De La A Hasta La Z en Cosmética

 

ML JF F DFQ]F JF ^ LE AKQIÏ]OAF AKQIÏ]OA F F Fbrfsoñe>> Lxujalrfaoñe suplrcaofj ml jf polj pkr ilmoks ilaæeoaks. Faaoñe ml rfspfr Fbrfsoñe Falotl lsleaofj> lsleaofj> Lsleaof frkiætaf prkalmlel ml uef pjfef. Xksll ue kjkr f`rfmfbjl y vkjætj. Ql pulml oedfjfr, oe`lror, fpjoafr skbrl jf polj ilmofel ifsfnls k ilzajfr le lj f`uf mlj bfök. Ql utjozf le aksiïtaf akik sufvozfel, rl`lelrfel k keocafel. Lsæ akipulsk pkr ïslrls, falkefs, fjmldémks y fjakdkjls. Falotl mlj ærbkj mlj tï> tï > Lj falol lsleaofj ls fatvk akerf jks rls afl`kréfs ml kr`feosiks oelaaoksks> bfalrofs, dke`ks y vorus. Fmliæs ls oeiueklstiujfel .aufemk lj kr`feosik sl vl filefzfmk pkr aufjquolrf ml jks rls, lj ærbkj æ rbkj ml ï, fuilef sus mllesfs y afpfaomfm ml rlspulsf, ls mlaor rlulrzf su soslif oeiueofrok. Lsl falol lsf oemoafmk le >pol ml fjlf, fael, dke`ks, kjkr ml pols, uölrks, afspf, lazlif afpojfr ,poafmurfs ml oeslaks, la. Falotl ml Ladoui> Ladoui> Ls lj falol ml bkrrfnf qul faþf akik fetorrofel. Falotl ml fjilemrfs. fjilemrfs . Aketlel vofioef F y fj`uefs mlj akipjlnk a kipjlnk B. Xksll prkpolmfmls aoafrozfels y fetoefifkrofs. Iuy utjozfmk le aksiïtaf akik falol ml skpkrl pfrf jf fbroafaoñe ml arlifs, f jfs qul prkpkraokef uef lxurf mþatj y ljæstaf. Falotl ml f`ufaftl. f`ufaftl. Xkr su ljlvfmk akeleomk le æaomks æa omks `rfsks pkjooesfurfmks ls ue `rfe rl`lelrfmkr ml jks lnomks. Lxaljlel pfrf lj auomfmk ml jf polj slaf y aurtmf. Falotl ml afjïemujf. afjïemujf. Iuy fprkpofmk pfrf poljls iuy slesobjls y mljoafmfs, skbrl kmk jf ml jks eoöks. Falotl ml akak. Falol akak. Falol cnk lxrfémk ml jfs sliojjfs ml Akaks euaolrf. Iuy lipjlfmk le jf ljfbkrfaoñe ml nfbkels, arlifs fetskjfrls y krks prkmuaks ml aksiïtaf pkr sus prkpolmfmls domrffels y sufvozfels ml jf polj. Falotl ml `lrile ml tro`k. tro`k. Roak le vofioef L. Iuy oemoafmk pfrf jf polj slaf. Rlmual jfs aoafroals ml dlromfs y kplrfaokels. Xkr sus prkpolmfmls fetkxomfels suljl föfmorsl f krks falols iæs prkplesks f kxomfrsl, fjfr`femk fsé su vomf. Ql lipjlf le aksiïtaf akik akipkelel ml arlifs y jkaokels. Falotl ml kjovf. kjovf. Kbleomk mlj ruk ifmurk mlj kjovk. Auomf y rl`lelrf aufjquolr tpk ml polj rlfrmfemk su levlnlaoiolek. Falotl ml roaoek. roaoek. \ek ml jks akipkelels iæs lipjlfmks le jf fbroafaoñe ml jæpoals ml jfboks. Falotl ml sojoakef> sojoakef> Xrkmuak qul pksll jf afpfaomfm ml rlpljlr lj f`uf, dfal uef pljéaujf skbrl jf polj. Ql usf le jks aksiïtaks qul sl ifetlele oefjlrfbjls fj lerfr le akefak ake lj f`uf.ml sæemfjk. Falotl sæemfjk. Kbleomk f pfrtr ml jf mlstjfaoñe ml jf ifmlrf mlslafmf mlj Qfefjui fjbui. Oemoafmk pfrf lj auomfmk ml jf polj rlslaf, oefifmf k mlsdomrffmf. Lipjlfmk le jkaokels pfrf mlspuïs mlj flofmk. Æaomk dofjurñeoak> dofjurñeoak> Qo bole krif pfrl oeréeslaf ml jf polj, sl vf plrmolemk sl`þe pfsfe jks föks. Ql utjozf le jf aksiïtaf akik ue if`eécak domrffel y akik rlakestuylel ml jf polj, f jf qul prkl`l ml jks leñileks fiksïroaks. Qu ueaoñe proeaopfj ls ifelelr jf polj josf l domrffmf, yf qul ls afpfz ml fbskrblr dfsf 6888 vlals su plsk le f`uf. Æaomk gñnoak> gñnoak> Akipulsk utjozfmk le aksiïtaf pfrf jf ljoioefaoñe ml jfs ifeadfs ml jf polj. Faþf skbrl jks iljfekaoks, oedobolemk jf séelsos ml iljfeoef fj bjkqulfr jf rfeskrifaoñe ml jf J-]ORKQOEF, fioekæaomk prlaurskr ml jf iljfeoef. Qu ifykr vlefnf rfmoaf le jf sufvomfm qul fpkrf f jf polj y le qul ek afusf orrofaoñe eo kkslesobojozfaoñe. Æaomk sfjoaéjoak> sfjoaéjoak> Akipulsk iuy lipjlfmk pfrf cels ilmoaoefjls, skbrl kmk le krif ml æaomk k le su krif faltj-sfjoaéjoak. Le lj aulrk afbljjumk faþf akik f` f`lel lel glrfkjétak qul rlmual lj eþilrk ml lsafifs vosobjls. Ql utjozf fmliæs pfrf rffr lj faeï, jfs poljls `rfsfs y akik rlekvfmkr aljujfr.

 

Faeï> Flaaoñe ml jf polj afusfmf pkr ue bjkqulk ml jf slarlaoñe slbæalfs y fjlrfaokels ml Faeï> afræalr oefifkrok k oelaaoksk ml jfs `jæemujfs slbæalfs, qul vfe mlsml lj soipjl rfeskrek ueaokefj (faeï vuj`fr) dfsf jf faeï rksæalf, ake mojffaokels ml jks vfsks auæelks. Fmopkaotk>> Aïjujf mlj lnomk fmopksk, ake krif pkjoïmroaf k rlmkemf, rkmlfmf pkr uef Fmopkaotk ilibrfef bfsfj. Jf `rfe `kf ml `rfsf ` rfsf qul fjifalef le su oelrokrdfal qul jl eþajlk y lj aokpjfsif fpfrlzafe akiproiomks akerf jf ilibrfef aljujfr. FME>> Æaomk mlskxorrobkeuajloak. Lsæ prlslel le lj eþajlk ml jfs aïjujfs y akemoaokef jf FME séelsos ml jfs prkléefs (akjæ`lek y ljfstef). Le aksiïtaf, sl utjozf lj FME prkalmlel mlj lsplrif mlj sfjiñe k lj rlprkmuaomk pkr boklaekjk`éf. Ql lipjlf le lj rffiolek ml poljls levlnlaomfs pkr su afpfaomfm pfrf rllelr f`uf y pkrqul fuilef lj pkleaofj ml rl`lelrfaoñe. Fclr-sue>> Xrkmuaks qul sl utjozfe mlspuïs ml jf lxpksoaoñe skjfr, qul fjovofe, rljfnfe l Fclr-sue domrffe jf polj, pfrf qul rlauplrl su sufvomfm y lrsurf. F`uf ml rksfs> rksfs> Ql akeso`ul rfs jf ifalrfaoñe ml jfs dknfs ml rksfs le f`uf mlstjfmf. ]olel prkpolmfmls frkiætafs, jo`lrfilel fsroe`lel, rlrlsafel, afjifel y jo`lrfilel domrffel. Fjfetkéef>> Lxrfak ml pjfefs. Cfvkrlal jf rl`lelrfaoñe aljujfr y pksll llaks afjifels y Fjfetkéef slmfels. Fjfetkoef>> Qusfeaof quéioaf rlsujfmk ml jf mlsakipksoaoñe mlj æaomk þroak, afusfmf pkr Fjfetkoef leñilek kxomfel, jjfifmk uroafzf. Jf ueaoñe rlpfrfmkrf skbrl jks lnomks jf dfal omlfj pfrf krifr pfrl le jf kriujfaoñe ml arlifs oemoafmfs pfrf rffr fj`uefs flaaokels auæelfs pkr su llak fetbfalrofek, fet- oefifkrok y aoafrozfel Fjfdomrkxoæaomks>> Qke akekaomks akik FDF y fiboïe akik æaomks rufjls y sorvle pfrf Fjfdomrkxoæaomks lxkjofr ake sufvomfm jf lpomlrios, fcefemk lj pkrk. Qke Q ke fjofmks mlj fetlevlnlaoiolek. Lerl jks iæs lipjlfmks, sl aulef ake lj æaomk `joañjoak, qul sl lxrfl ml jf aföf ml fzþafr7 lj jæatak, prkvleolel ml jf jladl7 lj fræroak, lxrfémk mlj voek, lj aéroak y lj sfjoaéjoak, qul volel ml jf akrlzf mlj sfual. Ql utjozf le rffiolek pfrf rl`lelrfr jf polj. Fjkl>> Xjfef auyk akeleomk le æaomks `rfsks y if`elsok jl akeclrle prkpolmfmls likjolels, Fjkl céik`lefs, fet oefifkrofs, aoafrozfels l domrffels. Xlrlelale f jf fiojof ml jfs jojoæalfs. Fiikeoui Jfurltd sujftl> sujftl> ]opk ml surfafel feoñeoak, iuy utjozfmk le kriujfaokels aksiïtafs ml adfipþs. Fiikeoui Jfuryj sujftl> sujftl> ]opk ml surfafel k leskfatvk feoñeoak, iuy utjozfmk le kriujfaokels aksiïtafs ml adfipþs. Fipjok lsplatrk> lsplatrk> Qke jks prkmuaks skjfrls qul prkl`le fek ml jks rfyks \SF akik a kik ml jks \SB. Frföfs Sfsaujfrls> Sfsaujfrls> Qke afpojfrls mojfmks ml fifök oelrokr f 2ii qul fpfrlale nusk bfnk jf suplrcaol ml jf polj. Qke ml akjkr fzuj, ikrfmk k rknk. Ekrifjilel fpfrlale le jf afrf k jfs polrefs. Frbuef>> Ls uef susfeaof mlspo`ilefel qul lvof jf krifaoñe ml iljfeoef y jf fpfroaoñe Frbuef ml ifeadfs. Fraojjf>> Ls ue tpk ml tlrrf k bfrrk qul suljl lipjlfrsl pfrf rffr poljls `rfsfs pkrqul faþf Fraojjf rlslaæemkjfs. Æreoaf>> Xjfef qul fatvf jf aoraujfaoñe plroïroaf. Æreoaf Futkbrkealfmkr>> Xrkmuak ml brkealfmk soe skj, qul faþf akjkrlfemk jf pfrl suplrcaofj ml Futkbrkealfmkr jf lpomlrios y qul mlsfpfrlal le ueks rls méfs. Fvlef>> Alrlfj auyf dfroef prkmual blelcaoks skbrl jf polj. Le lj bfök sl usf pfrf fjovofr Fvlef orrofaokels y jf slqulmfm ml jf polj7 jks prkmuaks ml joipolzf, ek nfbkeksks, f bfsl ml fvlef ske oemoafmks pfrf jf joipolzf faofj y akrpkrfj yf qul rlsplfe lj lquojobrok æaomk ml jf polj y ek jf fjlrfe, ls iuy ekfbjl su llak skbrl jfs poljls faeloafs. Ls likjolel, fetefifkrok y slmftvk.

 

Fzujlek> Akipkelel ml jf afikiojf. Qu llak ls afjifel y mlsake`lstvk. Fzujlek>   B Bletkeotf>> Qojoafk ml fjuioeok Bletkeotf f juioeok domrffmk7 tlel afpfaomfm pfrf fbskrblr lj f`uf. Ql utjozf akik susfeaof lsplsfel Bltf-afrktlek>> Xrkalmlel ml jf prkvofioef F, ls ue akjkrfel qul sl utjozf le fj`ueks Bltf-afrktlek prkmuaks skjfrls. Bosfbkjkjkj>> Qusfeaof fatvf kbleomf f pfrtr ml jfs Afikiojf, qul afjif jf polj orrofmf y Bosfbkjkjkj lvof jf oefifaoñe. B-@juaæe>> Qusfeaof qul lstiujf jf fukdomrffaoñe ml eulsrf polj. B-@juaæe Bktkx>> Jf kxoef bkujéeoaf, akekaomf pkr Bkkx, ls uef susfeaof quéioaf ake prkpolmfmls Bktkx pfrfjozfels qul sl oeylaf le mllrioefmks iþsaujks mlj rksrk pfrf mlvkjvlr jf nuvleum. Brkealfmk>> Ls lj ilafeosik efurfj ml jf polj pfrf prkl`lrsl ml jks rfyks skjfrls. Brkealfmk Bujbk pojksk> pojksk> Rféz mlj pljk, ml mkeml pfrle jks vfsks sfe`uéelks orro`fmkrls mlj kjéaujk, qul ls lj sfak qul jk fjblr`f.   A Afafk>> Xkr su roqulzf le jfekjoef, lj afafk sl utjozf pfrf rl`lelrfr jfs poljls slafs, frru`fmfs Afafk pkr jf vlnlz y jks ifjks uksks. Afjïemujf, falotl ml> ml> Qusfeaof efurfj qul rlakekrf jf polj slesobjl y æaojilel orrofbjl. Afikiojjf>> Xjfef dlrbæalf ml krls kjkrksfs ake prkpolmfmls ilmoaoefjls y aksiïtafs. Afikiojjf Afkjée>> ]opk ml fraojjf qul sl utjozf pfrf jf ljfbkrfaoñe ml iuadfs ifsafrojjfs, mlbomk f su Afkjée pkmlr pfrf fbskrblr oipurlzfs ml jf polj. Afpf bfsfj> bfsfj> Afpf iæs oelref ml jf lpomlrios, akipulsf f su vlz pkr uef afpf ml aïjujfs ake afpfaomfm ml iujtpjoafrsl y ml fsalemlr pkr jfs krfs afpfs ml jf lpomlrios. Afpf añrelf> añrelf> Rlsujfmk cefj ml kmf jf fatvomfm ml jfs aïjujfs lpomïrioafs. Lsæ akipulsf pkr afpfs ml aïjujfs iulrfs (aïjujfs qulrfteozfmfs). Afreksoef>> Ls uef susfeaof qul prkl`l jf polj akerf lj duik ml fbfak y jf pkjuaoñe. Afreksoef Afrktlek>> Akjkrfel qul fuilef lj brkealfmk fj plelrfr le jf lpomlrios, ls iuy utjozfmk Afrktlek le jks prkmuaks skjfrls. Afspf>> Fjlrfaoñe mlj aulrk afbljjumk, rlakekaobjl pkr jf fpfroaoñe ml plqulöfs lsafifs Afspf bjfeafs le jf rféz mlj pljk y aulrk afbljjumk. Afstföf ml oemofs> oemofs> Lj falol lsleaofj sl utjozf akik fetakuplrksoak. Jf oeusoñe sl utjozf akik afjifel, rl`ujfmkr ml jf aoraujfaoñe vleksf, ñeoak ml jfs pfrlmls afpojfrls y akik joipofmkr. Mlsake`lstvk, fetefifkrok y vfskakesroakr. Aïjujfs ml Jfe`lrdfes> Jfe`lrdfes> Lsæe soufmfs bfnk jf afpf añrelf y jf prkl`le ml jfs susfeaofs lxrföfs qul rffe ml plelrfr f rfvïs ml jf iosif. Aljujos>> ]fiboïe akekaomf akik polj ml efrfenf, ls jf ikmocafaoñe suromf le lj lnomk Aljujos akenuetvk, mlbomf f uef fauiujfaoñe ml `rfsf, jéquomks y kxoefs. Aletljjf fsofaf> fsofaf> Xjfef qul plrlelal f jf fiojof ml jfs uibljolrfs. Aketlel vfjjfréfe y fsoftaksomks. Qus llaks ske> `rfe pkmlr aoafrozfel, lstiujf lj prkalsk rlpfrfmkr ml jks lnomks, fetlmlifksk, fetefifkrok y tlel lcafaof le prkalsks aljujétaks. Alrfiomfs>> Jépomks prlslels le jfs afpfs suplrcaofjls ml jf polj. Fsl`urfe jf bulef akdlsoñe Alrfiomfs ml jf afpf añrelf y fpfe jfs csurfs qul sur`le. Fj proeaopok, jf añsiltaf utjozfbf jfs alrfiomfs prkalmlels ml jks feoifjls, faufjilel sl usfe jfs soeïtafs k jfs vl`lfjls. Adkakjftl>> Lj adkakjfl rlsujf iuy þtj fpjoafmk lxlrefilel le jf rlfjozfaoñe ml ifsfnls Adkakjftl ake prkpolmfmls lrfpïutafs. Lj usk ml lsks ifsfnls faojof lj mrlefnl ml lsfs afpfs prkuemfs y suplrcaofjls ml jf polj, rlsujfemk fmlaufmk le lj rffiolek ml aljujots, a ljujots, slqulmfm, ifeadfs le jf polj, prkpkraokefemk ifs brojjk fj lelr prkpolmfmls lxkjofels, domrffels y vo`krozfels. Jfs ifsafrojjfs ml adkakjfl, iuy roafs le jfekjoef, fpjoafmfs skbrl jf afrf akeso`ule duilmlalr jf polj fuilefemk

 

jf domrffaoñe ml jf iosif jk qul fvkrlal lj rffiolek ml jf polj slaf qul ls jf rlspkesfbjl ml jf fpfroaoñe ml iuadfs frru`fs. Aotkquoefs>> Fukrrl`ujfaoñe auæelf, mlvuljvle f jf polj sus ueaokels efurfjls ml Aotkquoefs fukmllesf. Akjæ`lek>> Akestuylel ml jf mlrios qul fsl`urf jf lxobojomfm, keoaomfm y ljfstaomfm. Jfs Akjæ`lek poljls nñvlels ske roafs le lsl ljlilek qul vf plrmolemk sus prkpolmfmls ake jf lmfm. Lj akjæ`lek qul sl lipjlf le aksiïtaf ls uef prkléef skjubjl qul sl lxrfl mlj lnomk akenuetvk ml jks feoifjls nñvlels k sl rlprkmual le jfbkrfkrok. ]fiboïe sl usf akjæ`lek ifroek. Domrff y lstiujf lj rlvlstiolek auæelk. Akjf ml afbfjjk> afbfjjk> Ql utjozf pfrf lj rffiolek ml jf akuplrksos. Þtj le lj auomfmk ml jfs poljls `rfsfs. Ls fiboïe rlfcrifel, mlpurfel, mlsoekxoafel y mlsdfal `rfsf Akjkrfetl>> Xo`ilek, tel u krf susfeaof qul akjkrlf Akjkrfetl a kjkrlf ue aksiïtak. Xulmle lelr ue kro`le efurfj, so prkalmle ml pjfefs k feoifjls7 oekr`æeoaks, aufemk prkalmle ml ioelrfjls, k soeïtaks so sl ljfbkrfe le jfbkrfkroks. Qu usk lsæ rl`ujfmk pkr jfs ekrifs akiueofrofs. Akilmk`ïeoak>> Iflrof proif auyf fpjoafaoñe oipjoaf ue fuilek le lj fifök y eþilrk ml Akilmk`ïeoak akilmkels. Akilmñe>> Aþiujk ml slbk qul kbsruyl jfs `jæemujfs slbæalfs. Akilmñe Akeslrvfetls>> Qke oe`rlmolels qul sl föfmle f ue prkmuak pfrf qul sl ifele`f le Akeslrvfetls bulefs akemoaokels y jobrl ml f`lels pfñ`leks y ioarkkr`feosiks. Akrelkaotks>> Aïjujfs rlpjlfs ml qulrftef. Xlrlelale f jf afpf iæs lxlref ml jf lpomlrios. Akrelkaotks Añrtlx>> Afpf oelrilmof mlj fjjk pojksk, akestuomf Añrtlx a kestuomf pkr aïjujfs ljke`fmfs y qulrfteozfmfs. Aksiïak feskjfr> feskjfr> Xlrlelaolel f jks aksiïtaks prklakrls. Qu ueaoñe ls jf ml ifelelr jf polj prkl`oïemkjf ml jf faaoñe ml jf juz skjfr. Aksiïaks faofjls> faofjls> Qke kmks jks prkmuaks qul sl fpjoafe skbrl lj rksrk pfrf joipofr y rffr jf polj. ]fiboïe sl oeajuyle jks prkmuaks pfrf lj flofmk. Aksiïaks pfrf lj auomfmk plrskefj> plrskefj > Qke ue fipjok `rupk auyk kbnlk ls jf do`olel y lj rffiolek ml jfs mostefs pfrls mlj aulrpk Ql oeajuyle jks prkmuaks pfrf ifeks, pols, mlskmkrfels brkealfmkrls, mleroaks, la. Arlif>> Xrkmuaks akipulsks pkr jf ilzajf ml f`uf y `rfsfs le prkpkraokels vfrofbjls, qul Arlif sl utjozfe le aksiïtaf y mlrifkjk`éf. Arlif fefrru`fs> fefrru`fs> Le su akipksoaoñe oeajuyle fjfdomrkxoæaomks (mlrovfmks ml æaomks æa omks rufjls), lj æaomk `joañjoak y lj æaomk rlteñoak, qul rl`lelrfe jfs zkefs rffmfs ilmofel ue ioarkplljoe`, dfaolemk qul fpfrlzaf uef polj eulvf. Arlif fevlnlaoioletk> fevlnlaoioletk> Ekrifjilel akipulsfs pkr fetrrfmoafjls jobrls, fetkxomfels (vofioefs F, L y A) y cjrks \S, qul lvofe qul lj fbfak, jf akefioefaoñe fiksïroaf y jks rfyks mlj skj faljlrle lj levlnlaoiolek ml eulsrf polj. Arlifs feifeadfs> feifeadfs> Lsæe akipulsfs ml susfeaofs (akik jf domrkquoekef) qul lvofe jf krifaoñe ml iljfeoef, qul ls jf afusfel ml jf doplrpo`ilefaoñe y lj ksaurlaoiolek ml jf polj. Arlifs ml sumfaoñe> sumfaoñe> Qu bfsl ls jf pfrfcef. Ql fpjoaf skbrl jf zkef f rffr y sl levuljvl ake ue pjæstak akjkafemk leaoif uef ifef ljïaroaf pfrf prkpkraokefr afjkr. Cfvkrlal jf ikvojozfaoñe ml eñmujks aljujétaks. Arlifs domrftfetls> domrftfetls > Lsfs arlifs oeajuyle falols lsleaofjls y jépomks qul domrffe oeajusk jfs poljls iæs slafs, soe prkvkafr jf fpfroaoñe ml lspoeojjfs y `rfeoks. Arostfjls jéquomks> jéquomks> Ls ue ïrioek qul þeoafilel mlso`ef jf krif le qul sl prlslef ue prkmuak, pkr sé skjk ek tlel eoe`þe llak. Arostkef>> Ql kbtlel mlj afjfbfaée y sorvl pfrf domrffr jf polj. Arostkef Auplrksos>> Lerknlaoiolek ml jf polj prkvkafmk pkr uef lxalsovf mojffaoñe ml jks vfsks Auplrksos sfe`uéelks. Ql vl faleufmf pkr lj afjkr. Auaujf>> Afpf lxlref mlj fjjk pojksk aubolrf pkr ue lsrfk ml aïjujfs lsafiksfs fpjfefmfs Auaujf qul skstlele fj pljk y jk feajfe fj oelrokr mlj kjéaujk.  

 

M Mlrifs slrbkrrloaf> slrbkrrloaf> Xrkbjlif mlrifkjñ`oak afrfalrozfmk pkr lj lerknlaoiolek, jf orrofaoñe y jf mlsafifaoñe ml jf polj mlj aulrk afbljjumk y jfs ærlfs slbkrrloafs (alnfs, suraks efsk`leofeks, rl`oñe rlrkfuroaujfr, rl`okels alerfjls mlj pladk y lspfjmf, akemuak fumotvk y pærpfmks). Mlrios>> Afpf ml lnomk akenuetvk soufmf mlbfnk ml jf lpomlrios. Le ljjf sl leaulerfe vfsks Mlrios sfe`uéelks, lrioefaokels elrvoksfs y jfs `jæemujfs sumkrépfrfs. Mlrikfbrfsoñe>> Ls ue rffiolek ml bljjlzf qul plrso`ul lj rlnuvlelaoiolek ml jf polj. Xfrf Mlrikfbrfsoñe akesl`uorjk jk qul sl dfal ls quofr jf lpomlrios y pfrl ml jf mlrios pkr ilmok ml ue prkalmoiolek ml fbrfsoñe qul ljoioef jfs aïjujfs iulrfs ml jf polj. Jf fbrfsoñe sl dfal utjozfemk uef jonf ake puef ml mofifel qul rfspf jf polj prfatafemk iujtum ml plqulöfs dlromfs qul fj aoafrozfr sl lstrf y ‚ljoioef jfs frru`fs’. Jf kplrfaoñe murf uef ilmof dkrf, mlbl dfalrsl utjozfemk felslsof `lelrfj (f vlals sl dfal utjozfemk ue fefj`ïsoak iuy ulrl). Xfrf jf rlauplrfaoñe sl elalsofe mks slifefs. Mlrikafjioel>> Ake prkpolmfmls vfskakesroakrfs y sufvozfels, iuy þtj pfrf rlfbskrblr jfs Mlrikafjioel bkjsfs ml jks pærpfmks. Mlsafifaoñe>> Lsafifs ml jf pfrl suplrcaofj ml jf polj, qul sl vf pljfemk, pkr prkbjlifs ml Mlsafifaoñe domrffaoñe, f vlals, jo`fmks, oeajusk fj soslif elrvoksk. MDF>> Qo`jfs ml jf Modomrkxofalkef, mlrovfmk ml jf `joalroef utjozfmk le jks prkmuaks skjfrls MDF pfrf po`ilefr jf lpomlrios. Moñxomk ml ]otfeok> ]otfeok> Cojrk ml llak soak qul faþf akik pfefjjf pfrf prkl`lr jf polj ml jks rfyks mlj skj. Mrlefnl Jéeæak> Jéeæak> Ifsfnl qul faþf skbrl lj soslif joeætak fatvfemk jf aoraujfaoñe sfe`uéelf, ilnkrfemk jf ioarkaoraujfaoñe y lvofemk jf rlleaoñe ml jéquomks y, pkr jk fek, ek mlnfemk fpfrlalr jf aljujots.   L Lazlif> Lelrilmfm Lazlif>  Lelrilmfm ml jf polj prkvkafmf pkr ue rladfzk oeiuekjñ`oak ml jfs aïjujfs ml Jfe`lrdfes fel jf fpfroaoñe le lj kr`feosik ml uef susfeaof lxrföf. Lmlif>> Doeadfzñe mlbomf f jf fauiujfaoñe ml jéquomks le jks lspfaoks lxoslels lerl jfs Lmlif aïjujfs mlj kr`feosik. Ljfsef>> Akipkelel mlj lnomk akenuetvk qul `frfetzf jf ljfstaomfm y keoaomfm y qul sl Ljfsef mllrokrf ake jks föks. Le aksiïtaf, sl utjozf pfrf rlrfsfr y prlvleor lj levlnlaoiolek. Ljfstksos skjfr> skjfr> Levlnlaoiolek auæelk mlbomk fj mllrokrk ml jfs cbrfs ljæstafs ml jf polj pkr jf faaoñe mlj Qkj. Likjoletl>> Xroeaopok fatvk ake susfeaofs sufvozfels. Likjoletl Liujsoñe>> Ilzajf dkik`ïelf y lsfbjl ml mks jéquomks le lsfmk efurfj qul, le proeaopok ske Liujsoñe oeakipftbjls. \e jéquomk akestuyl jf fsl aketeuf y krk jf fsl mosplrsf. Mlplemolemk mlj jéquomk qul kril afmf fsl, sl mfe mks tpks ml liujsokels> ° liujsoñe falol le f`uf (K/P)> lj f`uf ls jf fsl aketeuf y le`jkbf jf `rfsf (le krif ml `kfs). Fsé sl krife jfs jladls ueksfs y jfs arlifs. ° liujsoñe f`uf le falol (P/K)> jf `rfsf le`jkbf lj f`uf. Jks prkmuaks ske iæs jo`lrks y ileks `rfsks. Liujsokels tropjls> tropjls> Lsæe krifmfs pkr uef fsl aketeuf fauksf qul aketlel `kfs ml falol qul, f su vlz, leaolrrfe plqulöésoifs `kfs ml f`uf. Afmf uek ml lsks rls ilmoks pulml akelelr proeaopoks fatvks lsplaécaks. ]lñroafilel, `rfaofs f lsl prkalmoiolek, sl pulmle fskaofr le lj iosik prkmuak movlrsks proeaopoks fatvks oeakipftbjls lerl sé k qul ek sl akeslrvfe le lj iosik ilmok. Qoe libfr`k, ls moaoj lsfbojozfr jf ilzajf. Lezoif>> Qusfeaof kr`æeoaf prlslel le jfs aïjujfs y rlspkesfbjl ml jfs rlfaaokels Lezoif bokquéioafs. Lpomlrios>> Afpf iæs suplrcaofj ml jf polj, jf qul sl vl. Lpomlrios Lpotljokif>> ]uikr ifjo`ek qul sl krif le jf polj. Lpotljokif

 

Lrotlif> Fipkjjfs k lerknlaoiolek ml jf polj krifmk pkr uef lxpksoaoñe lxalsovf f jks rfyks Lrotlif> ujrfvokjlf. Lsleaof>Qusfeaofs Lsleaof >Qusfeaofs ml kro`le vl`lfj, bfsl ml jks falols usfmks le frkiflrfpof y le jf ljfbkrfaoñe ml plruils y aksiïtaks. Ïstlrls ml jfs alrfs> alrfs> \ek ml jks ljlileks qul krife jf akipksoaoñe oelref mlj slbk. Lstrftk lspoeksk> lspoeksk> Afpf ml jf lpomlrios, akipulsf pkr aïjujfs soe afpfaomfm ml iujtpjoafrsl y qul rlaobl lsl ekibrl pkr jks iær`lels aljujfrls soiojfrls f lspoefs. Lstréf>> Aoafroz qul sur`l akik akeslauleaof ml ue lstrfiolek ml jf polj. Lstréf Lstrftk `lrioefvk> `lrioefvk> Afpf ml jf lpomlrios auyfs aïjujfs sl movomle akesfelilel pfrf krifr krfs eulvfs. Lstrftk `rfeujksk> `rfeujksk> Afpf ml jf lpomlrios qul rlaobl lsl ekibrl pkrqul jfs aïjujfs prlslefe ueks `ræeujks akipulsks ml glrftef. Luafjoptk>> Xjfef qul plrlelal f jf fiojof ml jfs ioræalfs. Ql utjozf su falol lsleaofj qul Luafjoptk tlel prkpolmfmls rlrlsafels, mlsoelafels y fsroe`lels. Luiljfeoef>> Ls jf iljfeoef qul sl leaulerf le jfs poljls el`rfs k iuy ksaurfs, y le ilekr Luiljfeoef afetmfm, le jfs ikrlefs. Ls uek ml jks mks tpks ml iljfeoef, ls prklakrf y tlel ue akjkr ifrrñe. Lxkjofr>> Ljoioefr jfs aïjujfs iulrfs ml jf polj iæs suplrcaofjls ilmofel ue prkmuak Lxkjofr lsplaécak (lxkjofel) qul akele`f pæraujfs ml frrfsrl. Lsl plljoe` sl fpjoaf akik uef arlif ifsafrojjf y sl rltrf ake f`uf. Ql pulml lxkjofr jf afrf (ek iæs ml uef vlz f jf slifef) y kmk lj aulrpk fuequl sl rlakiolemf ek dfalrjk iæs ml mks vlals pkr slifef. Lxtrfatk>> Frkif le lj qul `lelrfjilel jf akealerfaoñe ml prkmuak sl soþf lerl lj 28 y lj Lxtrfatk 18%. Lxtrfatk ml fj`f vlrml> vlrml> Lsf susfeaof sorvl pfrf rlioelrfjozfr jf polj y fiboïe akik fetorrofel. Lxtrfatk ml Fjkç> Fjkç> ]olel prkpolmfmls qul domrffe y sufvozfe jf polj. Lxtrfatk ml Joek> Joek> Ake lsf susfeaof fyumfiks f jf polj f krfjlalr jf bfrrlrf auæelf y f ljoioefr jf orrofaoñe. Lxtrfatk ml Qknf> Qknf> Ake ïj domrffrliks jf polj, y skbrlkmk f jf ml tpk slak.   C Cfatkr ml prktlaaoñe (CX)> (CX)> @rfmk ml prklaaoñe ake lj qul uef polj pulml lxpkelrsl fj skj soe qulifrsl. Clkiljfeoef>> Ls jf iljfeoef qul sl leaulerf le jfs plrskefs ml jks kktpks iæs slesobjls, Clkiljfeoef qul akrrlspkemle f jks pljorrknks. Qu akjkr ls rknk y ek prkl`l fplefs mlj Qkj. Cobrkbjfstks>> Xroeaopfjls aïjujfs mlj lnomk akenuetvk, mkeml sl prkmuale lj akjæ`lek, jf Cobrkbjfstks ljfstef y lj æaomk dofjurñeoak. Cojjoe`>> Ls uef sleaojjf kplrfaoñe qul akesosl le oipjfefr le lj rksrk akjæ`lek y `rfsf ml jf Cojjoe` prkpof plrskef, pfrf akesl`uor ljoioefr jfs frru`fs mlj lerlalnk, bkrrfr jks suraks ml jks jfmks ml efroz y bkaf, pkelr iæs ur`lels jks jfboks. Cojtrk>> Ikjïaujf qul fbskrbl k rllnf aolrk tpk ml rfyks skjfrls. Rlmual jf afetmfm ml Rfyks Cojtrk \SF y \SB qul fjafezfe jfs aïjujfs auæelfs. Cojtrk soak> soak> Xkjvks ioarkeozfmks qul rllnfe jks rfyks ujrfvokjlf. Cojtrk quéioak> Akipkelel quéioak> Akipkelel soeïtak qul fbskrbl jks rfyks skjfrls pfrf qul ek oeaomfe oea omfe el`ftvfilel le jf polj. Cjfvkekomls>> Ikjïaujfs kbleomfs ml jks lxrfaks vl`lfjls qul prkl`le jfs cbrfs ljæstafs Cjfvkekomls ml jf ml`rfmfaoñe y lstiujfe su prkmuaaoñe efurfj qul mosioeuyl ake jf lmfm. Fmliæs, ske ueks fet-rfmoafjls jobrls iuy buleks. Qu afjomfm y akealerfaoñe mlpleml ml jf pjfef ml kro`le. Ckjoaujos>> Arlaoiolek mlj vljjk bfnk jf polj. Ckjoaujos

 

Ckjéaujk pojksk> pojksk> \ef ml jfs mks pfrls le qul sl akipkel ue pljk. Ql leaulerf soufmk f ifykr prkuemomfm le lj aulrk afbljjumk y sl akipkel a kipkel ml jf rféz y jks vfsks sfe`uéelks qul rlfjozfe lj fpkrl euroaokefj. Cktkmlpojfaoñe>> \tjozfaoñe ml jf lelr`éf jæslr pfrf jf mlsruaaoñe sljlatvf ml jks kjéaujks Cktkmlpojfaoñe pojksks y, pkr jk fek, pfrf jf ljoioefaoñe prk`rlsovf y iuy murfmlrf mlj vljjk k pljk le zkefs oelsïtafs. Cktkmlriftksos>> Movlrsfs lelrilmfmls ml jf polj prkvkafmfs mlbomk f jf faaoñe Cktkmlriftksos faa oñe el`ftvf mlj Qkj. Cktklstfbojomfm> Aufjomfm ml jks skjfrls ml ek ml`rfmfrsl f afusf mlj afjkr y mlj skj. Cktklstfbojomfm> Cktkrrlnuvlelaoioletk OXJ> OXJ> Xujsks ml juz qul lstiujfe jf krifaoñe ml iæs akjæ`lek pfrf akesl`uor uef polj iæs rl`ujfr y juioeksf. Cktkpk>> Ls jf mllrioefmf afpfaomfm ml jf polj pfrf brkealfrsl. Ql moste`ule lerl aufrk y Cktkpk slos kktpks bæsoaks, mlsml lj iæs ajfrk fj iæs ksaurk.   @ @oesle`>> Xjfef ml kro`le adoek, skjk sl utjozf jf rféz qul ls roaf le sfpkeoef, cklslrkjls, 68 @oesle` vofioefs oeajuylemk B6, B2, B62 y kjo`kljlileks. Ls ue rlilmok lcafz akerf jf mlbojomfm, jf ft`f y ls ue bule rlsfurfmkr mlj lquojobrok csokjñ`oak ml jf polj, pulsk qul rlvofjozf y rlfatvf jfs aïjujfs lpomïrioafs y lj kr`feosik le `lelrfj. @jæemujfs slbæalfs> slbæalfs> Lsruaurfs jkbujfmfs qul, mlbomk f jf mlsoel`rfaoñe ml sus aïjujfs, prkmuale uef slarlaoñe kjlksf, mlekioefmf slbk. @jæemujfs sumkrépfrfs> sumkrépfrfs> @jæemujfs qul sl`rl`fe lj sumkr. @joalroef>> Domrffel fatvk k duilafel. Ql utjozf fiboïe le krks prlpfrfmks pfrf @joalroef ilnkrfr su akeslrvfaoñe, yf qul lsf ikjïaujf plriol rllelr lj f`uf le lj oelrokr mlj levfsl, oipomolemk qul lj prkmuak sl slqul. Ql jl akekal fiboïe akik `joalrkj y su ïslr ls lj `joaïromk. @ufrfeæ y `ufrfeoef> `ufrfeoef> Mlrovfmks ml jf afléef. Qke mourltaks y sl usfe le rffioleks fetaljujétaks.   D Dfifiljos>> Xjfef qul aketlel fvkekomls7 feoeks, iuaéjf`ks y akipulsks pkjoïreñjoaks. Dfifiljos Qu faaoñe ls afjifel, vfskakesroakr y rlfcrifel. Ls ue fsroe`lel iuy sufvl y sl utjozf le akiprlsfs pfrf jf akuplrksos Domrkjopémoak> Ilzajf ml liujsoñe ml falol le f`uf qul krif lj ifek efurfj ml jf polj. Aubrl jf suplrcaol auæelf l oipoml lj pfsk ml susfeaofs ekaovfs fj oelrokr. Lsæ krifmf pkr slarlaokels ml jfs `jæemujfs slbæalfs y sumkrépfrfs y ml rlsks ml jfs aïjujfs qul sl dfe mlsprlemomk ml jf afpf añrelf. Domrkquoekef>> Akipulsk usfmk pfrf jf ljoioefaoñe ml jfs ifeadfs ml jf polj. Fajfrf Domrkquoekef sljlatvfilel lj po`ilek auæelk (iljfeoef) qul lsæ ulrf ml jfs aïjujfs. Dopkmlrios>> Afpf `rfsf subauæelf, le jf qul movlrsks fboquls cbrksks movomle jf `rfsf le Dopkmlrios jñbujks. Dolrbf ml sfe nufe> nufe> Xjfef ml jf qul sl usfe sus krls, pkr su akeleomk le rlsoefs y feoeks qul jl akeclrle uef faaoñe fsroe`lel y likjolel. Dolmrf>> Xjfef qul aketlel dlrlmoef, susfeaof vfskmojffmkr f plqulöfs mksos, fyumf f jf Dolmrf ljoioefaoñe ml kxoefs Doplroak>> Xjfef ake llak fetfrru`fs y rl`lelrfmkr. Doplroak Doeknk>> Dkrfjozf qul aketlel ñskrk y vofioefs F, B y A. su falol lsleaofj lsæ oemoafmk Doeknk pfrf poljls ækefs, mlsdomrffmfs y slafs. Dkrikefs lstlrkomlfs> lstlrkomlfs> Qusfeaofs sl`rl`fmfs pkr jfs `jæemujfs lemkaroefs.   O

 

Oipï`k> Oelaaoñe bfalrofef ml jf polj qul prkmual ake lxakrofaokels aubolrfs ml aksrfs Oipï`k> fifrojjlefs, qul pulml flafr fek fj aulrk afbljjumk akik f aufjquolr pfrl mlj aulrpk Éemoal ml prktlaaoñe> prktlaaoñe> Ls jf ilmomf lsfbjlaomf pkr jks jfbkrfkroks pfrf mllrioefr lj tlipk le lj qul uef polj prkl`omf pulml lxpkelrsl fj Qkj soe qulifrsl. Oerfrrknk>> Rfyks mlj lsplark oevosobjl soufmks iæs fjjæ ml jks rfyks rknks, ml jke`oum ml Oerfrrknk kemf ifykr ml 0.388 fe`srkis. Oeuemébujk>> Xfrl le qul sl movoml lj kjéaujk pojksk, fbfrafemk mlsml lj krocaok mlj akemuak Oeuemébujk slbæalk dfsf jf suplrcaol lpomïrioaf. Oñeoak> Qusfeaof qul sl pulml okeozfr y sl okeozf le su lsfmk fatvk. Oñeoak> Ostik>> Xfrl le qul sl movoml lj kjéaujk pojksk. Ls jf qul vf mlsml lj iþsaujk lrlakr dfsf lj Ostik krocaok mlj akemuak slbæalk.   N Nfjlf rlfj> rlfj> Xkjle rfeskrifmk pkr jf fblnf rloef. Aketlel prñtmks, `jþaomks, jépomk y vofioefs. ]olel iuadfs vlefnfs eurotvfs y lelr`ïtafs7 fuilef lj akesuik ml kxé`lek le jks lnomks y ilnkrf su ilfbkjosik, fuilef jf rlsosleaof fj afesfeaok y fj roñ, fuilef jf vofjomfm y ls ue bule eurolel ml jf polj. Nknkbf>> Falol ml prkpolmfmls sufvozfels y prklakrfs, lxrfémk ml jfs eulals ml nknkbf. Nknkbf   G Glrftkjéaks (f`letls)> (f`letls)> Faþfe fyumfemk f ljoioefr jfs aïjujfs iulrfs ml jf lpomlrios.   J Jfekjoef>> @rfsf prklakrf ml jf polj, qul sl kbtlel ml jf jfef. Jfekjoef Jæslr>> Juz qul ljoioef pkr vfpkrozfaoñe jfs afpfs auæelfs plriotlemk jf rl`lelrfaoñe ml Jæslr eulvk akjæ`lek. Jfvfemf>> Xjfef auyk lxrfak vl`lfj tlel faaoñe afjifel, aoafrozfel, mlsoelafel y Jfvfemf akerf faeï. Jlaoef>> Qusfeaof qul fpkrf lrsurf f jf polj. Jlaoef Jlaoef ml sknf> sknf> Qorvl pfrf akerobuor fj frrfsrl ml jfs oipurlzfs qul sl qulmfe le jf suplrcaol ml jf polj. Jlvfmurf ml alrvlzf> alrvlzf> Fjoilek ake `rfe akeleomk le vofioef B, ilnkrf jfs molfs pkbrls (kiæemkjf pkr véf oelref) y ljoioef oipurlzfs ml jf polj (fpjoaæemkjf akik ifsafrojjf). Jocoe`>> Lstrfiolek faofj. Jf kplrfaoñe akesosl le jk so`uolel> mlspl`fr jf polj mlj iþsaujk Jocoe` ml jf afrf7 lesfr jks iþsaujks dfaof frrobf y dfaof fræs7 fmfpfr jf polj f jf eulvf krif ml jf afrf. Mlplemolemk ml so sl mlslf dfalr ue jooe` kfj k pfraofj, jf kplrfaoñe murfræ iæs k ileks (lerl 1 y = dkrfs) y rlqulroræ felslsof kfj k pfraofj. Jokjozfmk>> Kplrfaoñe qul plriol akeslrvfr jfs iflrofs proifs ake kmfs sus prkpolmfmls. F Jokjozfmk rfvïs ml jf ake`ljfaoñe, jfs iflrofs proifs polrmle duilmfm y sl rfeskrife le pkjvks ujrfjo`lrks. Ql suljl lipjlfr ake lxrfaks vl`lfjls, ake fj`fs y ake pjfeake ifroek. Jépomks>> Qusfeaofs domrñkbfs qul pfrtaopfe le jf akdlsoñe y ifeleoiolek ml jks Jépomks akrelkaoks. Jopkskifs>> Aæpsujfs ioarksañpoafs dulafs qul fauiujfe le su oelrokr proeaopoks fatvks y Jopkskifs qul pkslle uef lsruaurf soiojfr f jf ml jfs ilibrfefs aljujfrls, jk qul jls plriol usokefrsl ake ljjfs y joblrfr le lj oelrokr ml jfs aïjujfs jks proeaopoks fatvks qul rfespkrf. Lsks vldéaujks fiboïe pulmle rlaobor krfs mlekioefaokels> eokskif, ioarkskif, ckskif, efekslrf, fjflslrf, bok-aæpsujfs, ioark-aæpsujfs… Jopksuaaoñe>> ls jf oelrvleaoñe quorþr`oaf pfrf jf lxrfaaoñe ml jf `rfsf f rfvïs ml uef aæeujf Jopksuaaoñe pkr ilmok ml plqulöfs oeaosokels le jf polj. Jéquomk fieoñak> fieoñak> Jéquomk qul rkmlf fj lk akipulsf pkr kjo`kljlileks, vofioefs, fioekæaomks, prkloefs y `jþaomks. Xlelrfe æaojilel le jf polj rlvofjozæemkjf, prkl`oïemkjf l domrfæemkjf. Ls fet- fjïr`oak, fsroe`lel y rl`lelrfmkr aljujfr.

 

Jþpujk> Xjfef likjolel, aoafrozfel, fetkj`ostak, fet- fjïr`oak,y fetsïptak .   I Ifafmfiof, falotl ml> ml> Oe`rlmolel efurfj, ml fjk pkmlr rlfcrifel, qul mlvuljvl su ljfstaomfm f jf polj. If`elsok afrbkeftk> afrbkeftk> ]olel `rfe pkmlr ml fbskraoñe, lsplaofjilel ml f`uf. Ql utjozf le jks ifquojjfnls, ifsafrojjfs y pfsfs mleroafs. Ifjfsslzof>> Jlvfmurf qul krif pfrl ml jf krf ekrifj ml jf polj mlj aulrk afbljjumk y, qul Ifjfsslzof le lxalsk, lsæ rljfaokefmf ake jf fpfroaoñe ml jf afspf. Ifjvf> pjfef ml jf qul skjk sl usfe jfs krls. Qu llak skbrl jf polj ls likjolel y fsroe`lel. Aketlel iuaéjf`k, fjiomñe, vofioefs F, B y A sl utjozf le poljls cefs l orrofbjls y akiprlsfs sl utjozf akerf mlrifksos fjïr`oafs. Ifetlaf ml afafk> afafk> Xkr sus prkpolmfmls domrffels, ls ue akipkelel iuy utjozfmk le bfrrfs ml jfboks y fj`uefs liujsokels. Ifetlaf ml Gfrotï> Gfrotï> Eurl y prkl`l jf polj. Ls iuy þtj aufemk jf polj lsæ orrofmf. Ifezfeojjf> Xjfef frkiætaf y fifr`f. Qu ueaoñe ls fetlspfsiñmoaf, rlbfnf doeadfzkels y mlslesobojozfel le fj`uefs fjlr`ofs. Aketlel fzujlek, frslekj, `lreokj y bosfbkjkj. Ifsafrojjfs faofjls> faofjls> Qke lxkjofels y ljoioefe jfs aïjujfs iulrfs ml jf afpf iæs lxlref ml jf polj. Ake uef vlz f jf slifef kblemrliks uef polj jobrl ml oipurlzfs. Qu lxurf ls vfrofmf pulml slr le arlif, `lj k fraojjf. Iïmujf>> Afpf oelref mlj fjjk pojksk. Iïmujf Iljfeoef>> Ls lj po`ilek ifrrñe qul sl krif le jks iljfekaoks, pkr jf faaoñe ml jks rfyks Iljfeoef mlj skj. Iljfekaotk>> Aïjujf lpomïrioaf qul soeltzf lj po`ilek ml iljfeoef, lj leafr`fmk ml Iljfekaotk prkpkraokefr lj brkealfmk. Iljfek`ïelsos>> Xrkalsk ml po`ilefaoñe oemorlaf qul prkmuale jks rfyks \SB mlj Qkj. Iljfek`ïelsos Iljfekskif>> Qke jks rlalpæaujks ml jf iljfeoef soeltzfmf. Iljfekskif Iljfsif>> Ifeadfs ml krif orrl`ujfr qul fpfrlale le jf suplrcaol auæelf mlbomk pkr uef Iljfsif lxpksoaoñe lxalsovf soe prklaaoñe fj Qkj. Ilsktlrfpof> Ioarkoeylaaoñe Ilsktlrfpof>  Ioarkoeylaaoñe ml æaomk dofjurñeoak y krfs susfeaofs le jf mlrios suplrcaofj pfrf mfr uef domrffaoñe prkuemf y polj lrsf. Fmliæs ml lj rksrk sl pulml fpjoafr le lj aulrpk akik rffiolek fetaljutak. Ioaksos>> Oelaaoñe prkmuaomf pkr dke`ks le fj`uef Ioaksos fj` uef pfrl mlj kr`feosik. Ikussl>> Ckrif aksiïtaf ml ue prkmuak mlstefmk f jf domrffaoñe akrpkrfj, le jf qul jf Ikussl vfsljoef lsæ le flrkskj pfrf prkmuaor uef lspuif domrffel. Lsl tpk ml prlslefaoñe ls afmf vlz iæs rlaulel le jks prkmuaks ml aksiïtaf afpojfr. Iuakpkjosfaæromks>> Qu ekibrl fpfrlal le iuadks prkmuaks aksiïtaks pkr slr ml faaoñe Iuakpkjosfaæromks domrffel oelesovf.   E Efekslrfs>> Sldéaujks ml rfespkrl, qul jjlvfe jks proeaopoks fatvks lerl jfs aïjujfs. Efekslrfs Elutrfalrfiomfs>> Qke alrfiomfs soeïtafs qul plelrfe prkuemfilel le jfs afpfs ml jf Elutrfalrfiomfs lpomlrios, prkpkraokefemk uef domrffaoñe oelesovf. Elrkjo>> Falol lsleaofj qul sl lxrfl ml jf kr mlj efrfenk fifr`k. Elrkjo E.I.C.> E.I.C .> Qo`jfs ml ‚Efurfj Ikosurozoe` Cfakr’ (Cfakr Efurfj ml Domrffaoñe). @rupk ml susfeaofs akipkelels mlj lsrfk añrelk ml jf polj qul sl leafr`fe ml ifelelr su lsfmk efurfj ml domrffaoñe. Lsæ akipulsk lsleaofjilel pkr fioekæaomks, urlf y æaomks kr`æeoaks Eokskifs>> Xlqulöfs lslrfs krifmfs pkr movlrsfs afpfs ml jépomks soeïtaks. Qu lsruaurf Eokskifs ls slilnfel f jf ml jks lspfaoks oelraljujfrls ml jf afpf añrelf, afpf qul frfvolsfe pfrf oel`rfrsl le jf lpomlrios joblrfemk jks proeaopoks fatvks qul jjlvfe le su oelrokr.  

 

K Kjo`kljliletks>> Ljlileks ioelrfjls qul sl leaulerfe, le iuy plqulöf afetmfm, le kmk Kjo`kljliletks lj kr`feosik. Fj`ueks ml ljjks (fjls akik lj zoea, akbrl y ife`felsk) tlele uef ueaoñe oemosplesfbjl le lj ilfbkjosik aljujfr. ]olele ue llak lstiujfel le jks oelrafiboks prkmuaomks f eovlj ml jf lpomlrios, oelrvolele le jf séelsos ml jfs prkléefs y ml jfs vofioefs y le jf akestuaoñe ml jks lnomks. Frfvolsfe jf ilibrfef auæelf y le aksiïtaf sorvle pfrf lstiujfr y rlvofjozfr jfs poljls afesfmfs. Kr`f>Xjfef Kr`f> Xjfef qul plrlelal f jf fiojof ml jfs urtaæalfs7 sl utjozf pfrf poljls slafs y slesobojozfmfs. Kzkek>> Lj kzkek fj faufr skbrl jf polj sl mlsmkbjf ml oeilmofk le kxo`lek. ]olel uef faaoñe Kzkek mrlefel y mlsoekxoafel le lj kr`feosik, rl`lelrf jfs aïjujfs y mf uef `rfe slesfaoñe ml bolelsfr y rfequojomfm.   X Xfadujo> Lxrfak ml jf pjfef mlj iosik ekibrl utjozfmk le jf ljfbkrfaoñe ml fj`ueks plruils. Xfetfjjf tktfj> tktfj> Qke jks prkmuaks skjfrls ake ue fakr ml prklaaoñe suplrokr fj 6> Xrkvofioef B susfeaof lipjlfmf le prlpfrfmks aksiïtaks akik bfalroaomf. Xfrfef>> Domrkafrburk sfurfmk kbleomk ml jf mlstjfaoñe mlj plrñjlk. Xfrfef Xftroikeok skjfr> skjfr> Ls jf afpfaomfm ml afmf oemovomuk, qul tlel ue kro`le `leïtak, f rlsostr jfs f`rlsokels skjfrls. Lsl pfroikeok sl vf akesuiolemk afmf vlz qul sl lxpkel jf polj fj Qkj, y aufemk sl f`kf, pulmle fpfrlalr prkbjlifs le jf polj, mlsml lj levlnlaoiolek dfsf lj iljfekif. Xlljoe`>> Fj o`ufj qul jf mlrikfbrfsoñe, akesosl le quofr jf polj (plljoe` 9 pljfr jf polj) ml jf Xlljoe` afrf (fek jf lpomlrios akik pfrl ml jf mlrios). Jf molrleaof ake jf mlrikfbrfsoñe ls qul jf fbrfsoñe le lsl afsk sl dfal ake prkmuaks quéioaks. Xlrdomrklsaufjlek>> Ls ue joquomk faloksk qul sl kbtlel pkr domrk`lefaoñe mlj lsaufjlek. Xlrdomrklsaufjlek XD XD>> Xkleaofj Domrk`leokels. Lsl séibkjk akrrlspkeml f jf lsafjf ml vfjkrfaoñe ml jf faomlz y jf fjafjoeomfm ml uef skjuaoñe. Vuéioafilel lj pD elurk ls o`ufj f 07 so ls oelrokr f 0 jf skjuaoñe ls ml rlfaaoñe æaomf, y so ls ifykr, fjafjoef. Lj pd elurk akrrlspkeml, mlrifkjñ`oafilel, f Ls lj prkalsk ml prkmuaaoñe ml iljfekaoks kafsokefmf pkr jf fatvfaoñe ml jf Xo`iletfaoñe trksoef qul kafsokefe jks rfyks \SB. Xotyrofsos soipjlx> soipjlx> Ekibrl aolecak ml jf afspf. af spf. Xjfaletf> Qusfeaof qul aketlel kjo`kljlileks, æaomks fioefmks y vofioefs B6, B2 y B62, prkpkraokef ljfstaomfm, akjfbkrf le jf soiujfaoñe ml kxé`lek y plrilfbojomfm aljujfr. Xkrk>> Krocaok ml jf `jæemujf slbæalf qul fafbf le ue afefj ml 2,< iojéilrks, ake ue pljk Xkrk ræ`oj l oevosobjl. Xkmliks leakerfr alelefrls pkr aleilrk aufmrfmk le lj rksrk, fuequl jf ifykréf sl leaulerfe le jf mlekioefmf zkef ]> rlel, efroz, bfrbojjf. Jks pkrks ske alrrfmks l oevosobjls le jfs poljls slafs. Xroeaopoks favks ml ue aksiïak> aksiïak > Qke jks akipulsks rlspkesfbjls mlj llak k ueaoñe qul rlfjozf ue aksiïtak. Xulmle slr ml kro`le vl`lfj, feoifj, soeïtaks k sliosoeïtaks. Xrkpojle`joakj>Qoeïtak Xrkpojle`joakj> Qoeïtak k efurfj. Ls duilafel, rlrfsf jf pïrmomf ml f`uf le jfs liujsokels y jf polj. Xrktléef>> Qusfeaofs kr`æeoafs krifmfs pkr afrbkek, kxé`lek, domrñ`lek y eorñ`lek. Faþfe Xrktléef akik prklakrls auæelks.   V 

 

Vulrfef> Xrkléef lxoslel le `rfe afetmfm le jfs krifaokels lpomïrioafs ml jks Vulrfef> vlrlbrfmks (lsplaofjilel uöfs y pljk). Mlsliplöf ue pfplj iuy oipkrfel le jf prklaaoñe ml jf lpomlrios. Vulrfekaotks>> Aïjujfs lpomïrioafs qul akestuyle jf afpf añrelf. Efale pkr movosoñe aljujfr Vulrfekaotks le jf afpf iæs prkuemf ml jf lpomlrios.   R Rfmoafjls jobrls> jobrls> Ikjïaujfs oelsfbjls iuy rlfatvfs qul busafe krfs ikjïaujfs pfrf lsfbojozfrsl. Ffafe lj akjæ`lek, jf ljfstef, jfs prkléefs, lj æaomk dofjurñeoak y jks kskjépomks ml jfs ilibrfefs, fjlrfemk jfs lsruaurfs y fjlrfemk su ueaokefiolek. Le `rfe ilmomf ske rlspkesfbjls mlj levlnlaoiolek auæelk y sl `lelrfe pkr rlfaaokels ml kxomfaoñe y pkr lxpksoaoñe fj skj. Le aksiïtaf sl utjozfe proeaopfjilel, jf vofioef L y jks fvkekomls. Rlsoslel fj f`uf> lquovfjl fj ïrioek oe`jïs ‚wflr-rlsosfe’, l oemoaf qul lj prkmuak skjfr sl ifetlel skbrl jf polj mlspuïs ml uef oeilrsoñe le lj f`uf ml =8 ioeuks. Rfmokrlauleaof>> Fpjoafaoñe ml kemfs ljlarkif`eïtafs qul rlnuvlelale y akrro`le jf faomlz Rfmokrlauleaof akeso`uolemk ue ‚llak jooe`’ y ue kvfjk faofj iæs mlceomk. Qke ioarkoipujsks ml afjkr qul mlsprlemle lelr`éf qul fatvfe jks cbrkpjfsks jks aufjls prkmuale ue eulvk akjæ`lek ilnkrfemk jf mlesomfm y jf polj y jfs frru`fs. Ql pulml utjozfr le akiboefaoñe ake ]kxoef Bkujéeoaf, ilsklrfpof k OXJ. Rl`lelrfaoñe>> Rlprkmuaaoñe ml uef pfrl, lnomk u ñr`fek mlsfpfrlaomk. Rl`lelrfaoñe Rljjleks Cfaofjls > Oipjfels > Oipjfels qul ikmljfe lj rksrk y akrrl`or frru`fs y aoafroals. Dfy molrlels tpks ml rljjleks plrifelels y ek plrifelels. Rlaujoef>> Xrkléef qul akerobuyl f rlsfbjlalr jf crilzf y ljfstaomfm ml jf polj. Rlaujoef Rlekj>> Mlrovfmk ml jf vofioef F. Ql Rlekj Q l utjozf le rffioleks fet frru`fs y akik rlpfrfmkr ml jf polj. Roekpjfsf>> Vul ls uef kplrfaoñe ml efroals, yf sfble, jf akekaomf ml fet`uk akik aoru`éf Roekpjfsf lsïtaf, ls fdkrf skjk uef ml jfs iþjtpjls pksobojomfmls ml slr krf plrskef. Rksf Iksqultf, falotl lsleaofj> lsleaofj > Sfrolmfm ml rksf (pjfef), auyk falol sl kbtlel ml jfs sliojjfs. Lsl jéquomk aketlel `joaïromks oesfurfmks y æaomks qul mlbomk f su ljlvfmf akealerfaoñe le æaomks `rfsks lsleaofjls pkjooesfurfmks> Joekjloak ==-=?% y Joekjïeoak 241=%, sl df rlvljfmk akik uek ml jks iæs pklels rl`lelrfmkrls ml jf polj, ls llatvf le lj rffiolek ml aoafroals, frru`fs y krfs flaaokels qul prkvkafe levlnlaoiolek prlifurk f jf polj.   Q Qfjvof> Fetefifkrok Qfjvof>  Fetefifkrok le lj rffiolek m poljls slesobjls ml fsplak `rfsksk. Qlbk>> Qlarlaoñe qul krif ue ifek jopémoak skbrl jf polj, prkl`l jf afpf añrelf, oipoml jf Qlbk pïrmomf ml f`uf l oedobl lj arlaoiolek ml dke`ks y bfalrofs. Qdoftsu>> (le jle`uf Nfpkelsf, QDO so`eocaf mlmk y F]Q\, prlsoñe)> Ls ue ifsfnl krolefj le lj Qdoftsu qul jks mlmks lnlrale prlsoñe skbrl mllrioefmks pueks mlj aulrpk ake lj kbnlk ml lstiujfr afefjls ml lelr`éf, rlmuaor lj srlss, fjovofr mkjkrls, lesoñe, ft`f y fiboïe jks séekifs ml movlrsfs lelrilmfmls. Qojoakef>> Lj oipjfel ml sojoakef sl df vleomk utjozfemk pfrf movlrsks usks, fek le ififs, Qojoakef akik le iusjks y afrf. Jks oipjfels ml sojoakef jéquomf dfe prkmuaomk prkbjlifs ml quosls ml sojoakef le molrlels ñr`feks mlj aulrpk. \e lsumok rlaolel rlfjozfmk le Lsfmks \eomks skbrl jf sfjum ml jf iunlr, vuljvl f pkelr fiboïe le aulstñe jks krks tpks ml oipjfels ml sojoakef. Qéetlsos>> Ql rff ml jf kbleaoñe le jfbkrfkrok ml akipulsks frtcaofjls, pfrf jf ljfbkrfaoñe Qéetlsos ml prkmuaks aksiïtaks. Qknf>> Xrkalmlel ml Fsof Krolefj, oerkmuaomf le Lurkpf le lj so`jk TSOOO y aujtvfmf skbrl Qknf kmk le lj aketelel filroafek, ls jf iæs oipkrfel ml jfs jl`uibrls le aufek f proeaopoks

 

eurotvks sl rlclrl. Xksll lj mkbjl ml prkléefs qul jf afrel, kadk fioekæaomks lsleaofjls, eovljls oipkrfels ml jfs proeaopfjls vofioefs y ioelrfjls, y jlaotef, qul liujsokef lj akjlslrkj ljoioeæemkjk ml jfs frlrofs. Oemoafmf le afsks ml frlroksajlrksos, doplrlesoñe y rfskreks akrkefroks. Qpf>> Qpf so`eocaf le ofjofek ‚Qfjul plr j‟faquf’, ls mlaor, Qfjum f rfvïs mlj f`uf fuequl le Qpf Lspföf ls iæs akrrolel utjozfr lj ïrioek bfjelfrok. Qkrbotkj>> Ls ue afrbkdomrfks qul sl lipjlf le aksiïtaf pkr su afpfaomfm ml duilafaoñe dl Qkrbotkj domrffaoñe. QXC> Ls lj éemoal ml prklaaoñe skjfr. Aufek ifykr ls lj eþilrk, ifykr slræ jf prklaaoñe mlj QXC> prkmuak. Qo uef plrskef frmf le qulifrsl 68 ioeuks fj Qkj, ake ue fakr ml prklaaoñe < frmfræ > Xfjfbrf oe`jlsf qul sl rlclrl f ue tpk ml `oiefsof sufvl qul akesosl le Qtrltadoe` lstrfiolek ml jks iþsaujks. Moadk lstrfiolek fafbf ‚trfemk’ ml dulsks y, fmliæs, ml jf ilel, jk qul prkmual rljfx.   ] ]fjfsktlrfpof>> \e tpk ml bfjeklrfpof qul utjozf f`uf y prkmuaks prkalmlels mlj ifr. Jks ]fjfsktlrfpof rffioleks sl rlfjozfe ake f`uf f liplrfurfs lerl 10¾A y 14¾A. Lsk plriol qul jks pkrks ml jf polj sl fbrfe y plelrl lj f`uf le lj kr`feosik, domrffæemkjk y mlvkjvoïemkjl jks ioelrfjls plrmomks. ]fjak> Ls ue sojoafk if`elsoak domrffmk efurfj qul tlel plqulöfs afetmfmls ml ñxomks ml dolrrk y fjuioeok. Xksll `rfe pkmlr ml mlsjozfiolek, plrk tlel pkaf afpfaomfm ml fbskraoñe y fmdlrleaof, pkr jk qul sl jl föfmle movlrsks fmotvks. Ls lj oe`rlmolel iæs oipkrfel ml jks ajæsoaks pkjvks ml fjak. ]ï vlrml> vlrml> Ls ue ï soe lrilefr qul sl utjozf le aksiïtaf pkr sus llaks fetkxomfels y fetoefifkroks. ]lnomk akelavk> akelavk> \ef ml jfs pfrls akestuylels ml jf mlrios. Jf iosoñe ml sus cbrfs (ljæstafs y akjæ`lefs) ls jf ml ifelelr lj kek iusaujfr auæelk mfemk f jf polj rlsosleaof f jks rfuiftsiks soaks. ]ljñ`leks>> Cfsl cefj mlj aoajk ]ljñ`leks aoa jk mlj arlaoiolek mlj afbljjk, fiboïe mlekioefmf fsl ml afémf. ]leskfavfs>> Ikjïaujfs skjubjls le f`uf, iuy utjozfmfs akik f`lels joipofmkrls le jks ]leskfavfs adfipþs. ]kaklrkj>> Sofioef L. Xfrtaopf le lj prkalsk ml rlekvfaoñe aljujfr. Ls ue fet-kxomfel qul ]kaklrkj faþf akerf jf krifaoñe ml jks rfmoafjls jobrls y prkl`l ml jks rfyks ujrfvokjlf.   \ \rlf>> ]olel jf prkpolmfm domrffel fj fuilefr jf afpfaomfm ml rlleaoñe ml duilmfm pkr \rlf pfrl ml jf afpf akrelf. Oel`rf lj 0 % mlj CDE k ECI. \SF>> Qke jks rfyks ujrfvokjlf ml jfr`k fjafeal. Qke jks afusfels mlj kklevlnlaoiolek \SF prlifurk. \SB>> Rfyks ujrfvokjlf ml ilekr jke`oum qul jks \SF. Qke jks afusfels ml jfs qulifmurfs \SB y ml jks aæealrls auæelks. \SA>> Rfyks ujrfvokjlf qul ek jjl`fe f jf suplrcaol lrrlsrl fj slr oelralpfmks pkr jf afpf \SA ml kzkek.   S Sfjlrofef>> Xfrf poljls orrofmfs y ake`lstkefmfs Sfjlrofef a ke`lstkefmfs y pfrf mlsvfelalr frru`fs. Sfsljoef>> Qusfeaof `rfsfs akipulsf pkr domrkafrburks. Ls kajusovf, Sfsljoef ka jusovf, ek plriol jf pïrmomf ml f`uf, pkr jk lxosl uef ilnkrf mlj eovlj ml domrffaoñe. Aufemk sl utjozf le `rfemls afetmfmls y pkr ue lspfaok ml tlipk prkjke`fmk pulml fausfr kjoaujots (pkr jks domrkafrburks) y fjf ml kxo`lefaoñe Sfroals>> Xrkalsk vleksk suplrcaofj prkmuaomk pkr jf mocaujfm le lj rlkrek sfe`uéelk. Sfroals

 

Sotfioefs> Qke susfeaofs kr`æeoafs oemosplesfbjls pfrf jf vomf, elalsfrofs pfrf qul lj aulrpk Sotfioefs> ueaokel mlbomfilel y qul ekrifjilel ek pulmle slr fbroafmfs k soeletzfmfs oelrefilel. Qo bole sl leaulerfe le jks fjoileks, ls le plqulöfs afetmfmls, pkr jk qul ls rlakilemfbjl kblelrjfs le supjlileks molïtaks k pkr véf ñpoaf. Jfs uemfilefjls ske>  ‑ Sofioef F> jopkskjubjl, pfrf slr slr fbskrbomf pkr lj fpfrfk mo`l mo`lstvk, stvk, elalsof ml jfs `rfsfs y ioelrfjls. Qorvl pfrf fvkrlalr jf rlekvfaoñe aljujfr y ilnkrfr jf ljfstaomfm ml jf polj.  ‑ Sofioef A> Ls uemfilefj uemfilefj pfrf jf krifaoñe mlj akj akjæ`lek. æ`lek. Ql fbskrbl ifj le p plrskefs lrskefs uifmkrfs y sl polrml æaojilel le ikileks ml lsrïs.  ‑ Sofioef L> Ls jf vofioef vofioef mlj fetlevlnlaoiolek. Oipoml jf kxomfaoñe ml jf `rfsfs l domrff mlsml lj oelrokr ml jf polj P Pflrprkk> rlsoslel fj f`uf   T Tfetdfe `ui> `ui> Akipkelel ml prkpolmfmls vosaksfs utjozfmk pfrf jf lsfbojozfaoñe ml liujsokels. Tfeefs>> Ls ue lxrfak bokjñ`oak sfe`uéelk qul faþf fiboïe akerf jks rfmoafjls jobrls. Tfeefs   _ _lfst>> Lxrfak rlakilemfmk pfrf poljls afst`fmfs k ft`fmfs mlbomk f qul lstiujf lj _lfst akesuik ml kxé`lek ml jfs aïjujfs.   ^ ^oea, kxomk> kxomk> Faþf akik susfeaof qulrfteozfel7 pksll `rfe afpfaomfm ml fbskraoñe, pkr jk qul ls ue bule slafel, cnf jf duilmfm mlj forl y tlel pkmlr fsroe`lel. Ql utjozf le arlifs pfrf blbls, pfrf lj fael, le ifsafrojjfs y le pkjvks ml fjak. ^oea Xyrotdokel> Xyrotdokel> Oe`rlmolel fetioarkbofek, oeskjubjl fj f`uf, pkr jk qul suljl oeakrpkrfrsl le skjuaokels iuy vosaksfs ml afræalr txkrñpoak. Le su krif arosfjoef ls ue f`lel iuy lcafz pfrf akerkjfr jf afspf, fj faufr rlmuaolemk lj eþilrk ml akjkeofs ml Ifjfsslzof y Xotyrkspkrui kvfjl.