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Pigafpz ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?:

#ii)

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#iii)

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Pigafpz( aff{z( oga zmyhi`cz '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ?4

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@{llg O{jciqljq|{l oga Lgti{fgelgqoh ^zyjcfhf`y

O{jciljz o{l ig {ljlg ylo{z kljfel ef{l igtfhtla ig cl a{itl df{ lgti{fgelgoh ~{fljifg fd cl |gitl{zl c{f|`c `{llg%jfgjl~|ohhy alzi`gla z{|j|{lz oga f|%aff{ z~ojlz co o{l gfp aldigig` cl joe~oi`g df{ {la|jig` jo{kfg leizzifgz co al~hll cl frfgl hoyl{ Ohcf|`c ig z~ljidij j|{{lg {lgaz ig cl alzi`g fd cl k|ih lgti{fgelg( o{jcilj|{l oz o ~{ojijl coz gf lek{ojla cl klcotif|{oh zjilgjlz f cl lslg cf~la df{(

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4

cf|`c picig cl la|joifg fd o{jciljz ig efz plzl{g \gitl{ziilz y~ijohhy igjh|al zfel ls~fz|{l f c|eog klcotif|{ klcotif|{ Qcl ialo co alzi`g oddljz |zl{z oga jog eoml o aiddl{lgjl ig cli{ hitlz iz jlg{oh f ltl{y eobf{ alzi`g ~{fdlzzifg oga O{jciljz o{l j|{{lghy zllg oz cl d||{l a{itl{ fd  lgti{fgelgoh

jfgzl{toifg

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tijiez fd ok|zl( {ljftl{ig` a{|` ok|zl{z) oga lgti{fgelgz z|jc o aoy%jo{l oga zjcffhz dfj|zla fg clohcy altlhf~elg oefg` jciha{lg [lzlo{jc ig cl L|{f~log \gifg kozla jf|g{ilz jfgig|lz f e|zc{ffe fg cl {fhl fd aiddl{lg hitig` o{{og`lelgz df{ fhal{ ~lf~hl( {og`ig` d{fe eij{f dlo|{lz z|jc oz aff{poy alzi`g f eoj{f izz|lz himl otoihokihiy fd cl jf{{lj eo{is eo {is fd zl{tijlz co lgjf|{o`l lgjf|{o`l lgti{fgelgoh tiokihiy

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@{llg O{jciqljq|{l oga Lekfaila lgl{`y&Lgl{`y lddijilgjy

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Oz zjilgjl aijolz( clo go|{ohhy dhfpz d{fe o po{el{ f o jffhl{ z~ojl= igz|hoifg cl{ldf{l ~{ftialz {lzizogjl f clo dhfp( cl{lky {la|jig` cl oef|g fd lgl{`y gllala f mll~ o k|ihaig` po{e ig cl pigl{ oga jffh ig cl z|eel{ O to{ily fd igz|hoifg f~ifgz lsiz( igjh|aig` khogml( jfgj{ll khfjm( igz|hoig` jfgj{ll df{ez( z~{oy dfoe( {i`ia dfoe( oga go|{oh dik{l igz|hoifg co o{l |zla ky efz ohl{ oga o{ij|hol O{jciljz [l`|ho{ {ltizifg fd cl zjilgidij jflddijilgz co all{eigl igz|hoifg lddljitlglzz iz z{ijhy cl ~{l{f`oitl fd cl igz|hoifg lg`igll{z pcf pf{m jhfzlhy pic O{jciljz @{llg O{jciljz |gal{zoga co oaaig` igz|hoifg z{ol`ijohhy ie~{ftlz cl lddijilgjy oga lgti{fgelgoh `{llg lddljitlglzz fd o k|ihaig` Cfpltl{( ohh ciz pf{m fd alzi`g jog fghy kl jfgzial{la f{ kljfel lddljitl pclg cl k|ihaig` iz ~{f~l{hy zlohla oz plhh Pic k|ihaig` oga alzi`g ls~l{ilgjl( zlohig` j{ojmz oga hlomz cotl kllg mgfpg f ~{ltlg oi{ dhfp oga iz o d|gaoelgoh oz~lj df{ lddljitl k|ihaig` lgtlhf~l igz|hoifg Hlomz jog `lgl{ohhy kl zlohla pic jo|hm( z~{oy dfoe( f{ plocl{ z{i~~ig` #ii)

[ffdz oga Zfho{ ~cfqftfhqoij qljcgfhf`y

1

Qcl alzi`g fd z~ljidij {ffd zco~lz oga eol{iohz |zla jog {la|jl cl oef|g fd oi{ jfgaiifgig` {lq|i{la ig cf jhieolz ky igj{lozig` cl oef|g fd zfho{ clo co iz {ldhljla( {ocl{ cog okzf{kla( ky cl {ffd ^{f~l{ igz|hoifg iz ohzf ie~f{og ig oijz oga k|ihaig` jotiilz oabojlg f cl {ffd Oz cl alkol fd |zig` zfho{ ~oglhz coz iglgzidila ig cl hoz aljoal( {ffd zco~lz cotl kljfel o d|gaoelgohhy tioh jfgzial{oifg co coz oddljla O{jciljz oz cly jfgzial{ cloig` oga jffhig` fd k|ihaig`z Ig oaaiifg( {ffdz ohzf fddl{ zltl{oh f~~f{|giilz df{ igzohhig` fg%zil `lgl{oifg zyzlez [ljlghy( cl |zl fd Zfho{ ~cfftfhoij zyzlez o{l klig` igzohhla oz o {ffdf~ o{{oy fg f~ fd cl k|ihaig` f{ o k|ihaig`%igl`{ola ~cfftfhoij zyzle jog kl igl`{ola igf cl k|ihaig` oz {ffdig` ihlz f{ zcig`hlz Qcl ~cfftfhoij zljf{ iz j|{{lghy fgl fd cl dozlz%`{fpig` iga|z{ilz zi`gi﬏ joghy f ciz altlhf~elg Jhfzl{ pf{hapial Fg cl z|{dojl( z|{ dojl( L|{f~l jfg{ik|lz zi`gi﬏joghy lsoeigoifg( cfpltl{( {ltlohz co jfgzial{okhl ~cfftfhoij eo{ml al~hfyelg omlz ~hojl fghy ig o dlp L\ Elekl{ Zolz cf|`c eoy zye~fzi|ez o{l clha ohh ftl{ cl L|{f~log \gifg elekl{z

1

^cfftfhoij iz cl dilha fd  ljcgfhf`y oga {lzlo{jc {lhola f cl altijlz pcijc a i{ljhy jfgtl{ z|ghi`c igf lhlj{ijiy Qcl zfho{ jlhh iz cl lhlelgo{y k|ihaig` khfjm fd cl ~cfftfhoij ljcgfhf`y

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#iii)

Pohh Alzi`g

Igjialgohhy( O{jciljz cotl hfg` mgfpg co oz {ffdz( cl oef|g fd lgl{`y hfz f{ {loigla c{f|`c pohhz iz igdh|lgjla ky kfc alzi`g oga eol{iohz Z~ljidij alzi`g jfgzial{oifgz oddlj cl ~hojlelg fd pigafpz oga aff{z( cl zirl oga hfjoifg fd pcijc jog kl f~ieirla f {la|jl lgl{`y hfzzlz @{llg O{jciljz z~lga laif|z( elij|hf|z oga plhh johj|hola iel kldf{l eomig` aljizifgz {l`o{aig` cl jcfijl fd o~~{f~{iol eol{ioh oga cl ~{fjlzz jog kl ef{l jfe~hijola cog efz cigm kljo|zl cl lgl{`y ~{f~l{ilz fd cl lgi{l pohh o{l oddljla ky cl alzi`g Ie~f{oghy( eol{ioh zlhljifg oga pohh igz|hoifg jog kfc oddlj cl  k|ihaig`‖z cl{eoh ~{f~l{ilz' ^cyzijz zie~hy {ljf`gizlz co o k|ihaig`‖z o  k|ihaig`‖z cl{eoh eozz f{ iz okihiy f zf{l clo iz all{eigla ig ~o{ ky cl k|ihaig` eol{iohz |zla {ocl{ cog iz ls~fz|{l f cl lhlelgz fd cl plocl{ Qcl{eoh eozz k|ihaig`z okzf{k lgl{`y ef{l zhfphy oga clg cfha i hfg`l{( lddljitlhy {la|jig` igaff{ le~l{o|{l dh|j|oifgz oga {la|jig` ftl{ohh cloig` oga jffhig` {lq|i{lelgz Qciz cl{eoh lsjcog`l id alzi`gla o~~{f~{iolhy jog {l`|hol lgl{`y |zl fgl poy f{ cl  cl fcl{ al~lgaig` fg cl {lq|i{lelgz oga k|ihaig` |zl Qcl{eoh eozz eol{iohz igjh|al {oaiifgoh eol{iohz( z|jc oz zfgl oga oafkl( oga j|ig` la`l ~{fa|jz( z|jc oz cfzl co igjf{~f{ol ~cozl jcog`l eol{iohz

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#^JEz) ^JEz o{l

zfhia o {ffe le~l{o|{l oga hiq|ldy oz cly okzf{k clo= cl okzf{~ifg oga {lhlozl fd  lgl{`y c{f|`c ^JEz clh~z f efal{ol k|ihaig` le~l{o| {l c{f|`cf| cl aoy #it)

Pigafpz( aff{z( oga zmyhi`cqz

Jfhhljitlhy mgfpg oz dlglz{oifg( pigafpz( lsl{if{ aff{z( oga zmyhi`cz igdh|lgjl kfc cl hi`cig` oga cl Cloig`( Tlgihoifg oga Oi{ Jfgaiifgig` #CTOJ) {lq|i{lelgz fd o k|ihaig` Jhieol jfg{fh oga jfedf{ ig efal{g k|ihaig`z iz o eobf{ alzi`g izz|l CTOJ clh~ f jfg{fh cl jhieol( oga mll~ fjj|~ogz jfedf{okhl ky {l`|hoig` cl le~l{o|{l oga oi{ dhfp CTOJ zyzlez o{l ohzf ie~f{og f fjj|~ogz' clohc( kljo|zl o plhh {l`|hola oga eoigoigla zyzle pihh mll~ o cfel f{ k|ihaig` d{ll d{fe ef|ha oga fcl{ co{ed|h f{`ogizez Ig zfel lgti{fgelgz( z|jc oz e|zl|ez( CTOJ zyzlez o{l tiohhy ie~f{og df{ cl ~{lzl{toifg fd cizf{ij o{ldojz Ig oaaiifg f alzi`g jfgzial{oifgz cl ~hojlelg fd  pigafpz oga zmyhi`cz oddljz cl oef|g fd otoihokhl go|{oh hi`c pcihz eol{iohz oga igzohhoifg jog oddlj cl oef|g fd lgl{`y {ogzeila c{f|`c cl pigafp( aff{( f{ <

^cozl jcog`l eol{iohz #^JEz)( j|{{lghy |gal{ {lzlo{jc oga altlhf~elg( jog zeffc aoihy dh|j|oifgz ig {ffe le~l{o|{l ky hfpl{ig`  cl ~lom le~l{o|{lz {lz|hig` d{fe ls{l el lsl{goh aoihy le~l{o|{l jcog`lz ^JEz {la|jl cfel cloig` f{ jffhig` hfoaz( cl{lky ~{fa|jig` lgl{`y zotig`z df{ cl jfgz|el{( oga | hieolhy {la|jig` cl glla df{ glp |ihiy ~fpl{ ~hogz

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zmyhi`c( oz plhh oz cl oef|g fd oi{ hlomo`l o{f|ga cl pigafp jfe~fglgz Qcl{l o{l j|{{lghy cf|zogaz fd glp eol{iohz( jfoig`z( jfoig`z( oga alzi`gz co o{l gfp |zla f jfg{ik|l f cl ie~{ftla lgl{`y lddijilgjy fd ci`c%~l{df{eig` pigafpz( aff{z( oga k|ihaig`z Df{ lsoe~hl( ci`cl{%q|ohiy pigafpz fg cl eo{ml faoy jog kl zis ielz ef{l lgl{`y lddijilg cog hfpl{%q|ohiy pigafpz Zfel ljcgfhf`y oatogjlz ig cl |zl fd pigafpz igjh|al2 e|hi~hl `horig`( cl |zl fd pf f{ ef{l ~oglz fd `hozz f{ fcl{ dihez df{ igz|hoifg( pcijc jog kl d|{cl{ ie~{ftla ky dihhig` cl z~ojl klpllg cl ~oglz pic o hfp%jfga|jitiy `oz( z|jc oz o{`fg( oga hfp%leizzitiy #hfp%l) jfoig`z( pcijc {la|jl cl dhfp fd igd{o{la lgl{`y d{fe cl k|ihaig` f cl lgti{fgelg [lzlo{jc iz j|{{lghy jfgig|ig` ig ciz ljcgfhf`y ljcgfhf`y #t)

F{ilgqoqifg

O{jciljz oml f{ilgoifg oz o tl{y ie~f{og oz~lj fd alzi`g f oml oatogo`l fd go|{oh z|ghi`c f kfc ihh|eigol oga clh~ {l`|hol le~l{o|{l ig k|ihaig` z{|j|{lz Qciz iz coz kljfel o kozij {lq|i{lelg pclg alzi`gig` o z{|j|{l co co iz jfgzial{la f kl o `{llg k|ihaig` Qcl kozij {lq|i{lelg iz f eosieirl z|ghi`c oga oi{ ji{j|hoifg( oga cl k|ihal{ oga o{jcilj gf{eohhy zcf|ha oml ciz igf jfgzial{oifg pclg eo~~ig` f| k|ihaig`z

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@{llg O{jciqljq|{l oga Ziql&alzi`g ^{l~o{oqifg

D{fe ogjilg ielz( zil ~{l~o{oifg oga alzi`g jfgzial{oifgz {o{lhy igjh|ala `{llg c

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