bnomd. Fo Fost`nnom st`nnombs bs `t on. (?440 (?440)) `vonu `vonuorbm orbm E.suetdnds poro `n fbmtrbn i` Ont`rmordo pbrrd `m pnomtos i` f`ebnno, ont`rmomib opndfofdbm`s i`n prbiuftb edbnöadfb fbm nos i` nbs jumadfdios zdm`e y bxdfnbrurb i` fber`, i`t`rcdmïmibs` qu` nbs trotocd`mtbs qu` fbmsdstãom `m no fbcedmofdöm i` jumadfdios sdmtätdfbs y edbnöadfbs cbstrorbm c`hbr fbmtrbn qu` `n r`stb i` nbs trotocd`mtbs. Pmb i` nbs usbs i` E.suetdnds fbcb oa`mt` i` fbmtrbn edbnöadfb `s c`idomt` `n trotocd`mtb i` s`cdnnos. Vu `j`ftb e`mäjdfb fuomib s` opndfo hu humtb mtb o nos s`cdnnos b `m jjbrco brco ddmidvdiuon midvdiuon mb s` i`e` `xfnusdvoc`mt` `xfnu sdvoc`mt` on om omtoabmdscb toabmdscb fbm f bm nbs potöa`mbs sdmb qu` qu` dmjn dmjnuy uy`` pbsd pbsdtdvoc`mt tdvoc`mt`` `m no a`rcdmofd a`rcdmofdöm, öm, i` i`sorrbnnb sorrbnnb y rr`midcd` `midcd`mtb mtb i` i`nn funt funtdvb dvb i`ed i`edib ib o no prbiuffd prbiuffdöm öm i` i` sustomfdos prbcbtbros i`n fr`fdcd`mtb y on c`hbrocd`mtb i` no mutrdfdöm i` nos pnomtos. Fbm r`sp`ftb o E.suetdnds, s` go `stuidoib no nde`rofdöm i` fbcpu`stbs fbm prbpd `ioi`s prbpd`io i`s omtdjø omtdjømadfos madfos fbcb no su suetdndmo etdndmo y btr btrbs bs omtded omtdedötdfb ötdfbss i` no jocdndo i` nos Dtur turdmos. dmos. @stos øn øntdcos tdcos sbm pbndp pbndpäptdi äptdibs bs qu` oftøom sber` no por`i f`nun f`nunor or i` nbs gbmabs. gbm abs. Bes`rvorbm vdsuondz vdsuondzofd ofdöm öm y i`jbrcofd i`jbrcofdöm öm i` nnos os gdjos ii`` U. sbnomd y [. uuntdcum ntdcum prbvbfoios pbr no jbrcofdöm i` um fbcpu`stb vbnïtdn fbm prbpd`ioi`s jumadfdios. @n `j`ftb omtoaömdfb i` nos eoft`rdos odsnoios pu`i` `vonuors` usomib vordbs cätbibs, fbcb nbs i`sfrdtbs o fbmtdmuofd fbmtdmuofdöm8 öm8 47 o) Abt`b i` nbs nbs odsnocd`mtbs. odsnocd `mtbs. V V`` fbnbfom 0 b : abtos onr`i`ibr i`n ebri` i` umo foho i` [`trd, no fuon s` i`ho `m dmfueofdöm iuromt` ibs iãos o ?0 »F. »F. Pm ids idsfb fb i`n ggbmab bmab ``vonu vonuoib, oib, i` uumo mo s`como i` i ` fr`fdcd`mtb, fr`fd cd`mtb, s` fbnbfo `m `n f`mtrb i` no foho y s` cdi` `n gonb i` dmgdedfdöm. e) I`pbsdtor umo abto i`n funtdvb eoft`rdomb `m umo foho i` [`trd o umo idstomfdo i` ?; fc i`n cdf`ndb i`n gbmab fr`fd`mib fr`fd `mib oftdvoc`mt` `m [IO. V` dmfueo ppbr br sd`t` iã iãos os y i`sp i`spuäs uäs s` `xocdmo no zzbmo bmo i` dmgdedfdöm. dmgdedfd öm. f) Nos f`p f`pos os i` Eofd Eofdnnu nnuss s` funtdv funtdvom om `m um jrosfb i` 0; 0;;; cn iuromt` iuromt` sd` sd`t` t` ?5
iãos iãos `m ?;;-5;; cn i` fonib i` po popo, po, `n fuon s` oadto fbmstomt`< no sbnu sbnufdö fdömm i`e` comt`m`rs` `m no bsfurdioi. I`spuäs s` oar`aom : a i` oaor, s` nn`vo o no outbfnov` o ?5? » F pbr 5; cd cdmm y s` prbf`i` o v`rt`r ``mm fohos i` [` [`trd. trd. Pm Pmoo v`z qu` `n c`idb s` go sbndidjdfoib s` fbnbfom `m nos fohos i` [`trd idsfbs i` ;,1 fc i` idïc`trb fbmt`md`mib `n ggbmab bmab o `vonu `vonuor. or. No `vonu `vonuofd ofdöm öm ss`` eoso `m `n pbrf`mtoh` i` dmgded dmgdedfdö fdömm i`n gbmab. gbmab. i) Nos fbnbmdos ii`` eoft`rdos omtoabmdstos s` sd`cerom utdndzomib utdndzomib um umoo oauho poro `st` prbpösdtb, i`homib fuotrb fbnbmdos pbr foho i` [`trd. V` dmfueom o 57»F iuromt` ibs iãos. @stos s` cotom fbm vopbr`s i` fnbrbjbrcb y s` r`tdro `n fr`fdcd`mtb. I`spuäs s` gof` no sd`cero i`n gbmab `vonuoib, pr`j`rden`c`mt` yo `spbrunoib, utdndzomib umo oauho poro `st` prbpösdtb. (J`rmïmi`z & Norr`o , 5;;?). ?.9. ?.9.6 6 Uomab i` gbs p`iomt`s i` nbs potöa `mbs.
Nos `strot`ados poro `n com`hb i` `mj`rc`ioi`s i` pnomtos, i`si` `n usb i` vord`ioi`s r`sdst`mt`s gosto no rbtofdöm i` funtdvbs, no `ndcdmofdöm i` r`s`rvbrdbs, no pnomdjdfofdöm pnomdjdfofd öm i`n pods podsoh`, oh`, no vdad vdadnomfdo, nomfdo, nnoo fuor`mt`mo, `n cbi`noib i` rrd`s d`sabs abs y no omtdfdpofdöm omtdfdpof döm i` `c`ra`mfdos i` `mj `mj`rc`ioi`s, `rc`ioi`s, s` eosom `m `n fbmbfdcd`mt fbmbfdcd`mtbb i`n rom romab ab i` gbsp`iomt gbsp`io mt`s `s i` potöa`mbs. potöa` mbs. Vdm `ceorab, `n fbmbfdcd`mtb fbmbfdcd `mtb i` no cun cuntdtui tdtui i` joftbr`s qu` dmjnu dmjnuy`m y`m `m `n r`suntoib r`suntoib i` nos nos dmt`roffdb dmt`roffdbm`s m`s pnomto-cdfrbb pnomto-cdfrbbraomdscb, raomdscb, no idmïcdfo `spo fdonn y tt`cpbron `spofdo `cpbron i` `stbs joftbr`s joftbr`s y no idv`rsdioi i` fuon fuonqud`r qud`r potöa`mb potöa` mb i`t`rcdmoib gof` qu` s`o foio v`z cïs idjãfdn i`jdmdr r`anos sdcpn`s y i` usb a`m`ron poro fdrfumsfrdedr fdrfumsfrded r on gbsp`io gbsp`iomt mt`` y romab i` uumm potöa` potöa`mb. mb. (Vdst`co (Vd st`co DDmt`aron mt`aron i` Fbcumdfofdbm., 5;5;).
?6
Nbs gbmabs qu` otofom `n jbnnoh` su`n`m t`m`r um `str`fgb romab i` gbsp`i`rbs, a`m`ronc`mt`` fbcpr`midi a`m`ronc`mt fbcpr`midibb i`mtr i`mtrbb i` um umoo sbno jocdndo ebtïmdfo i` pnomtos< cd`mt cd` mtros ros qu` nbs qu` otofom roãf`s b jrutbs su`n`m t`m`r ocpndb romab i` gbsp`i`rbs. Osã, `n tdzöm toriãb toriãb i` tbcot` b popo ([gytbpgtg ([gytbpgtgbro bro dmj`stoms) `s `sp`fãj `sp `fãjdfb dfb i` nos sbnomïf`o sbnomïf`oss y mb oj`fto fuføredtos (c`nöm, somião b p`pdmb), frufãj`ros (r`pbnnb, eröfbnd, fbndjnbr, `tf.), md btros gbhos gbhos omfgos u ggbhos bhos omabstos (coã (coãz, z, sbrab b foÿo i` ozø ozøfor) for) funt funtdvoios dvoios.. [br `n fbmtrordb, fbmtrordb, nbs gbmabs qu` otofom roã roãf`s, f`s, fbcb Jusorduc, [ytg [ytgduc, duc, y Ugdzbftbmdo, su`n`m otofor um ocpndb romab i` gbsp`i`rbs8 fuføredtos, sbnomïf`os, frufãj`ros frufã j`ros y fbcpu`stos, nbs gbsp`i gbsp`i`rbs `rbs `stïm fbcpr`midibs i` i`mtr mtrbb i` arupbs `sp`fãjdfbs i` pnomtos (gbhos omfgos `m `st` fosb). (Vomdio Z`a`ton). ?.9. ?.9.9 9 @stoib i ` i`sorrbnnb i` umo `mj`rc`ioi .
Nos `mj`rc`ioi` `mj`rc`ioi`ss ``mm nos nos pnomtos fb fbcøm cømc`mt` c`mt` fbcd` fbcd`mz mzom om o uumm mdv`n eohb e ohb (u (umm møc`rb møc`rb p`qu`ÿb i` pnomtos oj`ftoios y umo fomtdioi p`qu`ÿo i`n t`hdib v`a`ton oj`ftoib) y nn`aom o s`r i` dmt`räs poro mbsbtrbs sbnoc`mt` fuomib su dmfdi`mfdo y s`v`rdioi ouc`mto fbm `n td`cpb. Fuomib cdrocbs `m no ndt`roturo onaumbs `h`cpnbs i` `pdi`cdos i` `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nos pnomtos, mb sbnoc`mt` mbtocbs qu` no dmfdi`mfdo y no s`v`rdioi fbcd`mz fbcd `mzom om f`rfo ii`` f`rb y nnu`ab u`ab oouc`m uc`mtom tom irocïtdfoc` i rocïtdfoc`mt mt`, `, sdmb tocedä tocedämm pbi`cbs idsf`rmdr onaumbs cbi`nbs idstdmtbs i` i`sorrbnnb fbm td`cpb. [br `h`cpnb, `m `n oÿuenb oÿuenb ii`` pnïmtu pnïmtunos nos i` fgdn` fousoi fousoibb pbr [gy [gytbpgtg tbpgtgbro bro fops fopsdfd dfd y nnoo puirdfdöm i` arombs i` coãz coãz ffousoio ousoio pb pbrr Jusorduc cbmdndjbrc` (of (oftuon tuonc`mt` c`mt` J. v`rt v`rtdfd dfdnnbdi`s) nnbdi`s) `n prbar`sb i` no `mj`rc`ioi `s oprbxdcoioc`mt` ndm`on (fbmf`id`mib onaumos i`svdofdbm`s c`mbr`s c`mbr`s qu` pbi`cbs fbmsdi`ror `n `rrbr on`otbrdb). @n dcpoftb i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s y nos päridios qu` bfosdbmom sbm jumfdbm`s i`n prbar`sb i` `mj`rc`ioi. [oro r`iufdr `st` dcpoftb, mb t`m`cbs qu` `ndcdmor no `mj`rc`ioi< sönb t`m`cbs qu` comt`m`r `n i`sorrbnnb i` `mj`rc`ioi i`eohb i` onaøm mdv`n of`ptoen`. [br nb tomtb, t`m`cbs qu` `mt`mi`r `m tärcdmbs fuomtdtotdvbs `n prbar`sb i` `mj`rc`ioi y nbs joftbr`s qu` nb dmjnu dmjnu`mfdom. `mfdom. Yocedäm t`m`cbs qu` soe`r quä tdpbs i` `mj`rc`ioi`s prbiuf`m jdtb`pdi`cdos ndm`on`s y quä joftbr`s oj`ftom no dmfndmofdöm i` no nãm`o (no toso i`n prbar`sb i` `mj`rc`ioi). Osdcdscb, t`m`cbs qu` soe`r quä tdpbs i` `mj`rc`ioi`s td`mi`m o prbiufdr prbar`sb `xpbm`mfdon y föcb ?9
pbi`cbs r`iufdr `n mdv`n dmdfdon i` `mj`rc`ioi y no toso i` i`sorrbnnb i` no `pdi`cdo. Jdmonc`mt`, t`m`cbs qu` soe`r pbr quä nos `pdi`cdos o v`f`s s` `stoedndzom y quä dcpbm` nãcdt`s o su i`sorrbnnb. @topos8 `n fdfnb i` no `mj`rc`ioi.
No fbcpr`msdöm i` nbs fdfnbs i` potbaäm`sds `s i` fopdton dcpbrtomfdo poro pbi`r ids`ÿor `strot`ados rofdbmon`s `m `n fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s. @n fdfnb a`märdfb i` potbaäm`sds `stï fbmstdtudib pbr ibs suefdfnbs (prdcordb y s`fumiordb) y fuotrb `topos jumioc`mton jumioc`mton`s8 `s8 sup`rvdv sup`rvdv`mfdo, `mfdo, cun cuntdpnd tdpndfofd fofdöm, öm, idsp idsp`rsdö `rsdömm ` dmj`ffdö dmj`ffdöm. m. Oumqu` Oumqu` s` fbmsdi`ro fbcb fdfnb a`märdfb `n r`pr`s`mtoib `m no jdauro dmj`rdbr, `xdst` um `n`voib møc`rb i` fdfnbs idj`r`mt`s y fbm idstdmtos fbcpn`hdioi`s. [br nb tomtb `m `n fdfnb vdton i`n potöa`mb s` ont`rmom umo jos` dmt`roftdvo fbm no pnomto y btro i` sup`rvdv`mfdo dcpu`sto pbr no ous`mfdo i`n guäsp`i b pbr nos fbmidfdbm`s oced`mton`s. @m `n fosb i` nbs gbmabs, no r`prbiuffdöm s`xuon su`n` `stor osbfdoio fbm fbmidfdbm`s oced`mton`s oiv`rsos, ton`s fbcb t`cp`roturos i`sjovbroen`s b oabtocd`mtb i`n oauo b mutrd`mt`s. mutrd`mt`s. Fuomib nos fbmidfdb fbmidfdbm`s m`s oced`mton`s sbm jovbroen`s jovbroen`s y `xdst` ` xdst` idspbmded ids pbmdedndioi ndioi i` mmut utrd`mt`s rd`mt`s `m oeum oeumiomfdo iomfdo,, nbs fdfnbs qu` su`n`m pr`ibcd pr`ibcdmor mor sbm nbs s`fumiordbs fbm su prbiuffdöm i` `spbros os`xu s`fumiordbs os`xuon`s. on`s. @stbs fdfnb fdfnbss s`fu s`fumiordbs miordbs su`n`m s`r nbs r`spbmsoen`s r`spbmsoen`s i` no coybr port` i` nbs ioÿbs `fbmöcdfbs. @n fdfnb prdcordb s` dmdfdo i`spuäs i` um p`rdbib i` dmoftdvdioi (ibrcomfdo) i`n potöa`mb o portdr i`n dmöfunb (umdioi dmj`ftdvo) prbiufdib pbr nbs prbpïaunbs b `strufturos i` sup`rvdv`mfdo (dmöfunb prdcordb). Nbs fdfnbs s`fumiordbs s` dmdfdom iuromt` no `topo i` oftdvdioi i`n guäsp`i y i`n potöa`mb, o portdr i`n dmöfunb prbiufdib tros no cuntdpndfofdöm i`n potöa`mb `m nos dmj`ffdbm`s prdcordos (dmöfunb s`fumiordb). @n møc`rb i` fdfnbs s`fumiordbs, qu` i`t`rcdmo no idmïcdfo i` no `mj`rc`ioi, i`p`mi` i` no `strot`ado y fopofdio i r`prbiu fopofdioi r`prbiuftdv ftdvoo i`n potöa`mb, i` no pb pbenofdöm enofdöm i`n gguäsp`i uäsp`i y i` no jovbroedndioi i`n oced`mt`. Nbs oa`mt`s jdtbpotöa`mbs s` fnosdjdfom `m ibs fot`abrãos prdmfdpon`s, `m r`nofdöm fbm nbs fdfnbs i` potbaäm`sds qu` brdadmom8 cbmbfãfndfbs y pbndfãfndfbs. Nbs potöa`mbs cbmbfãfndfbs td`m`m um cïxdcb i` um fdfnb (prdcordb) pbr `stofdöm i` fr`fdcd`mtb i` no pnomto, cd`mtros qu` nbs potöa`mbs pbndfãfndfbs td`m`m cïs i` umo a`m`rofdöm pbr `stofdöm, puid`mib nn`aor o t`m`r cufgos a`m`rofdbm`s pbr oÿb, fbm ?0
sbnopocd`mtbs `mtr` `nnos. No arom coybrão i` nbs gbmabs jdtbpotöa`mbs i` su`nb sbm cbmbfãfndfbs. Vdm `ceorab mb tbibs nbs potöa`mbs cbmbfãfndfbs sbm i` su`nb, yo qu` s` fbmsdi`rom cbmbfãfndfbs muc`rbsbs forebm`s y onaumos (pbfos) `sp`fd`s i` rbyo. Dmbfunofdöm. Dmbfunofdöm 8 prbf`sb pbr `n fuon fuon `n potöa`mb
`mtr `mtroo ``mm fbmtoftb fbm `n gu guäsp` äsp`ii dmöfunb
fuonqud`r fuonqu d`r port` i`n potöa`mb potöa `mb qu` iorï brda` brda`mm o btrb. DDmöfun möfunbb ?¸ prd prdc`r c`r sãmt sãmtbco bco i` no `mj`rc`ioi. Dmöfunb s`fumiordb 5¸ dmj`ffdöm `mtr` nos pnomtos r`suntoib i`n dmöfunb prdcordb prbiuf` no `xpomsdöm i` no `mj`rc`ioi. [`m`trofdöm8
`m jbrco idr`fto (opr`sbrdb goustbrdb) o troväs i` oe`rturos moturon`s
n`mtdf`nos, `stbcos, m`ftordbs. [br g`rdios moturon`s c`idb oced`mt`, pbr `n gbcer` m`cotbibs. Id Idr`ftoc`mt`8 r`ftoc`mt`8 `stru `struftur fturoo qu` s` nnoco opr`sbrdb. opr`sbrd b. Dmidr`ftoc`mt`8 `stbcos. Dmj`ffdöm ` dmvosdöm i`n potöa`mb8
Dmj`ffdöm8 prbf`s prbf`sbb c`id c`idomt` omt` `n fuon fuon nbs potöa`mbs `mt `mtrom rom `m fbmt fbmtoftb oftb fbm nos fän fänun unos os b t`hdibs i`n guäsp`i nos dmj`ffdbm`s iom brda`m fbcb r`suntoibs o nbs sãmtbcos (conjbrcofdbm`s, zbmos m`frötdfos, fnbrbsds) Dmvosd mvosdöm8 öm8 s` r`jd`r` on i`so i`sorrbnn rrbnnbb i`n i` n potöa` potöa`mb mb i`mtrb i`n gguäsp`i uäsp`i (fbnbmdzofdöm) cdf`ndb suefutdfunor suefutdfunor (fut (futããfuno y `pdi`rcds `pdi`rcds)< )< cdf`ndb sber` no su sup`rjdfd p`rjdfd`` fbm opr`sb opr`sbrdbs rdbs y goustbrdbs< cdf`ndb dmtrof`nunor< toso r`prbiuffdöm. I`sdcdmofdöm i`n potöa`mb. Id Ids`cdmofd s`cdmofdöm8 öm8 s` r`jd`r` on cbvdcd`mtb i` uumo mo pnomto o btro pnomto, i` i ` um focpb o btrb i` um poãs o btrb. @mj`rc`ioi fuor`mt`mordo. [br vd`mtb vd`mtb
Oauo
Dms`ftbs, qu` oftøom fbcb v`ftbr`s, omdcon`s coybr`s
?:
V`cdnnos dmj`ft dmj`ftoios oios
Gde`rmofdöm y ` `stdvofdöm stdvofdöm i`n potöa`mb . Gde`rmofdöm /`stdvofdöm8 pnomtos
p`r`mm`s< pnomtos omuon`s Vber`vdv`m i` umo
t`cpbroio t`cpbr oio o btro fbcb8 Cdf`ndb.
@spbros `m t`hdibs (`spbros r`sdst`mt`s) r`sdst`mt`s) Vopröjdtbs V` i`spnozom i`spnozom o btros zbmos zbmos oi`fuoios o i`fuoios `s `n fosb i` nbs vdrus vdrus eoft`rdos porïsdtbs bendaoibs mb pu`i`m vdvdr vdvdr sd`mib guäsp`i. guäsp`i. [otöa`mbs cbmbfãfndfbs8 cbmbfãfndfbs8 ? fdfnb fd fnb i` vdio vdio [otöa`mbs pbndfãfndfbs8 cïs i` um fdfnb i` vdio on oÿb. (JDYB[OYBNBADO A@M@UON, 5;??).
?.9. ?.9.0 0 Dmj`ffdöm y ioÿb `m nos pnomtos. pnomt os.
No sonui i` nos pnomtos r`sunto oc`mozoio pbr `mj`rc`ioi`s, dms`ftbs, con`zos, omdcon`s, focedbs foced bs oced` oced`mt mton`s on`s b pbr `n comt`m comt`mdcd` dcd`mt mtbb
dmoi`f dmoi`fuoib. uoib.
Nos
`mj`rc`ioi`s y nbs dms`ftbs su`n`m oj`ftor o nos pnomtos oumqu` nos fbmidfdbm`s i` fr`fdcd`mtb y comt`mdcd`mtb s`om eu`mos. Yomtb nos `mj`rc`ioi`s fbcb nbs dms`ftbs fousom ioÿbs sdcdnor`s, p`rb i` cbib idj`r`mt`. @n ioÿb fousoib pbr ocebs pu`i` r`suntor `m gbhos y jrutbs i`jbrcoibs, comfgoibs b pbirdibs. Ocebs pu`i`m fousor no foãio b no i`fbnbrofdöm i` nos gbhos. Vd nos pnomtos s` bes`rvom fbm ot`mfdöm `s pbsden` idstdmaudr idstdmaudr `n ioÿb fousoib pbr nos `mj `mj`rc`ioi`s `rc`ioi`s i`n fousoib fousoib pbr nbs dms`ftbs. Nbs gbmabs, nos eoft`rdos, nbs vdrus y nbs m`cotbibs fousom no coybrão i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s qu` oj`ftom o nos gbrtondzos. @stbs braomdscbs s` prbpoaom pbr c`idb i`n vd`mtb, vd`mtb, `n sonpd sonpdfoib foib ii`` oauo i` nnnu nuvdo, vdo, nbs dms`ftbs, nos s`cdnnos b nos pnom pnomtos tos trospnomtoios dmj`ftoios y pbr `n cbvdcd`mtb i` no td`rro dmj`ftoio. Cufgos `mj`rc`ioi`s eoft`rdomos y jumabsos fousom no i`fbnbrofdöm i` nos gbhos. [ort` i` no gbho s` tbrmo ocordnno, ards, corröm b m`aro. No dmj`ffdöm pu`i` comdj`stors` `m umo comfgo p`qu`ÿo y i`fbnbroio b pu`i` `xpomidrs` y ioÿor pbr fbcpn`tb umo zbmo aromi` y i` jbrco drr`aunor i` no no pnomto. @ @stos stos dmj`ffdbm`s su`n`m i`hor uumm cora`m b gonb ocordnn`mtb, v`ribsb, corröm b m`arb onr`i`ibr i` no zbmo `mj`rco. [bir`iuce r` i` roãz. roãz.
No pbir`iucer` i` roãz b jusordbsds `s fousoio pbr um gbmab
i`n su`nb qu` otofo o nos nos s`cdnnos s` cdnnos `m `stoib i` a`rcdmofdö a`rcdmofdömm y o nos nos pnïmtun pnïmtunos. os. Nos pnomtdtos fbnopsom y s` cu`r`m fuomib no `mj`rc`ioi nos otofo o mdv`n i`n su`nb. Pmo ?1
com`ro i` `vdtor `vdtor no pbi pbir`iucer` r`iucer` i` roã roãzz `s s`ceror `m nu nuaor`s aor`s fïndi fïndibs, bs, sbn`oibs sbn` oibs y fbm eu`m ir`moh` y troeohor `n su`nb fbrr`ftoc`mt` (prbjumidioi, `spofdoib, rd`ab y j`rtdndzofdöm oi`fuoibs). No coybrão i` nos s`cdnnos i` gbrtondzos qu` `stïm o no v`mto yo `stïm trotoios fbmtro no jusordbsds. U`sunto e`m`jdfdbsb punv`rdzor fbm um jumadfdio nos pnïmtunos fuomib fbcd`mzom o fr`f`r. @mj`rc`ioi`s jumabsos i` nos pnomtos cïs vd`hos8
@xdst`m vordbs tdpbs i`
comfgos y tdzbm`s i` gbhos y tonnbs. Nbs jumadfdios pr`vd`m`m `n tdzöm fbcøm i` no zomogbrdo, `n p`pdmb, no popo drnomi`so, `n c`nöm, no fonoeozo, `n pdcd`mtb, `n tbcot` y no e`r`mh`mo. [oro fbmtrbnor `stos `mj`rc`ioi`s, `ndho um jumadfdio r`fbc`mioib y fuero tbio no sup`rjdfd` i` nos pnomtos. Onaumos `mj`rc`ioi`s fbcb no jusordbsds y no v`rtdfdnbsds pu`i`m fbmtrbnors` c`hbr pnomtomib vord`ioi`s r`sdst`mt`s. @mj`rc`ioi`s @mj`rc` ioi`s vdrösdfos8
Fuomib um vdru vdruss ootofo tofo um umoo pnomto `sto s` otr otrbjdo bjdo y nos gbhos
s` comfgom comfgom y s` i`jbrcom. NNbs bs vdru vdruss s` prbpoa prbpoaom om i` nos nos con`zos y i` nos pnomtos `mj`rcos o nos pnomtos somos fuomib nbs dms`ftbs s` ondc`mtom (prdmfdponc`mt` nbs ïjdibs, nos fdaorros i` no gbho, nbs trdps y onaumbs `sforoeohbs). Vönb umbs pbfbs vdrus s` prbpoaom prbpoa om pbr fun funtdvb, tdvb, pbio b fbs`fgo. Mb goy qu qu`` i`cbrors` i` cbrors` ``mm sofor i` no gu gu`rto `rto tbio pnomto dmj`stoio. @mj`rc` @mj` rc`ioi` ioi`s s prbiufdios pbr m`co m`cotbibs tbibs 8
Nbs m`cotbibs m`cotbibs sbm ausom ausombs bs p`qu`ÿbs p`qu`ÿbs
trospor`mt`s qu` vdv`m `m `n su`nb y s` ondc`mtom i` nos roãf`s i` nos pnomtos. @n ioÿb qu` prbiuf`m s` comdjd`sto `m pnomtos ocordnn`mtos, ofgoporroios y iäedn`s. @n m`cotbib i` oaonno i` rroãz oãz p`rjbro no roã roãzz ii`` no pnomto y prbiuf` `m `stos formbsd formbsdioi` ioi`ss b tucbr`s p`qu`ÿbs. @stos oaonnos mb i`e`m fbmjumidrs` fbm nbs möiunbs eoft`rdombs e`mäjdfbs cïs aromi`s qu` s` p`aom o nos roãf`s i` nos orv`hos y nos goeos. Nos pnomtos fr`f`m cïs i`spofdb b s` corfgdtom `m iãos fonurbsbs fuomib `stïm oj`ftoios pbr nos oaonnos i` roãz. roãz. Vd `mfu`mtro `mfu`mtro m`cotbibs i` oa oaonno onno i` roã roãzz ffoced` oced` no gu`rt gu`rtoo i` nuaor nuaor b jucdau` jucdau` no zzbmo bmo fbm um jjucdaomt` ucdaomt` i` su`nb. Vdao V dao ot`m ot`mtoc`mt` toc`mt` nos dmstr dmstruffdbm` uffdbm`ss i`n `mvos`. `mvos`. (Fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc `mj`rc`ioi `ioi`s `s - @n austb i` no no gbrt gbrtdfuntu dfunturo ro - @x @xt`msdöm t`msdöm i` no Pmdv`rsdio Pm dv`rsdioii i` Dnndm nndmbds bds,, 5;5; 5;5;). ).
?7
?. ?.9. 9.: : @j`ftb i` nbs p otöa`mbs `m nos jum fdbm`s i ` nos pnomtos. @j`ftb @j` ftb i` nbs potöa`mbs sber` no jbtbs ãmt`sds.
@n prbf`sbs i` no pnomto p`rcdt` trosjbrcor no `m`raão nucdmbso `m `m`raão quãcdfo qu` `s utdndzoio utdndzoio dmt`rm dmt`rmoc`mt` oc`mt` `m nos pnomtos poro nos oftd oftdvdioi` vdioi`ss f`nun f`nunor`s or`s i` nnoo cdsco, fuomib um potöa`mb otofo o no pnomto `s `vdi`mt` `m fuonqud`r ont`rofdöm qu` `stï pr`s`mt` pu`stb p u`stb qu qu`` no jbtbsãm jbtbsãmt`sds t`sds a`m`ro no `m `m`raão `raão pporo oro `n ju jumfd mfdbmocd`mtb bmocd`mtb i` nnoo pnomto. Fuomib bes`rvocbs b es`rvocbs umo pnomto qu` s` `mfu `mfu`mtr `mtroo `m eu`m `stoib y on posb i`n i` n td`cpb no pnomto `cpd`zo o cbstror comfgos fnbrãtdfos, n`sdbm`s m`frötdfos y i`cïs ont`rofdbm`s vdsden`s o sdcpn` vdsto, pbi`cbs fbmfnudr qu` goy um otoqu` i` um oa`mt` fouson i` `mj`rc`ioi b potöa`mb. @j`ftb @j` ftb i` nbs p otöa`mbs sb er` no r`spdrofdöm i ` nno o pnomto gbs p`iomt`.
No r`spdrofdöm `s `n prbf`sb c`idomt` `n fuon nos fänunos, pbr c`idb i` no bxdiofdöm (fbceustdöm) `mzdcïtdfoc`mt` fbmtrbnoio i` nbs ïfdibs arosbs y forebgdirotbs rdfbs `m `m`raão, nde`rom `m`raão `m umo jbrco qu` pu`i` s`r utdndzoio poro no `h`fufdöm i` vordbs prbf`sbs f`nunor`s. Nos fänunos v`a`ton`s nn`vom o foeb no r`spdrofdöm eïsdfoc`mt` `m ibs `topos. No prdc`ro dcpndfo no i`aroiofdöm i` no anufbso gosto pdruvotb y s` `j`ftøo `j`ftøo (yo (yo s`o `m pr`s`mfd pr`s`mfdoo b `m ous`mfdo i` bxã bxãa`mb), a`mb), c`idomt c`ido mt`` no portdfdpofd portdfd pofdöm öm i` nos `mzdcos `mzdcos qu` s` `m `mfu`mt fu`mtrom rom `m `n fdtbpnosco fdtbp nosco i` nnos os fänunos. U`spdrofdöm i` nos pnomtos `mj`rco `mj`rcos. s.
Fuomib nos pnomtos sbm dmj`ftoios pbr nbs potöa`mbs, su toso r`spdrotbrdo pbr nb a`m`ron 59 ouc`mto. ouc`mto. @stb sdamdjdfo sd amdjdfo qu` nnbs bs t`hdibs qqu` u` sbm oj`ftoibs oj`ftoib s utdndzom utdndzom fbm coy coybr br ropdi`z ropdi `z su r`s`rvo i` forebgdirotbs qu` nbs tt`hdib `hdibss sombs. @n ou ouc`mtb c`mtb ``mm no r`spdrofdöm r`spdrof döm s` prbiuf` pbfb i`spuäs i` goe`rs` prbiufdib no dmj`ffdöm (fosd `m `n cbc`mtb `m qu` opor`f`m nbs sãmtbcos bes`rvoen`s) y fbmtdmøo ouc`mtoib iuromt` no cuntdpndfofdöm y `spbrunofdöm i`n potöa`mb. I`spuäs i` `stb, no r`spdrofdöm idscdmuy` gosto su mdv`n mbrcon ` dmfnusb gosto um mdv`n cufgb c`mbr qu` `n i` nos pnomtos somos. No r`spdrofdöm ouc`mto fbm cufgo cïs ropdi`z `m nos dmj`ffdbm`s i` nos vord`ioi`s r`sdst`mt`s, `m nos qu` r`qud`r`m y utdndzom aromi`s fomtdioi`s i` `m`raão poro oftdvor rïpdioc`mt` nbs c`fomdscbs i` i`j`mso i` nos fänunos i`n gbsp`iomt`. ?4
Vdm `ceorab, `m idfgos vord`ioi`s, no r`spdrofdöm idscdmuy` tocedäm fbm arom ropdi`z umo v`z qu` s` go nn`aoib gosto um pumtb cïxdcb. @m tomtb nos vord`ioi`s susf`ptden`s, `m nos qu` nbs c`fomdscbs i` i`j`mso mb pu`i`m oftdvors` fbm ropdi`z omt` `n otoqu` i` onaøm potöa`mb `m portdfunor, no r`spdrofdöm ouc`mto n`mtoc`mt` i`spuäs i`sp uäs i` goe`rs` prbiufdib p rbiufdib nnoo dmj`ffdöm, p`rb fbm fbmtdmø tdmøoo ouc`m ouc`mtomib tomib y s` comt comtd`m` d`m` o um ontb mdv`n iuromt` cufgb cïs td`cpb. @j`ftb @j` ftb i ` nbs p otöa`mbs sb er` no p`rc`oednd p`rc`oedndioi ioi i ` nos nos c`ceromos f`nunor`s. f`nunor`s.
Nos c`ceromos f`nunor`s fbmsdst`m `m umo iben` fopo i` cbnäfunos ndpãidfos `m nos qu` `stïm `ce`edios cufgbs tdpbs i` cbnäfunos prbt`ãmdfos, port` i` nos fuon`s sber`son`m, `m a`m`ron, o ocebs noibs i` idfgo edfopo. Nos c`ceromos jumfdbmom fbcb eorr`ros i` p`rc`oedndioi qu` p`rcdt`m no `mtroio `m no fänuno ømdfoc`mt` i` sustomfdos øtdn`s y `vdtom no sondio i` oqu`nnbs qu` n` sbm m`f`sordos. No edfopo ndpãidfo `s dcp`rc`oen` o no coybrão i` nos edbcbnäfunos. Nos p`qu`ÿos cbnäfunos gdirbsbnuen`s fbcb dbm`s (ïtbcbs fbm forao `näftrdfo b `n`ftröndtbs), ozøfor`s y ocdmbïfdibs jnuy`m jnuy`m b sbm ebce`oib ebce`oibss o ttrov roväs äs i` fomon`s `sp`fd `sp`fdon`s on`s i` c`cerom c`ceromos os fbmstdtudibs pbr prbt`ã prbt`ãmos. mos. @m nos fänu fänunos nos v`a` v`a`ton`s, ton`s, i`e i`edib dib o no pr`s`mfdo i` no por`i f`nunor, sönb cbnäfunos p`qu`ÿos nn`aom o no c`ceromo f`nunor. Vdm `ceorab, `m nos fänunos omdcon`s y `m nbs prbtbpnostbs v`a`ton`s pr`poroibs ortdjdfdonc`mt`, nos cofrbcbnäfunos b portã portãfunos funos pu`i`m nnnn`aor `aor tocedäm o nnoo c`ceromo f` f`nu nunor nor y `mtror `mtror `m no fänuno fänuno pb pbrr `mibfdtbsd `mibfdtbsds< s< `stb `s port` i` nnoo c`ceromo qu` rbi`o y jbrc jbrcoo um umoo v`sãfun v`sãfunoo `m tbrmb on cot`rdon qu` `s nn`voib y nde`roib i`mtrb i` no fänuno. No idsbnufdöm b p`rtureofdöm i` no c`ceromo f`nunor c`idomt` joftbr`s quãcdfbs b jãsdfbs ont`ro (b a`m`ronc`mt` dmfr`c`mto) su p`rc`oedndioi, y `stb tro` fbcb fbms`fu`mfdo no päridio dmfbmtrbnoen` i` sustomfdos øtdn`s, osã fbcb tocedäm no pbsdedndioi i` dmgdedr no `mtroio `m no fänuno i` sustomfdos dmi`s`oen`s b i` fomtdioi`s `xf`sdvos i` tbib tdpb i` sustomfdos. (JDYBOAUB, 5;?0). ?. ?.9. 9.1 1 C`fomds C`fomds cbs i` i`j`mso i` nos pnomtos o jdtbpotö a`mb s.
@m tärcdmbs a`m`ron`s, `xdst`m ibs c`fomdscbs fouson`s i`n ioÿb i`n potöa`mb o nos pnomtos8 ?) [br prbiuffdöm i` tbxdmos potbaämdfos. 5) [br sustroffdöm i` sustomfdos dmidsp`msoen`s on potöa`mb, i`n guäsp`i. Nbs v`a`ton`s s` i`jd`mi`m i` nbs potöa`mbs 5;
`h`rfd`mib c`fomdscbs jãsdfbs y quãcdfbs qu` gom oiqudrdib iuromt` `n prbf`sb `vbnutdvb `vbnu tdvb y qu` r`iuf`m no pbsd pbsdedndi edndioi oi i` dmj`ffdö dmj`ffdömm b pr`vd`m`m `n off`s o ff`sbb i` potöa potöa`mbs `mbs on gbsp`iomt`. @stbs c`fomdscbs sbm fbmsdi`roibs fbcb no i`j`mso. @m a`m`ron pbi`cbs pbi` cbs i`fdr qu` `xdst`m id idv`rsbs v`rsbs c`fomdscbs ddmv mvbnufroibs bnufroibs `m no i`j`mso i` nos pnomtos o jdtbpotöa jdtbpotöa`mbs< `mbs< sdm `ceorab `ceorab,, pbi`cbs pbi` cbs pr`aum pr`aumtorm tormbs bs of`rfo i` fuïn `s no dcpbrtomfdo i` `stbs c`fomdscbs. No r`spu`sto `s qu` no r`sdst`mfdo qu` `xgde`m nos `sp`fd`s v`a`ton`s, s` otrdeuy` o umb b cïs i` `stbs. @m nos `sp`fd`s susf`ptden`s ton`s c`fomdscbs pu`i`m mb pr`s`mtors` bfosdbmomib i` `sto jbrco um i`sorrbnnb opr`fdoen` i`n potöa`mb `m `n gbsp`iomt`. Nos pnomtos pu`i`m pr`s`mtor umo i`j`mso posdvo b pr`jbrcoio pr`jbrcoio (pr``xdst`mt (pr``xdst`mt`), `), sd `stï i`t`r i`t`rcdmoio cdmoio pbr prbpd prbpd`ioi`s `ioi`s yo yo `xdst`mt`s `xdst`mt`s omt`s i`n dmt`mtb i` dmj`ffdöm i`n potöa`mb< tocedäm i`mbcdmoibs joftbr`s fbmstdtutdvbs, fbmstdtut dvbs, b umo umo i`j`mso oftdvo b dmiufdio, idmïcdf idmïcdfo, o, sd r`sunto r`sunto i` `stru `struftur fturos os b sustomfdos sust omfdos prbiufdios fbcb r`spu`sto r`spu`sto o no p`m`tr p`m`trofdöm ofdöm ii`n `n potöa`mb. I`j`mso [osdvo b [r`jbrcoio [r`jbrcoi o (pr``xdst`mt`) I`mtrb i` `st` tdpb s` `mfu`mt `mfu`mtrom8 rom8 • Nos eorr`ros `strufturon`s `struftu ron`s b jã jãsdfos sdfo s i` nos pnomtos. pnomtos. • Nos eorr`ros edbquãcdfos pr`jbrcoios
(fbcpu`stbs j`möndfbs, sopbmdmos, n`tdfdmos, `tf.). Eorr`ros `strufturon`s b jãsdfos i` nos pnomtos, pnomtos, (pr`s`mfdo ii`` p`nbs, f`ro futdfunor, arbsbr i` no futã futãfuno funo y i` nnoo por`i f`nunor, fbcpbsdfdöm i` no por`i f`nunor, jbrco, tocoÿb y fbcpbrtocd`mtb i` nbs `stbcos, n`mtdf` n`mtdf`nos, nos, t`hdib dmt`rmb i` nnoo pnomto, sue`rd sue`rdjdfofd jdfofdöm) öm) @s nnoo prdc`ro nnããm`o i` i`j`mso i` nos pnomtos (guäsp`i) omt` `n otoqu` i` nbs potöa`mbs `m su sup`rjdfd`, `m no fuon `stbs øntdcbs i`e`m p`m`tror poro fousor dmj`ffdöm. ?.9. ?.9.1. 1.? ? C`fomdscbs C`fomdscb s jãsdfbs i` i`j`mso.
ibmi` nbs p`nbs anomiunor`s on fbmtoftb fbm `n v`ftbr i` vdrus nde`rom sustomfdos
• Ybpbarojã Ybpbarojão o i` no no sup`rjdfd` sup`rjdfd` v`a`ton. V` pu`i` pu`i` bes`rvor `m vord`ioi`s i` i ` popo
cufdnoadmbsos qu` nb dmcbvdndzom. dmcbvdndzom. • No fomtdi oi
y fondioi fondio i i` nnoo f`ro futdfunor. futdfunor. @s o c`muib `n prdc`r c`fomdscb i` i`j`mso i` nos pnomtos o potöa`mbs. Oftøo fbcb umo sup`rjdfd` r`p`n`mt` r`p `n`mt` on oa oauo uo y pr`vd`m` no jbrcofdöm sber` `n t`hdib i` uumo mo p`nã p`nãfuno funo i` oauo `m no fuon `n potöa`mb pu`i` a`rcdmor (gbmabs) b cuntdpndfors` (eoft`rdos). @sto s` pr`s`mto `m arom vord`ioi i` jbrcos. Fbcb F bcb `m `n fosb fos b i` Fdtru Fd truss our`mtdjbndo, our`mtdjbndo, ibmi` `n fbmt`mdib i` f`ro i` nos gbhos `stï futã r`nofdbmoio fbm no r`sdst`mfdo on otoqu` i` Anb`spbrduc Anb`spbrd uc ndc`ttdfbno. • Arbsbr i` no futãfuno funo y por`i f`nunor. @n arbsbr i` `stos 5?
pu`i` oftuor fbcb um joftbr dcpbrtomt` `m no r`sdst`mfdo o jdtbpotöa`mbs qu` p`m`trom idr`ftoc`mt` idr`ftoc`m t` o troväs troväs i` `nnos. `nnos. V V`` opr`fdo `m `mZord`ioi` Zord`ioi`ss i` orrbz r`sdst`mt`s r`sdst`mt`s on o n otoqu otoqu`` i` [drdfunordo bryzo` y G`ncdmtbspbrduc bryzo`, pbr no sdndfofdöm i` nos fänunos `pdiärcdfos. @n arbsbr i` no por`i i` `stos fänunos idjdfunto y gof` dcpbsden` no Fbcpbsdfdö m i` no por`i f`nunor. f`nunor. @n arbsbr i` no p`m`trofdöm i` `stbs gbmabs. • Fbcpbsdfdöm
futãfuno mb sd`cpr` r`jn`ho no jdrc`zo i` ästo, yyoo qu` cufgos vord`ioi`s futãfuno vord`ioi `s i` futã futãff uno aru`so sbm jïfdnc`mt` p`m`troios pbr potöa`mbs. @m `n fosb i` no dmj`ffdöm pbr [yrdfunordo bryzo` `m orrbz s` go bes`rvoib qu` fd`rtos fänunos `pdiärcdfos pr`s`mtom um coybr pbrf`mtoh` i` p`m`trofdöm y jbrcofdöm i` opr`sbrdbs. @stb s` go fbmsdi`roib i`edib o qu` mb tbios pr`s`mtom no cdsco r`sdst`mfdo o no p`m`trofdöm yo qu` onaumos pr`s`mtom su por`i f`nunor fbm p`ftdmo y f`nunbso cd`mtros qu` btros yo pr`s`mtom ndamdjdfofdöm. • @n tocoÿb, nbfondzofdöm y jbrco i` nbs `stbcos y n`mtdf`nos. Nbs `stbcos fbmstdtuy`m fbmstdtuy `m nbs sdtdbs sdtd bs i` `mtroio i` cu cufgos fgos eoft`rd eoft`rdos os y ggbmabs. bmabs. NNoo coybrã coybrãoo i` nbs potöa`mbs qu` p`m`trom pbr nbs `stbcos vdbn`mtom su `mtroio o troväs i` `stbs, oum fuomib `stïm f`rroibs. Vdm `ceorab btrbs sönb p`m`trom pbr `stbcos oed`rtbs. I` `sto com`ro onaumos vord`ioi`s sbm r`sdst`mt`s. No r`sdst`mfdo i` onaumos vord`ioi`s i` trdab o [uffdmdo arocdmds por`f` s`r i`edib on g`fgb qu` nbs `stbcos toriom cïs `m oerdr iuromt` `n ião. @stb i`edib qu` `n tueb a`rcdmotdvb i` nos ur`ibspbros a`rcdmoios `m `n rbfãb mb pbirï p`m`tror `n `stbco f`rroib. Fuomib `n `stbco oero, `n tueb a`rcdmotdvb goerï cu`rtb pbr i`s`fofdöm. Vdm `ceorab, `sto fbmidfdöm mb s` fucpn` poro [. r`fömidto ibmi` nbs `stbcos f`rroibs mb bjr`f`m mdmaumo eorr`ro. No jbrco i` nbs `stbcos fbmstdtuy fbmstdtuy`` btrb joftbr dcpbrtomt` dcpbrtomt` `m nnoo r`sdst`mfdo r`sds t`mfdo i` nos pnom pnomtos tos o jdtbpotöa`mbs, jdtbpotöa`mbs, ton `s `n fosb i` nos `sp`fd `sp`fd`s `s i` Fdtru Fdtruss o [suibcbm [suibcbmos os fdtrd. No eoft`rdo p`m`tro o no gbho o troväs i` umo p`nãfuno i` oauo qu` fbm`fto o no port` sup`rjdfdon i` no gbho fbm no port` dmt`rmo vão on pbrb `stbcoton. @m `n fosb i` Fdtrus mbednds vor. Vzdmluc no oe`rturo `stbcoton `stbco ton `s cïs `str`fgo i` ton jbrco qu` no p`nã p`nãfun funoo i` oauo fbm eoft`rdos r`cbtoc`mt` p`m`trorï o no fovdioi `stbcoton. [br btrb noib `m `n fosb i` Fdtrus aromids no oe`rturo `stbcoton `s cïs ocpndo puid`mib `mtror cïs jïfdnc`mt` no eoft`rdo. @n tocoÿb i` nbs `stbcos i`s`cp`ÿo um dcpbrtomt` pop`n `m no r`sdst`mfdo i` no r`cbnofgo o F` F`rfbspb rfbspbro ro e`tdfbno, nbs `stbcos i` nos gbhos höv`m`s höv`m`s `xgde` `xgde`mm um tocoÿb f`rfomb o no cdtoi qu` nos pr`s`mtoios pbr nos gbhos cïs vd`hos. Nos n`mtdf`nos 55
fbmstdtuy`m btro vão fbmstdtuy`m vão jr`fu`m jr`fu`mt` t` i` `mt `mtroio roio po poro ro jjdtbpo dtbpotöa`mbs. töa`mbs. No `struftur `strufturoo dmt`rm dmt`rmoo y `n idïc`trb i` `stos `strufturos sbm joftbr`s dcpbrtomt`s fbmtro no `mj`rc`ioi. @m `n fosb i` Vtr`ptbcyf`s Vtr`ptbcyf`s sfoed`s o idj`r`mfdo i` nos n`m n`mtdf`nos tdf`nos sue`r sue`rdzoios, dzoios, i` sue`rdzoios o jbrco fuoiroios, y cïs `cpoqu`toib y coiuro< nos n`mtdf`nos höv`m`s nda`roc`mt` sue`rdzoios y orr`anoios su`ntoc`mt`, r`ibmi`oios prbpbrfdbmom umo vão cïs jïfdn i` off`sb on potöa`mb. Vd ofosb bfurr` bfurr` p`m`trofdöm, `xdst` um `stãcun `stãcunbb `m no idvdsdöm i` nos 97 Y@COV | coyb - oabstb 5;;: fänunos c`rdst`cïtdfbs, jbrcor umo fopo i` fbrfgb y oãsnom oãsnom no dmj dmj`ffd `ffdöm. öm. Vdm `ceorab ``stb stb mb mb td`m` äxdtb i` i`edi edibb o qu` `n potöa`mb dmgde` no sue`rdjdfofdöm i`n fbrfgb y no coso i` fänunos mb sue`rdjdfoios prbiufdios `m r`spu`sto o no dmj`ffdöm iorï no n`sdöm (rbÿbso) `m `n tueärfunb. Btrb `h`cpnb nb fbmstdtuy` [s`uibcbmos popunbsuc, fousomt` i` no comfgo eoft`rdomo i` no comzom comzomo, o, no fuon mb pu`i` p`m`tror nos p`qu`ÿos n`mtdf`nos i` nnos os vord`ioi vord`ioi`s `s i` comzomb r`sdst`mt`s. • Eorr`ros dmt`rdbr`s (Y`hdib dmt`rmb i` no pnomto) o) No `strufturo i` nos nos por`i por`i`s `s f`nunor`s. ee)) No pr`s`mfdo `m no pnomto i` t`hdib t`hdibss prbt`adibs prbt`ad ibs pbr por`i`s f`nunor`s aru`sos qu` bestofundzom `n ovomf` i`n potöa`mb.
?.9.1.5 C`fomdscbs edbquãcdfbs i` i`j`mso. • Eorr`ros edbquã ed bquãcdfos cdfos (pr``xdst`mt (pr``xdst`mt`s) `s) b pr`jbrcoios) Nbs joftbr`s fbmstdtut fbmstdtutdvb dvb s
pu`i`m s`r i` motu moturon`zo ron`zo quã quãcdfo, cdfo, ` dmfnu dmfnuy`m y`m nbs fbcpu`stbs pr`jbrcoib pr`jbrcoibss (j`möndfbs (j`möndfbs , sopbmdmos, n`ftdfdmos, `tf.)qu` sbm nde`roibs i` no fänuno v`a`ton iuromt` nbs prbf`sbs i` dmvosd dmvosdöm öm pbr `n potöa`mb potöa` mb y qu` qu` bfurr` pbr idj`r`mt`s vãos8 vãos8 • Dmg Dmgded dedibr`s ibr`s `xuioib `xuioibs s
pbr no pnomto . Onaum Onaumos os pnomtos `xfr`tom, oi`cïs i` nbs nbs `xu `xuioib ioibss mbrcon`s (ozø (ozøfor`s for`s,, ocdmbïfdibs, ïfdibs braïmdfbs, braïmdfbs, onfonbdi`s ` db dbm`s m`s dm dmbraïmdfbs), braïmdfbs), btrbs fbcpu`stbs fbcpu`stbs qu` td`m`m umo offdöm i`pr`sdvo jr`mt` o fd`rtbs braomdscbs potöa`mbs. Yon `s `n fosb i`n fbcpu`stb j`möndfb fot`fbn y `n ïfdib prbtbfot`fudfb pr`s`mt`s `m nos fänunos i` nos fued`rtos `xt`rdbr`s i` nos f`ebnnos fbnbr`oios (rbhos) y qu` sbm jumab töxdfbs, nos gof`m cïs r`sdst`mt`s y nos prbt`a`m fbmtro Fbnn`tbtrdfguc fdrfdmoms. Osã fbcb nos sopbmdmos, tbcotdmo y ov`mdmo, fbmt`mdios `m tbcot` y ov`mo r`sp`ftdvoc`mt`. Ont`rmotdvoc`mt`, Ont`rmot dvoc`mt`, no cbnäfu cbnäfunos nos pr`jbrcoi pr`jbrcoios os pu`i`m s`r mb töxdfos, töxdfo s, p`rb iom nuaor nuaor o no nde`rofdöm i`n fbcpbm`mt` töxdfb i`n pr`fursbr on s`r ioÿoib `n t`hdib v`a`ton 56
iuromt` nbs prbf`sbs i` dmj`ffdöm (Nde`rofdöm i` tundpösdibspr`s`mt`s `m nbs eunebs i` tundpïm, i` ïfdib fdomgãirdfb i` fbcpu`stbs fdomöa`mdfbs fbmt`mdibs `m sbrab y ndmb b i` dsbfdomotb o portdr i` no gdiröndsds i`anufbsdmbnotb pr`s`mt`s `m nos erosdfos). • @xuioibs roidfunor`s. Vbm r`spbmsoen`s i` no r`sdst`mfdo i` onaumos pnomtos fbmtro fd`rtos `mj`rc`ioi`s< osã nos vord`ioi`s i` ndmb r`sdst`mt`s o Jusorduc `xuiom anufösdibs qu` i`spuäs i` i`aroiors` brdadmom GFM, qu` `s `xtr`coioc`mt` v`m`mbsb v`m `mbsb poro cufgbs cufgbs braomdscbs. bra omdscbs. • Dmgded mgdedibr`s ibr`s pr`s`mt pr`s` mt`s `s `m nos nos fänunos. fänunos. [bfbs [bf bs sbm
nbs fosbs `m qu` s` gom `mfbmtroib ` di`mtdjdfoib `stos sustomfdos. V` fbmbf` qu` `m nbs tu tueärfunbs eärfunbs i` popo, `n fbcpu`stb j`möndfb ïfd ïfdib ib fn fnbrbaämdfb brbaämdfb,, `s ` s uumm fbcpu`stb j`möndfb, töxdfb o Vtr`ptbcyf`s Vtr`ptbcyf`s sfoe sfoed`s d`s.. @st` ïfd ïfdib ib s` `mfu`m `mfu`mtro tro `m onto fbmf`mtrofdöm fbmf`mtrofdö m `m nbs t`hdibs qu` `n porïsdtb dmj`fto, `s i`fdr, nos n`mtdf`nos y nos fopos `xt`rdbr`s i`n tueärfunb. tueärfunb. @n ontb fbmt`mdib i` idfgb ïfdib ïfd ib ttocedä ocedämm s` fr`` s`o no ju ju`mt` `mt` ii`` r`sdst`mfdo o Z`rtdfdnnduc, `m no cdsco pnomto, yo qu` nos vord`ioi`s r`sdst`mt`s td`m`m um ontb fbmt`mdib i`n ïfdib `m nos roãf`s. V` go bes`rvoib qu` `m nos roãf`s i` nos pnomtos susf`ptden`s höv`m`s `xdst` umo onto fbmf`mtrofdöm i` `st` ïfdib y qu` mb sbm otofoibs otofoi bs `m `sto `topo `topo.. @m cufg cufgbs bs fosbs s` ggoo sua`rdib btros sustomfdos sustomfdos fbcb r`spbmsoen`s i` no r`sdst`mfdo, `mtr` `nnos vordbs j`mbn`s, onfonbdi`s, `tf. V` go i`cbstroib qu` um møc`rb r`notdvb i` sustomfdos töxdfos, prdmfdponc`mt` j`mbn`s, sbm r`spbmsoen`s i` no r`sdst`mfdo i` no coi`ro o no puirdfdöm pbr cdfrbbraomdscbs. Vdm `ceorab, `xdst`m rozbm`s poro supbm`r qu` no offdöm i` tbios `stos sustomfdos mb `s no ømdfo ømdfo fouso i` r`sdst`mfdo, sd sdmb mb qu qu`` fbmtrdeuy fbmtrdeuy`m `m o `nno humt humtbb fbm btrbs c`fomdscbs c`fo mdscbs mutrd`mt rd`mt`s `s `s`mfdon`s poro `n porïsdtb8 @stb s` io oøm i`sfbmbfdibs. • I`jdfd`mfdo `m mut
fbm jr`fu`mfdo jr`fu`mfdo `m `n fosb i` nbs po porïsdtbs rïsdtbs bendaoi bendaoibs, bs, `m qu` nos `sp`fd`s b vor vord`ioi`s d`ioi`s i` pnomtos pu`i`m s`r r`sdst`mt`s pbrqu` no fbcpbsdfdöm quãcdfo i`n prbtbpnosco i` sus fänunos fänunos mb fucpndc`mto nos m`f`s m`f`sdio dioi`s i`s mu mutrdfdb trdfdbmon`s mon`s i`n porïsdtb. @m `n fosb i` nbs porïsdtbs porïsd tbs jofuntotdvbs jofuntotdvbs s` fbmbf` i`n otoqu` pbr pb r Ugdzbftbmdo Ugdzbftbmdo o nnos os pnïmtunos pnïmtunos `m nos qu` `n gbmab i`p`mi` poro no dmj`ffdöm i` umo sustomfdo qu` brdadmo umo jbrcofdöm gdjon, c`idomt` no fuon s` prbiuf` no dmj`ffdöm. Nos vord`ioi`s for`mt`s i` `sto sustomfdo sustom fdo sbm r`sdst`mt`s. • Ous`mfdo i` omtãa`mbs omtãa`mbs fbcum`s8 Nbs omtãa`mbs sbm omtdfu`rpbs prbiufdibs prbi ufdibs pbr omdcon`s fbmtro fbmtro prbt`ãmos prbt`ãmos `xtr `xtroÿos oÿos y mb prbiuf`m omtdfu`rpbs fbmtro oqu`nnos prbt`ãmos jbrcoios pbr `n omdcon. Fd`rtbs `stuidbs 59
r`ondzoibs `m nos pnomtos dmidfom qu` nos vord`ioi`s susf`ptden`s prbiuf`m sustomfdos „omtãa`mbs „fbcum`s on porïsdtb y s` go i`cbstroib qu` onaumos vord`ioi`s i` onabiöm onabiö m y ebmdotb td`m`m „omtã „omtãa`mbs a`mbs fbcum`s– fbm Womtgbcbmos Womtgbcbmos convof`o convof`oruc ruc y
F`rotbfystds jdcerdoto, r`sp`ftdvoc`mt`. Nbs joftbr`s fbmstdtutdvbs `stïm tãpdfoc`mt` osbfdoibs fbm no r`sdst`mfdo mb guäsp`i, `s i`fdr fuomib um oa`mt` edötdfb dmt`roffdbmo fbm umo `sp`fd` i` pnomto mb gbsp`iomt`. @s nb qu` bfurrdrão fbm no `spbro i` rbyo ocordnno i`n trdab sber` umo gbho i` bndvb. @s `n tdpb i` r`sdst`mfdo cïs `jdfo z y fbcøm `m no moturon`zo, `jdfoz moturon`zo, yo qu` nb cïs jr`fu`mt jr`fu`mt`` `s qu` mb fbdmfdio `n potöa`mb fbm su `sp`fd` gbsp`i`ro. No `mj`rc`ioi `s `m r`ondioi umo fosuondioi. I`j`mso oftdvo b dmiufdio. @m bfosdbm`s `n potöa`mb `s fopoz i` sup`ror nos `strufturos i` i`j`mso pr``xdst`mt`s y p`m`tro on gbsp`iomt`< äst` pbirï r`spbmi`r jbrcomib umo b cïs `struftur `strufturos os qu` trotom i` i`t`m`r su ovom ovomf`. f`. @m `st` fosb fo sb no pnomto pu`i` cbstror vordbs tdpbs i` r`sdst`mfdo qu` fbmsdst`m `m no jbrcofdöm i` umb b cïs cïs tdp tdpbs bs i` `struftu `strufturos ros qu` td`m`m cïs b c`mbs umo fd fd`rto `rto `j`ftdvdioi poro fbmtrorr`stor fbmtrorr `stor nos dmvosdbm`s pbst`rd pbst`rdbr`s br`s i` nbs potöa` potöa`mbs. mbs. Onaumos Onaumos i` i ` nos nos `strufturo `struftuross i` i`j`mso jbrcoios dmfnuy`m dmfnuy`m o nbs nbs t`h t`hdib dibss qu` dcpd dcpdi`m i`m `n ovomf` ovomf` i`n i` n potöa`mb (gofdo `n dmt`rdbr i` no no pnomto), ppbr br nb qu` s` n`s i`mbcdmo, ``stru struftur fturos os gdstbnöadfo gdstbnöadfoss i` i`j`mso. Btros fbcpr`mi`m nos por`i`s i` nos fänunos otofoios y on prbf`sb s` n` i`mbcdmo, `strufturos `struftu ros f`nunor`s ii`` i`j`mso. Btros dmvbn dmvbnufrom ufrom on fdtbp fdtbpnosco nosco i` nos fänunos otofoios y on prbf`sb s` n` i`mbcdmo, r`offdöm i` i`j`mso fdtbpnoscïtdfo. No cu cu`rt` `rt` i` nos fänunos dmvoidios pu`i` prbt`a`r o no pnomto i` btros dmvosdbm`s pbr nb qu` s` n` i`mbcdmo i`mbcdmo on prbf`sb, r`offdöm mm`frötdfo `frötdfo b r`offdöm i` gdp`rs`m gdp`rs`msdedndioi sdedndioi.. @struftu @strufturo ross gdstbnöadfos i` i`j`mso o) Jbrcofdöm i` fopos i` fbrfgb. Pmo i` nos r`offdbm`s fbcum`s qu` bfurr`m ndcdtomib no dmvosdöm i`n potöa`mb `s no jbrcofdöm i` um ebri` i` fänunos cïs onnï i`n pumtb i` dmj`ffdöm< `stos fänunos s` idvdidrïm y jbrcorïm umo fopo i` fänunos sue`rdzoios. @n äxdtb i` `st` c`fomdscb i`p`mi`rï i` no v`nbfdioi i` jbrcofdöm y `n vdabr< sd `s pbfb `n td`cpb y no eorr`ro prbiufdio `s dmoi`fuoio, `n potöa` mb dmv potöa`mb dmvoid oidrï rï `n t`hdib cïs dmt`rdbr. @sto fopo opor`mt`c`mt` `s jbrcoio pbr um um `stãcun `stã cunbb i` nos fänu fänunos nos i`n gbsp`iomt` pbr sustom sustomfdo fdoss s`fr`toios s`f r`toios pb pbrr `n potöa` potöa`mb, mb, qu` tocedäm pu`i` oftuor enbqu`omib pbsden` sustomfdos s`fr`toios pbr `n potöa`mb, osdcdscb, osd cdscb, enbqu`orï `n jnuhb jnuhb i` mutrd`mt`s mutrd`mt`s y oauo i`n ïr`o somo o no dmj`ftoio prdvomib 50
on potöa`mb i` mutr mutrd`mt`s. d`mt`s. No c cu`rt u`rt`` i`n t`hdib dmfnuy dmfnuy`mib `mib on potöa`mb opor`f`rï opo r`f`rï fbcb n`sdbm`s m`frötdfos b `xpunsorï on t`hdib tbcomib osp`ftb rbÿbsb. e) Jbrcofdöm i` fopo s i` oesfdsd fopos oesfdsdöm. öm. Mb fbmstdtuy`m fbmstdtuy`m mdmau mdmaumo mo fopo i` fänunos fänunos idj`r`mfdoios, idj`r`mfdo ios, sdmb um umoo eomio fdrfunor i` fänunos qu` rbi`om on pumtb i` dmj`ffdöm fbcd`mzom o idvdidrs` y o jbrcor fänunos fänunos i` por`i`s por`i` s i`naoios, no nïcdmo c`ido qu` s` `mfu `mfu`mtro `mtro `mtr` `so `soss ibs fopo s i` fänu fopos fänunos nos s` ids idsu`nv u`nv`` fbcpn`toc`mt` s`porïmibs` s`po rïmibs` `so ïr`o i`n r`stb r`stb i` no gbho. Aroiuonc`mt` `sto ïr`o cu`r` y s` s`poro nn`vïmibs` fbmsdab on porïsdtb, qu` mb pu`i` pu`i` fb fbmt mtdmuor dmuor no dmj dmj`ffd `ffdöm. öm. @m td`cpb i` s`fo mb s` prbiuf` no fopo i` oesfd oesfdsdö sdöm, m, p`rb nos fopos i` fänunos s` sue`rdjdfom y ndamdjdfom, prbt`ad`mib i` `so com`ro o no pnomto. (Vu`n` bfurrdr `m gbhos höv`m`s i` jruton`s i` gu`sb iurb). f) Jbrcofdöm i`tdnbsos. V` prbiuf`m `m r`spu`sto o no dmj`ffdöm`m t`hdibs vosfunor`s, ibmi` bfurr` um sber` fr`fdcd`mtb i` nbs fnbrbpnostbs i` nos fänunos por`mqudcotbsos oiyof`mt`s qu` s` prbnbmaom i`mtrb. (C`fomdscb i` r`sdst`mfdo i` nos pnomtos, 5;;:). ?.9.7 U`spu`sto i` no pnomto otofoio (Vãmtbcos).
Braomdscbs g`t Braomdscbs g`t`rbtr `rbtröjdfbs, öjdfbs, i`p`mid`mib poro sotdsjof`r sus m`f`sdioi`s `m`r `m`raätdfos, aätdfos, i` nbs prbiuftbs `noebroibs pbr nos pnomtos. Nbs vdrus bfupom um nuaor i` tromsdfdöm `mtr` `n c`idb edötdfb y oedötdfb, p`rb fousom `mj`rc`ioi`s `m no cdsco jbrco qu` nb gof`m nbs btrbs ibs aru arupbs pbs c`mfdb c`mfdbmoibs moibs omt`rdbrc`mt`. @n fbcpn`hb vdru vdruss mufn`bprbt`ãm mufn`bprbt`ãmos os s` i`sorrbnno y r`prbi r`prbiuf` uf` i`mtrb i` nos fänunos i`n gbsp`iomt` ont`romib su mbrcon c`toebndscb. [oro t`m`r off`sb o nos sustomfdos mutrdtdvos fbmt`mdios `m `n prbtbpnosco i` nos fänunos, nbs potöa`mbs i`e`m prdc`rb p`m`tror nos eorr`ros `xt`rdbr`s (futã (futãfuno, por`i por`i`s `s f`nunor`s f`nunor`s ``xt xt`rdbr`s `rdbr`s)) y nu nu`ab `ab btrbs bestïfunbs dmt`rdbr`s. Oi`cïs, Oi` cïs, nbs fbmt`mdibs f`nunor`s mb sd sd`cpr` `cpr` s` `mfu`m `mfu`mtrom trom `m uumo mo jbrco jbrco dmc`idotoc`mt` utdndzoen` pbr `n potöa`mb y i`e`m s`r tromsjbrcoios `m umdioi`s cïs sdcpn`s poro s`r oesbredios y osdcdnoios. [br [ br su port`, `n gbsp`iom gbsp`iomt` t` r`offdbmo omt` no pr`s`mfdo y oftdvdio oftdvdioi`s i`s i`n dmvosbr, prb prbiufd`mib iufd`mib ``stru struftur fturos os y sustomfdo quã quãcdfo cdfoss qu` dmt`rjd`r`m fbm `n ovomf` b no `xdst`mfdo i`n potöa`mb. @m umo fbcedmofdöm fbcpotden`, `s i`fdr, troiufdio `m umo r`offdöm i` susf`ptdedndioi i`n gbsp`iomt`, `n potöa`mb `s fopoz i` sup`ror ton`s bestïfunbs. Oumqu` onaumbs potöa`mbs (gbmabs, pnomtos sup`rdbr`s porïsdtos, y m`cotbibs) pu`i`m opndfor umo pr`sdöm c`fïmdfo sber` no sup`rjdfd` i` no pnomto qu` vom o p`m`tror, nos oftdvdioi`s i` nbs cdscbs 5:
i`mtrb i` nbs nbs t`h t`hdib dibss dmv dmvoid oidibs ibs sbm, jjum umioc`mtonc`mt`, ioc`mtonc`mt`, i` moturon`zo moturon`zo ed bquãcdfo, bquãcdfo, sd`mib nbs `j`ftbs sber` nos pnomtos fosd `mt`roc`mt` `n r`suntoib i` nos r`offdbm`s prbiufdios `mtr` nos sustomfdos s`ar`aoios pbr `n potöa`mb y oqu`nnos pr`s`mt`s b dmiufdios `m `n gbsp`iomt`. Nbs prdmfdpon`s arupbs i` sustomfdos s`ar`aoios pbr nbs potöa`mbs `m nos pnomtos, y qu` por`f`m `stor dmvbnufroios idr`fto b dmidr`ftoc`mt`, `m no no prbiuffdö prbiuffdömm i` nnoo `mj`rc `mj`rc`ioi `ioi,, dmfnuy dmfnuy`m8 `m8 ?. @mzdcos, qu` i`aroio i`aroiomm nos nos por`i`s por`i `s f`nunor`s b ed`m nos sustomfdos fbmt`mdios `m nos fänunos. 5. Ybxdmos, qu` pu`i`m t`m`r um `j`ftb mb `sp`fãjdfb (`h. tbxdmo „wdnijdr`–, tbxdmos jusordon`s, pdrdfunordmo, `tf.) b
`sp`fãjdfb (`h. Zdftbrdmo< tbxdmo i` [`rdfbmdo fdrfdmoto< tbxdmo i` Ont`rmorão lãlufgdomo). 6. Vustomfdos r`aunoibros i`n fr`fdcd`mtb (ouxdmos, ade`r`ndmos, fdtdfdmdmos, dmgdedibros i`n fr`fdcd`mtb, `tdn`mb), qu` pu`i`m brdadmor um i`sorrbnnb ombrcon i` no pnomto, fbm `j`ftbs ton`s fbcb gdp`rtrbjdos, orrostrocd`mtb, `xf`sdvo rocdjdfofdöm, `momdscb, conjbrcofdöm i` tonnbs, `tf. 9. [bndsofïrdibs, `m jbrco i` sustomfdos cufdnoadmbsos, nde`roi os pbr onau nde`roios onaumos mos `sp` `sp`fd` fd`ss i` ggbmabs bmabs y eoft`rd eoft`rdos, os, fbm nnos os qu` fuer`m sus fu`rpbs, sucdmdstromib osã umo dmt`rjof` `mtr` no sup`rjdfd` `xt`rmo i`n cdfrbbraomdscb y su c`idb oced`mt`. [or`f`m fbmtrdeudr on enbqu`b i` nbs vosbs i`n xdn`co `m nbs „corfgdtocd`mtbs– i` tdpb tdpb vosfunor. vosfunor. @j`ftb sber` nos nos jum jumfdb fdbm`s m`s jdsdbnöadfo jdsdb nöadfos s i`n
gbsp`iomt`. Nbs potöa`mbs pu`i`m fousor `mj`rc`ioi `m nos pnomtos i` idj`r`mt`s com`ros8 ?. Fbmsucd`mib `n fbmt`mdib i` nos fänunos i`n gbsp`iomt` fbm nos qu` `mtrorbm `mtr orbm `m fbmtoftb. 55.. Cotomib nos fänu fänunos nos b p`rtu p`rtureomib reomib `n c`toebnds c`toebndscb cb i` nos cdscos c`idomt` nos tbxdmos, `mzdcos b sustomfdos r`aunoibros i`n fr`fdcd`mtb qu` pu`iom s`ar`aor. s`ar`ao r. 6. I`edndtomib I`e dndtomib on ggbsp` bsp`iomt` iomt` ppbr br no no fbmt fbmtdmuo dmuo oesb oesbrfdöm rfdöm i` mu mutrd`mt` trd`mt`ss i` nos fänunos poro su prbpdo utdndzofdöm. 9. Enbqu`omib `n tromspbrt` i` sustomfdos mutrdtdvos, mutrdtdvos, braïmdfo braïmdfoss y cdm`ron`s, y oauo o trov troväs äs i` nbs t`hdib t`hdibss i` fbm fbmiuffdöm. iuffdöm. Nbs prbf`sbs prbf`s bs jdsdbnöa jdsdbnöadfb dfbss jumioc`mt jumioc`mton`s on`s i` no pnomto qu` r`sunt r`suntom om oj`ftoibs oj`ftoib s pbr no offdöm i` nbs braomdscbs jdtbpotöa` jd tbpotöa`mbs mbs sbm sbm,, `s`mfdo `s`mfdonc`m nc`mt`, t`, tr`s8 o) nnoo jbtbsã jbtbsãmt mt`sd `sds, s, e) nnoo tromsnbfofd trom snbfofdöm öm i` oauo y mmut utrd`mt`s, rd`mt`s, y f) nnoo r`spdrofdöm. r`spdrof döm. (Omtbm (Omtbm`nnd, `nnd, 5;;; 5;;;). ).
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?. ?.9. 9.4 4 Joftbr`s qu ` oj`ftom `n i`sorrbnnb i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s.
Nbs joftbr`s i`n c`idb oced`mt` qu` oj`ftom `n fbcd`mzb, i`sorrbnnb y ids`cdmofdöm i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s `m nos pnomtos sbm no t`cp`roturo, guc`ioi, nuz, mutrd`mt`s y `n pG. (GDIUB @MZDUBMC@MY, 5;5;). ?.9.4 ?.9 .4.? .? Y`cp`rotur Y`cp`rot uro o
No t`cp`roturo `s um `n`c`mtb `s`mfdon `m `n funtdvb y i`sorrbnnb i` nos pnomtos. Humtb fbm nbs mdv`n`s mdv`n`s i` nu nuz, z, iidöxdib döxdib i` forebmb, gguc`ioi uc`ioi i`n odr`, oauo oa uo y mutrd`mt`s, mutrd`mt`s, no t`cp`roturo dmjn d mjnuy uy`` `m `n fr`fdcd fr`fdcd`mtb `mtb i` no pnomto y no prbiuft prbiuftdvdioi dvdioi i` nos fbs`fgos. Ybibs `stbs joftbr`s i`e`rãom i` e`rãom `stor `qudndero `qudnderoibs. ibs. No t`cp`roturo oj`fto o no pnomt pnomtoo tomtbb o fbrtb tomt fb rtb fbcb o nnorab orab pnozb. (D (Dmjn mjnu`m u`mfdo fdo i` no t`cp`rotu t`cp`roturo ro oced` oced`mt mton on `m nos pnomtos | FOMMO @spoÿo, 5;5;).
?.9.4. ?.9 .4.5 5 Guc`ioi Gu c`ioi r`notdvo. r `notdvo.
No guc`ioi r`notdvo `s no fomtdioi i` oauo fbmt`mdio `m `n odr`, y `stï r`nofdbmoio fbm no guc`ioi oesbnuto (fomtdioi i` vopbr i` oauo pbr c¶ i` odr`) y `n pumtb i` soturofdöm (fomtdioi cïxdco i` vopbr i` oauo qu` oicdt` `n odr` o umo i`t`rcdmoio t`cp`roturo). @j`ftbs @j` ftbs oiv `rsbs sb er` no pnomto sd goy umo gu c`ioi r`notdvo r`notdvo onto8 onto8 ‖ @n
`xf`sb i` guc`ioi r`iuf` no tromspdrofdöm, nb qu` idscdmuy` no oesbrfdöm i`
mutrd`mt`s mutrd`mt`s y oj`fto on fr`fdcd fr`fdcd`mtb `mtb i` no pnomto. pnomto. ‖
Oi`cïs, idjdfunto no pbndmdzofdöm y jovbr`f` no prbpoaofdöm i` pnoaos y `mj`rc`ioi`s. @j`ftbs @j` ftbs oiv `rsbs sb er` no pnomto sd g oy umo guc`ioi r`notd r`notdvo vo e oho8 oho8
‖ @n
iäjdf iäjdfdtdt i` guc`ioi guc`ioi gof` qu` no no pnomto t`mao qqu` u` ggof`r of`r um sber`sju`rz sbe r`sju`rzbb pbr
comt`m`r nos `stbcos oed`rtbs, y `stb pu`i` bfosdbmor qu` s` corfgdt` pbr i`sgdirotofdöm.
57
‖ Yocedäm o oj`fto j`fto o no prbiuffd prbiuffdöm, öm, pu`s goy um umoo
pärid päridio io i` fondio fondioii i`n jru jrutb tb y um c`mbr
fuoh`. (Mutrbfbmtrbn., 5;5;). ?.9.4.6 Nuz.
No nuz `s um `n`c`mtb dcpr`sfdmiden` poro no vdio i` nos pnomtos, yo qu` n`s p`rcdt` prbf`s or nnbs prbf`sor bs mutrd`mt`s mutrd`mt`s i`n su`nb s u`nb qu` tbcom i`n su`nb y fbmv fbmv`rtdrnbs `rtdrnbs `m su ondc`mtb. [`rb mb tbios nos nuf`s sbm dauon`s, md tbios nos pnomtos m`f`sdtom no cdsco nuz. Nos pnomtos m`f`sdtom m`f`sd tom i` no nnuz uz poro r`ondzor no jbtbsãm jbtbsãmt`sds, t`sds, `n prbf`sb o trov troväs äs i`n fuon betd`m`m betd` m`m su ondc`mtb. Nos N os m`f`sdi m`f`sdioi`s oi`s vvorã orãom om s`aøm foio `sp`fd `sp`fd`8 `8 `xdst`m pnomtos qu` m`f`sdtom cufgo fomtdioi i` nu nuz, z, cd`mtros qu` btros s` orr`anom fbm cuy pbf pbfo. o. [`rb oi`cïs mb tbios tbio s nos nos nuf`s ssbm bm dauon`s. No nuz mmoturon oturon `s no cïs dmt`mso y ppbi`rbs bi`rbso, o, y pbr `sb `s eu`mb prbfuror qu` tbios nos pnomtos, dmfnusb nos i` dmt`rdbr, off`iom o no nuz moturon on c`mbs iuromt` onaumos gbros on ião. (Fbsuc`r. , 5;?6).
?.9.4.9 Zd`mtb.
Nbs `j`ftbs fousoibs pbr `n vd`mtb vd`mtb pu`i`m s`r fn fnosdjdfoibs osdjdfoibs fb fbcb cb idr`ftbs b dmidr`ftbs. Nbs idr`ftbs id r`ftbs dmfnu dmfnuy`m y`m `n cbv cbvdcd` dcd`mtb mtb i` no pnom pnomto, to, `n ioÿb jjããsdf sdfbb i` ggbhos bhos y jrutbs, jrutbs, oebrtb i` jnbr`s, no rbturo i` rocos, `n vu`nfb b i`sfonzoib fuomib no ju`rzo `h`rfdio pbr `n vd`mtb `xf`i` no r`sdst`mfdo i`n tonnb b i` no roãz. Nbs dmidr`ftbs sbm oqu`nnbs pbr nbs fuon`s nbs `j`ftbs sbm prbiufdibs pbr or`mo b su`nb tromspbrtoibs pbr `n vd`mtb b pbr btrbs joftbr`s c`t`brbnöadfbs, fbcb no nnuvdo y `n vd`mtb. I` com`ro sdcdnor, mdv`n`s i` nuz, nuz, oauo oa uo y mmutr utrd`mt`s d`mt`s fbm jr`fu`mfdo dmjnu dmjnuy`m y`m sber` `n mmdv`n dv`n i` ioÿb b nnos os sues`fu`mt`s r`spu`stos i` nos pnomtos. @n vd`mtb oi`cïs i`n `j`ftb idr`ftb i`edib on cbvdcd`mtb i`n jbnnoh` ont`ro nbfonc`mt` nos fbmidfdbm`s otcbsjärdfos onr`i`ibr i` nos gbhos dmidvdiuonc`mt`` y i`mtrb dmidvdiuonc`mt i`mtrb i`n fombp`b. O mmdv`n dv`n i` gbh gbhoo pbr `h`cpnb, `n ` n vvd`mtb d`mtb pu`i` p u`i` `h`rf`r su dmjnu`mfdo `m `n `sp`sbr i` no fopo nãcdt` onr`i`ibr i` no cdsco, i`t`rcdmomib `n aroid`mt` i` pr`sdöm i` vopbr `mtr` no gbho y no otcösj`ro. @n `sträs c`fïmdfb dmiufdib pbr `n vd`mtb sber` nos pnomtos `s prbiufdib pbr no jrdffdöm, oadtofdö oad tofdöm, m, furv furvotur oturoo b pn`aoi pn`aoibb i`ed i`edib ib on cbvdcd`mtb i`n jbnnoh`. ( Ldm & N`i` N`i`mt mt,, 5;?0). 5;? 0).
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?. ?.9. 9.4. 4.0 0 Vu`nb (pG, `stru `stru fturo ftu ro jãsdfo, B5, fbcpb fb cpb sdfdöm sdf döm q uãcdfo). Fbmf`ptb i` su`nb8 @s
umo fbn`ffdöm fbn`ffd öm i` fu fu`rpbs `rpbs motur moturon`s< on`s< `stï fbcp fbcpu`stb u`stb pb pbrr `n
cot`rdon braïmdfb braï mdfb y cdm cdm`ron `ron qu` fu fuer` er` no coybrã coybrãoo i` no sup`rjdfd sup`rjdfd`` t`rr`str`< fbmtd`m` cot`rdo vdvo y sdrv` i` sbpbrt` poro no v`a`tofdöm `m focpb oed`rtb y `m nuaor`s tromsjbrcoibs trom sjbrcoibs pbr no oftdvdio oftdvdioii ggucom ucomo. o. @s um um sd sdst`co st`co oed oed`rtb, `rtb, trdjïsdfb y trdidc`msdbmon. pG88 @s pG
umo umo i` nos prbp prbpd`i d`ioi`s oi`s jãjãsdfb sdfb-quã -quãcdfos cdfos cïs DDcpbrtomt` cpbrtomt` `m nbs su`n su`nbs, bs, yo qu`
i` än i`p i`p`mi` `mi` no id idspbmde spbmdedndio dndioii i` mu mutrd`mt`s trd`mt`s poro nos pnomt pnomtos, os, i`t`rcdmomib su sbnuedndioi y no oftdvdioi i` nbs cdfrbrao cdfrbraomdscb, mdscb, nbs fuon`s cdm`rondzom cdm`rondzom no cot` cot`rdo rdo braïmdfo.. Yocedäm i`t`rcdmo no fbmf`mtrofdöm i` Dbm`s töxdfbs, no `n` y idv`rsos braïmdfo prbpd`io prbpd `ioi`s i`s Dcpbrtomt`s Dcpbrtomt`s qu` `m øntdcos øntdcos opumt opumtom om o no jj`rtdndioi `rtdndioi ii`n `n su`nb. [rbpd`ioi`s jãsdfos8 Nos
foroft`rãstdfos jdsfos sbm `m arom port` r`spbmsoen`s i`n
eu`m i`sorrbnnb i` nos pnomtos. [`rb cuy pbfos v`f`s s` n`s td`m` `m fu`mto. [u`s a`m`ronc`mt` sönb s` fbmsdi`rom nos foroft`rãstdfos quãcdfos. @m r`ondioi. [oro qu` `xdsto um c`idb öptdcb poro `n fr`fdcd`mtb i` nos pnomtos i`e` iors` umo dmt`roffdöm idmïcdfo `mtr` nos foroft`rãstdfos jãsdfos. _uãcdfos y edbnöadfos i`n su`nb. Nos prbpd `ioi`s prbpd`io i`s jãjãsdfo sdfoss pu`i`m s` s`r8 r8 Jumioc`mt Jumioc`mton`s. on`s. Oqu`nnos qu` mmbb s` i`rdvom i` btros y s` `mfu`m `mfu`mtrom trom i`mtrb i` `st` arupb `n fbnbr, No t`xtu t`xturo, ro, No `struftu `strufturo, ro, No i`msdi i`msdioi, oi, No fbmsdst`mfdo, No t`cp`roturo, `tf. I`rdvoios _u` Fbcb su mbcer` nb dmidfo Vbm tbios nos qu` q u` mmof`m of`m i` no DDmt mt`roffd `roffdöm öm i` nos jumioc`mt jumioc`mton`s. on`s. Fbcpbsdfdöm quãcdfo quãcdfo Fopofdioi Fopo fdioi i` dmt`rfocedb f otdömdfb 8
I`mtrb i` tbibs nbs prbf`sbs qu` s` iom `m `n
su`nb. @n cïs dcpbrtomt` ``ss `n dmt`rfoced dmt`rfocedbb dömdfb dömdfb,, Hum Humtb tb fbm nnoo jbtbsãm jbtbsãmt`sds t`sds,, sbm nnbs bs iibs bs prbf`sbs i` coybr dcpbrtomfdo poro nos pnomtos. pnomtos. @n focedb döm dömdfb dfb `s i`edib fosd `m su tbtondioi tbtondioi o no jr jroffdöm offdöm orfdnn orfdnnoo y o no cot`r cot`rdo do braïmdfo. No fopof fopofdioi dioi i` dmt`r dmt`rfocedb focedb fotdömdfb s` i`jdm` fbcb `n møc`rb i` foraos m`aotdvos i`n su`nb y s` `xpr`so `m c`q/ ?;;a i` su`nb. Ouc`mtbs `m `n pG tro`m fbcb fbms`fu`mfdo um dmfr`c`mtb `m nos foraos m`aotd m`aotdvos, vos, yo qu` `n onu onucdmdb cdmdb s` pr`fdpd pr`fdpdto, to, nnoo fbmf`mt fbmf`mtrofdö rofdömm i` gdirba`mdbm`s idscdmuy`, pbr nb tomtb no FDF ouc`mto. 6;
?.9.4.: Oauo.
@n oauo dmt`rvd`m` `m no ids`cdmofdöm i` nbs potöa`mbs c`idomt` tr`s jbrcos8 ?) nos eoft`rdos y m`cotbibs, osã fbcb nos `spbros, `sfn`rbfdbs y jroac`mtbs cdf`ndon`s i` onaumbs onaum bs gbm gbmabs abs qu` s` `m `mfu`mt fu`mtrom rom `m `n su`nb, sbm id ids`cdmoio s`cdmoioss pbr no nnnu nuvdo vdo b pbr `n oauo i` nbs sdst`cos sd st`cos i` rd`ab qu` fbrr` sber` no sup`rjdfd` i`n su`nb b o troväs troväs i` än, 5) tbios nos nos eoft`rd eoft`rdos os y nos `spbro `spbross i` c cufg ufgbs bs gbmabs gbmabs qu` sbm `xuioio `xuioioss `m ` m um nnããqudi qudibb vdsfbsb sbm ids` ids`cdmoios cdmoios pbr no nnnu nuvdo vdo b pbr `n oauo i` nbs sd sdst`cos st`cos a`m`ron`s i` rd`ab, nos fuon`s orrostrom gofdo `n su`nb b nos sonpdfom `m tbios idr`ffdbm`s, 6) nos abtos i` nnuvdo nnuvdo b `n oau oauoo i` nbs sdst`cos a`m`ron`s i` rd`ab otropom o tbios nos eoft`rd eoft`rdos os y `spbros `spb ros i` gbm gbmabs abs qu` puid`rom `stor susp`midio susp`midioss `m `n odr` y nos nn`v nn`vom om `m idr`ffd idr`ffdöm öm i`sf`mi`mt`, ibmi` onaumos i` `nnos pu`i`m i`pbsdtors` sber` pnomtos susf`ptden`s. Oum fuomib `n oauo `s c`mbs dcpbrtomt` qu` `n vd`mtb `m no ids`cdmofdöm i` nbs potöa`mbs o aromi`s idstomfdos, `s cufgb cïs `jdfd`mt` pbr `n g`fgb i` qu` nbs potöa`mbs s` i`pbsdtom yo sber` umo sup`rjdfd` gøc`io y pu`i`m i`spnozors` y a`rcdmor a`rcdm or i` dmc`idotb. ?.9. ?.9.4. 4.1 1 [rïftdfos oarãfbnos dmoi`fu oios. Conn u sb i` nbs r`furs bs gãirdfb Co gãirdfb s8 Fbcb
`s ed` ed`mm soedib, soedi b, no oardfun oardf untur turoo `s `n prdmfdpon
usuordb i` r`fur usuordb r`fursbs sbs i` oauo iunf`, yo qu` uutdndzo tdndzo um prbc`idb cu cumidon midon i`n i `n 1; pbr fd`mtb i` tbibs nbs sucdmdstrbs gãirdfbs sup`rjdfdon`s. Vd s` `xf`ptøo `n oauo p`ridio c`idomt` `vopbtromspdrofdöm, `n oauo utdndzoio `m no oardfunturo s` r`fdfno i` mu`vb `m jbrco i` oauo sup`rjdfdon sup`rjdfdo n yy/b /b suet`rrïm`o. Mb bestomt`, no oardfuntu oardfunturo ro `s on cdscb td`cpb fouso y vã vãftdco i` nnoo fbmtocdmofdöm i` nnbs bs r`fursbs gã gãirdfb irdfbs. s. @s fouso, pbr no i`sforao i` fbmtocdmomt`s y s`idc`mtbs `m nos oauos sup`rjdfdon`s y/b suet`rrïm`os, pbr no päridio m`to m`to i` i ` su`nb fb fbcb cb r`su r`suntntoib oib i` prïftdfos oarã oarãfbnos fbnos i`sof`rtoios, pbr no sondmdzofdöm y om`aocd`mtb i` nos td`rros i` r`aoiãb. @s vãftdco, pbr `n usb i` oauos r`sdiuon`s y oauos sup`rjdfdon`s y suet`rrïm`os fbmtocdmoios, qu` fbmtocdmom o su v`z nbs funtdvbs y tromscdt`m `mj`rc`ioi`s o nbs fbmsucdibr`s y troeohoibr`s oarãfbnos. Ud`ab8
Pmbb i` nbs pbt`mfdon`s dcpof Pm dcpoftbs tbs oced`mton`s m`aotdvbs ``mm no coybrã coybrãoo i`
prby`ftbs i` rd`ab rd` ab dmfnuy dmfnuy`m `m no sotu soturofdö rofdömm y sondmdzofdöm i` nbs nbs su`nbs< no coybr 6?
dmfdi`mfdo i` nos `mj`rc`ioi`s tromscdtdios b r`nofdbmoios fbm `n oauo< `n r`os`mtocd`mt r`os`mt ocd`mtbb b focedbs `m nbs `stdnbs i` vdio i` nos pbe pbenofdbm`s nofdbm`s nbfon nbfon`s< `s< `n ouc ouc`mtb `mtb `m no fomtdio fomtdioii i` pnoaos y `m `mj`rc`ioi`s j`rc`ioi`s oarã oarãfbnos, fbnos, i`ed i`edib ib o nnoo `ndcdmofdöm `ndcd mofdöm i` no cbrtomioi qu` bfurr` iuromt` no t`cpbroio s`fo< y no fr`ofdöm i` um cdfrbfndco cïs gøc`ib. No `xpomsdöm ` dmt`msdjdfofdöm i` no oardfunturo qu` jofdndto `n rd`ab pu`i` fousor coybr `rbsdöm< fbmtocdmor `n oauo sup`rjdfdon y suet`rrïm`o fbm nbs edbsdios oarãfbnos< r`iufdr no fondioi i`n oauo< y, ouc`mtor nbs mdv`n`s i` ondc`mtbs `m `n oauo i` rd`ab y ir`moh`, prbiufd`mib `n jnbr`fdcd`mtb i` nos onaos, no prbndj`rofdöm i` nos con`zos ofuïtdfos y no `utrbjdzofdöm i` nbs fomon`s i` rd`ab y vãos ofuïtdfos, oauos oeohb. Osã, s` r`qud`r`m coybr`s fomtdioi`s i` prbiuftbs quãcdfbs oarãfbnos poro fbmtrbnor `n fr`fd`mt` møc`rb i` pnoaos y `mj`rc`ioi`s i` nbs funtdvbs. [bfo rbtofdöm i` funtdvbs8 Pmo
rbtofdöm i` funtdvbs td`m` fbcb beh`tdvb `n i`sorrbnnb
i` sdst`cos i` prbiuffdöm idv`rsdjdfoibs qu` os`aur`m no sbst`mdedndioi i`n su`nb prbcbvd`mib funtdvbs qu` s` ont`rm`m ont`rm`m ooÿb ÿb fbm oÿb poro qu` qu` comt`maom no j`rtdndioi j`rtdndioi i`n su`nb su`nb y r`iuzfom r`iuzfom nbs mmdv`n`s dv`n`s i` `rbsd `rbsdöm. öm. [oro `stoen`f`r umo rbtofdöm i` funt funtdvbs dvbs,, `s fbmv`m fbmv`md`mt` d`mt` i`jdmdr nos pbsded pbsdedndioi`s ndioi`s i` c`rfoib i` nos fbs`fgos, qu` nbs su`nbs s`om nbs oi`fuoibs, qu` s` oiopt`m on fndco, fndco, qqu` u` s` fu fu`mt` `mt` fbm no t`fmbnbaão t`fmbnbaão i` prbiuffdöm (s`cdnno, coqudmordo poro sd`cero y fbs`fgo, `mtr` btrbs). [oro i`jdmdr sd s` pu`i` onfomzor su usb sbst`mdib, `s dcpbrtomt` v`r qu` no rbtofdöm i` funtdvbs p`rcdto um eu`m fbmtrbn i` con`zos, pnoaos y `mj`rc`ioi`s, qu` nos roãf`s t`maom ton i`sorrbnnb fbcb poro `xpnbror idj`r`mt`s prbjumidioi`s i`n su`nb y qu` s` comt`mao no j`rtdndioi y nos foroft`rãstdfos jãsdfos y quãcdfos i` nbs su`nbs. On mb nn`vors` o foeb tbios `stos c`idios su offdöm offdö m `s fbm fbmtr trordo ordo r`p`rfu r`p`rfutdämibs` tdämibs` `m opordfdbm`s opordfd bm`s i` pnoaos, con`zos y `mj`rc`ioi`s poro fbm nos pnomtos. [`stdfdios8
@n usb dmoi`fuoib i` p`stdfdios fr`o umo s`rd` i` prben`cos poro `n
c`idb oced`mt`. Cïs i`n 47% i` nbs dms`ftdfdios jucdaoibs y i`n 40% i` nbs g`redfdi os nn`aom o um g`redfdios um i`stdmb iidj`r`mt` dj`r`mt` i`n eusfoib, dmfnu dmfnuy`m y`mib ib `sp` `sp`fd` fd`ss v`a`ton`s y omdcon`s, odr`, oauo, s`idc`mtbs i` rãbs, cor`s y ondc`mtbs. No i`rdvo i` p`stdfdios bfurr` fuomib fuomib nos portãfunos portãfunos i` p`std p`stdfdi fdios os susp`midi susp`midios os `m `n odr` sbm nn`voios nn`voios pbr `n vd`mtb o btros ïr`os 65
I`sfort` y `ndcdmofdöm `ndcdmofdöm i` p nomtos nomtos fbm i`jdfd`mfdos y/b `mj`rc`ioi`s `mj`rc`ioi`s pr`s`mt`s `m `n `n fu ntdvb8
Psuonc`mt` `m nbs funtdvbs oarãfbnos nbs prbiuftbr`s su`n`m oportor nos
pnomtos y i`hornos o um noib i`mtrb i`n funtdvb, sdm p`rfotors` i` no prbndj`rofdöm i`n dms`ftb y/b `mj`rc`ioi, `s pbr `nnb qu` s` r`fbcd`mio `n qu`coib y `mt`rroib i` no pnomto o i`sfortor. Oi`cïs i` `stb `s dcpbrtomt` s`n`ffdbmor no c`hbr a`mätdfo i` nos pnomtos pr`s`mt`s `m mu`strb funtdvb poro comt`m`r umo fondioi, coybr prbiuffdöm y r`midcd`mtb i`n funtdvb, yo qu` on r`ondzor `stbs i`sfort`s t`m`cbs um funtdvb fbm cos r`sdst`mfdo o `mj`rc`ioi`s y pnoaos. Opndf Op ndf ofdöm ofd öm i` oeb oe b mb mb coiu coi u roib8 roi b8
@n oebmb braïmdfb on o n mb mb `mfbmtr `mfbmtros` os` `m su `stoib `stoi b
i` i`sfbcpbsdfdöm oesbnutb, pr`s`mto ontbs ãmidf`s i` ocdmbïfdibs iomib fbcb r`suntoib sdtuofdb r`suntoib sdtuofdbm`s m`s i` `sträs gãirdfb gãirdfb,, tärcdfb b jdtbtöxdfb, dcpd dcpdid` id`mib mib qu` nos pnomtos oesbreom `n mdtröa`mb idspbmden` y nb utdndf`m poro sus prbf`sbs edbsdmt`tdfbs, oi`cïs i` oyuior o no dmfdi`mfdo i` cbsfos, i`edib o nbs bnbr`s pr`s`mt`s fr`omib prbndj`rofdöm i` `mj`rc`ioi`s y fbmtocdmofdöm i`n odr`. I`jbr`stofdöm8
@s um prbf`sb prbvbfoib a`m`ronc`mt` pbr no offdöm gucomo, `m `n
qu` s` i`struy` no sup`rjdfd` jbr`ston, `stï idr`ftoc`mt` fousoio pbr no offdöm i`n gbcer` sber` no moturon`zo moturon`zo poro no bet`mfdöm i` su`nb poro no oardfuntu oardfunturo ro y aomoi`rã aomoi`rãoo . Fbm no päridio i` ebsqu`, no fbcumdioi nbfon cbidjdfo `n sdst`co qu` n`s erdmio s`rvdfdbss vondbs s`rvdfdb vondbsbs, bs, oum oumqu` qu` jr`fu`mt`c`mt` jr`fu`mt`c`mt` c`mbspr` c`mbspr`fdo fdoibs, ibs, fbcb os`a os`auror uror `n jnuhb jnuhb r`aunor i` oauo, oi`cïs i` ndcpdor, prbt`a`r o no fbcumdioi i` nos dmumiofdbm`s y no s`quão. @n ebsqu` oftøo fbcb um tdpb i` `spbmho, qu` oesbre` no pr`fdpdtofdöm iuromt` nos tbrc`mtos trbpdfon`s, r`td`m` nbs su`nbs y nde`ro oauo o dmt`rvonbs r`aunor`s i` td`cpb. @st` tdpb i` r`aunofdöm i` nbs ebsqu`s nnuvdbsbs oyuio o cbi`ror nbs `j`ftbs i`struftdvbs i` nos dmumiofdbm`s y no s`quão, qu` bfurr`m fbm no tono i` nbs ebsqu`s. Coqudmordo8 Yocedäm `n usb dmoi`fuoib i` troftbr`s oarãfbnos `m pnomdfd`s poro noeror
`n su`nb, su`nb, yo s` s`oo pbr cbio b pbr `j`ftdvdio `j`ftdvdioii i`n cbtbr, `xfnu `xfnuy`m y`m nbs mdv`n`s mdv`n`s i` fbcpoftofdöm qu` s` opndfom pbr foufgb, dcpndfïmibs` i`si` 0 tbm`noios b cïs i` pr`sdöm `m `n su`nb, fbcpoftïmibnb osã y dcpdid`mib no odr`ofdöm m`f`sordo `m `n su`nb poro nbs prbf`s prbf`sbs bs i` i`sf i`sfbcpbsd bcpbsdfdö fdömm y rr`suradcd` `suradcd`mtbs mtbs i` mmut utrd`mt`s rd`mt`s m`f`sordb m`f`sordbss poro no j`rtdndioi i`n su`nb. 66
Nbs p`qu`ÿbs p`qu`ÿbs y c`idombs prbiuftbr`s a` a`m`ronc m`ronc`mt` `mt` nn`vom nn`vom o foeb prïftdfos dmoi`fuoios `m idv`rsbs prbf`sbs oarbprbiuftdvbs qu` pbm`m `m rd`sab su sonui y no i` nbs fbmsucdibr`s, oi`cïs i`n i`t`rdbrb c`idb oced`mton y no pbfo r`mtoedndioi i` sus `xpnbtofdbm`s. O jdm i` c`hbror no prbiuffdöm fbm coybr`s r`midcd`mtbs y fondioi i` nbs prbiuftbs `s m`f`sordb qu` nbs prbiuftbr`s fbmbzfom prïftdfos oarbmöcdfos oi`fuoios, opndfoen`s `m sus fbmidfdbm`s oced`mton`s, `fbmöcdfos, `tf. @n fr`fdcd`mtb i`n fbmsucb y no ocpndofdöm i` nbs c`rfoibs o `sfono cumidon, y `n suradcd`mtb i` fbmsucdibr`s suradcd`mtb fbmsucdibr`s foio v`z cïs pr`bfupoibs ppbr br `n br brda`m da`m y fbcpbsdfdö m i` nbs ondc`mtbs, gom g`fgb qu` `m nos øntdcos iäfoios ouc`mt`m nos `xda`mfdos jdtbsomdtordos y i` dmbfudioi poro no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno. Jr`mt` o `st` i`sojdö, sura` no m`f`sdioi i` bet`m`r prbiuftbs i` fondioi o fbstbs fbcp`tdtdvbs< y cufgbs s`ftbr`s gom qu`ioib r`n`aoibs i`edib i`ed ib o su pbfo fo fopofdioi pofdioi poro r`spbmi`r r`spbmi`r o `stos mu`vos `xda`mfdos. ([r`zd.fbc, 5;5;).
?. ?.9. 9.4. 4.7 7 Com`hb Com`hb y opndfofdöm opndfofdö m dm oi`fuoio i` oarb oarb quãcdfbs qu ãcdfbs .
@n con com`hb `m nbs prbiuftbs quã quãcdfbs cdfbs utdndzoibs utdndzoibs pporo oro nnoo oardfun oardf untur turoo y no jonto i` fopo fopofdtofd fdtofdöm öm sbm nos prdmfdpo prdmfdpon`s n`s fousos i` dmtbx dmtbxdfo dfofdb fdbm`s m`s y ouc`m ouc`mtb tb `m nbs nbs fbstbs i` prbiuffdöm `m nos zbmos zbmos rur ruron`s, on`s, ss`aøm `aøm nnbs bs täfm täfmdfb dfbs. s. [oro [o ro nnoo B Braomdzofdöm raomdzofdöm i` no Mofdbm`s Pmdios poro no Oardfunturo y no Ondc`mtofdöm (JOB), `n usb i` pnoaudfdios fbmstdtuy` um joftbr fnov` `m no oardfunturo y oftuonc`mt` `s umo g`rrocd`mto ocpndoc`mt` idjumidio poro nbaror c`hbr`s r`suntoibs `m no prbiuffdöm i` ondc`mtbs. [`rb, oivd`rt` tocedäm qu` no cono idstrdeufdöm y `n `cpn`b dmoi`fuoib i` `stbs fousom s`rdbs prben`cos. (@N PMD PMDZ@UV Z@UVB, B, 5;;1 5;;1). ).
69
?.9.4. ?.9 .4.4 4 Z`ftb Z`f tbr`s r`s..
Nbs dms`ftbs v`ftbr`s i` `mj`rc`ioi`s sbm muc`rbsbs `n fuon sbm r`pr`s`mtoibs fbm coybr dmfdi`mfdo sbm pbr nbs sdaud`mt`s8 fbn`öpt`rbs (`sforoeohbs), gbcöpt`rbs (punabm`s), (pun abm`s), tdsombpt`rbs (trdsp), gbrtbpt`rbs (nomabstos y ardnn ardnnbs). bs). A`m`ron A`m`ronc`mt`, c`mt`, `n dms`ftb v`ftbr on mutrdrs` i` umo pnomto `mj`rco oncof`mo port` `m su oporotb costdfoibr b fgupoibr y no s`ar`ao i`spuäs on ondc`mtors` pbr umo s`aumio pnomto, `sto v`z `s somo o `st` vdrus, s` n` i`mbcdmo mb p`rsdst`mt` i`edib o qu` s` cu`v` o su td`cpb on p`rcom`f`r `m `n `xt`rdbr.
[`rb `xdst` btro fnos` i` vdrus mb p`rsdst`mt` qu` `s fbmsucdib pbr nbs dms`ftbs `m nbs sucdmdstrbs qu` fruzo no por`i i`n `stöcoab i`n braomdscb, onfomzomib o nos anïmiunos anïmiun os sondvor`s. @st` @ st` dms`ftb s` vvu`nv u`nv`` fbmtoadbs fbmtoadbsbb gosto su cu`rt`, cu`rt`, io ioib ib o qu` dmj`ftorï o tbios nos pnomtos pnomtos i` nos qu` s` ondc`mtorï. ondc`mtorï. (Dms`ftbs (Dms`ftbs Z`f Z`ftbr`s tbr`s i` @mj`rc`ioi`s `m [nomtos, 5;?7).
60
Fbmfnusdöm8
Nos pnomtos pnomtos s` comtd`m`m somos b mmbrcon`s brcon`s fuomib nn`vom o foeb sus jumfdbm` jumfdbm`ss jdsdbnöadfos gosto ibmi` n`s p`rcdt` su pbt`mfdon a`mätdfb. @sos @ sos ju jumfdbm mfdbm`s `s fbcpr`mi` fbcpr`mi`mm su idvdsdöm f`nunor mbrcon, su idj`r`mfdofdöm, i`sorrbnnb, no oesbrfdöm i`n oauo y nbs cdm`ron`s i`n su`nb y su tromsnbfofdöm pbr tbio no pnomto, no jbtbsãmt`sds y no tromsnbfofdöm i` nbs prbiuftbs jbtbsdmtätdfbs gosto nbs öraombs i` utdndzofdöm b oncof`mocd`mtb, `n c`toebndscb i` nbs fbcpu`stbs sdmt`tdzoibs, no r`prbiuffdöm y jdmonc`mt`, `n oncof`mocd`mtb i` nos r`s`rvos ondc`mtdfdos m`f`sordos o no r`prbiuffdömm b o no dmv`rm r`prbiuffdö dmv`rmofd ofdöm. öm. [br `n fbmtrordb fbmtrordb pr`s`mtorïm ``mj`rc mj`rc`ioi `ioi fuomib um umoo b vordos i` sus jumfdbm`s s`om ont`roios pbr nbs braomdscbs potöa`mbs b pbr i`t`rcdmoios fbmidfdbm`s i`n c`idb. Nbs prbf`sbs `sp`fãjdfbs qu` foroft`rdzom nos `mj`rc`ioi`s, vorãom fbmsdi`roen`c`mt` s`aøm `n oa`mt` fouson y o v`f`s s`aøm no pnomto cdsco. Dmdfdonc`mt`, Dmdfdonc`mt`, no rr`off `offdöm döm i` nnoo pnom pnomto to omt` `n oa`mt` qu` bfosd bfosdbmo bmo su `mj`rc`ioi s` fbmf`mtro `m no zbmo `mj`rco, y `s i` moturon`zo quãcdfo ` dmvdsden`. Vdm `ceorab, pbfb td`cpb i`spuäs no r`offdöm s` idjumi` y s` prbiuf`m focedbs gdstbnöadfbss qu` s` ggof`m gdstbnöadfb of`m mbtoen`s y fbmstdtuy`m fbmstdtuy`m nbs sãmt sãmtbcos bcos i` nnoo `mj`rc`ioi `mj`rc`ioi
6:
Edendbarojão
Omtbm`nnd, @. J. (5;;;). U@V[P@VYOV I@ NOV [NOMYOV. C`xdfb. FBMOFTY.
(5;5;).
DM@FBN.
Bet`mdib
i`
DM@FBN8
gt gttps8/ tps8//w /www ww.dm`fbn.cx/dm`fbn/dmi`x.pgp/`s/ft-c` .dm`fbn.cx/dm`fbn/dmi`x.pgp/`s/ft-c`mumu-dt`c-50/ft-c`mu-dt`cdt`c-50/ft-c`mu-dt`c51/?1-fd`mfdo-gby/ 51/?1-fd`mfdo-g by/?1?-nbs-por ?1?-nbs-porosdtbs-y osdtbs-y-sus-`mj`rc`ioi`s -sus-`mj`rc`ioi`s pnom tos y no nuz moturon. Bet`mdib i` Nos pnomtos y Fbsuc`r. . (57 i` ?5 i` 5;?6). 5;?6 ). Nos pnomtos
no nuz moturon8 gttps8//www.fbmsuc`r.`s/erdfbnoh`/nos-pnomtos-y-no-nuzmotur mot uron.g on.gtcn#8~8t tcn#8~8t`` xt3Nos%5;pn xt3Nos%5;pnoo mt mtos os%5;m`f`sdtom%5;i`%5;no,i`n%5;fuon% %5;m`f`sdtom%5;i`%5;no,i`n%5;fuon% 5;betd`m`m%5;su% 5;betd`m`m %5;su%5;ondc`mt 5;ondc`mtb.&t`xt3 b.&t`xt3No%5;nuz%5;mo No%5;nuz%5;moturon%5;`s%5;no, turon%5;`s%5;no,ii ur uroo mt`%5;onaumos%5;gbros%5;on%5;i%F6%OIo .. .. Fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s - @n austb i` no gbrtdfunturo - @xt`msdöm i` no Pmdv`rsd Pmdv`rsdioi ioi i` Dnndmbds. (5;5;). Bet`mdib i` Fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s - @n austb i` no
gbrtdfunturo gbrtdfuntu ro @xt @xt`msdöm `msdöm i` i` nnoo P Pmdv`rsdioi mdv`rsdioi i` Dnndm nndmbd bdss 8 gttps8/ /w`e.`x `e.`xt`msdbm.dnndmbds.`iu/t t`msdbm.dnndmbds.`iu/tbaRsp baRsp/ids`os`.fjc /ids`os`.fjc#8%1@8t`xt3Nbs%5;gbma #8%1@8t`xt3Nbs%5;gbma gttps8//w bs%5F%5;nos%5;eoft`rdos%5F%5;nbs,cbvdcd`mtb%5;i`%5;no%5;t bs%5F%5;nos%5;eoft`rdos%5F%5;nbs,cbvdcd`m tb%5;i`%5;no%5;td`rro% d`rro% 5;dmj`ftoio.. 5;dmj`ftoio FBMOFTY.
(5;5;).
DM@FBN.
Bet`mdib
i`
DM@FBN8
gt gttps8/ tps8//w /www ww.dm`fbn.cx/dm`fbn/dmi`x.pgp/`s/ft-c` .dm`fbn.cx/dm`fbn/dmi`x.pgp/`s/ft-c`mumu-dt`c-50/ft-c`mu-dt`cdt`c-50/ft-c`mu-dt`c51/?1-fd`mfdo-gby/ 51/?1-fd`mfdo-g by/?1?-nbs-por ?1?-nbs-porosdtbs-y osdtbs-y-sus-`mj`rc`ioi`s -sus-`mj`rc`ioi`s Fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s - @n austb i` no gbrtdfunturo - @xt`msdöm i` no Pmdv`rsd Pmdv`rsdioi ioi i` Dnndmbds. (5;5;). Bet`mdib i` Fbmtrbn i` `mj`rc`ioi`s - @n austb i` no
gbrtdfunturo gbrtdfuntu ro @xt @xt`msdöm `msdöm i` i` nnoo P Pmdv`rsdioi mdv`rsdioi i` Dnndm nndmbd bdss 8 gttps8/ /w`e.`x `e.`xt`msdbm.dnndmbds.`iu/t t`msdbm.dnndmbds.`iu/tbaRsp baRsp/ids`os`.fjc /ids`os`.fjc#8%1@8t`xt3Nbs%5;gbma #8%1@8t`xt3Nbs%5;gbma gttps8//w bs%5F%5;nos%5;eoft`rdos%5F%5;nbs,cbvdcd`m bs%5F%5;nos%5;eoft`rdos%5F%5;nbs,c bvdcd`mtb%5;i`%5;no%5;t tb%5;i`%5;no%5;td`rro% d`rro% 5;dmj`ftoio.. 5;dmj`ftoio pnom tos y no nuz moturon. Bet`mdib i` Nos pnomtos y Fbsuc`r. . (57 i` ?5 i` 5;?6). 5;?6 ). Nos pnomtos
no
nuz
moturon8
gttps8//www.fbmsuc`r.`s/erdfbnoh`/nos-pnomtos-y-no-nuz-
motur mot uron.g on.gtcn#8~8t tcn#8~8t`` xt3Nos%5;pn xt3Nos%5;pnoo mt mtos os%5;m`f`sdtom%5;i`%5;no,i`n%5;fuon% %5;m`f`sdtom%5;i`%5;no,i`n%5;fuon% 61
5;betd`m`m%5;su% 5;betd`m`m%5;su%5;ondc`mt 5;ondc`mtb.&t`xt3 b.&t`xt3No%5;nuz%5;mo No%5;nuz%5;moturon%5;`s%5;no, turon%5;`s%5;no,ii ur uroo mt`%5;onaumos%5;gbros%5;on%5;i%F6%OIo . c om`hb i` i` nbs oarbquã oarbquãcdfbs cdfbs . Bet`mdib i` Con @N PMD PMDZ@UV Z@UVB. B. (;5 i` ;: i` 5;;1). 5;;1 ). Con com`hb
com`hb
i`
nbs
oarbquãcdfbs8
gttps8//www.`numdv`rsb.fbc/5;;1/;:/;5/;;;?/1?/75F7@E5EJOFO97?67I6;1 J601@:J:9I7.gtcn J601@:J:9I7.gtcn J`rmïmi`z, B., & Norr`o , Z. (5;;?). Cdfrbbraomdscbs omtoabmdstos poro `n fbmtrbn. Fueo. JDYBOAUB. JDY BOAUB. (;? i` ;4 i` 5;?0). @J@FYBV I@ NBV [OYÖA@MBV VBEU@ NO JDVDBNBAÃO I@ NOV [NOMYOV. Bet`mdib i` @J@FYBV I@ NBV
[O YÖA@MBV [OYÖA @MBV VBEU@ V BEU@ NO JDVDB JDVDBNBAÃ NBAÃO O I@ NOV [NOMYOV.8 [N OMYOV.8 gt gttp8/ tp8//j/jdtboarb.en dtboarb.enbaspbt.fbc/5;?0/;4/j baspbt.fbc/5;?0/;4/jdtbpotbnbado dtbpotbnbado-a`m -a`m`ron-` `ron-`j`ftbsj`ftbs-i`-nbs.g i`-nbs.gtc tc JDYB[OYBNBADO A@M@UON. (?? i` ;0 i` 5;??). Bet`mdib i` JDYB[OYBNBADO
A@M@UON8 gttp8//jdtboarb.enbaspbt.fbc/5;?0/;7/jdtbpotbnbado-a`m`ron-?dmtrbiuffdbm-no.gtcn dmtrbiuffdbm-no.gtcn Dmbvofdöm döm Oarãfbno @m Pm Fndl. Bet`m GDIUB @MZDUBMC@MY. (5;5;). Dmbvof Bet`mdib dib i` Dmbv Dmbvofd ofdöö m
Oarãfbno @m Pm Fndl8 gttps8//w gttps8/ /www ww.gyirb`mv.fbc.cx/fotonbab/dmi`x.pgp2codmRpoa`3poa`&d .gyirb`mv.fbc.cx/fotonbab/dmi`x.pgp2codmRpoa`3poa`&di3649#8 i3649#8 ~8t`xt ~8t `xt3@MJ@UC 3@MJ@UC@IOI @IOI@V%5;ED%F6%46Y @V%5;ED%F6%46YDDFOV FOV&t`x &t`xt3Nbs%5;joftbr`s%5;i`n t3Nbs%5;joftbr`s%5;i`n %5;c`idb%5;oced`mt`,nu %5;c`idb%5;oced`mt`, nuz% z%5F%5;mu 5F%5;mutrd`mt`s%5; trd`mt`s%5;y% y%5;`n%5;pG 5;`n%5;pG.. Dmjnu`mfdo i` no t`cp`roturo oced`mton `m nos pnomtos | FOMMO @spoÿo . (5;5;).
Bet`mdib i` DDmj mjnu nu`mfdo `mfdo i` no t`cp`rotu t`cp`roturo ro oced` oced`mt mton on `m nos pnomtos pnomtos | FO FOMMO MMO @spoÿo8 gttps8/ tps8//w /www ww.fommo.`s/dmjnu`mfdoRt`cp`roturoRoced`mtonR`m .fommo.`s/dmjnu`mfdoRt`cp`roturoRoced`mtonR`mRR nosRpnomt nosRpnomtos# os#8~ 8~8t` 8t` gt xt3Humt xt3Hu mtb%5;fbm%5;n b%5;fbm%5;nbs bs%5;mdv`n`s%5;i`, %5;mdv`n`s%5;i`,`s `stbs%5;joftbr`s%5;i`e`r%F6% tbs%5;joftbr`s%5;i`e`r%F6% OIom%5;`stor%5;`qudnderoibs.. OIom%5;`stor%5;`qudnderoibs Dms`ftbs Z`ftbr`s i` @mj`rc`ioi`s `m [nomtos . (;? i` ?? i` 5;?7). Bet`mdib i`
Dms`ftbs
Z`ftbr`s
i`
@m @mj`rc`ioi` j`rc`ioi`ss
`m
[nomtos8 67
gttps8/ gttps8//w /www ww.i`jdmdfdbm.xyz/5;?7/;1/dms`ftbs.i`jdmdfdbm.xyz/5;?7/;1/dms`ftbs-vv`ftbr`s-i`-` `ftbr`s-i`-`mj mj`` rc`ioi`s`m.gtcn `m.gtcn
Ldm , O. A., & N`i`mt, H. J. (5;?0). @J@FYBV I@N ZD@MYB. Bet`mdib i` @J@FYBV I@N ZD@MYB8 Rvd`mtbRRR9.pij Rvd`m tbRRR9.pij
gttps8//dmto.abe.or/sdt`s/i`jount/jdn`s/sfrdpt-tcp-dmtoR-
C`fomdscb i` r`sdst r`sdst`mfdo `mfdo i` nos pnomtos. (?: i` ;7 i` 5;;:). 5 ;;:). Bet`mdib Bet`mdib i` C`fomdscb
i` r`sdst`mfdo ibfs/mbto9t54.pij MGAUD.
(5;??).
i`
²_P@
nos
@V
pnomtos8
gttp8//www.utc.cx/t`cos/t`cos-
JDYB[OYBNBAÃO2 Bet`mdib
i`
²_P@
@V
JDYB[OYBNBAÃO28 gttps8//v gttps8/ /vdrtu drtuoo n.u n.uptf.`i ptf.`iu. u.fb/bvo/jdtb/orf fb/bvo/jdtb/orfgdv gdvbb /A /A@M@UONDIOI@V @M@
[email protected] .pij Mutrbfbmtr Mu trbfbmtrbn. bn. (54 i` ;? i` 5;5; 5;5;). ). NO GPC@IOI U@NOYDZO @M DMZ@UMOI@UB. Bet`mdib
i`
NO
GPC@IOI
U@NOYDZO
@M
DMZ@UMOI@UB8
gttp8//mutrdfbmtrbn.fbc/5;?0/no-guc`ioi-r`notdvo-`mdmv`rm dmv `rmoi`rb/#8~ oi`rb/#8~8t`xt 8t`xt3@j`ftbs%5;oi 3@j`ftbs%5;oiv`r v`rsbs%5;sber`%5;no%5;pno sbs%5;sber`%5;no%5;pnomt mto,prbpoao o,prbpoao fd%F6%E6m%5;i`%5;pnoaos%5;y%5;`mj`rc`ioi`s.. fd%F6%E6m%5;i`%5;pnoaos%5;y%5;`mj`rc`ioi`s [`r`ardmo, O. O. (s.j.). Jdtbpotbnbaão. @spoÿo8 @IDYBUDON VÃMY@VDV. [r`zd.fbc. (5;5;). [roftdfos Dmoi`fuoios oardfbnos. Bet`mdib i` [roftdfos Dmoi`fuoios oardfbnos8 gttps8//www.sfrdeer.`s/i`t`ftbr-i`-pnoadb/a`m`roibropo/m`w/w`epoa`/ opo/m`w/w`epoa`/ Vomdio
Z`a`ton.
(s.j.). Bet`mdib i` Vomdio gttps8//eidadton.zocbromb.`iu/edtstr`oc/??;6:/?609/5/;5.pij gttps8//eidadton.zocbromb.`iu/edtstr`oc/??;6:/?609/5/;5.pij
Z`a`ton8
fbmf`ptb b romab Vdst`co Vd st`co Dmt`aron Dmt`aron i` Fbcumdfofd Fbcumdfofdbm. bm. (?6 i` ;0 i` 5;5;). U`vdsomib `n fbmf`pt i` gbsp`iomt`s i` potöa`mbs `m pnomtos . Bet`mdib i` U`vdsomib `n fbmf`ptb
romab
i`
gbsp`iomt`s
i`
potöa`mbs
`m
pnomtos8
gttps8/ /prbi.s`mosdfo.abe.cx s`mosdfo.abe.cx/ON@UYOV/dmdfdb/poa`s/sdman /ON@UYOV/dmdfdb/poa`s/sdman`` .pgp2mbtdfdo301;7 .pgp2mbtdfdo301;7 gttps8//prbi. 64
OZOMF@V F@V OAUDFBNOV . Bet`mdib i` OZOMF@V Pmlmbwm Pm lmbwm.. (?0 i` ;0 i` 5;??). OZOM OAUDFBNOV8 gttp8//ovomf`sf`p.enbaspbt.fbc/ gttp8//ovomf`sf`p.enbaspbt.fbc/
Z`ro, F. C. (?5 i` ;1 i` 5;?1). Dcpbrtomfdo i` no jdtbpotbnbaão `m no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno. Bet`mdib i` Dcpbrtomfdo i` no jdtbpotbnbaão `m no prbiuffdöm oarãfbno8
gttps8/ /www ww.st .stuibfu. uibfu.fbc/at/ibfuc`mt/umdv`rsdioi fbc/at/ibfuc`mt/umdv`rsdioi-i`-au -i`-auoo yoqudn/ yoqudn/sbfdbnbado sbfdbnbado-gttps8//w ruron/ ru ron/dmjbr dmjbrc`/dcpbr c`/dcpbrtomfdo-i`-no-jdtbpotbn tomfdo-i`-no-jdtbpotbnbado-` bado-`m-nom-no-prbiuffdbmprbiuffdbmoardfbno/9:4;76;/vd`w oardfbno/9:4;76;/vd`w
9;
