DBMS in Hindi

DBMS in Hindi BccFalna.com 097994-55505

Kuldeep Chand

This EBook is basically useful if you want to learn to develop Professional Application Level Database, so that you can understand the various theoratical processes related to Database Designing like Requirement Identification, Database Normalization, Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram Creation, Data Flow Diagram (DFD), etc… This eBook is based on various kinds of Database Related Problems and then Identifying its Solutions, so that you can create a Database Schema on the basis of the requirement. Relationship of a Relation Database is the main fundamental concept and in this eBook, I have tried my best to explain Various Relationship Concepts like One-to-One, One-toMany and Many-to-Many with easy to understand Examples. Database Normalization is another the most important concept for developing a well performing Database, so I have included it with easy to understand Detailed Examples too.

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

■■■

Kuldeep Chand

Betalab Computer Center Falna

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Copyright © 2009 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail [email protected] or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 97994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

This book is dedicated to those who really wants to be a

ProfessionAl Developer

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

Index of Contents

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Table of Contents Database Management System .................................................................... 8

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 8 Problem – Doing Something ................................................................................ 12 System – Interrelated Group of Units to Solve a Problem .................................... 13

Database Management System – DBMS ................................................... 14

Requirement of Good Database Design............................................................... 20 Effects of Poor Database Design ......................................................................... 21 Unnecessary Duplicated Data and Data Consistency ....................................... 22 Data Insertion Problems ................................................................................... 24 Data Deletion Problems.................................................................................... 26 Meaningful Identifiers ........................................................................................... 27 Entities and Data Relationships ........................................................................... 28 Entities and Their Attributes ................................................................................. 28 Entity Identifiers ................................................................................................... 29 Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Attributes ........................................................... 31 Identifying Problem Related Entities .................................................................... 34 Documenting Logical Data Relationships ............................................................. 35 Entities and Attributes for Music Store Application ............................................... 37 Domains .............................................................................................................. 38 Documenting Domains ..................................................................................... 38 Practical Domain Choices ................................................................................ 38

Basic Data Relationships ............................................................................ 42 One To One Relationships ................................................................................... 43 One To Many Relationships ................................................................................. 45 Many To Many Relationships ............................................................................... 46 Weak Entities and Mandatory Relationships ........................................................ 47 Documenting Relationships ................................................................................. 48 Dealing with Many To Many Relationships ........................................................... 52 Composite Entities ............................................................................................... 53 Relationships and Business Rules ....................................................................... 57 Data Modeling and Data Flow .............................................................................. 58

Schema ......................................................................................................... 63 Tables .................................................................................................................. 67 Primary Keys .................................................................................................... 68 Composite Keys ............................................................................................... 70 Representing Data Relationships ..................................................................... 72

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Referential Integrity .......................................................................................... 75 Views ................................................................................................................... 76 Data Dictionary .................................................................................................... 78

Normalization ............................................................................................... 80 Translating an ER Diagram into Relations............................................................ 81 Normal Forms ...................................................................................................... 82 First Normal Form ............................................................................................ 84 Second Normal Form ....................................................................................... 90 Third Normal Form ........................................................................................... 93 Boyce-Codd Normal Form ................................................................................ 95 Forth Normal Form ........................................................................................... 97 Equi – Join ......................................................................................................... 100

Database Structure and Performance Tuning......................................... 103 Indexing ............................................................................................................. 104 Clustering .......................................................................................................... 106 Partitioning ......................................................................................................... 107

Last but not Least. There is more…......................................................... 110

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

DBMS Database Managememnt System

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Database Management System blls igys fd ge Oracle dks le>sa] gesa lcls igys Database ds fofHkUu Concepts dks csgrj rjhds ls le>uk gksxk] rkfd ge ;s le> ldsa fd ,slh dkSulh leL;k, gSa] ftuds Solution ds :i esa Oracle tSlk DBMS Software Develop fd;k x;k gSA rks lcls igys ge Relational Database o Relational Database dks Design djus ds Process ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA pwafd Relational Database Designing ,d cgqr gh tfVy izfØ;k gS vkSj ge Designing o Implementation nksuksa dks nks vyx :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA blfy, bl iqLrd dks Hkh geus nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA igys Hkkx ds vUrxZr ge Relational Database Designing ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu ckrksa dks vPNh rjg ls le>us dh dksf”k”k djsaxs] tcfd nwljs Section esa ge ;s tkusaxs fd igys Section ds vk/kkj ij Designing fd, x, fdlh Database dks Oracle esa ds lkFk fdl rjg ls Implement fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd Designing o Implementation nks ,dne vyx Subjects gksrs gq, Hkh ,d nwljs ls xgjkbZ ds lkFk vkil esa tqMs gq, gSa] blfy, bl iqLrd esa dbZ mnkgj.k o leku ckrsa vkidks ckj&ckj ns[kus o ikus ;k

fdlh y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, dbZ Lora= bdkbZ;ka (Individual Units) feydj dke dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks mu bdkbZ;ksa ds lewg dks System dgk tkrk gSA tSls dksbZ Hospital ,d System gksrk gS ftls Hospital System dgk tkrk gSA Doctors, Nurses, fpfdRlk ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu midj.k] Operation Theater, Patient vkfn fdlh Hospital System dh fofHkUu bdkbZ;ka gSaA ;fn bu esa ls fdlh dh Hkh deh gks rks Hospital v/kwjk gksrk gSA blh rjg ls Computer Hkh ,d System gS] ftlds fofHkUu vo;o tSls fd Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard, CPU o leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ls lEcaf/kr Application Software vkfn gksrs gSa vkSj ;s lHkh vkil esa feydj fdlh leL;k dk ,d mfpr lek/kku iznku djrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

DBMS The Fundamentals

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi DBMS – The Fundamentals Computer esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data dks Store o Manage djus ds fy, dqN Standard rjhdksa

dks mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS] rkfd Computer }kjk fdlh Hkh le; Accurate o Up-To-Date Information dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA ftu Standard rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa ysdj fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Data dks Manage fd;k tkrk gS] mu rjhdksa ds lewg dks gh Database Management System dgk tkrk gSA

fdlh ,d lewg ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks de ls de txg esa Store djus o Manipulate djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk ;gh gksrk gS fd ml “Group Of Information” dks ,d lkj.kh ds :i esa Define fd;k tk,A ,d lkj.kh fdlh ,d Group ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks de ls de txg esa o lcls csgrj rjhds Store djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd gesa fdlh School ds fofHkUu Students dh Information dks Computer ij Manage djuk gks] rks ge ,d lkj.kh cukdj mlesa fofHkUu Students dh tkudkfj;ksa dks NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa ds :i esa fuEukuqlkj Store dj ldrs gSa% //================================================================= Sr_No Name Age Sex Class 123 Amit Sharma 15 Male 10 234 Rahul Varma 16 Male 10 121 Salini Bohra 15 Female 9 544 Silpa Roy 14 Female 8 534 Prince Mishra 13 Male 6 532 Devendra Bhati 14 Male 9 //================================================================

;fn ge bl lkj.kh esa Represent fd, x, lHkh Data dks ,d lkFk ,d Group ds :i esa ns[ksa] rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftl Student dk Serial Number 123 gS] mldk uke Amit Sharma gS vkSj mldh mez 15 lky gSA lkFk gh og Class 10th esa isaxsA ysfdu ;gka ;s tku ysuk t:jh gksxk fd fdlh Hkh Database Application esa Data dh Redundancy ;kuh Duplication dks iwjh rjg ls Eliminate djuk uk rks lEHko gS vkSj uk gh bldh t:jr gksrh gSA ;kuh gj Database esa FkksMk cgqr Data Duplication rks gksrk gh gS] tks fd fdlh Hkh Database dks Bhd ls Manage djus ds fy, t:jh Hkh gksrk gSA nwljk rjhdk ;s gS fd tc Hkh fdlh Order dh Entry Database esa gks] rks dksbZ ,slk rjhdk gksuk pkfg,] tks ;s Verify dj lds fd tc Data Duplicate Form esa Enter gks] rc Data gesa”kk ,d gh izdkj ls Database esa Store gksA ,d Well Design Database esa bu nksuksa Solutions dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA Duplication ls iSnk gksus okyh nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd ,d gh Information dks ckj&ckj Store djus ls Database dh Size c< tkrh gS] D;ksafd ,d gh izdkj ds Data, Store gksus ds fy, Memory esa ckj&ckj Storage Space ysrs gSaSA ysfdu pwafd vkt Disk Space mruh egaxh ugha gS] ftruh igys gqvk djrh Fkh] blfy, vkt Storage Space dh cpr ds fy, Redundant Data dks Eliminate djuk mruk cMk dkj.k ugha gS] ftruk Database dks ljyrk ls Maintain djukA Data Insertion Problems Music Store tSls ftrus Hkh Database gksrs gSa] tSls fd Publication vkfn] buesa ftrus Hkh Titles gksrs gSa] mudh ,d List curh gS] ftlds }kjk ;s irk pyrk gS fd ml Music Store ;k Publication ij fdu&fdu Titles ds Items miyC/k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, tc Hkh fdlh u, 24 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Title dh CD/DVD Market esa vkus okyh gksrh gS] bu Music Store ij ml u, Title dks vius Catalog esa Add djuk gksrk gSA

Bhd blh rjg ls fdlh Publication esa tc Hkh dksbZ ubZ Book Publish gksrh gS] ml Publication dks Hkh vius Catalog dks Update djuk iMrk gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k tkrk gS rkfd Music Store ;k Book Store ds Customers bl u, Title dks Advance esa Order dj ldsaA Catalog ,d ,slh List gksrh gS] ftlesa dksbZ Music Store ;k Publication vius Items dh List dks Store djrk gS] rkfd og vius Customers dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ns lds fd

mlds ikl dkSu&dkSu ls Title ds Item miyC/k gSaA pwafd ge ftl Music Store Application dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa mi;ksx esa ys jgs gSa] mlesa fofHkUu Titles ds Catalog dks Maintain djus dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] blfy, tc Hkh Market esa fdlh u, Title ds vkus dh lwpuk feyrh gS] bl Music Store esa ,d Employee Lo;a vius Catalog dks Update djrk gS vkSj vius Titles ds Updated Booklet dks vius gj Customer dks Hkst nsrk gS] rkfd mudk Customer ;s r; dj lds fd mls dkSu&dkSu ls Title Order djus gSaA bl Catalog Booklet esa cgqr lkjs Pages gks ldrs gSa vkSj gj Page dks Music Store dk dksbZ Employee Lo;a “Copy Paste” dh izfØ;k }kjk rS;kj djrk gSA vc ekuyks fd ge ;s pkgrs gSa fd ;s Catalog Booklet Database ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a gh rS;kj gks tk,A pwafd fofHkUu izdkj ds Titles Database esa Stored gksrs gSa] blfy, ge Catalog Booklet dks Database ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu fQj Hkh ge Current Database ds vk/kkj ij ;s dke ugha dj ldrs gSaA blds nks dkj.k gSa% fdlh Hkh Catalog esa fdlh Hkh Title ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh Additional tkudkfj;ka gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Title ds Singer, Music Director, Financer vkfn dh tkudkfj;ka gks ldrh gSa vkSj Title ls lEcaf/kr dqN Extra Description gks ldrh gSaA pwafd gekjs Music Store Database esa bu tkudkfj;ksa dks Store djus dh O;oLFkk ugha gS] blfy, bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa ge gekjs Music Store ds Database dks Modify djds mlesa u, Fields Create dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ;s rjhdk Hkh iwjh rjg ls Catalog Create djus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrkA D;ksafd ,d gh Title dks cgqr lkjs Customers Order dj ldrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa gj Order ds lkFk Title dh fofHkUu Descriptions dks Computer esa Store djus ls Data dh Redundancy c< tk,xh vkSj ;fn dsoy ,d gh Customer ds Order esa fdlh Title dh Information dks Store fd;k tk, rks gesa”kk bl ckr dks /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd fdl Title dh Extra tkudkfj;ksa dks fdl Customer ds Order esa Specify fd;k x;k gS] tks fd 25 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ,d ukeqefdu dke gSA nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd gekjs Music Store Application ds Database Management System esa ,slh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] ftlls fdlh Title dks Advance esa gh Database esa Enter fd;k tk ldsA tc rd dksbZ Customer ml u, Title dk Order Place ugha djrk gS] rc rd ml Title dks Database esa Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj tc rd Title Database esa Store ugha gksxk] rc rd Updated Catalog Booklet Create ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lkFk gh Customer rc rd ml Title dk Order Place ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd mls Updated Catalog Booklet izkIr uk gks] D;ksafd mls u, Title dh tkudkjh Updated Catalog Booklet ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA bl leL;k dks Database Management dh Hkk’kk esa “Insertion Anomaly” dgk tkrk gSA Data Deletion Problems gekjs bl Music Store Database Program ls tc fdlh Data dks Delete fd;k tkrk gS] rc Hkh dqN leL;k,a lkeus vkrh gSaA ekuyks fd ,d Customer dsoy ,d Item dk Order nsrk gSA Order dks Process djus ds ckn ;kuh Order dh Entry Music Store ds Form }kjk Database esa dj nsus ds ckn irk pyrk gS fd ml Item dks Manufacture djus okys Manufacturer us ml Item dks Create djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa Music Store vius fdlh Hkh Customer dks og Item ugha Hkst ldrk] ftlus bl Out Of Stock Item ds fy, Order fd;k gSA vc pwafd Orders dh Entry Database esa igys gksrh gS] blfy, mu lHkh Customers ds Order dh List esa ls bl Item dk Reference Database ls Delete djuk gksxk] ftUgksaus ml Particular Item ds fy, Order fd;k gS] tks fd vc Available ugha gSA pwafd ftu yksxksa us cgqr lkjs Items Order fd, gSa] muds Order dh List esa ls dsoy bl Unavailable Item ds Reference dks Delete djuk gksxk] tcfd ftu yksxksa us dsoy blh Item dk Order fd;k Fkk] Database ls muds Order dh List esa ls bl Item dk Reference Delete djus ij muds Order esa dksbZ Item ugha cpsxk] ftls ml Customer dks Hkstk tk ldsA bl fLFkfr esa ,sls Customers dk Order Hkh Delete dj fn;k tk,xkA vc pwafd fofHkUu Customers dh Information Hkh muds Order ds lkFk gh Database esa Store gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn fdlh Customer us ml Unavailable Item ds fy, Music Store dks First Time Order fn;k gks] rks tc ml Customer dk Order Delete gksxk] ml Order ds lkFk gh ml Customer dh Information Hkh Delete gks tk,xhA bl fLFkfr esa Music Store ml Customer dks Hkfo’; esa dksbZ Catalog Booklet ugha Hkst 26 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ldsxk vkSj Music Store dk ml Customer ls Link gh VwV tk,xk] D;ksafd ml Customer dk Address mlds Un-Fulfilled Order ds lkFk gh Delete gks pqdk gSA Database dh bl Problem dks Database dh Hkk’kk esa “Deletion Anomaly” dgrs gSaA

Meaningful Identifiers gekjs Database esa ,d vkSj cMh leL;k gS tks fd Customer dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Create fd, tkus okys Customer Number dh gSA bl Database esa fdlh Hkh Customer dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k rjhds dks Use fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa ml Customer ds uke o City ds Pincode Number dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA vc ekuyks fd ,d Customer ftl City esa jgrk gS] ml City dks NksMdj fdlh nwljs “kgj esa pyk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mlh Customer dks Identify djus ds fy, fQj ls ,d u;k Customer Number Create fd;k tk,xk] tks fd ml nwljh City ls lEcaf/kr gksxkA ftlls gekjs bl Database esa ,d gh Customer ds nks ID gks tk,axs tks ,d gh Customer dks Refer djsaxsA ekuyks fd ,d Customer Music Store ij ,d Order Place djrk gS vkSj mlds ckn og viuh City Change dj ysrk gSA vc ;fn og Customer viuh City Change dj ysus ds ckn ;s tkuuk pkgrk gS fd mlds fdrus Order Music Store ij Pending gSa] ftlds Items dks Music Store us ml Customer dks Serve ugha fd;k gSA ml Customer ds Pending Orders dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Music Store dk og Operator tks fd Music Store Software dks Operate djrk gS] ml Customer ls mldk Customer Number iwNsxk] rkfd og ml Customer Number okys Customer dh dqy Transactions dh List izkIr dj ldsA pwafd Customer vc nwljs “kgj esa jgrk gS] blfy, mldk Customer Number Change gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa og vius Current Customer Number dh tkudkjh ml Operator dks nsxkA ftldk eryc ;s gS fd bl “kgj esa vkus ls igys mlus Music Store ij ftrus Hkh Order Place fd, gSa] mudh tkudkjh mls mlds Current Customer Number }kjk izkIr ugha gksxh] D;ksafd os Orders mlus vius iqjkus “kgj ls fn, Fks vkSj ml “kgj esa jgus ds dkj.k mldk Customer Number nwljk FkkA bl fLFkfr esa og Customer ;s eku ldrk gS fd mldk Order Music Store dks izkIr ugha gqvkA blfy, og Customer mlh Order dks fQj ls Music Store ij Place dj nsxkA bl fLFkfr esa ,d gh Customer ds ,d gh Order dh nks Entry Music Store Database esa gks tk,xh vkSj tc mu nksuksa Orders dks Music Store }kjk iwjk fd;k tk,xk] rc ,d gh Customer dks leku Items dh nks Copies izkIr gks tk,axh] ftldh nwljh Copy dks lEHkor;k

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi og Customer fQj ls Music Store dks Return dj nsxk vkSj Music Store dks Transportation Charges Lo;a ogua djus gksaxAs

Entities and Data Relationships Database og LFkku gksrk gS] ftlesa Data dks uk dsoy Store fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd mu Store

gksus okys Data ds chp dh vkilh Relationship dh Information dks Hkh Store fd;k tkrk gSA Database ds Concept dk eq[; vk/kkj ;s gS fd fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks pkgs cgqr lkjs User Access dj jgs gksa ;k fQj pkgs ,d User Access dj jgk gks] User dks bl ckr dh fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha gskrh gS fd leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Computer esa fdl izdkj ls Store gks jgs gSaA User vius Database ls fofHkUu izdkj ds Data dks dsoy mudh Relationship ds vk/kkj ij Access djds fofHkUu izdkj dh Database Related Information Generate djrk gSA gkykafd User vius Data dks Logically Access djrk gS tcfd Data okLro esa Physically Store gksrs gSaA blfy, User o Database ds chp ds vkilh Conversation dks ,d nwljs Form esa Translate djds ,d nwljs dks Available djokus dk dke ,d Software djrk gS] ftls Database Management System Software (DBMS) dgk tkrk gSA ge ftl Formal Way dks Use djds fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Relationship fdlh DBMS Software dks Express djrs gSa] ml Formal rjhds dks Data Model dgk tkrk gSA ge ftl Relational Data Model dks bl iqLrd esa i ldrs gSa fd T;knkrj yksxksa ds ikl ,d ;k nks gh Phone gksrs gSa] bl fLFkfr esa ;fn ge bl rjhds dks Use djrs Hkh gSa] rc Hkh T;knkrj Customers ds ikl dsoy ,d ;k nks Phone gh gksus dh otg ls bu Attributes ds fy, Reserved Space dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gksrk vkSj T;knkrj Space fcuk eryc ds gh Reserved jgrk gSA ,slk djus ij Database dh Size Hkh c< tkrh gS] ftlls Database ij Searching Operations Hkh dkQh le; ysrk gSA ;kuh fdlh ,d Entity esa gh mlds fdlh Multi-Valued eku dks Store djus ds fy, ge mlh Entity dks Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ,slk djrs gSa] rks ge fofHkUu izdkj dh ubZ leL;kvksa esa Qal tkrs gSaA gkykafd Theoretically ;s lEHko gS fd ge ,d ,slk Database Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fdlh ,d Attribute esa cgqr lkjs Data Store dj ldrk gS] ysfdu Practically bl izdkj ds Database dks Implement djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA lkFk gh ;fn fdlh Database ds ,d gh Field esa ,d ls T;knk Data ;k ekuksa dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] rks ml Database esa Searching Operation dsoy Sequential Form esa gh gks ldrk gS] tks fd lcls Slowest Searching Process gksrk gSA tcfd ;fn ,d Field esa dsoy ,d gh Single Value ;k Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] rks ge ml Database ij Binary Searching dh Process dks Apply dj ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d cgqr gh Fast Searching Process gksrk gSA ,d lkekU; fu;e ds :i esa ge tc Hkh dHkh fdlh Multi-valued Attribute dks Face dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks og Attribute bl ckr dk ladsr gksrk gS fd gesa Entity esa vkSj u, Fields Created djus iM ldrs gSaA blfy, Same Attribute ds Multiple Values dks Handle djus dk lcls ljy rjhdk ;gh gS fd ge ,d u;k Entity Create djsa vkSj Same Attribute ds mu lHkh Values dks ,d Instance dh rjg ml Entity esa Store djsaA

Identifying Problem Related Entities ftu leL;k ls lEcaf/kr okLrfod Entity dks Identify djuk dbZ ckj dkQh Confusing gksrk gSA ;fn ge gekjs Music Store ds gh mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij le>sa] rks D;k ge Music Store dks Entity ds :i esa Identify dj ldrs gS\a ugha] ge ,slk ugha dj ldrsA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi D;ksafd Music Store rks mu Entities dk ,d iwjk Collection gS] ftUgsa Music Store Handle djrk gSA Entity rks okLro esa Music Store ds os Items gSa] ftUgsa Database }kjk Manage djuk gSA bl ckr dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuyks fd ge Music Store dks gh ,d Entity ds :i esa Identify dj ysrs gSaA vc bl Entity dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa blds fofHkUu Attributes dk irk djuk gksxk tks fd Music Store ds Items Numbers, Item Titles, Item In Stock, Retail Price vkfn gksaxsA ysfdu pwafd ge iwjs Music Store dks gh ,d Single Entity ds :i esa Describe dj jgs gSa] blfy, gesa blds gj Attribute esa Multiple Values dks Store djuk gksxk vkSj tSlk fd geus igys crk;k fd fdlh Hkh Relational Database esa dksbZ Hkh Attribute Multi-Valued ugha gks ldrk] blfy, ge Music Store dks ,d Single Entity ds :i esa Identify ugha dj ldrs gSa] cfYd gesa bls Entities ds ,d Collection ds :i esa Identify djuk gksrk gSA ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ns[krs gSa] ekuyks fd dksbZ Doctor vius lHkh Patient dh Medical History dks Maintain djrk gSA fdlh Music Store ds Inventory Program dh rjg gh Medical History Hkh ,d rjg dk ,d ls T;knk Entities dk Collection gSA ,d Medical History Appointments o mu Appointments ds nkSjku gksus okyh ?kVukvksa }kjk curk gSA blfy, ;s History okLro esa Appointment Entities o Medical Treatment Entities ds Instances dk Collection gS] uk fd Lo;a ,d Entity gSA “History” rks og Output gS ftls ,d Database Application mlds Entities ds Instances (Records) ds Collection ds :i esa Generate djrk gSA

Documenting Logical Data Relationships Entity-Relationship Diagram gesa ,d ,slk rjhdk Provide djrk gS] ftldk iz;kssx djds ge

fdlh Entity dks mls Describe djus okys Attributes ds lkFk Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA ER Diagrams ds dbZ rjhds izpfyr gSa] ysfdu nks rjhdksa dks lcls T;knk Use fd;k tkrk gSA igyk rjhdk Dr. Peter P. S. Chen us Develop fd;k FkkA blfy, bl Data Modeling Diagram dks ER Chen uke fn;k x;k gSA nwljk rjhdk James Martin o Clive Finkelstein us Develop fd;k gS vkSj bls Information Engineering (IE) esa Use fd;k tkrk gSSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ge bu esa ls ftu Hkh rjhds dks Use djds vius Database dk Entity Relationship Data Model Diagram cuk ldrs gSaA nksuksa gh rjhdksa esa ftu Entity dks ,d Rectangle }kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gj Entity dk uke mlds Rectangle ds vUnj fy[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge Customer Entity dks ER Diagram esa fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% Customer Original Chen ds ER Diagram Model esa Entities ds lkFk muds Attributes dks Show

djus dh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha FkhA fQj Hkh yksxksa us Chen ds bl ER Model dks FkksMk lk Modify djds fuEukuqlkj Entity ds Attributes dks Hkh Entity ds lkFk Include dj fy;k gSA *CustID

Telephone

Customer

FName

LName

Entity ds Identifier Attribute ds uke ds igys ,d Asterisk ( * ) yxkdj Identifier Attribute dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSA Information Engineering Model esa Entity dks

mlds Attributes ds lkFk esa fuEukuqlkj fp= }kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gS% Customer *CustID FName LName Telephone

pwafd] Information Engineering Model dks de Space esa T;knk vPNs rjhds ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, ge bl iqLrd esa T;knkrj blh Model ds Symbols dks Use djsaxsA gkykafd t:jr gksus ij Chen ds ER Model dks Hkh Use fd;k tk,xkA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Entities and Attributes for Music Store Application gekjs Music Store Database ds Order Entry Form ls gh gesa mu eq[; Entities dk irk py tkrk gS] ftUgsa gesa Music Store Database esa Manage djuk gSA

gkykafd tc ge Database Design Process dks vkxs csa gesa ,d ckr /;ku esa j[kuh gksrh gS fd fdlh Database esa ftruh Hkh Relationships Stored gksrh gSa] os lHkh Relationships Entities ds Instances ds chp gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, gekjs Music Store Example ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Customer mu Items ls Related gksrk gS] ftudk ml Customer us Order fn;k gSA ;kuh Customer Entity dk gj Instance Item Entity ds Order fd, x, Item Instance ls Related gksrk gSA ge ;gka ftl Relationship ds ckjs esa ppkZ dj jgs gSa] og Relationship iwjh rjg ls fdlh Database dk Conceptual Representation gS vkSj bl Relationship dk Data ds Actual Physical Storage ls dksbZ lEca/k ugha gksrk gSA tc ge Data Relationship dks ER Diagram ;k IE Diagram }kjk Document djrs gSa] rc ge fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks Show djrs gSaA bu Diagrams esa ge mu Possible Relationships dks Show djrs gSa tks Database esa Allowable gksrh gSaA ge tc rd fdlh Relationship dks Compulsory :i ls Specify ugha djrs gSa] rc rd ;s t:jh ugha gksrk gS fd Database ls Related gj Entity vkilh Relationship esa Involved gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, Music Store Database fdlh Hkh Customer dh Information dks Database esa Store dj ldrk gS] Hkys gh ml Customer us Music Store dks fdlh Hkh Item ds fy, dksbZ Hkh Order uk fn;k gksA ;gka ;s t:jh ugha gS fd ogh Customer Music Store Database esa Store gks ldrk gS] ftlus dksbZ Music Store dks fdlh Title ds fy, dksbZ Order fn;k gksA

One To One Relationships ekuyks fd fdlh NksVs ls “kgj esa dsoy ,d gh Airport gS vkSj fdlh Database esa og “kgj o Airport nksuksa gh ,d Entity ds :i esa Involved gSaA bl fLFkfr esa City o Airport nksuksa gh ml Database esa nks vyx Entities ds Instance ds :i esa Represent gksaxsA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi vr% City o Airport ds chp One To One dh Relationship dks bl rjg ls Express fd;k tk ldrk gS fd Airport dsoy ,d City esa gh Situated gS vkSj ml City esa dsoy ,d gh Airport gSA ;s mnkgj.k One To One Relationship dk ,d vkn”kZ mnkgj.k gS] D;ksafd bl Database esa fdlh Hkh le; ,d City ls dsoy ,d gh Airport Related gksxk vkSj ml ,d Airport ls dsoy ,d gh City Related gksxhA gkykafd fdlh “kgj esa ,d ls T;knk Airports gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu ge ;gka ,d cgqr gh NksVs “kgj ds Airport Database dks Manage dj jgs gSa vkSj ge ;s eku jgs gSa fd fdlh Hkh NksVs “kgj esa ,d ls T;knk Airport ugha gks ldrs gSaA ;fn gekjs ikl nks Entities A o B ds nks Instances Ai o Bi gksa] rks bu nksuksa Entities ds Instances ds chp One To One dh Relationship dsoy rHkh lEHko gS] tc fdlh Hkh le; Ai Entity B ds Zero ;k One Instance ls Related gks vkSj Bi Entity A ds Zero ;k One Instance ls Related gksA fdlh Hkh Business Database Application esa One To One dh Relationship cgqr gh Rare Case esa curh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd gekjk Music Store ,d u, Distributor ls Dealing djuk r; djrk gSA Music Store ml u, Distributor dks dsoy ,d gh Special Title dk Order nsrk gSA vc ;fn ge ml u, Distributor dks vius Database esa LFkku nsa] rks ge ns[krs gSa fd ml u, Distributor Entity dk Instance Music Store ds Item Entity ds dsoy ,d Instance ls Related gksrk gSA blfy, ;gka ij ml u, Distributor o Item ds chp One To One dh Relationship curh gSA vc ;fn Music Store ml u, Distributor dks dbZ vkSj Titles ds Order nsrk gS] rks ;gka ;s fu;e Violate gks tkrk gS fd og u;k Distributor Music Store ds dsoy ,d gh Item ls Related gSA bl fLFkfr esa ml u, Distributor Entity ds Instance o Item Entity ds Instance ds chp One To One ds LFkku ij One To Many dh Relationship cu tkrh gSA D;ksafd vc og u;k Distributor Music Store ds ,d ls T;knk Items ds Titles ls Related gks tkrk gSA blh rjg ls ;fn ge Music Store Database esa Credit Card uke dk ,d vkSj Entity Create djrs gSa] ftlesa mu Credit Cards ds Data dks Hold fd;k tkrk gS] ftudk iz;ksx os Customer viuh m/kkjh pqdkus ds fy, djrs gSa] ftudk dqN iSlk Music Store esa cdk;k gSA pwafd gj Customer dsoy ,d gh Credit Card ls viuk iSlk pqdkrk gS] blfy, ;gka ij Hkh Customer Entity ds Instance o Credit Card Entity ds Instance ds chp One To One dh Relationship Create gksrh gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Credit Card Entity ds fy, Credit Card dk Number, Type o Expiration Date Attributes

gks ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ;s eku ysa fd gj Customer ds ikl dsoy ,d gh Credit Card gksrk gS] rks pwafd Credit Card ds fdlh Hkh Attribute dk eku Multi-Valued uk gksus dh otg ls gesa Credit Card dks ,d vyx Entity ds :i esa Represent djus dh t:jr ugha gSA ge Credit Card ds fofHkUu Attributes dks Customer dh Information ds lkFk Store dj ldrs gSaA ge tc Hkh dHkh fdlh Database ds lUnHkZ esa One To One Relationship dks Identify djrs gSa] rks gesa /;ku ls ;s ns[k ysuk pkfg,] fd dgha ge One To Many dh Relationship dks rks One To One dh Relationship ugha eku jgs gSa ;k dgha ,d gh Entity dks rks nks Entity ds :i esa Represent djus dh dksf”k”k rks ugha dj jgs gSaA

One To Many Relationships fdlh Database ds fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh ;s ,d cgqr gh Common Relationship gksrh gSA okLro esa Maximum Database esa ftruh Hkh Relationships gksrh gSa] muesa ls T;knkrj One To Many dh gh Relationship gksrh gSaA One To One dh Relationship rks Rare Case esa gh curh gSA Music Store Database ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh Database ds fofHkUu Entities ds Instances ds

chp ;s gh Relationship Define gks jgh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Music Store cgqr lkjs Titles ds fy, Distributors dks Order ns ldrk gS vkSj Music Store ,d Title dk Item dsoy ,d gh Distributors ls izkIr djrk gSA blh rjg ls ,d Customer Music Store ij dbZ Orders Place dj ldrk gS ysfdu ,d Order dsoy ,d gh Customer nsrk gSA tSls Order Number 001 fdlh Rahul uke ds Customer us fn;k gks] rks blh Number dk dksbZ nwljk Order fdlh nwljs Customer }kjk Music Store dks ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn gekjs ikl nks Entities A o B ds nks Instances Ai o Bi gksa] rks bu nksuksa Entities ds Instances ds chp One To Many dh Relationship dsoy rHkh lEHko gS] tc fdlh Hkh le; Ai Entity B ds Zero, One ;k More Instances ls Related gks vkSj Bi Entity A ds Zero ;k One Instance ls Related gksA One To Many dh Relationship dks ,d Family Relationship ds :i esa vkn”kZ rjhds ls Represent fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d eka o mlds cPapksa ds chp One To Many dh Relationship gksrh gS] ftlesa ,d eka ds dbZ cPps rks gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh Hkh cPps dh

dsoy ,d gh eka gks ldrh gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Bhd blh rjg ls ;fn ge ,d vkSj mnkgj.k ns[ksa rks ,d Computer o mlds CPU ds chp Hkh One To Many dh Relationship dks Represent fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgka ,d CPU dks dsoy ,d gh Computer esa Install fd;k tk ldrk] tcfd ,d Computer esa ,d ls T;knk CPU dks Install fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn blh Concept dks ge Music Store ds Database ij Apply djsa] rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd Music Store o mlds Distributor ds chp One To Many dh Relationship gksrh gS] tgka Music Store ,d Title ds fy, fdlh ,d gh Distributor dks Order ns ldrk gS] tcfd ogh Title Music Store dks ,d ls T;knk Distributor iznku dj ldrs gSaA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd tc ge Data Relationships dks Specify dj jgs gksrs gSa] rc ge lHkh lEHko Relationships dks Indicate dj jgs gksrs gSa vkSj ;s t:jh ugha gksrk gS fd lHkh Entities ds lHkh Instances gj Documented Relationship esa Hkkx ysaA ;kuh gekjs Music Store Database ds vk/kkj ij ;s t:jh ugha gS fd dksbZ Distributor Instance fdlh Item Entity ds Zero, ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Instances ls Related gksA

Many To Many Relationships ;s Relationships Hkh dkQh Common Relationships gSaA ;fn ge Music Store Database ds lUnHkZ esa bl Relationship dks ifjHkkf’kr djsa] rks Customer Entity o Item Entity ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship gksrh gSA D;ksafd ,d Customer ,d ls T;knk Titles dk Order ns ldrk gS vkSj ,d gh Title ds fy, ,d ls T;knk Customer Order ns ldrs gSaA blh rjg ls ,d Distributor o ,d Item ds chp Hkh Many To Many dh Relationship gks ldrh gS] ftlesa ,d gh Distributor dks ,d ls T;knk Title ds fy, Order fn;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ,d gh Title dks ,d ls T;knk Orders esa Place fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn gekjs ikl nks Entities A o B ds nks Instances Ai o Bi gksa] rks bu nksuksa Entities ds Instances ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship dsoy rHkh lEHko gS] tc fdlh Hkh le; Ai Entity B ds Zero, One ;k More Instances ls Related vkSj Bi Entity A ds Zero, One ;k More Instances ls Related. Many To Many Relationship Database Design esa nks cMh leL;k,a iSnk djrk gS] ftUgsa vkxs foLrkj ls le>k;k x;k gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Weak Entities and Mandatory Relationships geus fofHkUu Relationships dks Discuss djrs le; Relationship dks “Zero” Instance ls Hkh Related crk;k gS] tks bl ckr dks Indicate djrk gS fd vkilh Relationship esa Specify fd, x, Entities ds fdlh Instances dk Relationship esa Participate djuk Optional gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge Music Store Database ds lUnHkZ esa bl ckr dks le>sa] rks ,d Customer dh Information dks ml le; Hkh Database esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd mlus fdlh Item ds fy, dksbZ Order ugha fd;k gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa ,d Customer Entity dk dksbZ Instance Item Entity ds fdlh Hkh Instance ls Related ugha gksrk gS ;k nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ,d Customer Entity dk dksbZ Instance Item Entity ds Zero Instance ls Related gksrk gSA gkykafd ,d Customer tc dksbZ Order Place ugha djrk gS] rc Hkh ml Customer dh Database esa Entry dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu ;fn ge bl Concept dks Reverse Order esa ysa] rks ,slk lEHko ugha gks ldrkA ;kuh gj Order dk fdlh ,d Customer ls Related gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA fcuk fdlh Customer ds Order fn, gq,] Music Store Database esa ,d Order Place gh ugha gks ldrk] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh Order dks Place djus ds fy, ,d Customer t:j gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ge bl Discussion ds vk/kkj ij le>sa rks ;gka Order ,d Weak Entity gS] D;ksafd ;s ,d ,slk Entity gS] ftls Database esa rc rd Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc rd fd ml Order Instance ls Related dksbZ nwljk Entity Instance ml Database esa Present uk gks vkSj ml Order ls Related uk gksA Customer Entity dk ,d Instance Zero, One ;k More Orders ls Related gks ldrk gSA

fQj Hkh ,d Order dk dsoy ,d vkSj flQZ ,d gh Customer Entity Instance ls Related gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA Weak Entity ds fy, Zero Option Available ugha gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa Customer o Order ds chp dh Relationship ,d t:jh ;kuh Mandatory ;k Compulsory Relationship gS] ftls Database dks Bhd ls Manage djus ds fy, Database esa ifjHkkf’kr djuk t:jh gksrk gSA fdlh Database dh Consistency o Integrity dks Maintain djus ds fy, mlds lHkh Weak Entities o ml Weak Entity ls Associated Mandatory Relationship Entity dks Identify djuk dkQh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA budk Database ij vkilh izHkko tkuus ds fy, ekuyks fd ge ,d ,slk Order Database esa Store djrs gSa] ftlls Belonged Customer dk irk ugha gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ge ml Order esa

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Specify fd, x, Items dks dHkh Hkh fdlh Customer rd Ship ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ml Order esa ml Customer dh tkudkjh gh ugha gksrh gS] ftls ml Order ds Items Ship djus

gSaA blh Concept ds vuqlkj ge Order o Order Lines ds chp dh Relationship dks Hkh One To Many ds Relationship ds :i esa Define djrs gSa] D;ksafd ge ugha pkgrs gSa fd fcuk fdlh Order ls Related gq, dksbZ Order Line Database esa Store gksA Order Line fdlh Order ij fLFkr fdlh Specific Item dks Refer djrk gSA ;kuh ,d Order Line rc rd Meaningless gksrk gS] tc rd fd ge ;s ugha tkurs gSa fd og Order Line fdl Order ls Belong djrk gSA blds ctk; ge Music Store ij miyC/k fdlh Hkh Item dks Database esa Store dj ldrs gSa] tcfd gesa ;s tkuus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS fd ml Item dks fdl Supplier us Hkstk gS] tcfd ge ;gka ij ;s eku jgs gSa fd gj Item fdlh ,d Supplier ls vkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa Supplier o Item ds chp okLro esa Zero To Many dh Relationship gks tkrh gSA

Documenting Relationships Chen o IE nksuksa gh rjhdksa ds ER Diagrams esa Relationship dks vyx rjhdksa ls Represent fd;k tkrk gSA nksuks gh rjhdksa ds vius Qk;ns o dfe;ka gSaA Chen Method esa Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, Diamond Symbol dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Entities ds chp Relationship ds Type dks Represent djus ds fy, Arrow Based Lines

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu ER Diagram dks nsf[k,%

bl Diagram esa ge Customers o Orders ds chp dh Relationship dks ns[k ldrs gSaA Customer dh rjQ tks Single Arrow Point dj jgk gS og Arrow Indicate djrk gS fd ,d Order dsoy ,d gh Customer ls Belong dj jgk gSA tcfd Orders Entity dh rjQ dk Double Arrow bl ckr dks Indicate djrk gS fd ,d Customer ,d ls T;knk Orders Place dj ldrk gSA Diamond ds chp fy[kk x;k “kCn Relationship ds lEca/k esa dqN tkudkjh iznku djrk gSA Chen Model esa nks Alternative Styles gSaA igys Style esa Arrows dks Numbers o Letters

ls Replace dj fn;k tkrk gSA Number “1” ;s Indication nsrk gS fd ,d Order fdlh ,d Customer ls vkrk gSA tcfd “M” ;k “N” Character ;s Indication nsrk gS fd Customer

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ,d ls T;knk Orders Place dj ldrk gSA bl rjhds dks Apply djus ij gesa fuEukuqlkj Diagram izkIr gksrk gS%

nwljk Alternative ml Problem dk Solution n”kkZrk gS] tks rc iSnk gksrh gS tc ge Relationship dks nksuksa Directions esa Read djrs gSaA ;kuh “Customer Places Order” rks ,d Meaningful Information gSA ysfdu “Order Places Customer” fdlh rjg dh dksbZ Meaningful Information iznku ugha djrk gSA bl leL;k dks Solve djus ds fy, ER Diagram esa Diamond ls Relationship Represent djus okys Arrows o Relationship ds uke dks Remove dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Diagram dks fuEukuqlkj Inverse dj fy;k tkrk gS%

vc ;s Diagram T;knk Meaningful Information Provide djrk gS] tks fuEukuqlkj gS fd % 1

1 Customer M Orders Place dj ldrk gSA ;kuh “1 Customer Places Many Orders” vkSj

2

1 Order dsoy 1 Customer gh Place dj ldrk gSA ;kuh “1 Order is Placed by 1 Customer”

Chen ds Model esa ,d cgqr gh cMh Limitation gS vkSj oks gS ER Diagram dks Draw djus

dhA Chen ds ER Diagram esa fdlh Weak Entity o Mandatory Relationship dks Represent djus dk dksbZ Li’V rjhdk ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Music Store Database ds fy, Order ,d Weak Entity gS vkSj fcuk fdlh Customer ds ;s Entity Database esa Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj Customer Entity ds lkFk bldh Relationship t:jh ;kuh Mandatory gSA dqN Database Designers us Chen Method esa ,d u;k Symbol Add fd;k gS ftlesa fdlh Weak Entity dks fuEukuqlkj ,d Double Bordered Rectangle }kjk n”kkZ;k tkrk gS%

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

Order

tc Hkh dHkh fdlh ER Diagram esa fdlh Weak Entity dks Represent fd;k tkrk gS] rc ;s Symbol bl ckr dks Indicate djrk gS fd ;s Entity o blds ,d Parent Entity nksuksa ds chp esa Mandatory Relationship gSA ysfdu ;fn bl Entity ds lkFk ,d ls T;knk Parent Entities Related gksa] rks bl ckr dks lkekU; rjhds ls r; djuk eqf”dy gks tkrk gS fd dkSuls Entity ds lkFk bl Weak Entity dh Relationship Mandatory gSA Chen Method ds vykok ge Information Engineering Method dks Use djds Hkh ER Relationship Model dks Create dj ldrs gSaA IE Method esa Line ds End ds vk/kkj ij gh

fofHkUu izdkj dh Relationships dks Represent fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd Chen ds Method dh rqyuk esa ER Diagram dks T;knk ljy cuk nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu fp= esa mlh One To Many Relationship dks n”kkZ;k x;k gS] ftls geus Chen ds Method }kjk n”kkZ;k gSA bl fp= esa Line ds End ds vk/kkj ij ge bl ckr dk irk yxk ldrs gSa fd dkSulh Relationship Mandatory gS vkSj dkSulk Entity ,d Weak Entity gSA

Customer Entity ds vkxs tks nks [kMh Lines (||) gSa] mudk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd gj Order

flQZ vkSj flQZ ,d Customer ls Related gSA pwafd 0 Optional ugha gS] blfy, bu Entities ds chp dh Relationship Mandatory gSA blh rjg ls Order Entity ds lkFk Connect fd, x, 0 o rhu Legs dk eryc ;s gS fd ,d Customer Zero, One ;k More Orders ls Related gks ldrk gSA ,d IE Diagram esa Line ds vUr esa eq[;r% pkj Symbols dks Use fd;k tk ldrk gS%

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi 1

|| :

One and Only One (Mandatory Relationship)

3

>| :

One or More (Mandatory Relationship)

2

0| :

4 >0 :

Zero or One Zero, One or More

vc ;fn ge Music Store Database ds fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh Relationships dks IE Diagram }kjk Represent djsa] rks cuus okyk Diagram fuEukuqlkj cusxk%

bl IE Diagram }kjk fuEu Relationships Model gks jgs gSa% 1

,d Customer Zero, One ;k More Orders Place dj ldrk gS tcfd ,d Order ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Customer }kjk Place fd;k tk ldrk gSA

2 ,d Order esa ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Items gks ldrs gSa tcfd ,d Item Zero, One ;k More Orders esa Appear gks ldrk gSA 3

,d Actor Zero, One ;k More Items esa Appear gks ldrk gS vkSj blh rjg ls ,d Item esa Zero, One ;k More Actors gks ldrs gSaA ( dbZ ckj ,slh Films Hkh curh gSa] ftuesa Human Actors ds LFkku ij Animal Actors gksrs gSaA blfy, gesa”kk ;s t:jh ugha gksrk gS fd gj Item de ls de ,d Actor ls Related gksA )

4 gj Item ds Zero, One ;k More Producers gks ldrs gSa vkSj gj Producer Zero, One ;k More Items ds fy, Responsible gksrk gSA gkykafd ge Practically rc 51 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi rd fdlh Producer dks Database esa Store ugha djrs gSa] tc rd fd og Producer fdlh Item ls Related uk gksA Producer o Items ds chp dh Relationship dks Optional Means ds :i esa Specify djds ge fcuk Item dh Information Store fd, gq, Hkh Producer dh Information dks Database esa Store dj ldrs gSaA bl Design esa Notice djus okyh tks lcls cMh pht gS oks ;s gS fd bl Design esa rhu Many To Many Relationships gSa] tks fd Order To Item, Actor To Item o Producer To Item ds Entity ds chp gSA blls igys fd ge bl Data Model dks fdlh Relational Database ij Map djsa] bUgsa fdlh vU; rjhds ls Handle djuk gksxk] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh Relational Database esa ge Many To Many Relationship dks Directly Map ugha dj ldrs gSaA

Dealing with Many To Many Relationships tSlkfd geus igys crk;k gS fd Many To Many Relationship ds lkFk dqN vyx izdkj dh leL;k,a gSaA lcls igyh leL;k rks ;gh gS fd dksbZ Hkh Relational Data Model Many To Many Relationship dks Directly Handle ugha dj ldrk gSA fdlh Relational Data Model esa ge dsoy One To One ;k One To Many Relationship dks gh Handle dj ldrs gSaA bldk eryc ;s gqvk fd geus Music Store Database esa ftl Many To Many Relationship dks Identify fd;k gS] mUgsa One To Many Relationships ds Collections ds :i esa Convert djds Relational Data Model esa Use djuk gksxk] rkfd ge bUgsa ,d Relational DBMS esa Use dj ldsaA nwljh leL;k FkksMh T;knk tfVy gSA bls le>us ds fy, ekuyks fd Music Store fdlh Distributor dks dksbZ Order nsrk gS vkSj Music Store ij dksbZ Customer Order Place djrk gSA blfy, Order o Item ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship curh gS] D;ksafd gj Order esa ,d ls T;knk Items Appear gks ldrs gSa vkSj ckn esa gj Item dbZ Orders ij Appear gks ldrk gSA tc dHkh Music Store fdlh Item ds fy, dksbZ Order Place djrk gS] rc Item ds Copies dh la[;k Music Store dks izkIr gksus okyh Copies dh la[;k ls fHkUu gks ldrh gSA ;kuh gks ldrk gS fd Music Store fdlh Item ds pkj Copy izkIr djuk pkgrk gks tcfd Stock dh deh ds dkj.k mls og Item dsoy rhu gh izkIr gksA vc loky ;s gS fd Order fd, x, Item dh Quantity dks dgka Store djuk pkfg,\ D;ksafd ;s Quantity Order Entity dk fgLlk (Attribute) rks gks ugha ldrk D;ksafd Quantity ml Item ij Depend djrh gS] ftls Music Store Order dj jgk gSA blh rjg ls ;s Quantity Item

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Entity dk Hkh fgLlk (Attribute) ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd Quantity fdlh Specific Order ij Depend djrk gSA

bl izdkj ds Attribute esa Store gksus okys Data dks Relationship Data dgk tkrk gS] tgka dksbZ Data fdUgha Entities ds Relationship dk fgLlk gksrk gS uk fd og Data Relationship esa Hkkx ysus okys fdlh Entity dk fgLlk (Attribute) gksrk gSA pwafd fdlh Relationship esa Attributes ugha gksrs gSaA blfy, gesa Relationship Data dks Represent djus ds fy, fdlh ,sls Entity dh t:jr gksrh gS] tks nks Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks Represent djs vkSj bl Entity esa ge ml Relationship Data dks ,d Attribute ds :i esa Store dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh tc fdUgh nks Entities ds chp dksbZ ,slk Data gks tks fdlh Hkh Entity esa Lora= :i ls Represent ugha gks ldrk] ysfdu nksuksa Related Entities ds Group ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] rc gesa bl izdkj ds Relationship Data dks Store djus ds fy, ,d u, Entity dh t:jr iMrh gS vkSj bl izdkj ds Data dks ml u, Entity esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA

Composite Entities os Entities, tks nks vU; Entities ds chp dh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, Describe fd, tkrs gSa] Composite Entities dgykrs gSaA Composite Entities fdl izdkj ls dke djrs gSa] bl ckr dks ge ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA ge le> ldrs gSa fd Music Store ds Customers ds Orders o Music Store ds Items ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship gS D;ksafd ,d Order esa dbZ Items Appear gks ldrs gSa vkSj leku Item dks ,d ls T;knk Order esa Appear fd;k tk ldrk gSA vc gesa ,d ,sls Entity dh t:jr gksrh gS] tks gesa ;s crk, fd ,d Specific Title fdlh Specific Order ij Appear gks jgk gSA bl Concept dks fuEu fp= }kjk le>k;k tk jgk gS%

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

bl fp= esa rhu Order Instances gSa vkSj rhu gh Item Instances gSaA igyk Order (Order #1) Customer Number #0985 us fn;k gS vkSj bl Order esa mlus dsoy ,d gh Item ( item #09244) dk Order fn;k gSA nwljs Order (Order #2) Customer #0985 us fn;k gS vkSj bl Order esa mlus ftu nks Items dk mYys[k fd;k gS] mudk Number #02944 o #10101 gSA ;kuh nwljs Order esa Item Number #02944 rks fQj ls Appear gks gh jgk gS lkFk gh Item Number #10101 Hkh Appear gks jgk gSA rhljk Order tks fd Order #3 gS] og Customer Number #1212 us Place fd;k gS vkSj blesa Hkh nks Items Item Number #10101 o Item Number #00250 dk Order fn;k x;k gSA bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd rhu Customers us rhu Orders Place fd, gSa vkSj rhuksa Orders esa dqy ikap Items dks Order fd;k x;k gSA bldk eryc ;s gS fd ;fn rhuksa Orders dks iwjs fd, tk,a] rks Item Number #02944 dh nks Copies, Item Number #10101 dh nks Copies o Item Number #00250 dh dsoy ,d Copy ;kuh dqy ikap Copies Sell gksaxhA bl Diagram ds chp dk fgLlk gh og Composite Entity gS] tks fd gj Order dks fdlh ,d Specific Item ls Connect dj jgk gSA gekjs bl Example Diagram esa dqy ikap Instances gSa] ftUgsa ge “Line Items” dgsaxsA ;s Line Item Entities, Order o Item ds chp dh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, Create fd, x, gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi bl Diagram esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd gj Order izR;sd Item ds fy, dsoy ,d Line Item Instance ls Related gSA nwljs rjhds ls ns[ksa rks izR;sd Item gj Order ij Appear gksus ds fy, fdlh ,d Line Item Instance ls Related gSA bl Diagram ds vk/kkj ij izR;sd Line Item Instance ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Order ls Related gS lkFk gh ogh Line Item ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Item ls Related gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ,d Order o mlds Line Items ds chp One To Many dh Relationship gS] D;ksafd ,d Order dbZ Line Items ls Related gS vkSj Item og Order, ftl ij og Item Appeared gS] ds chp One To Many dh Relationship gS D;ksafd ,d Item ,d ls T;knk Line Items ij Appear gSA bl rjg ls bl Diagram esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d Composite Entity dh mifLFkfr ls Original Many To Many dh Relationship nks One To Many dh Relationship esa Convert gks jgh gSA ;fn gekjs Database ls lEcaf/kr dksbZ Relationship Data gS] rks ml Data dks Store djus ds fy, ge bl Composite Entity esa gh ml Data ds fy, Appropriate Attribute Create dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Order fd, x, Item dh Quantity dks Store djus ds fy, bl Composite Entity esa Quantity uke dk Field ;k Attribute Create dj ldrs gSaA blds lkFk gh ge bl Composite Entity esa bl ckr dh tkudkjh j[kus ds fy, ,d Flag Attribute Create dj ldrs gSa] tks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ns fd Order fd, x, Items dks Ship fd;k tk pqdk gS ;k ugha vkSj ;fn Ship fd;k tk pqdk gS] rks Shipping Date dks Store djus ds fy, Shipping Date Attribute dks Hkh blh Composite Entity esa ,d Field ds :i esa Specify fd;k tk ldrk gSA Chen ds ER Method esa Composite Entity dks ER Diagram esa Draw djus ds fy,

fuEukuqlkj Symbol dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd Information Engineering Method esa Composite Entity dks ER Diagram esa Represent djus dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gSA

Music Store Database ds lHkh Many To Many Relationships dks Eliminate djus ds fy,

gesa gj Many To Many Relationship dks ,d Composite Entity }kjk nks One To Many Relationships esa Convert djuk gksxkA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi tSlkfd ge gekjs Music Store Database ds fiNys IE ER Diagram esa ns[k ldrs gSa] mlesa rhu Many To Many Relationships gSa] blfy, bu rhuksa Many To Many Relationships dks Remove djus ds fy, gesa rhu Composite Entities dks fuEukuqlkj Create djuk gksxk% 1

Order Lines Order Lines Entity ,d Item dks ,d Order ij Represent djrk gSA gj Order

dh dbZ “Order Lines” gks ldrh gSa tks fd vyx&vyx Items ls Connect gksa] ysfdu Order Line ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Order ij Appear gks ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ,d Order Line esa ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Item Appear gks ldrk gS ysfdu ,d gh Item ,d ls T;knk Order Lines esa Appear gks ldrk gS vkSj izR;sd Item fdlh Different Order ls Connected gksrk gS D;ksafd ,d gh Item ds fy, ,d ls T;knk Orders Place fd, tk ldrs gSaA 2

Performance Performance Entity ;s Represent djrk gS fd ,d Actor ,d Film esa Appear

gksrk gSA gj Performance ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Film ds fy, gksrh gS] tcfd ,d Film esa ,d ls T;knk Performance gks ldrh gSa] D;ksafd ,d Film esa ,d ls T;knk Actor gks ldrs gSaA blh rjg ls ,d Actor izR;sd Film esa ,d Performance ls Related gksrk gS] ysfdu ,d Film esa dsoy ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Performance ls Related gksrk gSA 3

Production Production Entity ;s Represent djrk gS fd ,d Producer ,d Film ij dke

djrk gSA ,d Producer dbZ Productions esa Involved gks ldrk gS tcfd gj Production dsoy ,d vkSj flQZ ,d Producer ls Related gksrk gSA Item ds lkFk dh Relationship ;s Indicate djrk gS fd gj Film dks ,d ls T;knk Producers Produce dj ldrs gSa ysfdu izR;sd Production fdlh ,d Item ls Related gksrk gSA pwafd Composite Entities dks eq[;r% nks Entities ds chp dh Relationships dks Indicate djus ds fy, Create fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, Composite Entity dk mlds nksuksa Child Entities ls Related gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd gj Child Entity dk mlds Parent Entity ls Related gksuk Compulsory ;k Mandatory gksrk gSA vc cuk;k tkus okyk Modified IE Design fuEukuqlkj gksxk%

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

Relationships and Business Rules Database Design dbZ rjhdksa ls Science ds lkFk&lkFk ,d Art Hkh gSA fdlh Business ds

fy, fdlh Database dk dkSulk Design iwjh rjg ls Correct gksxk] ;s ml Organization ds Business Rules ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA vyx&vyx Organizations vius vyx&vyx Business Rules ds vk/kkj ij dke djrs gSa] blfy, ,d Organization ds fy, Design fd;k x;k Database dHkh Hkh iwjh rjg ls fdlh nwljs Organization ds Database ij iwjh rjg ls Apply ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd ge fdlh Retail Establishment ds fy, ,d Database Create djuk pkgrs gSa] ftlds cgqr lkjs vU; Stores gSaA bl Database esa tks eq[; ckr Handle dh tk,xh] og mu Employees dk Schedule gksxk] tks ml Retail Establishment ds fofHkUu Stores ij dke djrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi blls igys fd ge ,slk Database Design djsa] gesa Employee o Store ds chp dh Relationship dks Identify djuk gksxkA Employee o Store ds chp dkSulh Relationship gksxh\ One To One dh ;k One To Many dhA D;ksafd Retail Establishment dk Chairman dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh Employee dks vius fdlh Hkh Store ij Hkst ldrk gSA ,slk t:jh ugha gS fd tks Employee ftl Store ds fy, fu;qDr fd;k tk,xk] og gesa”kk mlh Store ij fu;qDr jgsxkA gj Employee gesa”kk ,d gh Store ds fy, fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] rks Employee o Store ds chp One To Many dh Relationship Identify gksrh gS vkSj ;fn gj Employee izR;sd Store ij FkksMk&FkksMk le; O;rhr djrk gS] rks Employee o Store ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship Identify gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa ekeyk ;s ugha gksrk gS fd dkSulk Design lgh gS vkSj dkSulk xyr cfYd bl fLFkfr esa dkSulk Design lgh gS] ;s ckr ml Organization ds dke djus ds rjhds ij fuHkZj djrk gS] fd og Organization vius Business dks fdl rjg ls Operate djrk gSA ;kuh bl ckr ls dksbZ QdZ ugha iMrk gS fd ge Database Design ds lEca/k esa fdruk T;knk tkurs gSa] cfYd ge rc rd ,d vPNk Database Create ugha dj ldrs gSa] tc rd gekjk Database fdlh Business Environment dh fofHkUu Relationships dks Accurate rjhds ls Reflect ugha djrk gSA

Data Modeling and Data Flow Data Model Design djrs le; tks lcls T;knk Common Mistakes dh tkrh gSa] oks Data Model o Data Flows ds chp Confusion dh Mistake gksrh gSaA Data Flow bl ckr dks Show djrk gS fd fdlh Organization esa Data dks fdl izdkj ls Handle fd;k tkrk gS] Data dks dgka Store fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Data ds lkFk D;k Processing dh tkrh gSA

tcfd Data Medal Data dh Internal ckrksa dks rFkk Data ds chp dh vkilh Relationships dks fcuk bl ckr dh ijokg fd, Represent djus dk dke djrk gS] fd Data dks dkSu Handle dj jgk gS vkSj Data ds lkFk fdl izdkj dh Processing dks Apply fd;k tk jgk gSA Data Flows dks lkekU;r;k Data Flow Diagrams(DFD)

esa Document fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vxys fp= esa ge Music Store Organization ds Top Level Data Flow Diagram dks ns[k ldrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

bl fp= dk Sequence mu yksxksa dks iznf”kZr dj jgk gS fd tks Data dks Handle dj jgs gSaA bl fp= ds Circles mu Processes dks Represent dj jgs gSa] ftUgsa Data ij Apply fd;k tkrk gSA ftl txg ij Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] mls nks Parallel Lines ds :i esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA gekjs bl mnkgj.k esa eq[; Storage dks “Main Database” “kCn ls Represent fd;k x;k gSA bl fp= esa n”kkZ, x, Arrows bl ckr dks Indicate djrs gSa fd Data fdlh LFkku ls fdl LFkku dh rjg Flow ;k Pass fd, tk jgs gSaA Data Flow Diagrams dk iz;ksx lkekU;r;k Design fd, tk jgs System dh vkSj vf/kd Details Provide djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fiNys fp= ds Order ysus dh izfØ;k dks vxys

fp= esa FkksMk lk vkSj Modify djds “Take Order” dh Process dks Represent fd;k x;k gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d Order ysus dh izfØ;k esa nks cMh ckrsa Involved gSaA igyh Customer dh Information ysuk o nwljh Order fd, tkus okys Items dh Information ysukA bl fp= ds gj Process dks vkSj Explore djds ge Data Flow dh vkSj vf/kd Deep Details izkIr dj ldrs gSa] tSlkfd vxys nks fp=ksa esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa Diagrams fdlh System dh bruh Detailed Information ns nsrs gSa] fd ,d Application Designer ml Application dks Design djus dk Plan cuk ldrk gSA Data Flow o Data Model nksuksa dks Separate j[kus ds fy, ge dqN Guide Lines dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;s Guide Lines fuEukuqlkj gSa% 1

,d Data Flow Diagram ;s Show djrk gS fd Data dks dkSu Use ;k Handle dj jgk gS] tcfd Data Model ,slk ugha djrk gSA

2

,d Data Flow Diagram ;s Show djrk gS fd Business Related Data dks fdl rjg ls o fdu ek/;eksa (People Inquiry etc.) ls Collect fd;k x;k gS] tcfd Data Model bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha nsrk gSA

3

,d Data Flow Diagram Data ij Perform gksus okys mu Operations dks Show djrk gS] tks Data dks ,d :i ls nwljs :i esa Transform djrs gSa] tcfd Data Model bl ckr dks Show ugha djrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi 4

,d Data Model ;s Show djrk gS fd fdlh Database ds fofHkUu Entities fdl izdkj ls vkil esa Internally Related gSa] tcfd Data Flow Diagram bl ckr dh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha nsrk gSA

5

,d Data Model mu Attributes dks Show djrk gS] tks fdlh Data Entity dks Describe djrs gSa] tcfd Data Flow Diagram fdlh Entity ds Attributes dh dksbZ tkudkjh ugha nsrk gSA

,d Data Model esa fdlh Database esa Store gksus okys Data tSls fd Entities, Attributes o Entity Relationships dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA ;fn fdlh Entity ds Data dks fdlh Database esa Store ugha fd;k tk jgk gks] rks og Entity ml Database dk fgLlk ugha gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, gkykafd Music Store dk Data Flow Diagram Music Store ds ml Employee dks Show djrk gS] tks Music Store ds fofHkUu izdkj ds Data dks Handle djrk gS] ysfdu ml Employee ls lEcaf/kr fdlh izdkj ds Data dks Database esa Store ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA blfy, Music Store Database ds ER Diagram esa Employee uke dk dksbZ Entity ugha gSSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

DBMS The Schema

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi DMBS – The Schema ,d Completed Entity-Relationship Diagram fdlh Database ds Overall Logical Plan dks Represent djrk gSA Database Management System dh Hkk’kk esa bl Overall Plan dks Schema dgk tkrk gSA ;gh og rjhdk ;k Design gksrk gS] ftlesa fdlh Database dks Maintain djus okys yksx fdlh Business System dks ns[krs gSaA os Users tks bl Schema ij vk/kkfjr Database Application dks Use djrs gSa vkSj os Users tks bl Database Schema ds vk/kkj ij Application Develop djrs gSa] os nksuksa gh bl Design ds dsoy Logical Schema rd ls gh ifjfpr gksrs gSaA Data Physically fdl izdkj ls Store gksrs gSa] bl ckr dh tkudkjh bu nksuksa dks gh ugha gksrh gS] uk rks bl Logical Schema dks uk gh bl Logical Schema dks Use djus okys Users dksA Logical Schema dh Layer ds uhps Data dk Physical Storage gksrk gS] ftls DBMS Manage djrk gSA bls Physical Schema dgk tkrk gSA Physical Schema dks DBMS gh Handle djrk gSA dsoy dksbZ cgqr gh cMk DBMS gesa ;s lqfo/kk nsrk gS fd ge Physical Schema dks Control dj ldsaA

bl rjhds dk lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd Database Design djus okys o mls Use djus okys] nksuksa dks gh ;s tkuus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS fd Data Physically fdl izdkj ls Store gks jgk gSA bl rjhds ds dkj.k Database dks Access djuk dkQh ljy gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ge cgqr gh vklkuh ls Logical o Physical Schemas dks Change dj ldrs gSaA pwafd ge ,d Database dks rhu rjhdksa ls ns[k ldrs gSa] igyk Logical Schema ds :i esa] nwljk User ds :i esa o rhljk Physical Schema ds :i esa] blfy, vktdy dqN Database dks Three-Schema Architecture Hkh dgk tkus yxk gSA System Programmers o vU; yksx tks fd Physical Storage dks Manage djrs gSa] os okLro esa Physical Schema ds lkFk Deal djrs gSaA vkt gekjs lkeus ftrus Hkh DBMS Softwares gSa] os gesa ml DBMS esa Store gksus okys Data ds File Structure dks Control djus dh dksbZ lqfo/kk iznku ugha djrs gSaA Database Designers, Database Administrators o dqN Application Programmers Logical Schema dks Use djrs gSaA End User Interactively dke djrs gSa] ;kuh igys ls cus

gq, Database System dks Application ds ek/;e ls Use djrs gSa tcfd Application Programmers Database dks User View ds vk/kkj ij ns[krs gSa vkSj End User ds fy, Database Applications Create djrs gSaA tc ge ,d ckj ER Diagram Complete dj ysrs gSa] mlds ckn Create gksus okys Conceptual Logical Schema dks Use fd, tkus okys DBMS ds vk/kkj ij Formal Data 64 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Model esa Translate djuk gksrk gSA vkt ftrus Hkh DBMS Softwares Available gSa] os lHkh Relational Data Model ij vk/kkfjr gSaA Relational Database ,d ,slk Database gksrk gS]

ftldk Logical Structure Relations ds ,d Collections ds vykok dqN ugha gksrk gSA Relational Database Model dks Edgar (E. F.) Codd us Develop fd;k FkkA 1960 ds

na”kd esa Dr. Codd Existing Data Models ij dke dj jgs FksA vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus ik;k fd ftrus Hkh Data Models ml le; izpfyr Fks] os lHkh dkQh tfVy o vizkd`frd rjhdksa ls Data dks Model djrs FksA pwafd os ,d xf.krK Fks] blfy, mUgksaus fofHkUu izdkj ds Relations dks Set Theory ds vk/kkj ij Mathematical Form esa Develop djuk “kq: fd;k vkSj vius Concept dks vkSj Extend djds mUgksaus Relational Database Model Develop fd;k vkSj 1970 esa yksxksa ds lkeus yk;kA Mathematical Set Theory esa Rows (Tuple) o Columns (Attributes) ls cuh ,d Table

dks ,d Relation ds :i esa Define fd;k tkrk gSA Relation dks nwljs “kCnksa esa ge Table Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ;s Definition dsoy bl ckr dks Specify djrk gS fd fdlh Table ds gj Column esa D;k Store fd;k tk,xk] ysfdu mlesa Actual Data dks Specify ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge bl Table esa Data ds Rows Include djrs gSa] rc gesa ml Relation dk ,d Instance izkIr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge fdlh Student ds Relation dks fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa%

igyh utj esa ;s Relation ,d Flat File ;k fdlh Spreadsheet ds Rectangular Portion dh rjg gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ysfdu tc ge bl Table dks Set Theory ds vk/kkj ij ,d Relation ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] rc bl Relation ds dqN cgqr gh Specific Characteristics gesa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA Set Theory ds vk/kkj ij ns[kus ij bl Relation dk gj Column DBMS esa Store fd, tkus okys Constraints dks Represent djrk gSA tc ge Set Theory ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Relation ds ,d Column dh Characteristics dks ns[krs gSa] rc gesa ,d Column dh fuEu Characteristics gksrh gSa% 1

,d Table esa gj Column dk ,d Unique uke gksrk gSA fdlh ,d gh Relation Schema esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Tables esa ,d gh uke ds Columns gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh ,d gh Table esa ,d gh uke ds nks Column ugha gks ldrs gSaA 65 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi tc leku uke dk dksbZ Column ,d ls T;knk Tables esa Appear gksrk gS vkSj leku uke ds Columns dks Hold djus okys Tables tc leku Data Manipulation Operation ds fy, Use fd, tkrs gSa] rc gesa mu leku uke ds Columns dks Particular Table ls Access djus ds fy, muds Tables ds uke dks milxZ ds :i esa Columns ds uke ls igys Use djuk iMrk gS vkSj Columns ds uke dks Table ds uke ls ,d Dot ;k Period }kjk tksMuk iMrk gSA tSls% Customers.CustID Students.StudID 2

,d Column gesa”kk flQZ ,d gh Domain ds eku dks Store djrk gSA fdlh Table esa ftl Column dks ftl Type dk eku Store djus ds fy, Define fd;k tkrk gS] og Column dsoy mlh eku dks Store djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Student Table esa Student dk uke Store djus ds fy, ftl Column dks Define fd;k x;k gS] og Column dsoy uke Store djus ds fy, gh Use fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd tks Column Roll Number Store djus ds fy, Define fd;k x;k gS] mlesa dsoy Roll Number gh Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;kuh gj Column esa fdlh ,d fuf”pr Domain ds eku dks gh Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i Relations dks Column Homogeneous dgk tkrk gSA lkFk gh Table dk gj Column fdlh uk fdlh Domain Constraint ls Associated gksrk gSA gekjs DBMS ds vk/kkj ij Domain Constraint Data Type dh rjg gh Simple gksrk gS] tSls fd Integers, Characters, Date vkfnA blds vykok gekjk DBMS bl ckr dh Hkh lqfo/kk nsrk gS fd ge gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij u;k Domain Hkh Create dj ldrs gSa vkSj mls viuh Table ds fdlh Column ds lkFk Attach dj ldrs gSaA

Columns dh rjg gh Rows dh Hkh fdlh Relation esa viuh dqN Special Properties ;k Characteristics gksrh gSaA ;s Characteristics fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1 ,d Row ds fofHkUu Column esa ge flQZ vkSj flQZ ,d gh eku dks Store dj ldrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh Row dk gj Column Single-Valued gksrk gSA vkSj 2 ,d Relation esa gj ,d Record Unique gksrk gSA ;kuh ,d Relation esa ,d Row dk nqckjka Duplication ugha gks ldrkA fdlh Relation ds gj Record dks Unique

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi cukus ds fy, DBMS Lo;a gh gj ROW ds lkFk Unique Constraint dks Enforce ugha djrk gS] cfYd bl lqfo/kk dks ge Primary Key }kjk izkIr djrs gSaA 3 Primary Key fdlh Table ds fdlh Column ;k Columns dk Combination gksrk gS] ftls ml Table ;k Relation ds fdlh Record ;k Row dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Define fd;k tkrk gSA tSls gh fdlh Relation esa dksbZ Unique Primary Key dks fdlh fof”k’V Column ;k Columns ds Combination ds lkFk Set dj fn;k tkrk gS] oSls gh ;s fuf”pr gks tkrk gS] fd ml Table dk gj Record ;k Row Unique gksxkA

Tables ,d Relational Database nks rjg ds Tables ds lkFk izfØ;k djrk gS] ftUgsa Base Table o Relation dgrs gSaA ;s nksuksa gh Database esa Store gksrs gSaA ;s gh os Tables gksrs gSa] tks gekjs Database dk Conceptual Logical Schema cukrs gSaA blds vykok Tables ij ftu Relational Operations dks Perform fd;k tkrk gS] muds ifj.kkeLo:i dqN Additional Tables Produce gksrs gSaA ;s Tables flQZ RAM ;k Main Memory esa Exist gksdj viuk dke iwjk djrs gSa vkSj fQj Destroy gks tkrs gSa] blfy, bUgsa Virtual Tables dgk tkrk gSA Virtual Tables ,d Legal Relation ugha gksrs gSa] D;ksafd buesa Primary Keys dks Define ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu pwafd Virtual Tables Database esa Store ugha gksrs gSa] blfy, ;s Database Design esa fdlh rjg dh dksbZ leL;k iSnk ugha djrs gSaA Virtual Tables DBMS dks dbZ rjhdksa ls Qk;nk igqapkrs gSaA lcls igys rks ;s Tables DBMS

dks Application dh Processing ds nkSjku Generate gksus okys Intermediate Query Result dks Database esa Store djus ds ctk; bu Virtual Tables esa Store djds Main Memory esa Store djus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSa] ftlls Query dh Performance vPNh gks tkrh gS] D;ksafd Main Memory dh Speed gesa”kk gh Disk dh Speed ls T;knk gksrh gSA DBMS dk nwljk Qk;nk ;s gksrk gS fd tks Tables Relational Data Model ds Rules dks Violate djrs gSa] DBMS mUgsa Virtual Tables ds :i esa Main Memory esa Store djds Manage djrk gS] ftlls Actual Database esa Stored Data dh lqj{kk dks fdlh izdkj dk

dksbZ [krjk ugha jgrkA rhljk vkSj vfUre Qk;nk ;s gksrk gS fd DBMS }kjk Virtual Tables ds iz;ksx ds dkj.k ckj&ckj Disk ij Write/Read/Delete Operations dks Perform ugha djuk iMrk gS] ftlls Disk ij Data Fragments ;k dbZ VqdMksa esa Store ugha gksrk gSA blls le; dh Hkh cpr gksrh

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi gS vkSj Database dk Performance Hkh vPNk gks tkrk gSA Virtual Tables dks lkekU;r;k Temporary Tables ;k Temporary Base Tables Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Relation dks Represent djrs le; mlesa Data dks Store ugha fd;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh Relation dks Represent djus dk ,d Common rjhdk fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% RelationName ( PrimaryKeyColumn, NonPrimaryKeyColumn1, ... , NonPrimaryKeyColumnN)

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh Customer Relation dks Represent djuk pkgsa] rks fuEukuqlkj dj ldrs gSa% Customers (CustID, FName, LName, Phone)

blh rjg ls ;fn ge fdlh Student ds Relation dks Represent djuk pkgsa] rks mls Hkh fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% Students (SrNo, Name, FName, Add, City, State, DOB, DOJ)

;s nksuksa Expressions fdlh Relation ds Structure dks Represent djus ds Ideal Expressions gSa] ftuesa dksbZ Data ugha gSA ;fn fdlh Relation esa Data Included gksa] rks ,slk Relation og Expression ml Relation dk ,d Instance gksrk gSA Primary Keys tSlkfd geus igys Hkh crk;k fd Primary Key fdlh Table fd izR;sd Record ;k Row dks Uniquely Identify djuk lEHko cukrk gSA fdlh Relation esa Primary Key dh ogh Hkwfedk gksrh gS] tks fdlh Entity Identifier dh gksrh gSA Primary Key dks Define djds ge ;s r; djrs gSa fd geus ftl NksVs ls NksVs Data dks Database esa Store fd;k gS] ge ml NksVs ls NksVs Data ds VqdMs dks Hkh fQj ls izkIr dj ldsaxsA tc ge Relational Database dh ckr djrs gSa] rc fdlh Database ls fdlh Data ds NksVs ls NksVs VqdMs dks Hkh izkIr djus ds fy, gesa flQZ rhu ckrksa dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,% ml Table ds uke dh] ftlesa Data Stored gS] ml Column ds uke dh] ftlls ge Data dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj ml Row ds Primary Key dh] ftlds Column ds Data dks ge izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA ;fn gj Row ds fy, Primary Key Unique gks] rks ge bl ckr ds fy, Sure gks ldrs gSa fd a sA ysfdu ;fn gj Row Unique uk gks] rks ge Exact Row ls Data dks Retrieve dj ldsx

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ge ,d ls T;knk Rows dks Retrieve djsaxs] tgka ;s r; djuk eqf”dy gks tk,xk] fd gekjk Required Data fdl Row esa gSA pwafd ,d Primary Key gesa”kk fdlh Record ;k Row dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Define fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, fdlh Hkh Primary Key Column dks Empty ugha NksMk tk ldrk ;k fdlh Primary Key Field esa NULL Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Null ,d Special Database eku gksrk gS] ftldk eryc “Unknown” gksrk gSA ;fn gekjs Relation esa dsoy ,d gh Record gks vkSj ge Primary Key Filed dks Null dj nsa] rks dksbZ Problem Generate ugha gksrh gS] ysfdu tSls gh ge ml Relation esa nwljk Record Enter djsaxs] ge Primary Key Fields ds Uniqueness dh Property dks [kks nsaxsA blfy, ge dHkh Hkh fdlh Table ds Primary Key Field dks Null Assign ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl Constraint dks Entity Integrity dgk tkrk gS vkSj Database esa ftruh ckj Hkh Data Enter ;k Modify fd;k tkrk gS] DBMS Primary Key dks Enforce djds Database ij Apply djrk gS] ftlls gj Record gesa”kk Unique cuk jgrk gSA ge fdlh Primary Key Field esa Duplicate Data Store ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ,slk djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rks Hkh DBMS gesa ,slk ugha djus nsrk gS] D;ksafd og Primary Key ds Constraint dks Follow djrk gS] ftlds rgr ,d Column esa dHkh Hkh Duplicate Values Store ugha gks ldrh gSA fdlh Relation ds fy, ,d mfpr Primary Key Select djuk ,d Challenging dke gksrk gSA dqN Entities esa Natural Primary Keys gksrh gSa] tSls fd Purchase Order ;k Invoice dks Identify djus ds fy, gesa”kk ,d Meaningless Unique Number gksrk gS] ftlls dksbZ Particular Purchase Order ;k Invoice Identify gksrk gSA bls gh Natural Primary Key dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;s gh ,d Ideal Primary Key dk mnkgj.k gksrk gSA ge fdlh Hkh Entity ds mlh Attribute dks fdlh Relation esa Primary Key ds :i esa Identify dj ldrs gSa] ftldh fuEukuqlkj nks fo”ks’krk,a gksa% •

Primary Key dh Value dHkh Hkh Change ugha gksrh gSA (Uniqueness)

• Primary Key Column dks Null ugha j[kk tk ldrk gSA (Not Null) ge fdlh Entity ds fdlh ,sls Field dks Primary Key Set ugha dj ldrs gSa] ftudk Repetition lEHko gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh Customer Relations esa Customer ds Name Filed dks Primary Key Set dj nsa] rks DBMS esa Enter fd, ,d uke ds ,d gh

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi O;fDr dks Database esa Store gksus nsxkA D;ksafd DBMS Primary Key Field esa ,d gh Value dk Repetition ugha djus nsrk gS] tcfd ,d gh uke ds nks Customer gks ldrs gSaA blh rjg ls ge ml Attribute dks Hkh Primary Key Set ugha dj ldrs gSa] tks ckj&ckj Change gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa fdlh ,d gh Entity ds ,d gh Instance dks ,d gh Relation esa ,d ls T;knk ckj Enter fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls Database dh Consistency o Accuracy izHkkfor gksrh gSA bl lEca/k esa ge igys Hkh ppkZ dj pqds gSaA ,d Appropriate Primary Key dks Choose djus ds fy, gesa gesa”kk fdlh Entity ds Meaningful Attributes dks Avoid djuk pkfg,A fdlh Meaningful Information dks Code ds :i esa Specify djds mls fdlh Relation esa Primary Key ds :i esa Use ugha djuk pkfg,] tSlkfd geus Music Store Database esa fd;k FkkA bl rjg ds Code dks Decode djus esa leL;k,a iSnk gks ldrh gSa ;k bl rjg ds Codes dks cukus esa Hkh xyfr;ksa dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA lkFk gh Meaningful Information Change gksus dh Hkh lEHkkouk jgrh gS] tSlkfd Music Store Database ds lUnHkZ esa crk;k x;k gSA fdlh Primary Key ds mijksDr nks xq.kksa ds vykok ;s Primary Key dk rhljk xq.k gksrk gS fd% • ,d Primary Key ds :i esa Meaningful Data dks Avoid djuk pkfg,A gkykafd t:jr ds vk/kkj ij o vPNh rjg ls lksap&fopkj dj ysus ds ckn ;fn gesa yxrk gS] fd fdlh Meaningful Data dks Primary Key cuk;k tk ldrk gS] rks ge fdlh Meaningful Data dks Hkh Primary Key ds :i esa Specify dj ldrs gSaA dbZ ckj fLFkfr;ka Hkh ,slh gh gksrh gSa] tgka ij fdlh fo”ks’k vFkZ okys Meaningful Data dks gh Primary Key cukuk t:jh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa fdlh ?kVuk dks Time ;k Date ds lkFk Specify djuk gks] rks gesa Date ;k Time tSls Meaningful Data dks Primary Key ds :i esa Use djuk t:jh gks tk,xkA Composite Keys dbZ Tables ,sls gksrs gSa] ftuesa dksbZ Hkh ,slk Single Column ugha gksrk gS] ftlesa Values dk Duplication uk gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge Order Lines ds Table dks ns[ksa] rks pwafd ,d Order esa ,d ls T;knk Items Appear gks ldrs gSa] blfy, Order Numbers Hkh ,d ls T;knk ckj Repeat gksrk gS] blh rjg ls ,d gh Item ,d ls T;knk Order ij Appear gks ldrk gS] blfy, Item Number Hkh ,d ls T;knk ckj Repeat gksrk gS] tSlkfd ge fuEu Table esa ns[k ldrs gSaA blfy, bl Table dk dksbZ Hkh ,d Single Column Primary Key dh rjg Use ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

OrderID

ItemID

Quantity

10999

1122

1

10999

2211

3

10999

1002

1

10990

1122

2

10990

2211

4

10993

1122

1

10993

1100

2

10995

1100

1

fQj Hkh ;fn ge Order Number o Item Number dks Combined Form esa Use djsa] rks ;s fdlh Row ;k Record dks Uniquely Identify dj ldrs gSaA tc fdlh Table esa nks ;k nks ls T;knk Columns dks Combined :i ls Primary Key ds :i esa Use djds fdlh Record ;k Row dks Uniquely Identify djrs gSa] rks bl Columns ds Group dks Composite Key dgk tkrk gSA gkykafd ;fn ge pkgsa rks bl Table ds rhuksa gh Columns dks Combined Form esa Use djds fdlh Record ;k Row dks Uniquely Identify dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu bl Table esa fdlh Record dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, dsoy Order Number o Item Number dk Combination gh i;kZIr gS] blfy, bl Composite Key esa Quantity Column dks Add djus dh t:jr ugha gSA tc ge Composite Key dk iz;ksx djds fdlh Record dks Uniquely Identify djuk pkgrs gSa] rc gesa ljyrk ds fy, dqN ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,] ftlls Database Design esa fdlh rjg dh dksbZ ijs”kkuh iSnk uk gksA ;s ckrsa fuEukuqlkj gSa% 1 ,d Composite Primary Key esa tgka rd lEHko gks] de ls de Columns dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A ;kuh ;fn nks Columns ds Group ls Table ds gj Record dks Uniquely Identify fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks rhu Columns dks feykdj Primary Key ugha cukuk pkfg,A 2

tgka rd lEHko gks] Composite Primary Keys dks Meaningless j[kuk pkfg,A

ge Relations Hkh Create dj ldrs gSa] ftlds lHkh Columns dks feykdj ,d Key cuk fy;k x;k gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge ,d Library Card Catalog dks ysrs gSaA fdlh Library esa ftruh Hkh Books gksrh gSa] mu lHkh Books dk ,d Unique ISBN (International Standard Book Number) gksrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi fdlh Library Catalog esa lHkh ISBN Number dh Book ds lkFk ,d Subject Heading ;k fo’k; dks Associate fd;k x;k gksrk gS vkSj gj Book ds lkFk ,d Subject Heading ;k fo’k; dks Associate fd;k x;k gksrk gSA bl rjg ls ,d Book o mlds Subject Heading ds chp Many To Many dh Relationship Create gks tkrh gSA bl Relationship dks ge fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% SubjectCatalog ( ISBN, SubjectHeading)

bl Relationship dks Create djus ds fy, gesa dsoy gj Subject Heading dks ,d Book Identifier ds lkFk ,d Pair ds :i esa Specify djuk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa bl Table ds nksuksa Columns Primary Key ds fgLls cu tkrs gSaA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd bl Table ds lHkh Fields dks Composite Primary Key ds :i esa Use dj fy;k x;k gSA bl rjg dh Relationship ls Database ds Design esa dksbZ Problem ugha gksrh gSA okLro esa tc Hkh fdlh Database esa dksbZ Composite Entity gksrk gS] ftlesa dksbZ Relationship Data ugha gksrk] rc bl izdkj dh Relationships dks Define djus ij Design lEcaf/kr fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ leL;k iSnk ugha gksrh gSA bl izdkj ds Composite Entity dks lkekU;r;k Many To Many dh Relationship dks Represent djus ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA Representing Data Relationships fiNys dbZ mnkgj.kksa esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds Primary Key Identifiers dks Use fd;k gSA bu Keys ds vk/kkj ij gh Relational Database fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh Relationships dks Represent djrk gSA bl Concept dks Clear djus ds fy, fuEu rhu Tables dks nsf[k,] ftuesa Data dks Fill fd;k x;k gS% Items Table ItemID

Title

DistID

Price

2001

C in Hindi

200

200.0

2002

C++ in Hindi

200

225.0

2003

Java in Hindi

300

300.0

2004

DBMS in Hindi

400

150.0

Orders Table OrderID CustID

OrderDate

600000

00001

12/02/2006

600001

01000

15/06/2007

600002

00100

20/12/2008

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Orders Lines Table OrderID ItemID Quantity

Shipped?

600000

2001

1

Y

600000

2002

1

Y

600001

2002

2

Y

600002

2002

1

N

600002

2003

2

N

600002

2001

1

N

;gka Describe dh xbZ lHkh Tables “Music Store” Database ds ER Diagram ds leku gh gSaA ;gka Orders Table (Orders Entity) ds gj Unique Instance dks OrderID uke ds ,d Primary Key }kjk Identify fd;k x;k gS] tks fd ,d Meaningless Data gSA Items Table (Items Entity) esa gj Item dks ,d Unique Item Number }kjk Identify fd;k tkrk gS] ftls ItemID uke fn;k gS vkSj ;gka Hkh ;s ,d Meaningless Data gSA rhljh Table Order Lines (Order Lines Entity) gS] tks Music Store dks ;s crkrk gS fd dkSulk Item fdl Order dk fgLlk gSA tSlkfd geus Composite Entity ds ckjs esa crk;k] ;s ,d Composite Entity gS vkSj bl Table dks ,d Composite Primary Key dh t:jr gksrh gS] D;ksafd Multiple Orders ij Multiple Items Appear gks ldrs gSaA bl Composite Primary Key dk mu vU; Primary Keys dh rqyuk fdlh Table ds gj Instance ;k Row ;k Record dks Uniquely Define fd;k tkrk gSA bl Table esa ;s Composite Key gj Row djus ds lkFk gh Order Lines, Orders o Items ds chp dh Represent djrk gSA

esa vf/kd egRo gS] ftUgsa Identify djus ds fy, dks Uniquely Identify Relationship dks Hkh

Order Lines Relation esa ItemID Column mlh rjg dk Primary Key gS] ftl rjg dk Item Table ij gSA ;s Primary Key nks Tables ds chp One To Many dh Relationship

dks Represent djrk gSA blh rjg ls Orders o Order Lines ds chp Hkh ,d One To Many dh Relationship gS] D;ksafd Order Lines Table dk OrderID mlh rjg dk Primary Key gS] ftl rjg dk Orders Table esa gSA tc fdlh Table esa oSlk gh Primary Key gksrk gS] tSlk fdlh nwljh Table esa gksrk gS] rks bl izdkj ds Key dks Foreign Key dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Relational Database esa fdlh Foreign Key dk fdlh Primary Key ds lkFk Connect ;k Match gksuk] Relationship dks Represent djrk gSA fdlh Relational Database esa Columns ;k Keys dh Matching

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ds vykok ,slk dksbZ Structure ugha gksrk gS] ftlls Relationship dks Represent fd;k tk ldsA ;kuh fdlh Relational Database esa Columns ;k Keys dh Matching ls gh fofHkUu Entities ds chp dh vkilh Relationship dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Relational Database esa fofHkUu Tables ds chp dh Relationship Logical Lrj ij gh gksrh gS] bl izdkj dh Relationship dk Physical Lrj ij dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA Foreign Keys fdlh Composite Primary Key dk fgLlk gks ldrs gSa ;k os muds Table ds Primary Key dk fgLlk ugha Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ;kuh ekuyks fd Music Store ds Customers o Orders ds chp fuEu Relation gS% Customers ( CustID, FName, LName, Telephone) Orders ( OrderID, CustID, OrderDate)

bl Relationship esa Orders Table esa tks CustID Column gS] og Foreign Key gS] ftls Customer Table ds Primary Key CustID ls Match fd;k x;k gSA ;gka Customers o Orders ds chp One To Many dh Relationship Represent gks jgh gSA fQj Hkh Orders Table dk CustID Column Orders Table ds Primary Key dk fgLlk ugha gS] cfYd ;s ,d Non-Key Attribute gS] blfy, ;s ,d Foreign Key gSA rduhdh :i ls Foreign Keys esa rc rd fdlh eku dks Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] tc rd fd os fdlh Composite Primary Key dk fgLlk ugha gksrs gSaA bUgsa Null Assign fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu gekjs Music Store Database esa ;fn ge CustID Foreign Key dks Null Assign djrs gSa] rks xEHkhj leL;k,a iSnk gks ldrh gSa] D;ksafd ;fn Orders Table esa CustID Foreign Key dks Null Assign fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;s irk yxkus dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha cprk gS] fd ml Order dks fdl Customer us Place fd;k gSA Primary Keys o Foreign Keys dh Matching ds vk/kkj ij gh ,d Relational DBMS

fofHkUu izdkj dh Relationships dks Represent djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Music Store dk dksbZ Employee ;s tkuuk pkgrk gS fd Order Number #600000 ij fdl Title dk Order fd;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa DBMS Line Items Table esa lcls igys mu Rows dks Identify djrk gS] ftuesa Order Number #600000 Stored gSA fQj DBMS mu Identified Rows esa ls Item Numbers dks Select djrk gS vkSj mUgsa Items Table ds Item Numbers ls Match djrk

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi gSA ftl Row esa nksuksa Item Numbers Match gksrs gSa] DBMS ml Row ls Associated Title dks Retrieve dj ysrk gSA Referential Integrity fiNys Paragraph esa Data ds Access gksus dk tks rjhdk crk;k x;k gS] og rjhdk rc rd vPNs rjhds ls dke djrk gS] tc rd fdlh dkj.ko”k dksbZ ,slk Record Orders Table esa ugha gksrk gS] ftlesa OrderID Filed esa Null gksA D;ksafd ;fn Order Table esa OrderID Field esa Null Stored gks] rks ml Row ls Match gksus okyk dksbZ Record Order Lines Table esa izkIr ugha gksxkA ;s ,d cgqr gh vokafNr fLFkfr gksrh gS] D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa Order fd, x, Items dks Ship ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd bl fLFkfr esa ,slk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gS] ftlls ;s irk yxk;k tk lds] fd ml Order dks fdl Customer us Place fd;k gSA blfy, bl izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa ls cpus ds fy, Relational Data Model Referential Integrity uke ds ,d Constraint dks Enforce djrk gS] tks ;s r; djrk gS fd gj Non-Null Foreign Key Value fdlh Existing Primary Key Value ls t:j Match gksA fdlh Relational Database esa Use fd, tkus okys lHkh Constraint dh rqyuk esa ;s lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ Constraint gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;s Database ds fofHkUu Entities ds chp ds CrossReference dh fo”oluh;rk ;k Constancy dks lqfuf”pr ;k Ensure djrk gSA Referential Integrity Constraints Database esa Stored gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa DBMS }kjk Enforce fd;k tkrk gSA vU; Constraints dh rjg gh] User tc Hkh Database esa Stored

fdlh Data dks Modify djus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS ;k Database esa u;k Data Enter djrk gS] DBMS bl Constraint dks Check djrk gS vkSj bl ckr dk Verification djrk gS fd ml Data ls lEcaf/kr lHkh Entities vkil esa iwjh rjg ls Compatible gSaA ;kuh gj Foreign Key mlds Primary Key ls Matched gSA ;fn bl Input fd, tkus okys ;k Modify fd, tkus okys Data }kjk bl Constraint dks Violet fd;k tkrk gS] rks DBMS ml Data Modification ;k Insertion dks Allow ugha djrk vkSj Database esa fLFkr fdlh Hkh Entity ds fdlh Hkh Data dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls Change ugha djus nsrk gSA gesa”kk ;s t:jh ugha gksrk gS fd fdlh Table dh Foreign Key gesa”kk fdlh nwljh Table ds Primary Key ls gh Refer gks] cfYd Foreign Key dks dsoy ,d Primary Key ds Reference dh gh t:jr gksrh gS] blfy, ge ,d Foreign Key ds lkFk mlh Table dh Primary Key dk Reference Hkh Set dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa og Foreign Key Stored gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu Employee Relation dks nsf[k,% 75 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

Employee ( EmpID, FName, LName, Dept, MngrID)

pwafd Manager Hkh ,d Employee gh gksrk gS] blfy, gkykafd bl Relation esa MngrID dks EmpID ls vyx uke fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh okLro esa MngrID ,d Foreign Key gS] tks fd viuh gh Table ds Primary Key dks Refer dj jgk gSA blfy, ftruh ckj Hkh ,d User ,d MngrID Input djrk gS] DBMS gj ckj bl ckr dks Ensure djrk gS fd og Manager ,d Employee dh rjg ml Table esa igys ls gh Exist gSA

Views os yksx tks fd fdlh Database Schema dks Develop djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSa] ;k os yksx tks vU; lkekU; Users ds fy, Application Programs Develop djrs gSa] os lkekU;r;k Database Schema o Database dh Base Tables ds lkFk Directly dke dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu tks End Users gksrs gSa] mUgsa Application Programs ;k Database Schema ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gS] blfy, lkekU;r;k bUgsa Database dh Base Tables dks Directly Use djus ls jksdk tkrk gSA pwafd End User dks dHkh Hkh Database Schema o Application Program ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn os Database dh Base Tables ds lkFk Directly dke djrs gSa] rks gks ldrk gS fd os vius Database dh Tables esa Stored Data dks xyrh ls Corrupt dj nsaA blfy, Data dh lqj{kk ds fy, End Users dks Database dh Base Tables ds lkFk Directly dke djus dk vf/kdkj Database Developer }kjk ugha gksrk gSA blfy, Relational Data Model ,d ,slk rjhdk Provide djrk gS] ftlesa gj User dks Database esa mldk Lo;a dk ,d Window feyrk gS vkSj gj End User mlh Window esa viuk dke djrk gSA ;s Window Database Design dh lHkh Details dks User ds fy, Hide dj nsrk gS] ftlls ,d End User dHkh Hkh Database dh Base Tables dks Direct Access ugha dj ikrk gS vkSj Database dk Data End User dh xyrh ls Damage gksus ls gesa”kk cpk jgrk gSA View Hkh ,d rjg dk Table gh gksrk gS] ysfdu ;s Data ds lkFk Database esa Store ugha

gksrk gSA cfYd ;s ,d uke ds lkFk Data Dictionary esa Store gksrk gSA blesa gesa”kk dksbZ Database Query gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij dksbZ View Database ls viuk Data Retrieve djrk gSA ,d View esa ,d ls T;knk Tables, Rows o Columns ds Data gks ldrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi gkykafd ,d View dks fdlh Hkh Database Query ds vk/kkj ij Create fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu dbZ Views dks dsoy Data Display djus ds fy, gh Create fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Database ds Data dks Modify djus ds fy, Views dks Create ugha fd;k tkrk gSA Views dks bl rjhds ls Store djus dk lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd tc Hkh User fdlh Data Manipulation Language (SQL Statement) esa View dk uke Include djrk gS] rc DBMS

ml View Name ls Associated Query dks Execute djrk gS vkSj View ds Table dks fQj ls Recreate djrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gS fd View esa gesa”kk Current Data gh gksrk gSA ,d View Table Main Memory esa rHkh rd miyC/k jgrk gS] tc rd dksbZ Data Manipulation Language (SQL Statement) Execute gksrk gSA tSls gh User nwljk SQL Statement Use djds nwljh Query Create djrk gS] fiNyh Query dh View Table Main Memory ls Remove gks tkrh gS vkSj Generate gksus okyk u;k Result View esa Stored ml fiNyh Query ds Result dks Replace dj nsrk gSA blfy, ,d View Table gesa”kk ,d Virtual Table gksrh gSA dqN DBMS ;s lqfo/kk nsrs gSa fd View Table ds Contents dks Base Table dh rjg Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu fdlh View Table dks Base Table cukus dk dksbZ fo”ks’k Views dks bl rjhds ls Store djus dk lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd tc Hkh User fdlh Data Manipulation Language (SQL Statement) esa View dk uke Include djrk gS] rc DBMS ml View Name ls Associated Query dks Execute djrk gS vkSj View ds Table dks fQj ls Recreate djrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gS fd View esa gesa”kk Current Data gh gksrk gSA ,d vkSfpR; ugha gksrk gS] D;ksfd ,sls DBMS Softwares esa Hkh fdlh View Table ls Create dh xbZ Base Table dks ml fLFkfr esa Automatically Update djus dh lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gS] tc ml Table esa Change fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij View Table dks cuk;k x;k FkkA ;kuh ;fn fdlh Table X ls ,d View Table Y dks Create fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl View Table dks Base Table ds :i esa Database esa Store dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds ckn Table X esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gS] rks bl View Table Y ls Create gksus okyh Base Table Y esa dksbZ Automatic Updation ugha gksrk gSA blfy, tSls gh ge Base Table X esa dksbZ ifjorZu djrs gSa] Base Table Y ds Data gekjs Database ds fy, Out Of Date gks tkrs gSa] ftudk gekjs Database ds fy, dksbZ Meaning ugha jg tkrk gSA vc ,d loky fnekx esa vk ldrk gS fd tc Data dks Store djus ds fy, ,d Base Table Create fd;k gh tkrk gS] rks Views dks Use djus dh D;k t:jr gSA rks Views dks Use djus ds rhu vPNs dkj.k gSa% 77 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

1

tSlkfd igys crk;k x;k fd Views dk iz;ksx djus ls Data dh Security dk Feature izkIr gksrk gS] D;ksafd Views dk iz;ksx djds End User dHkh Hkh Database ds Schema ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ izfØ;k ugha dj ldrk gSSA

2 Views mu yksxksa ds fy, Database dk Design le>uk ljy cuk nsrk gS] tks fdlh Database Schema ds vk/kkj ij Application Programs Develop djrs gSaA 3

pwafd Views ,d ,slh Query gksrh gSa] ftudk ,d uke gksrk gS] blfy, budk iz;ksx ,slh Complex Queries dks Store djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa ckj&ckj Use djuk gksrk gSA fQj mu Complex Queries dks Use djus ds fy, gesa dsoy ml View ds uke dks gh Use djuk gksrk gSA

Relational Database ds vU; Structural Elements dh rjg gh Views dks Hkh fdlh Hkh

le; Create o Destroy fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwafd Views esa fdlh izdkj dk Stored Data ugha gksrk gS] cfYd fdlh ,slh Query dk Specification gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij Virtual Table Create gksrh gS] blfy, Views dks Add djus ;k Delete djus ij bldk Database dh Base Tables o Tables esa Stored Data ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iMrk gSA fdlh View dks Remove djus ij dsoy rHkh leL;k iSnk gks ldrh gS] tc ml View dks fdlh Application Program esa Use fd;k x;k gks vkSj Program dks bl izdkj ls Modify uk fd;k x;k gks fd og ml View ds fcuk Hkh fdlh vU; View ;k Base Table ds vk/kkj ij Bhd rjhds ls dke dj ldsA

Data Dictionary gj DBMS esa ,d Data Dictionary ;k Catalog gksrk gSA Relational Database dk Structure blh Catalog ;k Data Dictionary esa Store gksrk gSA Data Dictionary Relations ds lewg ls cuh gksrh gS vkSj gekjs Database ds lHkh Elements bl Data Dictionary Relation esa mlh rjg ls Store gksrs gSa] ftl rjg ls ,d Entity ds Relation esa fofHkUu Data Store gksrs gSaA ;kuh Data Dictionary Relation esa Database ds lHkh Relations Data dh rjg Store gksrs gSaA ge Data Dictionary Relation dh Hkh mUgha Tools dk iz;ksx djds Query dj ldrs gSa] ftu Tools dk iz;ksx djds fdlh lkekU; Relation dh Query djrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh User Data Dictionary Tables dks Directly Modify ugha dj ldrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi fQj Hkh ftu Data Manipulation Language Commands (SQL Commands) dk iz;ksx ge Database ds Elements dks Create o Destroy djus ds fy, djrs gSa] mUgha Commands dk iz;ksx ge Data Dictionary Tables ds Rows dks Modify djus ds fy, Hkh dj ldrs gSaA gesa Data Dictionary esa fuEu izdkj dh Information izkIr gksrh gSa% 1

gj Table dks Create djus okys Columns dh Definitions dh Information 2 Relations ij Apply fd, x, Integrity Constraints dh Information 3 Security Information tks ;s crkrh gS fd dkSulk User fdl Table ij fdl izdkj ds Operations dks Perform dj ldrk gSA 4 Database Structure Elements tSls fd View o vU; User Defined Domains dh Information User tc Hkh fdlh Hkh rjhds ls Data dks Access djus dh dksf”k”k djrk gS] Relational DBMS lcls igys Data Dictionary esa ;s r; djus ds fy, tkrk gS fd User us ftl Database Elements dh Request dh gS] D;k okLro esa os Elements Database Schema

dk fgLlk gSa vFkok ughaA lkFk gh DBMS ;s Hkh Verify djrk gS fd D;k User dks ml tkudkjh dks izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gS] ftlds fy, mlus Request fd;k gSA tc User Database ds fdlh Data dks Modify djuk pkgrk gS] rc Hkh DBMS Data Dictionary esa tkrk gS vkSj mu Integrity Constraints dks Check djrk gS] ftUgsa mu Relation ij Place fd;k x;k gks ldrk gSA ;fn DBMS dk Data ds lkFk Constraint Match gks tkrk gS] vkSj DBMS dks yxrk gS fd User ,d Legal Operation dj jgk gS] rks DBMS ml User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gS vkSj Database ds fdlh Relation ds Data dks Modify djus dh Permission ns nsrk gSA ysfdu ;fn User Data ds lkFk Apply fd, x, Constraint dh t:jr dks iwjk ugha djrk gS] rks DBMS User dks ,d Error Message nsrk gS vkSj Database ds fdlh Hkh Relation ds fdlh Hkh Data esa dksbZ Change ugha djrk gSA D;ksafd Relational Database esa lHkh izdkj ds Data Accesses Data Dictionary ds Through gksrs gSa] blfy, Relational DBMS dks Data Dictionary Driven Hkh dgk tkrk gSA os lHkh Relations tks ,d Data Dictionary dks Create djrs gSa] dqN gn rd DBMS ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA blfy, fofHkUu izdkj ds DBMS fofHkUu rjhdksa ls bl Data Dictionary dks Manage djrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

DBMS The Normalization

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi DBMS – The Normalization fofHkUu izdkj ds Entities o muds Attributes dks dbZ rjhdksa ls fdlh Relation ds :i esa Represent fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl v/;k; esa ge Normalization ds Process dks le>saxsA tc ge bl Process ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu Relations Create djrs gSa] rc ,d [kjkc Database Design ls iSnk gksus okyh fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;k,a Avoid gks tkrh gSaA Database ds Normalization ds nks rjhds izpfyr gSaA igys rjhds esa ,d ER Diagram ds

vk/kkj ij Normalization fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjhds esa ;fn ER Diagram dks Correctly Draw fd;k x;k gS] rks ge dqN Simple Rules dks Follow djrs gq, ml ER Diagram dks ,sls Relations esa Translate dj ldrs gSa] tks T;knkrj Relational Design Problems dks Avoid gks tkrk gSA bl Normalization Process dh leL;k ;s gS fd bl rjhds ds vk/kkj ij tks Database Design curk gS] og Design lgh gS ;k ugha] bl ckr dks fuf”pr djus dk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gSA nwljs rjhds esa ge fofHkUu Relations Create djus ds fy, Theoretical Concept dks Use djrs gSaA ;s rjhdk igys rjhds dh rqyuk esa FkksMk vf/kd tfVy gS] ysfdu blls cuus okyk Design ,d Better Design gksrk gSA Practically bu nksuksa rjhdksa ds Combination dks Use djds] T;knk vklkuh ls ,d vPNk Design Create dj ldrs gSaA lcls igys ge ER Diagram Create djrs gSa vkSj bldk iz;ksx

djds Relations Create djrs gSaA mlds ckn nwljs rjhds ds Theoretical Rules dks mu Relations ij Apply djds Design dks Check djrs gSaA

Translating an ER Diagram into Relations ,d ,slk ER Diagram, ftlds lHkh Many To Many Relationships dks Composite Entities dk iz;ksx djds One To Many Relationships esa Convert dj fy;k x;k gks] rks Directly Database Relations esa Translate dj ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa fuEu Steps dks Follow djus gksrs gSa% 1 gj Entity ds fy, ,d Table Create djrs gSaA 2 gj og Entity tks fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Relationships ds dsoy “One” End dh rjQ gks vkSj “Many” End dh rjQ uk gks] ,sls Entity dh Table esa dsoy ,d Single-Column Primary Key dks Define djuk gksrk gSA 3 gj og Entity tks fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Relationship ds “Many” End dh rjQ gks] ,sls Entity dh Table esa mlds Parent Table, tks fd “One” End dh rjQ gksrk gS] dh Primary Key dks viuh Table esa Foreign Key dh rjg Use djuk pkfg,A

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi 4

;fn ,d Entity tks fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Relationships ds “Many” End dh rjQ gks vkSj mlesa dksbZ Natural Primary Key gks] tSls fd Invoice Number ;k Order Number, rks bl Single-Column Primary Key dks Use djuk pkfg,A ysfdu ;fn ,slk uk gks] rks bl Table dh Parent Table ds Primary Key dks fdlh vU; Column ;k Columns ds Group ds lkFk Composite Primary Key ds :i esa Use djuk pkfg,A

bu Guidelines dks Follow djds ge “Music Store” Database ds Design dks fuEukuqlkj Theoretically Represent dj ldrs gSa% Customer (CustID, FName, LName, Street, City, State, Pincode, Telephone, CreditCardNo, CardExpiryDate) Item (ItemID, Title, DistID, RetailPrice, ReleaseDate, Genre) Order (OrderID, CustID, OrderDate, OrderFilled) OrderLines (OrderID, ItemID, Quantity, DiscountApplied, SellingPrice, LineCost, Shipped) Distributor (DistID, Name, Street, City, State, Pincode, Telephone, ContactPerson, ContactPersonExt) Actor (ActorID, Name) Performance (ActorID, ItemID, Role) Producer (ProducerID, Studio) Production (ProductionID, ItemID)

bu Relations dks FkksMk lk Modify fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu bu Modifications dk ER Diagram ;k Database ds dke djus ds rjhds ij dksbZ vUrj ugha iMk gSA

Normal Forms os Theoretical Rules ftudk fdlh Hkh Relational Database Design ds Compatible gksuk t:jh gksrk gS] Normal Forms dgykrs gSaA gj Normal Forms dqN Strict Rules dk lewg gksrk gSA Theoretically Database ftrus Higher Form esa gksrk gS] Relations ds chp dk Design mruk gh vPNk gksrk gSA 82 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

tSlkfd ge fiNys fp= esa ns[kdj le> ldrs gSa] fdlh Hkh Design dh 6 Normal Forms gks ldrh gSaA ;s fp= bl ckr dks n”kkZrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ Design fdlh Higher Form esa gS rks og Design mldh lHkh Inner Normal Form esa t:j gksrk gSA ;kuh ;fn dksbZ Design Inner Normal Form esa ugha gks rks mls Higher Normal Form esa Define ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA T;knkrj Cases esa ;fn ge gekjs Relations ;k Tables Third Normal Form (3NF) rd Hkh Normalize dj ysrs gSa] rks ge [kjkc Database Design ds T;knkrj Problems dks Solve dj pqds gksrs gSaA ;kuh fdlh Database dh lHkh Tables dks 3rd Normal Form rd Normalize dj ysus ij ml Database dh Design lEcaf/kr T;knkrj ijs”kkfu;ka lekIr gks tkrh gSaA Boyce-Codd (BCNF) o 4th Normal Form dks fo”ks’k Situations dks Handle djus ds fy,

dHkh&dHkkj gh Database ij Apply fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd bu nksuksa Normalization Processes dks Hkh Conceptually le>uk ljy gksrk gS vkSj t:jr iMus ij bUgsa Practice esa Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA Fifth Normal Form ds fu;e cgqr gh Complex gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa Practically Use djuk

dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA dksbZ Relation 5th Normal Form esa gS ;k ugha] bl ckr dks Verify djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA T;knkrj Database Designers 5th Normal Form rd fdlh Hkh Relation dks Normalize ugha djrs gSaA ;fn mUgsa yxrk gS fd mudk Relation 3rd Normal Form ;k t:jr ds vk/kkj ij 4th Normal Form esa gS] rks os ;s eku ysrs gSa fd mudk Design Generally Problem Free gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi fp= esa n”kkZ, x, 6 Normal Forms ds vykok ,d vkSj Normal Form gksrk gS] ftls Domain/Key Normal Form dgk tkrk gSA ;s ,d iwjh rjg ls Theoretical Concept gksrk gS vkSj vkt ds le; esa bl Normal Form dks fdlh Hkh Practical Design esa Use ugha fd;k tkrk gSA First Normal Form ;fn fdlh Table ds lkjs Data ,d 2-Dimensional Table ds :i esa gSa vkSj muesa ls fdlh Hkh Data ds Group dk Repetition ugha gks jgk gS] rks ml Table dks 1st Normal Form esa ekuk ldrs gSA 1st Normal Form dks le>us dk eq[; vk/kkj ;s gS fd ge Data ds Repeating Group dh

izd`fr dks le>saA fdlh Relation dk ,d ,slk Attribute, ftlesa ,d ls T;knk Data Store gks ldrs gksa] dks Repeating Group Data dgk tkrk gSA tc ge fdlh Repeating Group Data dks ER Diagram esa Represent djuk pkgrs gSa] rc ge ml Repeating Group Data dks Multi-Valued Attribute ds :i esa Represent djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd ge fdlh Employee ds Relation ds lkFk izfØ;k dj jgs gSa vkSj gesa fdlh Employee ds cPpksa ds uke o Birth Date dks Employee ds Relation esa Data ds :i esa Store djuk gSA vc pwafd ,d Employee ds ,d ls T;knk cPps Hkh gks ldrs gSa] blfy, ,d gh Employee dks Represent djus okys ,d gh Row ds Child Name Filed o Child Birth Date Field esa ,d ls T;knk ekuksa dks Store djus dh t:jr iM ldrh gS] tcfd fdlh Hkh Relational Database esa fdlh ,d Row ds ,d Field esa dsoy ,d gh eku dks Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa Child dk uke o Birth Date Employee ds Record esa ,d ls T;knk ckj Repeat gks ldrs gSa] blfy, bu nksuksa Data dks Employee ds Relation ds fy, Repeating Group of Data dgk tk ldrk gSA bl ckr dks ge ,d lkj.kh }kjk fuEukuqlkj n”kkZ ldrs gSa% EmpID FName

LName DOB

001

Sharma 10/12/1982 Rohit Sharma

Rahul

ChildName Mohit Sharma

ChildBirthDate 15/12/2006 20/10/2008

bl Table esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Rahul uke ds ,d Employee ds nks cPps Rohit o Mohit gSa] ysfdu ge nksuksa cPpksa ds Data dks Employee ds Relation esa Store ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;fn ge ,slk djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rks gesa ,d gh Attribute Column esa ,d ls

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi T;knk ukeksa o Birthdates dks Store djuk gksxk] tks fd ,d Relational Database esa lEHko ugha gSA fdlh Relational Database esa Repeating Groups dks Allow uk djus dk ,d vPNk dkj.k Hkh gSA bl dkj.k dks le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ns[krs gSa] ftlesa ,d Table esa fuEukuqlkj dqN Employees o muds cPpksa ds uke Stored gSa%

bl Table esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ,d gh Single Row ds Children Name Field o Children Birthdates Field nksuksa gh Fields esa ,d ls T;knk eku Stored gSaA ;s O;oLFkk nks cMh Problems Create djrh gS% 1 bl Table esa ,slk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gS] ftlls ;s tkuk tk lds fd fdl Child dk Birth Date D;k gSA bl O;oLFkk dks Use djus ij gesa gesa”kk Children ds uke o Birth Date nksuksa dks leku Øe esa Store djuk t:jh gksrk gSA fdlh Table esa Children Name Field esa ftl cPps dk uke igys fy[kk x;k gS] gesa mlh cPps dk Birth Date igys fy[kuk gksrk gS vkSj ,slk dksbZ fuf”pr rjhdk ugha gksrk gS] ftlls ;s Verify gks lds fd geus ftl cPps dk uke igys fy[kk gS] ge mlh cPps dh Date Of Birth Hkh igys gh fy[k jgs gSa ;k ughaA 2 tc ge fdlh Table esa Multi-Valued Data Store djrs gSa] rc DBMS fdlh Data dks Search djus ds fy, ml Multi-Valued Column dks Extract djrk gS vkSj ml Column ij Sequential Processing dks Apply djds Required Data dks izkIr djrk gS] tks fd lcls /kheh Searching Process gksrh gSA bu nksuksa leL;kvksa dk ,d gh Solution gS fd fdlh Hkh Single Column esa Multiple Values dks Store uk fd;k tk, ;kuh Repeating Group of Data dks fdlh Hkh Relation esa Avoid fd;k tk,A Repeating Groups dh leL;k ls cpus vkSj Relation dks First Normal Form esa ykus ds nks rjhds gSaA igyk rjhdk ,d lgh rjhdk gS tcfd nwljk rjhdk ,d xyr rjhdk gSA ge igys xyr rjhds dks ns[ksaxs rkfd ge ;s le> ldsa fd gesa ,d Database esa D;k ugha djuk pkfg,A bl xyr rjhds dks ge fuEu lkj.kh }kjk le> ldrs gSa] ftlesa fdlh

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Repeating Group ds Data dh fofHkUu Values dks Handle djus ds fy, Relation esa Columns dh la[;k dks Increase dj fy;k tkrk gS%

bl Example esa fdlh Employee ds rhu Childs ds uke o Birth Dates dks Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s Table First Normal Form ds Criteria ls esy ugha dj jgk gSA gkykafd bl Table esa Data ds Repeating Groups ugha gSa vkSj gj Child dh Birth Date dks vyx Store fd;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh bl Design esa dbZ Problems gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj gSa% 1

bl Relation esa ge flQZ rhu Child ds gh Name o Birth Date dks Store dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ;fn ge Jane Smith ds pkSFks cPps dk uke o Date Of Birth Store djuk pkgsa] rks bl Relation esa ml Child ds fy, dksbZ txg ugha gSA ;fn ge pkSFks cPps dk Hkh Data blh Relation esa Store djuk pkgsa] rks ;k rks gesa ,d vkSj Field Pair Create djuk gksxk ;k fQj ,d vkSj Row esa bl Data dks Store djuk gksxkA ;fn ge pkSFks cPps ds Data dks ,d vkSj Row esa Store djrs gSa] rks fQj ml cPps dks mlds Father ds EmpID ls Relate djus ds fy, gesa EmpID ds lkFk de ls de ,d Child ds uke ds Column dks Hkh feykuk gksxkA ;kuh gesa Composite Key dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA

2

;fn ge bl rjhds dks Use djrs gSa] rks ftu Employees ds ,d ;k nks gh Child gSa] muds Row esa rhljs Child ds Data dh txg Empty jgsxh] ftlls Employee ds Record }kjk Reserved Space Waste gksxkA

3

bl rjhds dks Use djus ij fdlh Particular Child dh Searching djuk dkQh eqf”dy gks tkrk gSA bl Design esa ;fn DBMS ls ;s iwNk tk,] fd “D;k bl Relation esa Lee uke dk dksbZ Child gS ;k ugha\” rks DBMS dks ,d Query Construct djuk iMrk gS] ftlesa rhuksa Childs ds uke Included gksrs gSa] D;ksafd DBMS ds ikl ,slk dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gS] ftlls og Particular “Lee” ds gh Column dks Identify dj ldsA

Repeating Group dks Handle djus dk lgh rjhdk ;s gS fd Repeating Group ds Data

dks Store djus ds fy, ,d vkSj Entity ;kuh Table Create fd;k tk,] tks Repeating

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Group ds Multiple Records ;k Instances dks Handle dj ldsA ;fn ge gekjs bl

mnkgj.k ds lUnHkZ esa ns[ksa] rks gesa Children uke dh ,d vkSj Table dks Create djuk gksxk] ftlesa fuEukuqlkj Data Store fd, tk ldrs gSa% Employees EmpID

FirstName

LastName

1001

Jane

Doe

1002

John

Doe

1003

Jane

Smith

1004

John

Smith

1005

Jane

Jones

Employees EmpID

ChildName

BirthDate

1001

Mary

1/1/92

1001

Sam

5/15/94

1002

Mary

1/1/92

1002

Sam

5/15/94

1003

John

10/5/94

1003

Pat

10/12/90

1003

Lee

6/6/96

1003

Mary

8/21/94

1004

Michael

7/4/96

1005

Edward

10/21/95

1005

Martha

10/15/89

ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd vc nksuksa gh Tables esa dksbZ Hkh Repeating Group Of Data ugha gS blfy, bl Design ls igys crkbZ xbZ lHkh izdkj dh leL;k,a lekIr gks tkrh gSaA ;kuh bl Design ls gesa mijksDr lHkh Problems dk fuEukuqlkj Solution izkIr gks tkrk gS% • bl Design esa ge fdlh Employee ds lHkh Childs ds Name o Birth Dates dks Store dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;gka ij Store fd, tkus okys Children ij fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Limitation ugha gSA • bl Design esa mruk gh Space Use gksrk gS] ftrus dh t:jr fofHkUu Childs ds Data dks Store djus ds fy, gksrh gS] blfy, Storage Space Waste ugha gksrk gSA • bl Design esa fdlh Child dh Searching djuk dkQh ljy gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd Child dk uke dsoy ,d gh Column esa Store gks ldrk gS] blfy, DBMS dks fdlh

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Hkh Child dk uke Search djus ds fy, dsoy ,d gh Column dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA gkykafd First Normal Form ds Relations esa Data ds Repeating Groups ugha gksrs gSa] ysfdu muesa vU; izdkj dh dbZ vkSj Problems gksrh gSaA First Normal Form ds Relation dh leL;kvksa dks le>us ds fy, ge Music Store Database ds Data Entry Form ls Connected Back-End Table dks gh mnkgj.k ds :i esa ys jgs gSa] ftlesa Data Entry Form ls Enter fd;k x;k Data tkdj Store gksrk gSA Music Store Data Entry Form ls Connected Back-End Relation ds Notation dks ge fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa% Orders (CustID, FName, LName, Street, City, State, Pincode, Telephone, OrderDate, ItemID, Title, Price, HasShipped)

bl Table esa gesa tks lcls igys dke ds :i esa Primary Key dks Determine djuk gksrk gSA bl Table esa dsoy Customer Number ls fdlh Order dks iwjh rjg ls Uniquely Identify ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd gj Item ds Order ds lkFk gh CustID Repeat gksrk gSA blh rjg ls dsoy ItemID dks Primary Key ds :i esa Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd gj Order ds lkFk ;s Hkh Repeat gksrk gSA bl Relation esa Primary Key dk dsoy ,d gh mfpr rjhdk gks ldrk gS vkSj og rjhdk Composite Key dk gSA bl mnkgj.k esa ge OrderID o ItemID nksuksa ds Combination dks Primary Key ds :i esa Use dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge OrderID o ItemID ds Combination dks Primary Key ds :i esa Use djrs gSa] rks bl Relation esa ge nks cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ dkeksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs gSa] ftUgsa fuEukuqlkj crk;k x;k gS% 1

ge rc rd fdlh Customer ds Data dks Relation esa Store ugha dj ldrs gSa] tc rd fd og Customer de ls de ,d Order Place uk djs] D;ksafd fcuk ,d Order vkSj ml Order ij fLFkr ,d Item ds] gekjs ikl ,d Complete Primary Key ugha gksrh gSA

2 blh rjg ls ge rc rd fdlh Item dh Information dks Hkh Relation esa Store ugha dj ldrs gSa] tc rd fd dksbZ Customer fdlh Order }kjk ml Item dks Order uk djs] D;ksafd fcuk OrderID ds Hkh ,d Complete Primary Key ugha cu ldrkA ;s nksuksa dkj.k Insertion Anomalies gSa] tks ,d ,slh Situation dks Represent dj jgs gSa] ftlesa ge fdlh Relation esa blfy, fdlh Data dks Insert ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd gekjs ikl ,d Complete Primary Key ugha gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi dksbZ Hkh Relation, tks fd First Normal Form esa gksrk gS] mlesa Insertion Anomalies dh fLFkfr Common :i ls gksrh gh gSA Insertion Anomalies dh fLFkfr rc iSnk gksrh gS] tc fdlh ,d Relation esa ,d ls T;knk Entities ds Data dks Store djus dh dksf”k”k dh tkrh gSA bl Situation esa Anomaly gesa ml le; ,d Unrelated Entity tSls fd Item ds Data dks Insert djus ds fy, etcwj djrk gS] tc ge fdlh nwljs Entity tSls fd Customer ds Data dks Insert dj jgs gksrs gSaA First Normal Form ds Relations ml le; Hkh leL;k,a iSnk djrs gSa] tc ge ml Relation

ls fdlh Data dks Delete djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd ge ml Customer ds Order dks Delete djuk pkgrs gSa] ftlus vius Single Item dk Order Cancel dj fn;k gSA vc ;fn 1 Customer us igyh gh ckj Order fn;k gks vkSj dsoy ,d gh Item dk Order fn;k gks] rks ml Customer ds Order dks Delete djus ij ml Customer dh Information Hkh Music Store ds Database ls Permanently Delete gks tk,xh] ftlls Music Store Organization dk ml Customer ls rc rd ds fy, Permanently Link VwV tk,xk] tc rd fd og nqckjk dksbZ Order ugha nsrk gSA 2 Customer us igyh gh ckj ml Item dk Order fn;k gks vkSj ml Customer ls igys fdlh nwljs Customer us ml Item dk Order ugha fn;k gks] rks ml Order dks Delete djus ij ml Item dh Information Hkh Music Store ds Database ls Permanently Delete gks tk,xhA 3 Customer us vius Order esa dsoy ,d gh Item dk Order fn;k gks] rks Order dks Delete djus ij ml Order dh iwjh Information Database ls Delete gks tk,xhA ;s Deletion Anomalies blfy, iSnk gksrh gSa] D;ksafd fdlh Row dh Primary Key ds ,d Part esa ml le; Null Store gks tkrk gS] tc Item ds Data dks Delete djrs le; gesa Data dh iwjh Row dks Delete djuk iMrk gSA Deletion Anomaly dk ifj.kke ;s gksrk gS fd Music Store Database ls os Data Hkh Delete gks tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ge Database esa Stored j[kuk pkgrs gSaA ;fn ge Practical :i ls ns[ksa rks tc gesa fdlh vokafNr Entity ds Data dks Delete djuk gksrk gS] rc bl Anomaly dh otg ls gesa ml Entity ds Data dks Hkh Delete djuk iMrk gS] tks fd Same Table esa rks gksrs gSa ysfdu vokafNr Entity ls Unrelated gksrs gSaA bl iwjs Discussion dk lkjka”k ;s gS fd ,d gh Table esa ,d ls T;knk Entities ds Data dks Store ugha djuk pkfg,A

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Orders ds Relation esa ,d vfUre Anomaly Update/Modification Anomaly Hkh gSA Orders Relation esa gj Order ds lkFk gj Customer dh Information dks ckj&ckj Store

djus dh otg ls Music Store Database esa ,d gh Customer ds cgqr lkjs Unnecessary Duplicated Data Store gks tkrs gSaA blfy, tc ,d Customer Move gksrk gS] rc ml Customer us ftrus Hkh Items ds ftrus Hkh Orders Music Store Organization dks fn, gksrs gSa] Database esa mu lHkh Items ds Orders dh Row dks Modify djds Customer ds Data dks Change djuk iMrk gS] D;ksafd gj Item dh Entry Database esa djus ds fy, ml Item dh Information ds lkFk Customer dh Information dks Hkh Database esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA vc ;fn gj Row dks Correctly Change uk fd;k tk,] rks fdlh Particular Customer dh Information dks Represent djus okys ftu lHkh Data dks gesa”kk leku gksuk pkfg,] os leku ugha jg tkrs gSaA Data dh bl Inconsistency dh lEHkkouk ds dkj.k Modification Anomaly dh Situation iSnk gksrh gSA

Second Normal Form First Normal Form dh fofHkUu Anomalies dks gVkus dk lek/kku ;s gS fd First Normal Form okyh Relation ls lHkh Entities dks ,d vyx Relation ds :i esa Define fd;k tk,A

mnkgj.k ds fy, Music Store ds bl Orders Relation esa ls ge pkj Lora= Entities (Customers, Items, Orders o Line Items ) dks vyx dj ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ij Music Store Organization dk ;s Relation Second Normal Form esa vk tkrk gSA Theoretical “kCnksa esa Second Normal Form dks fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tk ldrk gS% tc Relation First Normal Form esa gks vkSj lHkh Non-Key Attributes, Functionally flQZ Primary Key ij Dependent gksA ;fn dksbZ Non-Key Attribute Functionally dsoy Primary Key ij Depend uk gksdj fdlh Non-Key Attribute ij Depend gks] rks ml Non-Key Attribute vkSj ml ij Depend lHkh vU; Non-Key Attributes dks ml Relation ls gVkdj ,d u, Relation esa Define djuk pkfg, vkSj bl u, Relation esa ml Key dks Primary Key cuk nsuk pkfg,] ftl ij vU; Attributes Depend gksaA Functional Dependency nks Attributes ds chp dh ,d One-Way Relationship gksrh gSA

tSls fdlh Relation esa fdlh Hkh le; ,d Attribute A ls fdlh nwljs Attribute B dh dsoy ,d gh Value Associated gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Orders Relation esa A ,d Customer dk Customer Number ;k CustID gSA vc gj Customer dk Customer Number ,d First Name, ,d Last 90 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Name, ,d Street Address, ,d City, ,d State, ,d Pincode o ,d Telephone Number ls Associated gksrk gSA

gkykafd bu Attributes dh Values dks fdlh Hkh le; Change fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu fdlh Hkh le; gj Attribute esa dsoy ,d gh eku gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd First Name, Last Name, Street Address, City State, Pincode o Telephone Numbers ;s lHkh Functionally Customer Number ij Dependent gSaA Attributes ds chp dh bl Relationship dks vDlj fuEukuqlkj Represent fd;k tkrk gS% CustID -> FName, LName, Street Address, City, State, Pincode, Telephone

vkSj bls bl rjg Read fd;k tkrk gS fd “Customer Number Determines First Name, Last Name, Street Address, City State, Pincode and Telephone Numbers”. bl Relationship esa Customer Number ;kuh CustID dks Determinant ds :i ds tkuk tkrk gS] tks fd ,d ,slk Attribute gksrk gS] tks vU; Attributes dh Values dks Determine djrk gSA /;ku j[ksa fd Functional Dependency dks Reverse Direction esa Represent ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Hkh First Name ;k Last Name dks ,d ls T;knk Customer Numbers ds lkFk Associate fd;k tk ldrk gSA Orders Table esa fuEu Functional Dependencies gSa% CustID -> FName, LName, Street Address, City, State, Pincode, Telephone ItemID -> Title, Price OrderID-> CustID, OrderDate ItemID + OrderID -> HasShipped

/;ku nsa fd Relation esa gj Entity ds fy, ,d Determinant gS vkSj Determinant ogh gS] ftls geus Entity Identifier ds :i esa Choose fd;k gSA tc fdlh Entity esa Composite Identifier gksrk gS] rc Determinate Hkh Composite gksrk gS] tSlkfd pkSFks Representation esa ItemID+OrderID dk Group ,d Composite Identifier gSA bl Example esa dksbZ Order Ship fd;k tk pqdk gS vFkok ugha] ;s ItemID o OrderID ds Combination ij Depend djrk gSA tc ge fdlh Database Environment esa fdlh Relation ds fofHkUu Attributes ds chp dh Functional Dependencies dks Correctly Identify dj ysrs gSa] mlds ckn ge budk iz;ksx Relations dks Second Normal Form esa Transform djus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi bl fLFkfr esa gj Determinant Relation dk Primary Key cu tkrk gS vkSj ftrus Hkh Attributes bl Determinant ij Depend gksrs gSa] os lHkh Attributes Relation ds Non-Key Attributes cu tkrs gSaA bl Concept ds vk/kkj ij Music Store Organization ds Original Relation esa ls ftu pkj Entities dks Lora= :i ls Identify djds vyx fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa fuEukuqlkj Represent fd;k tk ldrk gS% Customer (CustID, FName, LName, Street Address, City, State, Pincode, Telephone) Items (ItemID, Title, Price) Orders (OrderID, CustID, OrderDate) LineItems (ItemID, OrderID, HasShipped )

;s pkjksa gh Relations ER Diagram ds ,d Single Entity ls lEcaf/kr gksrs gSaA /;ku nsa fd Database Design dks Functional Dependencies o Entities nksuksa esa ls fdlds vk/kkj ij Derive fd;k tk,] bldk dksbZ fuf”pr fu;e ugha gksrk gSA egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s gksrh gS fd ER Diagram o vius Relation esa Identify dh xbZ Functions Dependency nksuksa ds chp Consistency gksuh pkfg,A bl ckr ls Database ds Design ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iMrk gS fd ge vius Relation dks Functional Dependency ds vk/kkj ij Design djrs gSa ;k Entities ds vk/kkj ijA T;knkrj fLFkfr;ksa esa Database Design ,d Interactive Process gksrk gS] ftlesa ge Database dk Initial Design Create djrs gSa] mls Check djrs gSa] Modify djrs gSa vkSj fQj ls Check djrs gSaA ge Design Process ds fdlh Hkh Stage esa Function Dependency vkSj@;k Entities dks ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ds Against Check dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd gesa”kk ;s t:jh ugha gksrk gS fd geus ftl Relation dks First Normal Form esa eku fy;k gS] og okLro esa First Normal Form esa gksA Design Process ds fdlh Hkh Stage esa gesa ,slk eglwl gks ldrk gS] fd Relation iwjh rjg ls First Normal Form esa ugha gS vkSj mls fQj ls First Normal Form esa ykus dh t:jr gSA tc ge Relation ij Second Normal Form ds Criteria Rules dks Apply djrs gSa] rc Original Relation esa Present Anomalies Eliminate gks tkrh gSa vkSj ge fuEu dke dj ldrs gSa% 1 Customer ds Order Place djus ls igys gh ge ml Customer ds Data dks Database Relation esa Store dj ldrs gSaA 2 ge fdlh Order ds Data dks fcuk Items dh Information ds Hkh Database Relation esa Store dj ldrs gSaA 3 fdlh Customer }kjk fdlh Particular Item dk Order fn, tkus ls igys Hkh ge Item ds Data dks Database Relation esa Store dj ldrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi 4 vc Line Items dks fdlh Hkh Order ls Delete fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk djus ij Item dks Describe djus okys Data, Lo;a Order ;k fdlh Item dh Information ij bldk dksbZ izHkko ugha iMrk gSA 5 Customer ls lEcaf/kr Data dks dsoy ,d gh ckj Store fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, ;fn Customer ds Data esa fdlh izdkj dk Change djuk iMs] rks ;s Change dsoy ,d gh ckj djuk iMrk gSA blesa Modification Anomaly dk izHkko ugha iMrk gS] D;ksafd Customer ds Data dks Database Relation esa dbZ ckj Store ugha fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd Second Normal Form fofHkUu Relations esa ls T;knkrj leL;kvksa dks lekIr dj nsrk gSA cgqr de ckj gh ,slh fLFkfr;ka gksrh gSa] tc gekjk Relation Second Normal Form esa gksrk gS] fQj Hkh mlesa Anomalies gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds ekuyks fd Music Store ftu Distributors ls Titles ysrk gS] mu lHkh Distributors ds ikl dsoy ,d gh Store Room gS] tgka ij flQZ ,d Telephone gSA bl fLFkfr esa fuEu Relation Second Form esa gksxk% Items (ItemID, Title, Distributor, WareHousePhoneNo)

gj ItemID ds fy, bl Relation esa dsoy ,d Title, ,d Distributor o ,d Warehouse Telephone Number gSA blfy, bl Relation esa ,d Insertion Anomaly gSA ge rc rd fdlh Distributor dk Data Music Store Database esa Store ugha dj ldrs gSa] tc rd fd gesa ml Distributor ls dksbZ Item izkIr ugha gksrk gSA lkFk gh bl Relation esa ,d Deletion Anomaly Hkh gS] D;ksafd ;fn ge fdlh Distributor }kjk Hksts x, Only Item dh Details dks Delete dj nsrs gSa] rks ge Distributor dh Information dks Hkh [kks nsaxsA bl Relation esa gj Item ds Record ds lkFk Distributor ds Warehouse ds Phone Number dks Hkh Store fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls bldk ckj&ckj Duplication Hkh gksrk gS] blfy, bl Relation esa Modification Anomaly Hkh gSA bl fLFkfr esa ;s Relation Second Normal Form esa rks gS] ysfdu Third Normal Form esa ugha gSSA

Third Normal Form fdlh Relation dks Third Normal Form ds vk/kkj ij blfy, Normalize fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd mij crkbZ xbZ Anomalies dk lek/kku gks ldsA ;fn ge Entities ds vk/kkj ij ns[ksa] rks Items Relation esa Item o Distributor nks Entities ls Related Data Store gks jgs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi blfy, mijksDr Anomalies dks gVkus ds fy, gesa bl Relation dks fuEukuqlkj nks Individual Relations esa Divide djuk gksxk% Items (ItemID, Distributor) Distributors (DistID, WareHousePhoneNo) Third Normal Form dk Theoretical Definition ;s gS fd dksbZ Relation rc Third Normal Form esa gksrk gS] tc ml Relation esa dksbZ Transitive Dependencies ugha gksrh gSaA Original Relation esa geus ftl Functional Dependencies ds ckjs esa tkuk Fkk] mls gh Transitive Dependency dgrs gSaA ,d Relation esa Transit Dependency rc Exist gksrh

gS] tc gekjs lkeus fuEukuqlkj Functional Dependency gksrh gS% A -> B and B -> C So Indirectly A -> C

;gh Dependency Original Items Relation esa gSA Warehouse ds Phone Number dk Functionally Item Number ij Depend gksus dk Only dkj.k ;gh gS fd Distributor Functionally Item Number ij Dependent gS vkSj Phone Number Functionally Distributor ij Dependent gSA blfy, okLrfod Functional Dependency fuEukuqlkj gS% ItemID -> Distributor Distributor -> WareHousePhoneNo

tcfd WareHousePhoneNo Indirectly ItemID ij Dependent gS] ftls ge Transitive Dependency dgrs gSaA Transitive Dependency dks ;fn ge Mathematical Example ds :i esa Represent djsa] rks ;fn A Directly cMk gks B ls vkSj B Directly cMk gks C ls rks A Indirectly C ls Hkh cMk gksrk gSA gekjs Original Items Relation esa nks Determinants gSa vkSj nksuksa gh Determinants dks muds Relation dk Primary Key gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd gj Determinate gesa”kk vius Relation dk Primary Key gh gksrk gSA gkykafd bl Relation esa Second Determinate dk ,d Attribute ds :i esa Exist gksuk gh Transitive Dependency dk dkj.k ugha gSA cfYd okLro esa Transitive Dependency dk eq[; dkj.k ;s gS fd nwljk Determinant Relation dk Candidate Key ugha gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu Relation dk mnkgj.k ns[krs gSa% Items (ItemID, UpcCode, Distributor, Price)

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ItemID og Number gS] ftls Music Store Organization vius gj Item dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Use djrk gS] tcfd UPC Code og Industry-Wide Code gS] ftls

gj Item dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSA vc bl Relation esa Functional Dependencies fuEukuqlkj gSa% ItemID -> UpcCode, Distributor, Price UpcCode -> ItemID, Distributor, Price

D;k bl Relation esa vc Transitive Dependency gSA ugha] vc bu Relations esa Transitive Dependencies ugha gSa] D;ksafd Second Determinant ,d Candidate Key gSA D;ksafd “Music Store” UpcCode dks Hkh mruh gh vklkuh ls fdlh Item dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Use dj ldrk gS] ftruh vklkuh ls og Primary Key dks Use djrk gSA bl Relation esa vc fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Insertion, Deletion ;k Modification Anomaly ugha gS vkSj ;s Relation vc dsoy ,d Item Entity dks gh Describe dj jgk gSA Transitive Dependency fdlh Relation esa rc Exist gksrh gS] tc dksbZ Determinant] tks

fd Relation ds fy, Primary Key ugha gksrk gS og ml Relation dk Candidate Key Hkh ugha gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge ftl Items Table dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa mi;ksx esa ys jgs gSa] mlesa Distributor ,d Determinant gS ysfdu og Distributor ml Items Table ds fy, Candidate Key ugha gSA D;ksafd ,d Distributor ls ,d ls T;knk Items Music Store esa vk jgs gSaA tc Second Normal Form ds Relation esa dksbZ Transitive Dependency gksrh gS] rc gesa ml Relation dks nks NksVs&NksVs Relations esa Divide dj ysuk pkfg, vkSj nksuksa Relations esa nksuksa Determinants dks Primary Key cuk ysuk pkfg,A ftl Attributes dks Determinants }kjk Determine fd;k tkrk gS] mu Non-Key Attributes dks muds Determinant ds Relation esa Specify dj nsuk pkfg,A blls Transitive Dependency Remove gks tkrh gS vkSj blls Associated Anomalies Hkh Remove gks tkrh gSa] lkFk gh gekjk Relation Third Normal Form esa vk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh Second Normal Form ds Relation esa dksbZ Transitive Dependency uk gks] rks og Relation Automatically Third Normal Form esa vk tkrk gSA Boyce-Codd Normal Form T;knkrj Relations ds fy, Third Normal Form rd Normalized Relation ,d vPNk Design Objective gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr ds Relations T;knkrj Anomalies ls Free gksrs gSaA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi fQj Hkh ifjfLFkfro”k dbZ ckj Third Normal Form ds Relations esa Hkh FkksMh vyx fdLe dh Anomalies gksrh gSaA bu Anomalies dks BCNF o Forth Normal Form ds Normalization ds vk/kkj ij Handle fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn gekjk Relation Third Normal Form esa gks vkSj mlesa dksbZ Extra Ordinary izdkj dh leL;k uk gks] rks gekjk Relation Automatically BCNF o Fourth Normal Form esa gksrk gSA BCNF dh izfØ;k dks le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ys jgs gSaA ekuyks fd Music Store Organization ;s r; djrk gS fd og vius Database esa ,d vkSj Relation Add djsxk] ftls og vius Music Store ds Employee ds dke djus ds le; dks Schedule djus ds fy, Use djsxkA gj Employee gj jkst 4-Hours dh ,d ;k nks Shift esa dke djsxk vkSj gj Shift esa ,d Employee dks Music Store ds fdlh ,d Station ¼;kuh Stock Room esa Stock dks Manage djus ds fy, ;k fQj Desk ds lkeus Customer dks Handle djus ds fy,½ ij dke djsxk] tcfd ,d Station ij ,d Shift esa flQZ ,d gh Employee dke djsxkA vc Schedule dks Handle djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj ,d Relation Design fd;k tk ldrk gS% Schedule (EmpID, Date, Shift, Station, WorkedShift?)

fn, x, Business Rule ds fglkc ls ,d Employee ,d Shift esa ,d Station ij dke djsxk] blfy, bl Relation esa nks lEHkkfor Primary Keys EmpID + Date + Shift ;k Date + Shift + Station gks ldrh gSaA bl fLFkfr esa Functional Dependency dk Relation fuEukuqlkj cusxk% EmpID + Date + Shift -> Station, WorkedShift? Date + Shift + Station -> EmpID, WorkedShift?

,d ckr /;ku esa j[ksa fd ;s Functional Dependency Relation mlh fLFkfr esa lgh gSa] tc gj Station ij gj Shift esa dsoy ,d gh Employee dke djrk gSA ;s Schedule Relation Composite Candidate Keys dks Show dj jgk gSA D;ksafd nksuksa gh Candidate Keys esa Date o Shift Common gSaA Boyce-Codd Normal Form dks fdlh Relation esa Exist blh rjg dh Characteristics dks Handle djus ds fy, cuk;k x;k gSA BCNF Form esa gksus ds fy, fdlh Hkh Relation ij bl fu;e dk Apply gksuk t:jh gksrk gS fd Relation Third Normal Form esa gks vkSj Relation ds lHkh Determinants Candidate Keys gksa] rks Relation BCNF Form esa gksrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Forth Normal Form BCNF dh rjg gh Forth Normal Form dks Hkh fdlh Relation dh ,d Special Characteristic dks Handle djus ds fy, Design fd;k x;k gS] tks fd cgqr gh de

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Generate gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa tks Special Characteristics gksrh gS] mls lkekU;r;k Multi-Valued Dependency dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu Relation dks nsf[k,% MovieInfo (Title, Star, Producer)

fdlh Specify dh xbZ Movie esa ,d ls T;knk Stars gks ldrs gSa vkSj mlh Movie dks ,d ls T;knk Producers us Produce fd;k gks ldrk gSA Same Stars ,d ls T;knk Movie esa Appear gks ldrs gSa vkSj Producer Hkh ,d ls T;knk Movies esa Involved gks ldrk gSA blfy, bl Relation ds lHkh Columns dks Composite Primary Key ds :i esa Use djuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA bl mnkgj.k dks ge fuEu lkj.kh esa ns[k ldrs gSa% MovieInfo Table Title

Star

Producer

Great Film

Lovely Lady

Money Bags

Great Film

Handsome Man

Money Bags

Great Film

Lovely Lady

Helen Pursestrings

Great Film

Handsome Man

Helen Pursestrings

Boring Movie

Lovely Lady

Helen Pursestrings

Boring Movie

Precocious Child

Helen Pursestrings

pwafd bl Relation esa dksbZ Hkh Non-Key Attribute ugha gS] blfy, ;s Relation BCNF Normalization Form esa gSA fQj Hkh ;s Relation fuEu Anomalies Show djrk gS% 1 2 3 4 5

ge de ls de ,d Producer dks tkus fcuk fdlh Movie ds Stars dks Insert ugha dj ldrs gSaA ge de ls de ,d Star dks tkus fcuk fdlh Movie ds Producer dks Insert ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge fdlh Only Producer dh Information dks Delete djrs gSa] rks ge ml Movie ds Starts dks Hkh Loose dj nsrs gSaA ;fn ge fdlh Movie ls Only Star dks Delete djrs gSa] rks ge ml Movie ds Producer dh Information dks Hkh Loose dj nsrs gSaA Movie ds gj Star ds fy, Producer ds uke dk Duplication gksrk gSA blh rjg ls gj Producer ds fy, Movie ds Star ds uke dk Duplication gksrk gSA ;s Unnecessary Duplication Modification Anomaly dh Situation iSnk djrk gSA 97 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi bl Relation esa nks Unrelated Entities gSaA igyk Entity Movie o Stars ds chp dh Relationship dks Handle djrk gS vkSj nwljk Movie o Producer ds chp dh Relationship dks Handle djrk gSA Practically ns[ksa rks ;gh Anomaly dk eq[; dkj.k gS] gkykafd Movie, Star o Producer Entities Hkh Anomaly esa Involved gSaA fQj Hkh Theoretically tks Anomalies Create gks jgh gSa] os ,d gh Relation esa Multivalued Dependency ds dkj.k Create gks jgh gSa] ftUgsa Forth Normal Form esa Eliminate fd;k tkrk gSA Forth Normal Form dk fu;e ;s gS fd Relation Boyce-Codd Normal Form esa gks vkSj mlesa dksbZ Multi-Valued Dependency uk gksA fdlh Relation esa Multi-Valued Dependency rc Exist gksrh gS] tc fdlh Attribute A dh gj Value ds fy, fdlh nwljs Attribute B dh cgqr lkjh Values Associated gksa vkSj fdlh Attribute C dh gj Value ds fy, Attribute A dh cgqr lkjh Values Associated gksa] tcfd Attribute B o C vkil esa Independent gksaA ge ftl mnkgj.k dks Use dj jgs gSa] ml mnkgj.k esa bl izdkj dh Dependency gSA D;ksafd gj Movie Title ds fy, Stars ;k Actors dk ,d Group gS] tks fd Movie ls Associated gSa vkSj gj Movie Title ds fy, Hkh Producers dk ,d Group gS] ftuls Movie Associated gSA fQj Hkh Actors o Producers ,d nwljs ls Independent gSa] D;ksafd buds chp dksbZ Direct Connection ugha gSA bl Multivalued Dependency dks fuEukuqlkj Represent fd;k tk ldrk gS% Title ->> Star Title ->> Producer

vkSj bls bl rjg iuk gksxkA Relational Algebra, Operations dk ,d ,slk lewg gS] ftldk iz;ksx fdlh Relation ls Data dks Manipulate o Extract djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA gj Operation nks Tables ij] ,d Single Manipulation Perform djrk gSA fdlh Query dks Complete djus ds fy, DBMS, Relational Algebra Operations dk iwjk ,d Sequence Use djrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi Relational Algebra ,d rjg ls Procedural gksrk gS] tcfd SQL, Relational Calculus ij

vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA SQL esa gesa dsoy ;s crkuk gksrk gS fd ,d Database Relation ls gesa D;k Data pkfg,A tcfd gesa ;s crkus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS] fd gesa Database Relation ls og Data dSls pkfg,A ,d Single SQL Retrieval Command, DBMS dks ,d ;k lHkh Relational Algebra Operations dks Perform djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldrk gSA

Equi – Join blds lcls Common :i esa ,d Join Operation ml le; u, Records ;k Rows Create djrk gS] tc nks Source Tables ds Data vkil esa Match gksrs gSaA D;ksafd ge Rows dks Equal Values ds fy, [kkst jgs gSa] blfy, bl rjg dh Join dks Equi-Join ;k Natural aEqui-Join dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vxyh nks Tables dks nsf[k,% Customers Table CustID

FName

LName

001

Jane

Doe

002

John

Doe

003

Jane

Smith

004

John

Smith

005

Jane

Jones

006

John

Jones

Orders Table OrderID

CustID

OrderDate

OrderTotal

001

002

10/10/99

250.65

002

002

2/21/O0

125.89

003

003

11/15/99

1567.99

004

004

11/22/99

180.92

005

004

12/15/99

565.O0

006

006

10/8/99

25.O0

007

006

11/12/99

85.O0

008

006

12/29/99

109.12

/;ku nsa fd CustID Column Customer ds Relation dk Primary Key gS vkSj ;gh CustID Column Foreign Key dh rjg Orders Table esa Hkh gSA blfy, Orders Table dk CustID mu Customers ls Belong djrk gS] ftUgksaus Order Place fd;k gSA 100 www.BccFalna.com

DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi ekuyks fd ge mu Customers ds uke tkuuk pkgrs gSa] ftUgksaus Order Place fd;k gSA ;s tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, gesa nks Tables dks CustID Column ds vk/kkj ij Combined Rows Create djds Join djuk gksxkA ;fn ge Database ds “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd ge CustID ds vk/kkj ij nks Tables dks Join dj jgs gSaA Join djus ij gesa izkIr gksus okyh Resultant Table fuEukuqlkj gksrh gS% Result Table CustID

FName

LName

OrderID

OrderDate

OrderTotal

002

John

Doe

001

10/10/99

250.65

002

John

Doe

002

2/21/00

125.89

003

Jane

Smith

003

11/15/99

1597.99

004

John

Smith

004

11/22/99

180,92

004

John

Smith

005

12/15/99

565.00

006

John

Jones

006

10/8/99

25,00

006

John

Jones

007

11/12/99

85.00

006

John

Jones

008

12/29/99

109.12

Equi-Join dks ge ,d Table ij Hkh iwjh rjg ls Apply dj ldrs gSaA tc ge Equi-Join

djrs gSa] rc Join ,d Source ds gj Row dks nwljh Table ds gj Row ls Compare djrk gSA First Source Table dh gj Row ds fy, ;s Second Source Table ds Columns esa Matching Data [kkstrk gS vkSj tSls gh dksbZ Matching Row fey tkrk gS] ;s Result Table esa ,d u;k Row Place dj nsrk gSA ekuyks fd ge First Source ds :i esa Customers Table dks Use dj jgs gSa vkSj Second Source ds :i esa Orders Table dks] rks Result Table fuEukuqlkj Produce gksrh gS% 1 lcls igys CustID 001 ds fy, Orders Search fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd Orders Table esa bl ID ds fy, dksbZ Matching Row ugha gS] blfy, Equi-Join Result Table esa dksbZ Row Place ugha djrk gSA 2 blds ckn CustID 002 ds fy, Orders dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd bl ID dh nks Matching Rows Orders Table esa gSa] blfy, Equi-Join Result Table esa nks Rows Place djrk gS vkSj nksuksa Rows esa nks ckj Same Customer Information dks Store djds Order dh Information dks Store djrk gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi 3 blds ckn CustID 003 ds fy, Orders dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA bl ID ls Related ,d Order gS] blfy, Equi-Join ,d vkSj u;k Row Result Table esa Place dj nsrk gSA 4 fQj CustID 004 ds fy, Orders dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA bl ID ls Related nks Matching Orders gSa] blfy, Result Table esa nks u, Rows dks Add fd;k tkrk gSA 5 fQj CustID 005 ds fy, Orders dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA bl ID ls Related dksbZ Matching Orders ugha gSa] blfy, Result Table esa dksbZ u;k Row Add ugha fd;k tkrk gSA 6 fQj CustID 006 ds fy, Orders dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA bl ID ls Related rhu Matching Orders gSa] blfy, Result Table esa rhu ubZ Rows dks Add fd;k tkrk gSA /;ku nsa fd ;fn CustID nksuksa Tables esa Appear uk gks] rks dksbZ Hkh Row Result Table esa Place ugha gksrk gSA Join ds bl O;ogkj dks Inner Join Group esa j[kk tkrk gSA ;kuh bl rjg dh Joining dks Inner Join dgk tkrk gSA ,d Join Operation dks nks vU; Operations ftUgsa Product o Restrict Operation dgk tkrk gS] ds :i esa Hkh Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ds Operations esa cgqr T;knk Data ds lkFk Manipulation gksrk gS] blfy, ;fn DBMS bl rjg ds Operations Perform djrk gS] rks Database cgqr gh /khesa dke djrk gS vkSj Query dh Performance cgqr gh de gks tkrh gSA Restrict Operation fdlh Table ds Matching Rows dks NksMdj “ks’k Rows dks Retrieve

dj ysrk gSA tcfd Product Operation nksuksa Tables ds gj Row dh Cartesian Product ds :i esa ftrus lEHko gksa] mrus Pair Create djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn Customer o Orders Table ij bl Operation dks Perform fd;k tk,] rks Customer Table esa 6 Rows gSa tcfd Orders Table esa 8 Rows gS vr% ifj.kkeLo:i Result Table esa dqy 48 Rows Create gksaxsA bl Operation esa CustID Column nks ckj Appear gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;s Column nksuksa Tables esa Exist gSA

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi

DBMS Database Structure and Performance Tuning

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DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi DBMS – Database Structure and Performance Tuning Database Design djus ds vykok DBA dks ,d dke vkSj djuk gksrk gS vkSj og dke gksrk gS Database Performance dh Tuning djus dkA Database dh Performance dks Bhd rjg

ls Tune uk djus ij Database ds dke djus dh Speed dkQh de gks tkrh gSA Database dh Speed dks Tune djus ds fy, gesa Database ds Design esa Hkh Modification djuk iMrk gSA yxHkx gesa”kk ,d DBMS gh User ds Commands ds vk/kkj ij Database esa Data dks Store djus ;k Database ls Data dks Retrieve djus dk dke djrk gSA ftl rjhds dk iz;ksx djds ,d DBMS Software fdlh User Request dks iwjk djus ds lHkh Data Manipulation Operations dks DBMS dk Query Optimizer gh Perform djrk gSA Query Optimizer, DBMS Software dk ,d ,slk fgLlk gksrk gS] tks fdlh Query dks Perform djus ds fy, Relational Algebra Operation ds lcls Efficient Sequence dks r; djus dk dke djrk gSA gkykafd Query Optimizer ds dke djus ds rjhds dks ,d Database Designer fdlh Hkh rjg ls Directly Handle ugha dj ldrk gS] ysfdu Database ds Design esa dqN O;oLFkk,a djds ge Database dh Performance dks dqN gn rd Increase dj ldrs gSaA

Indexing Indexing ,d ,slk rjhdk gksrk gS] tks fdlh Column ;k Composite Columns ds Data dks Access djus dk Fast rjhdk iznku djrk gSA ,d Database Application Use djus okyk User ftrus Hkh Records fdlh Table esa Add djrk tkrk gS] os lHkh Records Table ds vUr

esa Random Order esa tqMrs tkrs gSaA tSls&tSls fdlh Table ds Records dh la[;k c