De Villena Luis Antonio - La Revolucion Cultural

 

 

 

@k rdvh`ugf÷j gu`turk` (Adskbéh ad ujk muvdjtua)

@ufs Kjthjfh ad Rf``djk

 

Tj `ferh ghih æstd aded ghidjzkr sfj auak (y d` `dgthr ghiprdjadrë iuy prhjth `ks rkzhjds), phr kqud``k brksd qud Uked`kfs, ghj `k fjtd`fldjgfk ad` qud vd y `k krihjék ad` chierd qud vfvék d` Udjkgfifdjth, gh`hgk dj d` gkpétu`h @RFF ad` `ferh F ad su Lkrlkjtýk y _kjtklrud`. Brksd qud ds `dik y jhrik ad vfak ad gukjths qufdrdj ckeftkr `k kekaék ad Qd`dik= «Dip`dkekj su vfak, jh sdlýj `dyds, dstktuths h rdl`ks, sfjh sdlýj su vh`ujtka y  brkjgh kreftrfh. Dj su rdl`k s÷`h lurkek dstk g`ëusu`k= CK] @H [TD [TFDUKW, phrqud  ldjtds `ferds, efdj jkgfaks, efdj fjstrufaks, qud ghjvdrskj dj chjdstk ghipkûék, tfdjdj phr jkturk`dzk uj fjstfjth y klufm÷j qud, sfdiprd, `hs dipumk k herkr ghrrdgtkidjtd y `hs kpkrtk ad` vfgfh.¾

 

_UFIDUK DUK _KUQD _UFI

GHJQUKGT@QTUK= WFLJFBFGKAH V HUFLDJ ;. @k «Lrkj Jdlkgf÷j¾

Cdredrt Ikrgusd, b`÷shh f`uifjkah, `éadr ad eudjk pkrtd ad `k prhtdstk dstuafkjtf` ad `hs kûhs sdsdjtk, y chy blurk k` pkrdgdr rd`dlkak k` sf`djgfh, adbjf÷ d` thjh ad kqud``k prhtdstk, ghj ujk dxprdsf÷j khrtujkak=  @k Lrkj Jdlkgf÷j.  Dsth ds, `k sdpk sdpkrk rkgf gf÷j ÷j,, `k adst adstut utd` d`fz fzkgf kgf÷j ÷j ph phrr pkr pkrtd td,, sh sher erdd thah thah ad `h `hss m÷ m÷vd vdjd jds, s, ad uj ujkk shgfdaka, ad ujk hrik ad vfak, fjg`ush ad uj ëiefth ad kif`fk. D`   jh rhtujah k uj dstkah ad ghsks. V dstk ifsik dxprdsf÷j sfrvd tkiefæj (dj lrkj idafak) pkrk adbj ad bjfr fr ad h hri rikk ld ldjd jdrk rk`` `h qud qud sd pu puda dadd djtd djtdja jadr dr phr phr gh ghjt jtrk rkgu gu`t `tur urk. k. @k ghjtrkgu`turk ds ujk  lrkj jdlkgf÷j jdlkgf÷j..  V ghih thak jdlkgf÷j, g`krh, suphjd ujk kbrikgf÷j ad vk`hrds hpudsths h judvhs. V jh sd h`vfad qud d` cdgch ad qud jhs dstdihs rdbrfdjah k k`lh kýj dj gfdrjds, kýj jh ghip`dtkidjtd adskrrh``kah (kujqud yk dsehzkah ghj lrkj g`krfaka) ckgd qud d` fjtdjth ad adbjfgf÷j prdgfsk, ghj `éiftds ad dsth sé h kqud``h jh, sdk (kadiës ad phgh adsdke`d) gksf fiphsfe`d. @k ghjtrkgu`turk ds, puds, ujk  lrkj jdlkgf÷j. _drh ¸ad a÷jad vfdjd dsk jdlkgf÷j y quæ suphjd8 Ad`fjdkr d` hrfldj ad` kgtuk` dstkah ad ghsks ad` iujah hggfadjtk`, suphjarék fjvdstflkr rkégds cfst÷rfgks iuy prhujaks. V jh ds æsd d` prhp÷sfth ad dstd `ferh. Wuphjarék (aflkihs ad hrik iuy shidrk) idjgfh idj gfhjkr jkr `k ghj ghjgdp gdpgf÷ gf÷jj  gfdjtfstk  ad ad`` iu iuja jah, h, qud qud sd fj fjku kulu lur÷ r÷ gksf gksf gh ghjj d` Udjkgfifdjth. V d` gfdjtfsih, kujqud sudjd k pkrkahmk, pudad dstkr iugcks vdgds rdûfah ghj `k gfdjgfk. V idjgfhjkr tkiefæj `k trkafgf÷j purftkjk y idrgkjtf`fstk, qud tkjtks vdgds sd dmdip`fbgk ghj dstkipks ad `k Fjl`ktdrrk vfgthrfkjk, h ghj k` k`hi hier erka kahs hs sk`h sk`hjd jdss ad `k pr÷s pr÷spd pdrk rk eu eurl rlud udsé sékk ad tkjt tkjtks ks gf gfua uaka kads ds (f (fjg jg`u `ush sh ds dspk pkûh ûh`k `ks) s) ad bj bjk` k`ds ds ad` ad` SFS. SFS. Wuph Wuphja jaré rék, k, kadi kadiës ës,, idjg idjgfh fhjk jkrr `k gh ghjt jtfj fjuk uk fjsdjsktdz ad `k ludrrk. _drh ghj dsth dstkihs yk dj rdk`fakads iës gdrgkjks.

 

D` tdrrfe`d gktkg`fsih ad `k Wdlujak Ludrrk Iujafk`, supush, phr uj `kah, `k fjkulurkgf fjkul urkgf÷j ÷j ad eudj eudjkk pkrtd ad `ks tdjsfhjds tdjsfhjds kgtuk`ds (tdrrhr kt÷ifgh, ph`étfgk ad  e`hquds, dtg...), pdrh supush, phr htrh, d` prfidr dierf÷j ad adsdjlkûh, y `k prfidrk skguafak pkrk k`lujks ghjgfdjgfks. ¸_hr quæ kqud` chrrhr, phr quæ uj pude`h pud e`h pua puahh dstkr dstkr fjd fjdrtd rtd,, kgd kgdptk ptkjah jah ikjski ikjskidjt djtdd kqud`` kqud``hs hs thtk`f thtk`ftkr tkrfsi fsihs hs qud hgupkrhj `hs kûhs kjtdrfhrds k `k Ludrrk8 @k ludrrk sd dipdz÷ k vdr ‑trks su bjk` ‑ ghih `k ghjsdgudjgfk ad ujk shgfdaka, ad uj ihah ad vfak. V ksé surlf÷ `k prhtdstk prhtds tk ad ujk ldjdrkgf÷j edkt  dj `hs Dstkahs Dstkahs Tjfahs, h `k adslkrrkak adslkrrkak trfstdzk trfstdzk ad` dxfstdjgfk`fsih ad eu`dvkr, ghj `hs hsgurhs s÷tkjhs ahjad cuidkek `k pfpk ad Wkrtrd h d` cdrhésih ad Gkius ‑dj tkjtks ghsks iës kgtuk` qud su ghipkûdrh‑ ifdjtrks Mu`fdd Lrdgh, gkjtkek ghj sus iës ed``ks   drrds  rhakaks y sus trkmds jdlrhs, id`kjgh`éks y kkjds ad adspdrtkr mujth k k`lufdj, dj pk`kerks (iugcks vdgds) ad` fipdtuhsh Ehrfs Rfkj. Drk `k prhtdstk trëlfgk y au`gd ad `k gkjgf÷j rkjgdsk. Ds gfdrth qud jh phadihs kýj cke`kr ad ghjtrkgu`turk (`hs edkt ckj pkskah k d``k, d` dxfstdjgfk`fsih dj lrkj idafak jh) pdrh dstkihs, dsh sé, dj ujk ad sus eksds. @k adgdpgf÷j y d` chrrhr trks ujk ludrrk adsh`kahrk. Adspuæs ‑y cke`kihs yk ad aéks iës gdrgkjhs‑ vfjh `k tdgjhgrkgfk. Wus fjfgfhs, jkturk`idjtd, shj kjtdrfhrds k `k Ludrrk. @k tdgjhgrkgfk ds ujk kik`lkik ad  vfsf÷j gfdjtégk y purftkjfsih. _drh su adskrrh``h tk` y ghih chy `h vfvfihs, pkrtd ad `hs kûhs ad `k phstludrrk. Qcdhahrd Uhszkn, ujh ad `hs lrkjads k`djtkahrds ad `k ghjtrkgu`turk, adbjd `k tdgjhgrkgfk ghih `k shgfdaka dj `k guk` `hs qud lhefdrjkj lhe fdrjkj sd mustfgkj phrqud sd rdiftdj k `hs tægjfghs, `hs guk`ds, k su vdz, sd mustfgkj phrqud sd rdiftdj k bhriks gfdjtégks ad  pdjskifdjth. V, tdrifjk fr÷jfgkidjtd Uhszkn, adspuæs ad `k Gfdjgfk ¸k quæ skjth

pudad ujh djghidjakrsd8 djghidjakrsd8 @k tdgjhgrkgfk tdgjhgrkgfk suphj suphjdd h qufdrd qufdrd ujk shgfdaka ksæptfgk ksæptfgk,, dbgkz, ad dxpdrths... dxpdrths... Wd djtrk dj `k ikqufjk ikqufjkrfk, rfk, sd ujgfhjk, sd ghjsuid, y thah d` gfg`h sd k`fvfk ghj ujk d`fgfaka dstýpfak y prdkerfgkak. Jkafd jdlkrë k `k tdgjhgrkgfk su hpu`djgfk. _drh ¸kahjad ghjaugd8 Bujgfhjkr, ghjsuifr, dxpdrths, pkrdgdj rkafhs ad ujk rudak fjdrjk`, ad ujk gkadjk ad sfj-sdjtfahs, qud pharék adjhifjkrsd skiskrk, ghih d` gfg`h euafstk ad `ks rddjgkrjkgfhjds, ad `k ifsdrfk ad `k dxfstdjgfk. @k tdgjhgrkgfk prhphjd y k`fdjtk `k ghipdtfvfaka ghih rd`kgf÷j cuikjk, rdjtd k` vdrakadrh ghjtkgth, h k `k ghhpdrkgf÷j rdk`. @k ghipdtfgf÷j d` sdr iës qud, dsph`dk k `hs jfûhs y ds udjtd ad adslrkgfk y vfgfh dj d` iujah kau`th. @k ghipdtftfvfaka ds (sherd dsth jh pudad ckedr jfjlujk auak) `k ludrrk. Dj `k tdgjhgrkgfk d` sdxh jh ds lhzh y k`dlrék vftk`, sfjh jdgdsfaka gkjk`fzkak (ghsfbgkgf÷j sfj rd`kgf÷j pdrshjk`), hrlksih sfj sdjtfah. Wu sdxuk`faka ds dj d` hjah purftkjk. @k tdgjhgrkgfk ds ujk d`fgfaka sfj vfak, ujk rfqudzk, uj këj ad phsdsf÷j y ad ghjsuih, fjjdgdskrfh. Wu fadk` pkrdgd sdr (y kujqud kýj dstdihs

 

iuy `dmhs ad æ` yk sd ckgdj prdvfsfhjds) kqud`  iujah bd`fz ad pf`ahrks y djlrkjkmds qud vfdrk K`ahus Cux`dy dj su  Erkvd Jdw \hr`a. @k tdgjhgrkgfk pudad suprfifr `hs prhe`diks ad `k pherdzk, ad `k ikrgkak afdrdjgfk shgfk`, pudad trkdr `k  shgfdaka ad `k keujakjgfk, pdrh su dbgfdjgfk, su ghjsuifsih, su thtk`ftkrfsih sue`fifjk`, su iujah ad dxpdrths, dstë kmdjh k `k vfak, jh sktfskgd `ks rdk`ds jdgdsfakads ad` chierd, fipfad qud æstd lhgd y sfdjtk, qud sd ghiprdjak, qud sd hrid, qud ksuik dj adbjf adbjftfvk tfvk su prhpfk pdrshjk pdrshjk`faka `faka y su `fedrtka cuikjk. @k tdgjhgrkgfk tdgjhgrkgfk jh `` ``dv dvkk k jfjl jfjluj ujkk pk pkrt rtd. d..... Dstd Dstd sfst sfstdi dikk ad vf vfak ak,, ks ksæp æptf tfgh gh y hprd hprdsf sfvh vh ‑ kpkrdjtdidjtd sfj fadh`hlék‑ y `k th`drkjgfk ad `k ldjdrkgf÷j kau`tk pkrk ghj æ` (kuj gukjah sd ckyk ghiprhekah qud jh ds udjtd ad dtdrjk d`fgfaka) ckj ihtfvkah ghih adgfsfvh kgthr d` surlfifdjth ad `k mhvdj ghjtrkgu`turk. @k   lrkj jdlkgf÷j k thah dsd sfstdik. V, bjk`i bjk`idjt djtd, d, tdj tdjaré arékihs kihs qud cke cke`kr `kr ad` ads adsdjl djlkûh kûh ph`étf ph`étfgh. gh. Gkpftk Gkpftk`fs `fsih ih y shgfk`fsih (dj su rdk`faka kgtuk`) shj mulkahrds qud sd adektdj dj uj ifsih gæspda. @h fiphrtkjtd jh ds qufdj lkjd (fjtufihs qud jh lkjkrë jkafd) sfjh d` gæspda, d` tdrrdjh dj qud sd mudlk. D` ëreftrh. @k Fzqufdrak trkafgfhjk` jh sh`ugfhjk `hs prhe`diks ad ujk shgfdaka tdgjhgrëtfgk. Ghj kspdgth s÷`h supdrbgfk`idjtd afst afstfj fjth th,, tk tkie iefæ fæjj `hs `hs pké pkésd sdss `` ``ki kika kahs hs shgf shgfk` k`fs fstk tkss (f (fjg jg`u `ush, sh, y k pdsk pdskrr ad su suss ghjafgfhjkifdjths cfst÷rfghs tkj afdrdjtds, `k Gcfjk ad Gchu Dj-`kf) shj ‑h kpdtdgd kpdt dgdjj sdr‑ sdr‑ ujk tdgjhg tdgjhgrkg rkgfk fk eu eurhgr rhgrëtf ëtfgk. gk. @ks afdrd afdrdjgf jgfks, ks, ghih ghih aflh, aflh, shj dxtdrfhrds. Ekjahs afstfjths ad uj ifsih mudlh. D` rdl`kidjth ds fluk` pkrk `hs ahs. @k tdgjhgrkgfk ds, jkturk`idjtd, dsd rdl`kidjth h dsd ëreftrh. Dsth sd vfh kjtds dj Dstkahs Tjfahs qud dj Durhpk (afgd Uhszkn) phrqud k``é jh dxfsték kpdjks ujk trkafgf÷j trkaf gf÷j ad Fzqu Fzqufdrak, fdrak, trkafgf trkafgf÷j ÷j qud dj Durhp Durhpkk tfdja tfdjadd k fadjtfbgkr fadjtfbgkr gkpftk`fsih gkpftk`fsih y tdgjhgrkgfk. D` adsdjlkûh ph`étfgh, dspdgfk`idjtd ad `k muvdjtua, sd prhaumh k` ghip ghiprh rhek ekrr qud qud dsk dsk fadj fadjtf tfbg bgkg kgf÷ f÷jj drk drk vë vë`f `fak ak tkie tkiefæ fæjj pkrk pkrk `ks `ks fzqu fzqufd fdra raks ks trkafgfhjk`ds. Dsth kpkrdgf÷ iuy g`krh, ghj `k rupturk y d` k`ehrhzh ad` Ikyh rdvh`ugfhjkrfh ad ;623. Kqud``h drk k`lh afstfjth. Jh ds qud jh pdrvfvfdsdj (h pdrvfv pdr vfvkj) kj) iug iugchs chs d`d d`didj idjths ths ad fzqufd fzqufdrak rak ‑su ‑suevd evdrsf rsf÷j, ÷j, kp`fgk kp`fgkgf÷ gf÷jj ad gfdrth gfdrthss kjë` kj ë`fs fsfs fs ikrx ikrxfs fstk tks, s, rdfv rdfvfj fjaf afgk gkgf gf÷j ÷j shgf shgfk`‑ k`‑ pdrh pdrh yk jh sd sd sdlué luékk uj ihad` ihad`hh dstke`dgfah. Ihad`h qud aurkjtd tkjth tfdiph adtdjt÷ `k TUWW. K pkrtfr ad kcé (ad` Ikyh rkjgæs, ad sus prhg`kiks, ad sus rhmks chludrks ad muvdjtua, fiklfjkgf÷j y vfak) sd kbrikek iës `k ghjtrkgu`turk. Djtdjafak ksé, puds, `k ghjtrkgu`turk surld ghih uj lrkj   jh jh. Tj jh k `h qud supush `k ludrrk y sus sdgud`ks, k `k shgfdaka tdgjhgrëtfgk fjaustrfk`, y k` djlkûhsh ikjdmh ad `k ph`étfgk ad e`hquds= Dshs ahs (h trds h guktrh) dqufphs dj uj ifsih

 

fadh`hlé hléks, ks,  sfdiprd, gæspda. _lrqud tfdjdj rkz÷j qufdjds cke`kj ad`   j ad `ks fadh` jkturk jkt urk`id `idjtd jtd,, qu qudd phr tk` tk`ds ds sd djt djtfdj fdjakj akj `ks fadh`hl fadh`hléks éks trkafg trkafgfhj fhjk`d k`ds. s. V chy dipfdzkj k vdrsd ‑sd vdj yk‑ htrks fadh`hléks judvks. _uds `k tdgjhgrkgfk ds, quæ auak gked, ujk lrfsëgdk fadh`hlék. 5. Gu`turk k` ikrldj

@k ghjtrkgu`turk jh ds, efdj djtdjafah, uj ihvfifdjth ph`étfgh qud sd hphjd k htrh. Tjk ahgtrfjk shgfk` guyhs rdsu`tkahs gchgkj ghjtrk `k ahgtrfjk vfldjtd. Jh, k` idjhs jh ghih ghjmujth. @k ghjtrkgu`turk ds (h fjtdjtk sdr, k pdskr ad fjjdlke`ds dxgdshs) ujk judvk vfsf÷j ad` iujah. Tjk ghsihvfsf÷j afdrdjtd k` chrfzhjtd rhih ad `k tdgjhgrkgfk fjaustrfk`, y phr supudsth, d`fz. Dj tk` sdjtfah gked cke`kr, rdbrfæjahsd k `k ghjtrkgu`turk, ad ujk ad `ks iës lrkjads phsfef`fakads ad gkiefh y ad rdjhvkgf÷j qud `d ckj vdjfah k `k gu`turk hggfadjtk` dj iugchs sfl`hs. _hrqud jh sd prdtdjad uj gkiefh iës h idjhs dxtdrjh (dsths gkiefhs sd ckj prhaugfah dj afdrdjtds y jh `dmkjks dtkpks sfj qud `k trkydgthrfk qufderd) sfjh ujk vkrfkgf÷j adsad adjtrh. Tj gkiefh rkafgk`. Dj dstd sdjtfah sd cke`k ‑ghih vdrdihs iës kad`kjtd‑ ad `k rdvh`ugf÷j psfgh`÷lfgk, y jh s÷`h, ghih sd vdjék ckgfdjah ckstk kchrk ad `k rdvh`ugf÷j, ad` gkiefh ph`étfgh h dghj÷ifgh. Ds dvfadjtd, sfj diekrlh, qud `k ghjtrkgu`turk jh ds chy ujk rdk`faka dstke`dgfak. Afrékihs qud ds s÷`h uj kpujtd, ujk pfgkz÷j qud ih`dstk k gfdrths dspérftus g÷ihakidjtd fjstk`kahs. Ds s÷`h uj fjfgfh, sf sd qufdrd (y iugchs lustkrëj ad vdr`h ksé) ujk dspdrkjzk. _hr dsh thah `h qud `k ghjtrkgu`turk (y yk vdrdihs g÷ih phr tk` cky qud djtdjadr djtdjadr ujk vkrfkak lkik ad ghsks) ckgd h prhphjd, thah `h qud dj `k ghjtrkgu`turk ds  sé  (kphrtkgfhjds,   (kphrtkgfhjds, suldrdjgfks, fadks judvks, hriks judvks) r rdj djtd td k ds dskk lr lrkj kj jdlk jdlkgf gf÷j ÷j prd` prd`fi fifj fjkr kr ck ckgf gfkk `h ds dstk tke` e`dg dgfa fah, h, tfdj tfdjdd qud qud sd sdrr ghjsfadrka ghjsf adrkahh ghih  gu`tur gu`turkk ikrlf ikrlfjk`, jk`,  ghih d`didjths `kadkahs, gukjah jh phr fjg÷ihahs, sé k` idjhs phr fjghiprdjafahs. _hr dsth, `k jhtk iës gkrkgtdréstfgk h d` rkslh afstfjtfvh iës g`krh pkrk adbjfr gukjth ghjgfdrjd k `k ghjtrkgu`turk, ds `k ikrlfjk`faka.  K` ikrldj ds pkrk `k ghjtrkgu`turk jh s÷`h d`didjth eësfgh ad su sfljfbgkgf÷j, sfjh tkiefæj adsdh, këj jdgdskrfh. Ckstk d` pujth ad qud thah `h ikrlfjk` ‑jh sfj gfdrth lhzh ad g`kusurk trkjslrdafak‑ pksk k sdr phr su idrk sftukgf÷j, ghjtrk- gu`turk`. @k fadjtfbgkgf÷j (ds phsfe`d) pudad rdsu`tkr, k vdgds, krrfdslkak. _drh ds ujakidjtk`idjtd gfdrtk. Gfdrtk phr `h idjhs kqué y kchrk. Kujqud tk` vdz uj cfphtætfgh uturh tuvfdrk, dj pkrtd, qud jdlkr`k. Vk uj tkjth ghjvdjgfhjk`idjtd sd sud`d adgfr qud `k kgtuk` ghjtrkgu`turk jkgf÷ k prfjgfpfhs ad `k aægkak ad `hs gfjgudjtk, dj Dstkahs Tjfahs, iës dxkgtkidjtd dj d`  ekrrfh ad Jhrtc Edkgc dj Wkj Brkjgfsgh. Drk `k ``kikak ldjdrkgf÷j edkt. Tj lruph

 

ad phdtks y kiflhs qud kahptkj ujk vfak fjhrik` y `ferd, ehcdifk, dj hphsfgf÷j k `h dstke`dgfah, y qud rdsugftkj (h fjtdjtkj rdsugftkr) `k vhz phtdjtd ad` vfdmh \cftikj, dj ujk phdsék djtrd hrk`, iéstfgk y ad prhtdstk. Tjk judvk ghjgfdjgfk phætfgk, ghih sfljh fjfgfk` ad ujk judvk ghjgfdjgfk shgfk`. D` prfidr ihidjth sfljfbgktfv sfljf bgktfvhh (y adbjf adbjfthrfh) thrfh) ad` lruph sd prhau prhaugd gd dj ;644, gukjah gukjah K`fdj Lfjsedrl Lfjsedrl `dd dj uj rdgftk` pýe`fgh su phdik  Chw` (Ku``fah) tdxth qud sdrë gksf prhlrkiëtfgh ad` lruph (y ad `k idjtk`faka qud jkgd) y qud dsd ifsih kûh sdrék pue`fgkah phr `hs Gfty @flcts Ehhns, dafthrfk` ad @kwrdjgd Bdr`fjlcdf, htrh ad `hs phdtks ad `k ldjdrk ldj drkgf÷ gf÷j. j. _drh _drh sf  Ch Chw` u udd adbj adbjft fthr hrfh fh gh ghih ih vd vdrs rség égu` u`h, h, gëjt gëjtfg fgh, h, iést iéstfg fgkk y afsfadjgfk, ghih ghjgfdjgfk, dj suik, `k herk qud idmhr adbjd d` dstf`h ad vfak, `k idjtk`faka y d` ihah  edkt (qud tkjth adsguerd ad` tk`kjtd y ad `k afsphsfgf÷j ikrlfjk` ad `k kgtuk` ghjtrkgu`turk) ds `k jhvd`k ad Mkgn Ndrhukg, pue`fgkak dj ;64