Death Penalty

 

April 18, 2006 · Posted in: In the News

A timeline of death penalty in the Philippines  Philippines  THE imposition of the death penalty in the country has had a repressive history. For the most part (from 1848 to 1987), it was used to curtail the liberties, freedoms and rights of the Filipino people. In recent history, however, the death penalty was reimposed as a knee-jerk response to what has largely been seen as rising criminality in the country. The following, with help from the Mamamayang Tutol sa BitayMovement for Restorative Justice, traces the death penalty’s historical roots and context in Philippine society:  

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Spanish Period (1521-1898) Period (1521-1898) Spanish colonizers brought with them medieval Europe’s penal system, including executions. Capital punishment during the early Spanish Period took various forms including burning, decapitation, drowning, flaying, garrote, hanging, shooting, stabbing and others. Capital punishment was enshrined in the 1848 Spanish Codigo Penal and was only imposed on locals who challenged the established authority of the colonizers. Between 1840-1857, recorded death sentences totaled 1,703 with 46 actual executions. Filipinos who were meted the death penalty include Magat Salamat (1587); the native clergies Gomez, Burgos and Zamora who were garroted in 1872; and Dr. Jose Rizal, executed on December 30, 1896. All of them are now enshrined as heroes. American Period (1898-1934) Period (1898-1934) The American colonizers, adopting most of the provisions under the Codigo Penal of 1848, retain the death penalty. The Codigo Penal was revised in 1932. Treason, parricide, piracy, kidnapping, murder, rape, and robbery with homicide were considered capital offenses and warranted the death penalty. The Sedition Law (1901); Brigandage Act (1902); Reconcentration Act (1903); and Flag Law (1907) were enacted to sanction the use of force, including death, against all nationalist Filipinos. Macario Sakay was one of those sentenced to die for leading a resistance group. He was sentenced to die by public hanging. The capital punishment continued to be an integral part of the pacification process of the country, to suppress any resistance to American authority. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) Occupation (1941-1945) There are no recorded or documented cases of executions through the death penalty during this period simply because extrajudicial executions were widely practised as part of the pacification of the country. Post-World War II Espionage is added to the list of capital offenses. The Anti-Subversion Law called for the death penalty for all Communist leaders. However, no executions were recorded for any captured communist leader. For the period of 1946-1965, 35 people were executed for offenses that the Supreme Court labeled as “crimes of senseless depravity or extreme criminal perversity.” The Marcos Years (1965-1986) Years (1965-1986) “Deterrence” became the official justification for the imposition of the death penalty. This is the same justification used for the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. The number of capital crimes increased to a total of 24. Some crimes which were made punishable by death through laws and decrees during the Marcos period were subversion, possession of firearms, arson, hijacking, fishing and cattle rustling.embezzlement, drug-related offenses, unlawful possession of firearms, illegal

 

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Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda, P ineda, and Edgardo Aquino were executed for the gang rape of movie star Maggie dela Riva in 1972. Despite prohibitions against public executions, the execution of the three was done in full view of the public. Nineteen executions took place during the Pre-Martial Law period. p eriod. Twelve were executed during Martial Law. Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. was sentenced to die by firing squad for fo r charges of murder, subversion and illegal possession of firearm in 1977. The last judicial execution under the Marcos years was in October 1976 when Marcelo San Jose was executed by electrocution. Similar to the reasons for the imposition of capital punishment during the Colonial Periods, the death penalty during the Marcos Regime was imposed to quell rebellion and social unrest. President Corazon Cojuangco Aquino (1986-1992) Aquino (1986-1992) The Death Penalty was “abolished” under the 1987 Constitution. The Philippines became the first Asian country to abolish the death penalty for all crimes. All death sentences were reduced to reclusion perpetua or perpetua or life imprisonment. In 1988, the military started lobbying for the imposition of the death penalty for crimes committed by the CPP-NPA. President Fidel Valdez Ramos (1993-1998) Ramos (1993-1998) A series of high profile crimes during this period, including the murder of Eileen Sarmenta and Allan Gomez, created public impression that heinous crimes were on the rise. The Ramos administration reimposed the death penalty by virtue of Republic Act No. 7659 in 7659  in December 1993 to address the rising criminality and incidence of heinous crimes. The Death Penalty Law lists a total of 46 crimes punishable by death; 25 of these are death mandatory while 21 are death eligible. Republ Republic ic Act No. 8177 817 7 mandates that a death sentence shall be carried out through lethal injection. President Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001) Estrada  (1998-2001) Leo Echegaray was executed in February 1999 and was followed by six other executions for various heinous crimes. In 1999, the bumper year for executions, the national crime volume, instead of abating, ironically increased by 15.3 percent or a total of 82,538 (from 71,527 crimes in the previous year). Estrada issued a de facto moratorium facto moratorium on executions in the face of church-led campaigns to abolish the death penalty and in observance o bservance of the Jubilee Year. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-present) Arroyo (2001-present) Arroyo publicly stated that she is not in favor of executions. Due to the rise in crimes related to drugs and kidnappings that targeted the Filipino-Chinese community, she announced that she would resume executions “to sow fear into the hearts of criminals.” Arroyo lifted the de facto moratorium facto moratorium issued by Estrada on o n December 5, 2003. Even as executions were set to resume on January 2004, this did not push through by virtue of a Supreme Court decision to reopen the Lara-Licayan case. case. Since then, the administration has been issuing reprieves on scheduled executions without actually issuing a moratorium. With the amendment of Republic Act No. 8353 (Anti-Rape 8353 (Anti-Rape Law of 1997) and Republic Act No. 9165 (Comprehensive 9165  (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs act of 2002), there are now 52 capital offenses, 30 of which are death mandatory and 22 are death eligible.

 

 The Philippines has a long history with capital punishment, but it was most recently suspended in the year 2006 and replaced with the life imprisonment and reclusion perpetua. In 19 1946, 46, mur murde der, r, rap rape, e, and tre treaso ason n wer were e gro ground unds s for the death penalty. Until 1961, 51 were sentenced to death by the law. This number soared high under the leadership of strongman Ferdinand Marcos. Under the Marcos regime, drug trafficking was added to the list of  crim cr imes es puni punish shab able le by de deat ath. h. El Elec ectr tric ic ch chai airs rs we were re th the e pr prim imar ary y instrument for execution during Marcos’ time, which were replaced by ring squads in 1976. When Marcos was overthrown during the 1986 19 86 Peo People ple Power Power Re Revol voluti ution, on, the Phi Philip lippin pines es be becam came e the rs rstt coun co untry try in As Asia ia to ab abol olis ish h deat death h pe pena nalt lty y by vi virt rtue ue of the the 19 1987 87 Constitution. Death penalty was reinstated under the rule of then-President Fidel Ramos, which used gas chambers and electric chairs to dispense  judgment. Executions the suspension the deat de ath h pen enal alty ty un unde derrcontinued Pr Pres esid iden enttuntil Glo lori ria a second Ma Maca cap pag agal al-A -Arr rroy oyo, o,ofwh who o suspended it under Republic Act No. 9346 in 2006.  

 

  The return of death penalty? Dur urin ing g the the cam amp pai aig gn se seas ason on of th the e 201 016 6 na nati tion onal al an and d loc local Elections, former frontrunner and current president Rodrigo Duterte vocally supported the reinstatement of death penalty to aid him in

his drugs. In Jwar uly uly against la last st ye year ar,, Ho Hous use e Sp Spea eake kerr Pa Pant ntal ale eon Al Alva vare rez z an and d Capi Capiz z Representative Fredenil Castro authored House Bill 01, calling for the reinstatement of death penalty via lethal injection on heinous crimes. Similarly, Senator Emmanuel Pacquiao led Senate Bill 185 propo pro posin sing g the ret return urn of de death ath pe penal nalty ty aga agains instt hei heinou nous s cri crime mes s in October 2016. Other politicians, like Senator Panlo Lacson, also sup upp por orte ted d th the e ret etu urn of deat ath h pe pen nalty alty by l lin ing g bill ills for its reinstatement. A fe few w mo month nths s la late terr in De Dece cemb mber er,, th the e Ho Hous use e Just Justic ice e Co Comm mmit itte tee e appr ap prov oved ed th the e bi bill ll on a vo vote te of 12 12-6 -6,, wi with th on one e ab abst stai aini ning ng.. Ma Many ny

 

expected expect ed the bil billl to be passed passed into law by Chr Christ istmas mas.. How Howeve ever, r, furt fu rthe herr debat ate es an and d acti action ons s were de defe ferrre red d by th the e Ho Hous use e of  Representatives Representative s until early 2017. While many politicians appear to support the reinstatement of death penalty, many have also stood ground against it. Vice President Leni Robr Ro bred edo o ha has s be been en st stau aunc nch h on he herr op oppo posi siti tion on of de death ath pe pena nalt lty, y, stating that there has been no sufficient evidence nor study that presents death penalty as effective in deterring crimes. Furthermore, she has been quoted as citing that the country is a sign si gnat ator ory y to th the e Se Seco cond nd Op Opti tion onal al Pr Prot otoc ocol ol to th the e Inte Interna rnati tion onal al Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibits the nation from reinstating death penalty.   Causes and concerns Amnesty International (AI) has called out the reintroduction of death pena pe nalt lty y inlawmakers the the Ph Phil ilip ippi pine nes s la last stsuch year yearattempts. in its its pu publ blic ic re-introduction st state ateme ment nt fo forr Philippine to oppose “The of the death penalty would not only represent a major setback for the promotion and protection of human rights in the country but also violate the Philippines’ obligations under international law,” the statement, released on November 25, read. AI is just one of many organizations which oppose the reimplementation of the death penalty. Aside from citing that death penalty tarnishes a person’s natural human rights, AI also touches on the political and erroneous side of death penalty. According to AI, the risk of sentencing innocent people to death row is too high. Since 1973, for example, 150 United States prisoners sentenced to death penalty have been absolved and exonerated. Anot An othe herr re reas ason on why AI beli liev eves es tha hatt dea eath th pen ena alty lty mus ustt be abolished is due to the sentence being used as a political tool in skew sk ewed ed just justic ice e sy syst stem ems. s. Ac Acco cord rding ing to th the e or orga gani niza zati tion on,, th the e to top p three executing countries of China, Iraq, and Iran have issued death sentences to convicts after unfair trials. Many of these sentences were carried out after “confessions” obtained through torture and unethical methods. AI also cited that the death penalty has been used by politicians to preserve power and stamp out their opponents legally. Their data shows that in Ghana, between 1983 and 1986, around 50 political

 

prisoners prison ers hav have e be been en exe execut cuted ed after after be being ing place placed d thr throug ough h unf unfair air trials. The organization also noted that authorities in countries such as Iran and Sudan use death penalty to punish political opponents.   On the international scale While views of death penalty in the Philippines remain highly mixed, around aro und two two-th -third irds s of the int intern ernati ationa onall com commun munity ity opp oppose ose de death ath penalty. In data showed by AI, 140 of all countries worldwide do not practice death penalty. In Eu Euro rope pe,, for for ex exam ampl ple, e, 96 pe perc rcen entt of st stat ates es ha have ve co comp mple lete tely ly abol ab olis ishe hed d de deat ath h pena penalt lty, y, wi with th La Latv tvia ia mo most st re rece centl ntly y join joinin ing g the the number in 2012. As a precondition to entering the European Union (EU) (E U),, a st stat ate e mu must st fu full lly y ab abol olis ish h de deat ath h pena penalt lty y in al alll fo form rms s an and d precepts. The EU believes that death penalty is an inhumane action and “has not shown in any way to act as a deterrent to crime.” Of all the countries in Europe, only Belarus still maintain death penalty in law and practice. At th the e en end d of th the e da day, y, th the e de deat ath h pe pena nalt lty y st stil illl re rema main ins s a high highly ly debated and controversial topic. The Philippines will greet 2017 with fresh exchanges and plenaries regarding the reinstatement of death penalty into law.

 

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Capital punishment in the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navig n avigati ation onJump Jump to search se arch Capital punishment in the Philippines Philippines has  has a varied history and is currently suspended as of 2006. Capital punishment was legal after independence and increased in use under the Ferdinand Marcos regime. Marcos  regime. After the fall of Marcos, there was a moratorium on capital punishment from 1987 to 1999, followed by a resumption in executions from 1999 to 2006, and followed - in turn - by a law ending the practice. Filipinos have mixed opinions about the death penalty, penalty, with many opposing it on religious and humanitarian grounds, while advocates see it as a way of deterring crimes. Contents   [hide]    

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1Spanish and American periods 21946-1986 3Reinstatement and moratorium 4Second suspension   4.1Protocol 4.1 Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights   4.2 Aftermath 5Support for reintroduction of capital punishment 6Methods 7References 8External links

 

Spanish and American periods[edit edit]]

 A 1901 execution at the Old Bilibid Prison, Prison, Manila Manila,, Philippines

During Spanish Spanish  colonial rule, rule, the most common methods of execution were death by firing squad (especially squad  (especially for treason/military crimes, usually reserved for independence fighters) and garrotte garrotte (a  (a notable case would be the Gomburza Gomburza). ). Death by hanging was hanging was another popular method.  A prominent example is the national hero, hero, José Rizal, Rizal, who was executed by firing squad on the morning of December 30, 1896, in the park that now bears his name. name.[1] In 1926, the electric chair   (Spanish Spanish:: silla eléctrica; eléctrica; Filipino Filipino:: silya eléktrika) eléktrika) was introduced by [2] the United States' States' colonial Insular Government, Government,  making the Philippines the only other country to employ this method. The last colonial-era execution took place under Governor-General Governor-General  Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. in Jr. in February 1932. There were no executions under Manuel L. Quezon, Quezon, the [3] first President President of  of the Commonwealth Commonwealth..

1946-1986[edit] The capital crimes after regaining full sovereignty in July 1946 were murder, rape rape and  and treason. [4] However, no executions took place until April 1950,  when Julio Gullien was executed for attempting to assassinate President Manuel Roxas. Roxas.[5] Other notable cases includes Marciál "Baby" Ama, electrocuted at the age of 16 on October 4, 1961, for murders committed while in prison for lesser charges.[6] Ama notably became the subject of the popular 1976 film, Bitayin si... Baby  Ama!  (Execute   (Execute Baby Ama!).[7]  A former powerful Governor of Negros Occidental Rafael Occidental Rafael Lacson and 22 of his allies, condemned to die in August 1954 for the murder of a political opponent. [8]Ultimately, Lacson was never executed. In total, 51 people were electrocuted up to 1961. Execution numbers climbed under President Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos, who was himself sentenced to death in 1939 for the murder of Julio Nalundasan—the Nalundasan —the political rival of his father, Mariano Mariano;; the young Ferdinand was acquitted on appeal.  A notorious triple execution took place in May 1972, when Jaime José, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo  Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape gang-rape of  of young actress Maggie dela Riva. Riva. [9] The state ordered that the executions be broadcast on national television. Under the Marcos regime, drug trafficking also trafficking also became punishable by death by firing squad, such as the case with Lim Seng, whose execution in December 1972 was also ordered broadcast on national television. Future President and then Chief of the Philippine Constabulary Gen. Constabulary Gen. Fidel V. Ramos was Ramos was [10] present at the execution.

 

The electric chair was used until 1976, when execution by firing squad eventually replaced it as the sole method of execution. Under Marcos' 20-year authoritarian rule, however, countless more people were people  were summarily executed, tortured or simply disappeared for opposition to his rule. [neutrality  is  is disputed ] l  After Marcos was deposed in deposed in 1986, the newly drafted 1987 Constitution prohibited Constitution prohibited the death penalty but allowed the Congress to reinstate it "hereafter" for "heinous crimes"; making the Philippines the first Asian country to abolish capital punishment.

Reinstatement and moratorium[edit edit]]

New Bilibid Prison held Prison held male death row inmates

President Fidel V. Ramos promised Ramos promised during his campaign that he would support the re-introduction of the death penalty in response to increasing crime rates. The new law, drafted by Ramos, restored capital punishment. This law provided the use of the electric chair until the gas chamber  (chosen   (chosen by the government to replace electrocution) could be used. Executions resumed in 1999, starting with Leo Echegaray, Echegaray, who was put to death by lethal injection under injection  under Ramos' successor, Joseph Estrada, Estrada, marking the first execution after the reinstatement of the death penalty. The next execution saw an embarrassing mishap when President Estrada decided to grant a last-minute reprieve, but failed to get through to the prison authorities in time to stop the execution. Following on a personal appeal by his spiritual advisor, Bishop Teodoro Bacani, Estrada called a moratorium in 2000 to honor the bimillenial anniversary of Christ's birth. birth.[11] Executions were resumed a year later. Estrada's successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Arroyo, was a vocal opponent of the death penalty and also approved a moratorium, but later permitted executions and denied pardons pardons..[citation needed ] When the Philippines had the death penalty, male inmates condemned to death were held at New Bilibid Prison and Prison and female inmates condemned to death were held at Correctional Institution for Women (Mandaluyong). (Mandaluyong).[12] The death chamber for inmates to be electrocuted was in Building 14, within the Maximum Security Compound of New Bilibid. The Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) Museum previously served as the lethal injection chamber. [13]

 

Second suspension[edit]

 An old embarkation card (erroneously) warning visitors of the death penalty for drug trafficking. The caveat has since been removed from subsequent versions.

On 15 April 2006, the sentences of 1,230 death row inmates row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, imprisonment , in what Amnesty what  Amnesty International believes International  believes to be the "largest ever commutation of death sentences".[14] Capital punishment was again suspended via Republic Act No. Act No. 9346, which was signed by President  Arroyo on 24 June 2006. The bill followed a vote held in Congress Congress earlier  earlier that month which [15] overwhelmingly supported the abolition of the practice. The penalties of life imprisonment and imprisonment  and reclusion perpetua (detention perpetua (detention of indefinite length, usually for at least 30 years) [16] replaced the death penalty.  Critics of Arroyo's initiative called it a political move meant to placate the Roman Catholic Church, Church, some sectors of which were increasingly vocal in their opposition to her  rule.

Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [edit edit]] The Philippines subsequently signed the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Rights. The Optional Protocol commits its members to the abolition of the death penalty within their borders. It was signed on 20 Sep 2006 and ratified on 20 Nov 2007. [17]

 

On December 6, 2016, after the justice committee of the Philippine House of Representatives approved a draft measure on the reimposition of the death sentence, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, Hussein, the UN Commissioner for Human Rights released an open letter addressed to the Philippine Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate saying, "International law does not permit a State that has ratified or acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to denounce it or withdraw from it”. Zaid asserted that because there is no “denunciation clause” in the protocol “thereby guaranteeing the permanent non-reintroduction of the death penalty by States that ratified the Protocol.”. [18]

edit]] Aftermath[edit President Arroyo controversially pardoned many prisoners during her presidency, including a 2009 pardon for all remaining felons convicted for the 1983 assassination of assassination of former Senator and opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr.  [19]

Support for reintroduction r eintroduction of capital punishment[edit] During the 2016 election, election, presidential candidate and frontrunner, Davao City mayor City mayor Rodrigo Duterte, Duterte, [20][21] [20] [21][22] [22] campaigned to restore the death penalty in the Philippines.  During the "Yes or No" segment of the second presidential debate on debate on March 20, 2016, Duterte and Senator Grace Poe were Poe were the only candidates who said "Yes" when asked about the restoration of the death penalty in the country, favoring the decision. [23] Duterte, who won the election in May 2016, supports restoration of the death penalty by hanging.[24] It has been reported that he wants capital punishment for criminals involved in illegal drugs, drugs, gun-for-hire syndicates and those who commit "heinous crimes" such as rape rape,, robbery robbery or  or car theft where the victim is murdered,[24] while Poe has stated that the capital punishment should apply to criminals convicted of "drugs and multiple crimes where involved people can no longer be rehabilitated."[25] Duterte has theatrically vowed "to litter Manila Bay with the bodies of criminals."[26] In December 2016, the bill to resume capital punishment for certain "heinous offenses" swiftly passed out of Committee in the House of Representatives; Representatives; it passed the full House [27] of Representatives in February 2017.  However, the law reinstating the death penalty stalled in the Senate in April 2017, where it did not appear to have enough votes to pass. [28][29]

Methods[edit edit]] The Philippines was the only country aside from the United States that States that used the electric chair , due to its being introduced during the US colonial period. Until its first abolition in 1987, the country reverted to using death by firing squad. squad.  After re-introduction injection as its sole method of execution.of the death penalty in 1993, the country switched to lethal injection as

References[edit edit]] 1.

Jump up^  up^ McLean, John (2003-12-21). "Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Philippines 'restores' death penalty" . BBC News. Retrieved Retrieved 2014-02-24.

2.

Jump up^  up^ Galvin, Anthony (2016). Old Sparky: The Electric Chair and the History of the Death Penalty . Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 15 . ISBN   978-1-5107-1135-8 .

3.

Jump up^  [1]  Archived July  Archived July 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Machine. up^ [1]

4.

Jump up^  up^ "Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search" .

5.

Jump up^  up^ [2][dead link ]

6.

Jump up^  up^ "History of Public Enemy" . Dokumentaryonijuantagal Dokumentaryonijuantagalog.weebly.com. og.weebly.com. Retrieved 2014-02-09.

 

7.

up^ "Bitayin si... Baby Ama! (1976) Rudy 'Daboy' Fernandez / Full Movie" . YouTube. Jump up^  Retrieved 2014-02-09.

8.

Jump up^  Retrieved 2014-02up^ "The Philippines: Justice for the Governor" . Time. 1954-09-06. Retrieved 09.

9.

Jump up^  up^ 48, Video (22 July 2008). "Video 48: May 17, 1972: The Maggie de la Riva Rape Case, Part 3: 3 Die in Chair at Muntinlupa" .

10. 11.

Jump up^  up^ "Lim Seng's execution" . Opinion.inquirer.net. 2008-12-29. Archived from the original  on   on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2014-02-09. Jump up^  up^ "Download Documents | Amnesty International" . Amnesty.org. Archived from the original  on   on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

12.

Jump up^  up^ Araneta,  Araneta, Sandy (2001-10-22). "1,020 death convicts await execution" . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 2017-05-03.

13.

Jump up^  up^ Torres-Tupas, Tetch (2015-07-15). "DOJ drawing list of inmates to occupy death chamber-turned-prison" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2017-05-04.

14.

Jump up^ Amnesty up^ Amnesty International Philippinesl, April 19, 2006 Philippines: Largest ever commutation of death sentences  sentences  Archived 2006-06-27 Archived 2006-06-27 at the Wayback Machine. Machine.

15.

Jump up^ Jansen, up^ Jansen, Jamie. June 6, 2006 Philippines Congress votes to end capital punishment   Archived 2006-06-21 punishment Archived 2006-06-21 at the Wayback Machine., Machine., The Jurist 

16.

Jump up^ Sun up^ Sun Star Cebu. 25 June 2006. Arroyo 2006. Arroyo kills death law law  Archived June  Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Machine.

17. 18.

Jump up^  up^ Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.. Rights

Jump up^  up^ "Violation of Optional Protocole if Death Penalty Restored" . Philippine Daily Daily Inquirer. December 8, 2016.

19.

Jump up^  up^ "10 Aquino-Galman convicts free finally" . Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Archived from the original  on   on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2014-02-24.

20.

Jump up^  up^ Lacorte, Germelina (December 28, 2015). "Duterte wants death penalty back" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 16, 2016.

21.

Jump up^  up^ Nawal, Allan; Manlupig, Karlos (June 16, 2015). "Duterte says he would revive death penalty" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 16, 2016.

22. 23.

Jump up^  up^ Nawal, Allan (August 16, 2015). "Duterte wants to restore death penalty for  plunder" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 16, 2016. Jump up^  up^ Geronimo, Gee Y. (March 20, 2016). "Cebu debate: Duterte, Poe favor return of death penalty" . Rappler . Retrieved May 16, 2016.

24.

  ^ Jump up to:a b Andolong,  Andolong, Ina (May 16, 16, 2016). "Duterte wants to restore dh penalty by hanging" . CNN Philippines. Philippines. Retrieved May 16, 2016. 25. Jump up^  up^ "Poe defends stand on death penalty" . The Philippine Star . March 21, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

26.

Jump up^  up^ Yap, DJ. "House Justice committee approves death penalty bill" .

27.

Jump up^  up^ Philippines Moves Closer to Reinstating Death Penalty

28.

Jump up^  up^ Death penalty dead in Senate — Drilon

29.

Jump up^  up^ Collapse of death penalty bill in the Senate hailed

External links[edit]  

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Photo of the Philip Philippines' pines' electric chair taken in 1969 Philippines 'restores' 'restores' death penalty - By John McLean McLean (BBC (BBC correspondent in Manila) Manila)

 

Lamban, S. 2000. Death Penalty in the Philippines

 

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